105:
1805:
48:
39:
905:
From 1 to 8 bytes (8 data bits and 1 parity bit per byte) could be read or written to processor storage in a single cycle. A 60-bit parallel adder facilitated handling of long fractions in floating-point operations. An 8-bit serial adder enabled simultaneous execution of floating point exponent arithmetic, and also handled decimal arithmetic and variable field length (VFL) instructions.
233:
As other organizations heard about the project they were intrigued by the time-sharing idea and expressed interest in ordering the modified IBM S/360 series machines. With this demonstrated interest IBM changed the computer's model number to S/360-67 and made it a supported product. When IBM realized
904:
The S/360-67 operated with a basic internal cycle time of 200 nanoseconds and a basic 750 nanosecond magnetic core storage cycle, the same as the S/360-65. The 200 ns cycle time put the S/360-67 in the middle of the S/360 line, between the Model 30 at the low end and the Model 195 at the high end.
1069:). A large number of commercial, academic, and service bureau sites installed the system. By taking advantage of IBM's lukewarm support for time-sharing, and by sharing information and resources (including source code modifications), they built and supported a generation of time-sharing centers.
969:
A half-duplex system could be upgraded in the field to a duplex system by adding one IBM 2067-2 processor and the third IBM 2365-12 Processor
Storage, unless the half-duplex system already had three or more. The half-duplex and duplex configurations were called the IBM System/360 model 67–2.
1115:
In 1972, IBM added virtual memory features to the S/370 series, a move seen by many as a vindication of work done on the S/360-67 project; the microcode in the 370/145 was updated to use the associative memory for virtual address translation. The survival and success of IBM's
290:
The S/360-67 provided a 24- or 32-bit address space – unlike the strictly 24-bit address space of other S/360 and early S/370 systems, and the 31-bit address space of S/370-XA available on later S/370s. The S/360-67 virtual address space was divided into
1015:, was the time-sharing operating system developed at the University of Michigan and first used on the Model 67 in January 1967. Virtual memory support was added to MTS in October 1967. Multi-processor support for a duplex S/360-67 was added in October 1968.
225:
After a year of negotiations and design studies, IBM agreed to make a one-of-a-kind version of its S/360-65 mainframe computer for the
University of Michigan. The S/360-65M would include dynamic address translation (DAT) features that would support
218:(all associate directors at the University of Michigan's academic Computing Center), and Tom O'Brian building upon some basic ideas developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was published in January 1966. The paper outlined a
1029:(CSC) near MIT. CP/CMS was essentially an unsupported research system, built away from IBM's mainstream product organizations, with active involvement of outside researchers. Over time it evolved into a fully supported IBM operating system (
349:
The first goal removed (for decades, at least) a crushing limitation of earlier machines: running out of physical storage. The second enabled substantial improvements in security and reliability. The third enabled the implementation of true
887:
An IBM 2846 Channel
Controller that allows both processors in a duplex configuration to access all of the I/O channels and that allows I/O interrupts to be presented to either processor independent of what processor initiated the I/O
960:
Half-duplex—one IBM 2067-2 processor, two to four IBM 2365-12 Processor
Storage components (512K to 1M bytes), one IBM 2167 Configuration Unit, one or two IBM 2846 Channel Controllers, up to fourteen data channels, and other
964:
Duplex—two IBM 2067-2 processors, three to eight IBM 2365-12 Processor
Storage components (768K to 2M bytes), one IBM 2167 Configuration Unit, one or two IBM 2846 Channel Controllers, up to fourteen data channels, and other
244:
Before the announcement of the Model 67, IBM had announced models 64 and 66, DAT versions of its 60 and 62 models, but they were almost immediately replaced by the 67 at the same time that the 60 and 62 were replaced by the 65.
282:
paper by Arden, Galler, Westervelt, and O'Brien and included both segment and page tables. The Model 67's virtual memory support was very similar to the virtual memory support that eventually became standard on the entire
263:
It had "its own powerful operating system... Time
Sharing System monitor (TSS)" offering "virtually instantaneous access to and response from the computer" to "take advantage of the unique capabilities of a multiprocessor
1099:
However, IBM faced increasing customer demand for time-sharing and virtual memory capabilities. IBM also could not ignore the large number of S/360-67 time-sharing installations – including the new industry of
956:
Simplex—one IBM 2067-1 processor, two to four IBM 2365-2 Processor
Storage components (512K to 1M bytes), up to seven data channels, and other peripherals. This system was called the IBM System/360 model
299:(of 1 million bytes); pages were dynamically mapped onto the processor's real memory. These S/360-67 features plus reference and change bits as part of the storage key enabled operating systems to implement
199:
family of computers in the mid-1960s, it did not provide a solution for this limitation and within IBM there were conflicting views about the importance of time-sharing and the need to support it.
321:
It mapped physical memory onto a larger pool of virtual memory, which could be dynamically swapped in and out of real memory as needed from random-access storage (typically: disk or drum storage).
1255:
1008:
for three releases before cancelling it. IBM's failure to deliver TSS/360 as promised opened the door for others to develop operating systems that would use the unique features of the S/360-67
267:
It offered "dynamic relocation of problem programs using the dynamic address translation facilities of the 2067 Processing Unit, permitting response, within seconds, to many simultaneous users"
331:
from the user's environment, thereby increasing the memory available for application use, and reducing the risk of applications intruding into or corrupting operating system data and programs.
276:
The S/360-67 design added a component for implementing virtual memory, the "DAT box" (Dynamic
Address Translation box). DAT on the 360/67 was based on the architecture outlined in a 1966
1004:, a time-sharing operating system project that was canceled in 1971 (having also been canceled in 1968, but reprieved in 1969). IBM subsequently modified TSS/360 and offered the TSS/370
1410:
1088:
that appeared more useful for paging than for its ostensible purpose. This was largely fallout from a bitter and highly visible political battle within IBM over the merits of
866:
Dynamic
Address Translation (DAT) with support for 24 or 32-bit virtual addresses using segment and page tables (up to 16 segments each containing up to 256 4096 byte pages)
937:
Processor
Storage Model 2, 2860 Selector Channel, 2870 Multiplexer Channel, and other System/360 control units and devices were available for use with the S/360-67.
1390:
144:
addressing and the 2846 Channel Controller to allow sharing channels between processors. The S/360-67 was otherwise compatible with the rest of the S/360 series.
1426:
1357:
253:
IBM announced the S/360-67 in its August 16, 1965 "blue letters" (a standard mechanism used by IBM to make product announcements). IBM stated that:
2012:
1669:
1481:
1601:
195:. At that time the work that computers could perform was limited by their lack of real memory storage capacity. When IBM introduced its
1908:
979:
1637:
1420:
884:
Floating Addressing to allow processor storage in a partitioned duplex configuration to be assigned consecutive real memory addresses
1274:
1533:
878:
Extended Direct Control allowing the processors in a duplex configuration to present an external interrupt to the other processor
856:
The S/360-67 included the following extensions in addition to the standard and optional features available on all S/360 systems:
1552:
1997:
1227:
1190:
230:
and allow support for time-sharing. Initially IBM decided not to supply a time-sharing operating system for the new machine.
1609:
894:
Three new supervisor-state instructions: Load Multiple Control (LMC), Store Multiple Control (SMC), Load Real Address (LRA)
881:
Partitioning of the processors, processor storage, and I/O channels in a duplex configuration into two separate subsystems
260:
It included "multiprocessor configurations, with a high degree of system availability", with up to four processing units
1824:
108:
Left side, 2167 configuration console for the IBM/System 360 Model 67-2 (duplex) at the University of Michigan, c. 1969
1662:
1436:
1157:
1923:
861:
257:"Special bid restrictions have been removed from the System/360 Model 67" (i.e., it was now generally available)
2017:
1918:
1449:
1389:. Vol. 17, no. 3. Office of Naval Research, Mathematical Sciences Division. July 1965. pp. 5–6.
1632:
1642:
1177:
191:
In the mid-1960s a number of organizations were interested in offering interactive computing services using
2002:
1655:
1109:
1606:, thirteenth edition, January 1974, IBM publication GA22-6810-12, pages 6–13 to 6-15 describe the model 67
1511:
1499:
1365:
891:
Simplex configurations can include 7 I/O channels, while duplex configurations can include 14 I/O channels
1687:
1026:
1892:
1085:
181:
944:
LCS, that option was not listed in the price book and may not have worked in a duplex configuration.
900:
Two new program interruptions: Segment translation exception (16) and page translation exception (17)
234:
there was a market for time-sharing, it agreed to develop a new time-sharing operating system called
185:
1773:
1626:
1081:
1062:
1012:
991:
354:. Contemporary documents make it clear that full hardware virtualization and virtual machines were
222:
architecture using dynamic address translation (DAT) that could be used to implement time-sharing.
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1575:
Starting in 1967, IBM has continuously provided software virtualization in its mainframe servers.
1005:
897:
Two new problem-state instructions: Branch and Store Register (BASR), and Branch and Store (BAS)
1861:
1850:
1618:
1311:
1124:
235:
215:
165:
133:
2007:
1855:
1117:
1591:
1057:, IBM was surprised by the blossoming of a time-sharing community on the S/360-67 platform (
177:
241:
The first S/360-67 was shipped in May 1966. The S/360-67 was withdrawn on March 15, 1977.
8:
1887:
1614:
104:
1315:
1302:
1286:
1339:
1320:
1257:
A SIMULATION STUDY OF THE TIME-SHARING COMPUTER SYSTEM AT THE NAVAL-POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
278:
1559:
1153:
308:
1971:
1127:, IBM stated that its software virtualization started with the System/360 model 67.
1120:
family, and of virtualization technology in general, also owe much to the S/360-67.
47:
1343:
1329:
1093:
351:
328:
1512:"From the very beginning... from my vantage point — early history of National CSS"
314:
The S/360-67's virtual memory system was capable of meeting three distinct goals:
1022:
872:
High Resolution Interval Timer with a resolution of approximately 13 microseconds
342:
1956:
1168:
1966:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1678:
1622:
1379:
1307:
1136:
227:
219:
211:
169:
137:
125:
24:
1621:'s academic Computing Center in the late 1960s or early 1970s are included in
1991:
1961:
1241:
338:
300:
238:(TSS/360) for delivery at roughly the same time as the first model S/360-67.
121:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1042:
952:
Three basic configurations were available for the IBM System/360 model 67:
192:
153:
129:
1334:
307:, which in turn could be intercepted and processed by an operating system
1882:
1877:
1303:
207:
161:
52:
IBM System/360 Model 67-2 (duplex) at the University of Michigan, c. 1969
341:, each for a different user, each user could potentially have a private
1077:
869:
Extended PSW Mode that enables, e.g., additional interrupt masking, DAT
304:
284:
196:
73:
20:
1523:
Varian, op. cit., pp. 24, Note 76 – IDC systems (quoting Dick Bayles)
173:
38:
1829:
1819:
1789:
1123:
In 2010, in the technical description of its latest mainframe, the
1066:
1000:
When the S/360-67 was announced in August 1965, IBM also announced
941:
934:
920:
16:
1967 IBM mainframe model with virtual memory and 32-bit addressing
1845:
1647:
1535:
IBM Maintenance Library 3145 Processing Unit Theory - Maintenance
1483:
IBM Maintenance Library 3145 Processing Unit Theory - Maintenance
1054:
1001:
983:
1316:"Program and Addressing Structure in a Time-Sharing Environment"
1913:
1058:
1038:
1030:
1018:
995:
987:
141:
204:
Program and Addressing Structure in a Time-Sharing Environment
1976:
1928:
1596:
IBM Journal of Research & Development, vol. 25 no. 5, pp.
327:
It made it possible to remove most of the operating system's
1232:, Third Edition (February 1972), IBM publication GA27-2719-2
875:
Reference and change bits as part of storage protection keys
1053:
The S/360-67 had an important legacy. After the failure of
1034:
1489:(Second ed.). IBM. pp. 2-117–2-129. SY24-3581-1.
157:
62:
1633:
Pictures of an IBM S/360-67 at Newcastle (UK) University
1514:, Dick Orenstein, Computer History Museum (January 2005)
1502:, Harold Feinleib, Computer History Museum (March 2005)
1112:(IDC), that were quickly achieving commercial success.
1275:"A History of MTS—30 Years of Computing Service"
1260:, Ronald Maxwell Goodwin and Leo Michael Pivonka, 1969
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
152:
The S/360-67 was intended to satisfy the needs of key
303:: referencing a page that was not in memory caused a
1541:(Fifth ed.). IBM. p. CPU 139. SY24-3581-4.
1358:"IBM Archives: System/360 Dates and characteristics"
1210:
1185:(Eighth ed.). IBM. September 1968. A22-6821-7.
1072:The unique features of the S/360-67 were initially
940:Note that while Carnegie Tech had a 360/67 with an
1610:IBM System/360 Model 67 Reference Data (Blue card)
1471:364 – MTS on dual processor S/360-67 in 1968
1229:IBM System/360 Model 67 Functional Characteristics
1198:(Third ed.). IBM. February 1972. GA27-2719-2.
1192:IBM System/360 Model 67 Functional Characteristics
1170:VM and the VM community, past present, and future
1164:) treatment of IBM's offerings during this period
1989:
124:model in the late 1960s. Unlike the rest of the
1553:"IBM zEnterprise System Technical Introduction"
1457:(Fourth ed.). IBM. July 1978. GX28-6400-3.
913:Four new components were part of the S/360-67:
164:had become a notorious IBM sales failure), the
1268:
1266:
180:, the Carnegie Institute of Technology (later
1663:
1298:
1296:
1148:E.W. Pugh, L.R. Johnson, and John H. Palmer,
1045:to provide commercial time-sharing services.
61:International Business Machines Corporation (
1076:carried into IBM's next product series, the
1643:Time-sharing in the IBM System/360 model 67
1526:
1474:
1285:(5). University of Michigan. Archived from
1272:
1263:
128:series, it included features to facilitate
1803:
1670:
1656:
1558:. p. 57. SG24-7832-00. Archived from
1407:17 (Note 54) – S/360-67 announcement
1293:
980:History of IBM mainframe operating systems
1333:
1096:. Initially at least, time-sharing lost.
358:original design goals for the S/360-67.
103:
1246:, Tom Van Vleck, 1995, 1997, 2005, 2009
947:
2013:Computer-related introductions in 1968
1990:
1909:Basic Assembly Language and successors
1617:of a dual processor IBM 360/67 at the
1179:IBM System/360 Principles of Operation
1041:, based upon CP/CMS, was developed by
1651:
1500:"A technical history of National CSS"
1393:from the original on October 7, 2012.
1025:operating system. Developed at IBM's
1152:MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London,
973:
933:These components, together with the
917:2067 Processing Unit Models 1 and 2,
1380:"System/360 Time Sharing Computers"
1173:, SHARE 89 Sessions 9059–9061, 1997
13:
1677:
1421:Instruction Fetching and Execution
1416:
1364:. January 23, 2003. Archived from
1189:
1142:
14:
2029:
1584:
908:
337:By implementing multiple virtual
271:
1924:Language for Systems Development
1432:
1176:
1150:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems,
621:S/360 Extended PSW abbreviations
134:Dynamic Address Translation unit
46:
37:
1830:2540 punched-card reader–writer
1820:270x communications controllers
1638:TSS/360 Concepts and Facilities
1545:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1461:
1442:
1160:, includes extensive (819
248:
1825:3705 Communications Controller
1397:
1372:
1350:
1249:
1235:
1:
1998:IBM System/360 mainframe line
1603:IBM System/360 System Summary
1279:Information Technology Digest
1203:
295:(of 4096 bytes) grouped into
1273:Susan Topol (May 13, 1996).
1110:Interactive Data Corporation
926:2846 Channel Controller, and
136:, the "DAT box", to support
7:
1856:System/360 Operating System
1387:DIGITAL COMPUTER NEWSLETTER
1130:
1027:Cambridge Scientific Center
923:Processor Storage Model 12,
361:
10:
2034:
1919:Hexadecimal floating-point
1846:Basic Operating System/360
977:
617:
537:
375:
182:Carnegie Mellon University
147:
18:
1937:
1901:
1870:
1851:Tape Operating System/360
1838:
1812:
1801:
1782:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1243:The IBM 360/67 and CP/CMS
1048:
433:
428:
425:
422:
407:
382:
186:Naval Postgraduate School
94:
83:August 16, 1965
79:
69:
57:
45:
36:
1627:Michigan Terminal System
1013:Michigan Terminal System
929:2167 Configuration Unit.
751:Instruction-Length Code
685:External Mask (Summary)
335:Multiple address spaces.
132:applications, notably a
1625:article describing the
1598:377–390, September 1981
1592:"System/360 and Beyond"
1437:Instruction-Length Code
653:24/32-bit Address mode
325:Isolated OS components.
236:IBM Time Sharing System
114:IBM System/360 Model 67
32:IBM System/360 Model 67
1972:IBM zEnterprise System
1893:Solid Logic Technology
1619:University of Michigan
166:University of Michigan
109:
2018:VM (operating system)
1335:10.1145/321312.321313
978:Further information:
793:Fixed-point overflow
107:
19:Further information:
948:Basic configurations
842:Instruction Address
663:Translation Control
538:Instruction Address
319:Large address space.
178:Princeton University
2003:Computing platforms
1888:Program status word
1862:Time Sharing System
1565:on January 15, 2018
809:Exponent underflow
778:
718:Machine-check mask
674:I/O Mask (Summary)
623:
372:
371:S/360 Extended PSW
156:customers, notably
120:) was an important
33:
1419:, pp. 15–16,
1368:on April 22, 2023.
1321:Journal of the ACM
1086:associative memory
774:
643:Spare (must be 0)
619:
370:
110:
31:
1985:
1984:
1799:
1798:
1451:TSS/370 User Data
1310:; T. C. O'Brien;
1104:vendors, such as
974:Operating systems
862:control registers
854:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
821:
820:
801:Decimal overflow
309:interrupt handler
102:
101:
2025:
1807:
1806:
1699:
1698:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1314:(January 1966).
1312:F. H. Westervelt
1300:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1184:
1167:Melinda Varian,
1094:batch processing
779:
777:
773:
624:
622:
618:
373:
369:
366:
365:
352:virtual machines
329:memory footprint
216:Frank Westervelt
98:512 KB–1 MB Core
90:
88:
50:
41:
34:
30:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1933:
1897:
1866:
1834:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1778:
1690:
1681:
1676:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1435:, p. 156,
1431:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1301:
1294:
1289:on May 1, 2013.
1271:
1264:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1211:
1206:
1195:
1182:
1145:
1143:Further reading
1133:
1080:, although the
1051:
1023:virtual machine
998:
976:
950:
911:
775:
762:Condition Code
696:Protection Key
620:
531:
430:
404:
399:
394:
389:
387:
376:
364:
343:virtual machine
274:
251:
202:A paper titled
150:
86:
84:
53:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:IBM System/390
1949:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
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1880:
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1840:
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1832:
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1746:
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1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:IBM System/360
1675:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1615:Several photos
1612:
1607:
1599:
1586:
1585:External links
1583:
1580:
1579:
1544:
1525:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1473:
1460:
1441:
1425:
1409:
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1371:
1349:
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1234:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1187:
1174:
1165:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:Virtual memory
1132:
1129:
1050:
1047:
1021:was the first
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972:
967:
966:
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958:
949:
946:
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927:
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909:New components
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740:Problem state
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25:History of IBM
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301:demand paging
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122:IBM mainframe
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29:
26:
22:
2008:Time-sharing
1748:
1688:Architecture
1602:
1595:
1574:
1569:November 13,
1567:. Retrieved
1560:the original
1547:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1507:
1495:
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1476:
1469:op. cit., p.
1468:
1463:
1450:
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1428:
1412:
1405:op. cit., p.
1404:
1399:
1386:
1374:
1366:the original
1361:
1352:
1325:
1319:
1308:B. A. Galler
1287:the original
1282:
1278:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1191:
1178:
1169:
1161:
1149:
1122:
1114:
1106:National CSS
1102:time-sharing
1098:
1090:time-sharing
1073:
1071:
1052:
1043:National CSS
1033:and today's
1017:
1010:
999:
968:
965:peripherals.
961:peripherals.
951:
939:
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903:
855:
776:Program Mask
355:
348:
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324:
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249:Announcement
243:
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193:time-sharing
190:
154:time-sharing
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130:time-sharing
117:
113:
111:
80:Release date
58:Manufacturer
28:
1957:IBM zSeries
1883:Channel I/O
1878:Bus and Tag
1871:Innovations
1813:Peripherals
1623:Dave Mills'
1590:A. Padegs,
1328:(1): 1–16.
1304:B. W. Arden
729:Wait state
208:Bruce Arden
184:), and the
162:Project MAC
1992:Categories
1967:System z10
1947:System/370
1942:System/360
1204:References
1078:System/370
305:page fault
285:System/370
197:System/360
87:1965-08-16
74:System/360
21:System/360
1962:System z9
1774:Model 195
1011:MTS, the
888:operation
174:Bell Labs
1858:(OS/360)
1839:Software
1790:IBM 9020
1769:Model 95
1764:Model 91
1759:Model 85
1754:Model 75
1749:Model 67
1744:Model 65
1739:Model 50
1734:Model 44
1729:Model 40
1724:Model 30
1719:Model 25
1714:Model 22
1709:Model 20
1702:Standard
1403:Varian,
1391:Archived
1131:See also
942:IBM 2361
785:Meaning
633:Meaning
362:Features
297:segments
118:S/360-67
1902:Related
1344:9302487
1092:versus
1084:had an
1082:370/145
1055:TSS/360
1002:TSS/360
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148:Origins
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1914:ES EVM
1783:Custom
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1059:CP/CMS
1049:Legacy
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1019:CP/CMS
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994:, and
988:CP/CMS
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767:20–23
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707:ASCII
630:Field
434:spare
383:spare
287:line.
142:32-bit
95:Memory
1977:IBM Z
1929:PL360
1792:(FAA)
1629:(MTS)
1563:(PDF)
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