25:
763:
589:
886:
581:
363:
102:
462:(as muscles must work harder to compensate for weakness in the ligaments that support the joints). Hypermobility syndrome can lead to chronic pain or even disability in severe cases. Musical instrumentalists with hypermobile fingers may have difficulties when fingers collapse into the finger locking position. Or, conversely, they may display superior abilities due to their increased range of motion for fingering, such as in playing a violin or cello.
904:
371:
597:
657:, for example, can help to relax muscles and make the joints more supple. However, yoga is not recommended by most medical professionals for people with Joint Hypermobility Syndrome, due to the likelihood of damage to the joints. Gymnasts and athletes can sometimes acquire hypermobility in some joints through activity.
852:
The
Beighton score is an edited version of the Carter/Wilkinson scoring system which was used for many years as an indicator of widespread hyper-mobility. Medical professionals varied in their interpretations of the results; some accepting as low as 1/9 and some 4/9 as a diagnosis of HMS. Therefore,
771:
As of July 2000, hypermobility was diagnosed using the
Beighton criteria. In 2017, the criteria changed, but still involve the Beighton score. The Beighton criteria do not replace the Beighton score but instead use the previous score in conjunction with other symptoms and criteria. HMS is diagnosed
555:
during pregnancy can be debilitating. The pregnant person with hypermobile joints will often be in significant pain as muscles and joints adapt to the pregnancy. Pain often inhibits such people from standing or walking during pregnancy. Some pregnant people who have one of these disorders find they
692:
is a genetic disorder caused by mutations or hereditary genes, but the genetic defect that produced hEDS is largely unknown. In conjunction with joint hypermobility, a common symptom for hEDS is smooth, velvety, and stretchy skin; a symptom largely unique to the syndrome. When diagnosing hEDS, the
969:
It is important that hypermobile individuals remain fit – even more so than the average individual – to prevent recurrent injuries. Regular exercise and exercise that is supervised by a physician and physical therapist can reduce symptoms because strong muscles increase dynamic joint stability.
738:
occurs when one copy of a gene in each cell is sufficient to cause a disorder. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new (sporadic) gene mutations. Such cases can occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
733:
Generalized hypermobility is a common feature in all these hereditary connective tissue disorders and many features overlap, but often features are present that enable differentiating these disorders. The inheritance pattern of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome varies by type. The arthrochalasia, classic,
457:
Most people have hypermobility with no other symptoms. Approximately 5% of the healthy population have one or more hypermobile joints. However, people with "joint hypermobility syndrome" are subject to many difficulties. For example, their joints may be easily injured, be more prone to complete
176:
In 2016 the diagnostic criteria for hEDS were re-written to be more restrictive, with the intent of narrowing the pool of hEDS patients in the hope of making it easier to identify a common genetic mutation, hEDS being the only EDS variant without a diagnostic DNA test. At the same time, joint
766:
Beighton score criteria: one point for each elbow and knee that hyperextends by 10 degrees or more (4 points), one for each little finger that bends back by 90 degrees (2 points), one for each thumb which can be touched to the forearm (2 points), and one for touching the floor with the
169:(EDS). Until new diagnostic criteria were introduced, hypermobility syndrome was sometimes considered identical to hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS), formerly called EDS Type 3. As no genetic test can distinguish the two conditions and because of the similarity of the
177:
hypermobility syndrome was renamed as hypermobility spectrum disorder and redefined as a hypermobility disorder that does not meet the diagnostic criteria for hEDS, other types of Ehlers–Danlos
Syndrome, or other heritable Connective Tissue Disorder (such as
672:. Joint hypermobility is a common symptom for both. EDS has numerous sub-types; most include hypermobility in some degree. When hypermobility is the main symptom, then EDS/hypermobility type is likely. People with EDS-HT experience frequent
1847:
754:, two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, both parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.
649:
to expand so the head of the baby can pass. Joint mobility differs by race, which may reflect differences in collagen protein structure. People from the Indian sub-continent, for example, often have more supple hands than
1884:
1869:
567:
Symptoms of hypermobility include a dull but intense pain around the knee and ankle joints and the soles of the feet. The pain and discomfort affecting these body parts can be alleviated by using custom
1848:
https://bmjpublichealth.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000478?fbclid=IwAR367NfhAPqf0DrhFaWt_zz6_InT80oA5Rvi3e8OL7wrJC5dLxKRJaN0ptI_aem_AWUEoKN5QfEq6UWQkxnR_VoW7_ZmaPj-lBMgGcvAMtqPJODlSr6wjRcrg8LKSJiT8vw
623:. If a shallow rather than a deep socket is inherited, a relatively large range of movement will be possible. If the socket is particularly shallow, then the joint may dislocate easily.
730:. Experts in connective tissue disorders formally agreed that severe forms of Hypermobility Syndrome and mild forms of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type are the same disorder.
1484:"Exploring relationships between joint hypermobility and neurodevelopment in children (4-13 years) with hereditary connective tissue disorders and developmental coordination disorder"
1984:
653:
Muscle tone—The tone of muscles is controlled by the nervous system, and influences range of movement. Special techniques can change muscle tone and increase flexibility.
688:
Joint hypermobility is often correlated with hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS, known also by EDS type III or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type (EDS-HT)).
1332:
454:
is often used to describe hypermobility; however, the name is a misnomer and should not be taken literally, as hypermobile joints are not doubled/extra in any sense.
157:
Hypermobile joints are common and occur in about 10 to 25% of the population, but in a minority of people, pain and other symptoms are present. This may be a sign of
680:(partial/incomplete dislocations), with or without trauma, sometimes spontaneously. Commonly, hypermobility is dismissed by medical professionals as nonsignificant.
1279:
989:
are the primary medications of choice. Narcotics are not recommended for primary or long-term treatment and are reserved for short-term use after acute injury.
551:
that alter ligament physiology, easing the stretching needed to accommodate fetal growth as well as the birthing process. The combination of hypermobility and
840:
habitus (tall, slim, span/height ratio >1.03, upper: lower segment ratio less than 0.89, arachnodactyly; positive
Steinberg finger / Walker wrist signs).
997:
For some people with hypermobility, lifestyle changes decrease symptom severity. In general, activity that increases pain is to be avoided. For example:
1977:
1730:
Joint hypermobility handbook : a guide for the issues & management of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type and the hypermobility syndrome
1250:
853:
it was incorporated, with clearer guidelines, into the
Beighton Criteria. The Beighton score is measured by adding 1 point for each of the following:
2497:
1392:"The Relationship Between Generalised Joint Hypermobility and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: A Large, Cross-Sectional, Case Control Comparison"
1761:
1443:"Association between adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and generalised joint hypermobility: A cross-sectional case control comparison"
2235:
540:, etc.). These conditions often, in turn, cause physical and/or emotional trauma and are possible triggers for conditions such as fibromyalgia.
1834:
Grahame R. The revised (Beighton 1998) criteria for the diagnosis of benign joint hypermobility syndrome (BJHS). J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1777–1779
1970:
977:
Heat and cold treatment can help temporarily to relieve the pain of aching joints and muscles but does not address the underlying problems.
717:
Joints commonly associated with hypermobility (wrists, knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders) may be at more severe risk to dislocate or strain.
660:
Proprioception—Compromised ability to detect exact joint/body position with closed eyes, may lead to overstretching and hypermobile joints.
1686:
173:
and recommended treatments, many experts recommend they be recognized as the same condition until further research is undertaken.
925:
197:
People with Joint
Hypermobility Syndrome may develop other conditions caused by their unstable joints. These conditions include:
2200:
619:
The shape of the ends of the bones—Some joints normally have a large range of movement, such as the shoulder and hip. Both are
1711:
1667:
1361:
1340:
985:
Medication is not the primary treatment for hypermobility, but can be used as an adjunct treatment for related joint pain.
772:
in the presence of either two major criteria, one major and two minor criteria, or four minor criteria. The criteria are:
2695:
2487:
2228:
1899:
986:
974:
are usually recommended as they are less likely to cause injury when compared to high-impact exercise or contact sports.
282:
1601:
1287:
750:
types of EDS and some cases of the classic and hypermobility forms, are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. In
726:
Joint hypermobility syndrome shares symptoms with other conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos
Syndrome, and
2370:
626:
Protein deficiency or hormone problems—Ligaments are made up of several types of protein fibre. These proteins include
450:
The condition tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic basis for at least some forms of hypermobility. The term
2180:
1777:"Tenascin-X: a candidate gene for benign joint hypermobility syndrome and hypermobility type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?"
1737:
951:
68:
46:
933:
543:
People with hypermobility may experience particular difficulties when pregnant. During pregnancy, the body releases
39:
2017:
700:
Jaw laxity that may make an individual's jaw open and close like a hinge, as well as open further than the average.
2117:
751:
158:
237:(severe limits on one's ability to push, pull, grasp, finger, reach, etc., is considered a disability by the US
142:
that stretch farther than normal. For example, some hypermobile people can bend their thumbs backwards to their
2221:
2093:
1369:
971:
929:
735:
703:
Neck pain that can lead to chronic headaches and is usually associated with a crackling or grinding sensation (
693:
Beighton
Criteria are used, but are not always able to distinguish between generalized hypermobility and hEDS.
604:
Hypermobility syndrome is generally considered to comprise hypermobility together with other symptoms, such as
238:
1207:
Garcia-Campayo, J; Asso, E; Alda, M (February 2011). "Joint hypermobility and anxiety: the state of the art".
2492:
2335:
2022:
1674:
Asian
Indians were found by Wordsworth et al. (1987) to be significantly more mobile than English Caucasians.
1024:
Weakened ligaments and muscles contribute to poor posture, which may contribute to other medical conditions.
2700:
2314:
2009:
1308:
1258:
490:
2715:
339:
166:
1147:"The hypermobility syndrome. Musculoskeletal complaints associated with generalized joint hypermobility"
1048:
Pain-free swimming may require a kickboard or extra care to avoid hyperextending elbow and other joints.
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2185:
689:
665:
470:
393:
289:
162:
1994:
2532:
2059:
1910:
914:
521:
510:
478:
401:
182:
33:
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These abnormalities cause abnormal joint stress, meaning that the joints can wear out, leading to
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2068:
918:
727:
486:
186:
2633:
2329:
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293:
50:
2165:
1950:
1635:
2720:
2628:
2037:
1823:
620:
343:
734:
hypermobility and vascular forms usually have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
630:, which gives elasticity and which may be altered in some people. Female sex hormones alter
2660:
2375:
2365:
2288:
2244:
2160:
2088:
1106:"Relative efficiency of therapeutic donor insemination using a luteinizing hormone monitor"
482:
815:
Dislocation/subluxation in more than one joint, or in one joint on more than one occasion.
8:
2725:
2542:
2537:
2308:
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277:
170:
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1084:
1042:
1027:
673:
552:
514:
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1893:
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1105:
95:
hyperlaxity, benign joints hypermobility syndrome (BJHS), hypermobility syndrome (HMS)
2623:
2618:
2507:
2502:
2414:
2380:
2261:
1921:
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1503:
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1459:
1442:
1423:
1224:
1184:
1166:
1127:
809:
696:
Ehlers–Danlos hypermobility type can have severe musculoskeletal effects, including:
529:
466:
397:
347:
261:
247:
230:
114:
1515:
1236:
439:(an impaired ability to locate body parts in space and/or monitor an extended joint)
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2132:
2113:
1796:
1788:
1565:
1549:
1495:
1454:
1413:
1403:
1216:
1174:
1158:
1117:
762:
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506:
123:
1708:
458:
dislocation due to the weakly stabilized joint and they may develop problems from
2407:
2195:
2055:
2027:
1915:
1715:
1657:
1251:"Hypermobility Syndromes Association » JHS v EDS Hypermobility- Same Thing?"
1033:
Unwanted symptoms are frequently reduced by some forms of yoga and weightlifting.
743:
669:
474:
405:
178:
800:
Arthralgia (> 3 months) in one to three joints or back pain (> 3 months),
641:
and even more so in the latter stages of pregnancy, because of a hormone called
101:
2547:
2347:
2321:
2283:
2098:
1926:
885:
747:
459:
444:
436:
351:
257:
220:
1878:
1408:
1220:
612:. It is relatively common among children and affects more females than males.
2689:
2552:
2402:
2300:
2273:
1846:
Joint hypermobility increases risk of Long Covid. Link to research paper:
1747:
1659:
Hypermobility syndrome : recognition and management for physiotherapists
1621:
1561:
1553:
1170:
1007:
827:
823:
805:
711:
710:
The spine may end up in a "round back" or inversely may extend too much into
502:
310:
151:
1792:
1602:"Benign joint hypermobility syndrome: evaluation, diagnosis, and management"
1483:
2670:
2643:
2512:
2468:
2458:
2064:
1810:
1617:
1579:
1507:
1468:
1427:
1228:
843:
Abnormal skin: striae, hyperextensibility, thin skin, papyraceous scarring.
677:
638:
525:
425:
335:
119:
1188:
1131:
580:
2647:
2080:
1945:
1537:
1499:
1162:
801:
664:
Hypermobility can also be caused by connective tissue disorders, such as
533:
465:
Hypermobility may be symptomatic of a serious medical condition, such as
226:
2213:
1861:
362:
2581:
2577:
2557:
2463:
819:
784:
609:
561:
421:
303:
206:
1488:
American
Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
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2190:
837:
429:
409:
331:
253:
903:
370:
2355:
2045:
1010:
831:
704:
631:
596:
569:
389:
378:
Hypermobility generally results from one or more of the following:
270:
234:
210:
1063:
Bracing can be helpful for temporarily protecting unstable joints.
642:
634:
627:
605:
548:
544:
417:
202:
150:
joints backwards, put their leg behind the head or perform other
1904:
154:"tricks". It can affect one or more joints throughout the body.
2606:
1873:
1075:
Hypermobile joints occur in about 10 to 25% of the population.
646:
557:
537:
413:
327:
1145:
Kirk, J. A.; Ansell, B. M.; Bywaters, E. G. (September 1967).
1021:
Strength training to support weak joints with strong muscles
564:
during pregnancy. Some may experience permanent disability.
494:
383:
266:
143:
139:
781:
A Beighton score of 5/9 or more (either current or historic)
683:
1774:
1103:
654:
323:
147:
1538:"Adult women with mitral valve prolapse are more flexible"
797:
A Beighton score of 1, 2 or 3/9 (0, 1, 2 or 3 if aged 50+)
1013:
or a more ergonomic keyboard can reduce pain from typing.
1992:
1536:
AraĂşjo, C. G. S.; Chaves, C. P. G. (23 September 2005).
1482:
Piedimonte, Caterina; Penge, Roberta (September 2018).
528:. Hypermobility causes physical trauma (in the form of
1206:
1104:
Federman CA, Dumesic DA, Boone WR, Shapiro SS (1990).
322:
Those with hypermobile joints are more likely to have
1775:
Zweers MC, Kucharekova M, Schalkwijk J (March 2005).
1339:. Hypermobility Syndromes Association. Archived from
313:" as described in children in late afternoon or night
1851:
1016:
Bent knees or sitting can reduce pain from standing.
881:
Right little finger bending backward past 90 degrees
522:
myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome)
374:
A hypermobile thumb (also called Hitchhiker's thumb)
1606:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
878:
Left little finger bending backward past 90 degrees
161:(HSD). Hypermobile joints are a feature of genetic
1655:
1144:
1030:avoids hyperextension and contributes to strength.
857:Placing flat hands on the floor with straight legs
615:Current thinking suggests four causative factors:
213:when doing activities that would not affect others
2498:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
1709:“The Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type.”
1390:Glans, Martin R; Nils, Thelin (8 February 2022).
787:for more than three months in four or more joints
382:Abnormally shaped ends of one or more bones at a
2687:
1662:. Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 71.
1636:"Fibromyalgia: Possible Causes and Risk Factors"
1051:Bike riding, especially on ergonomic recumbents.
637:. Women are generally more supple just before a
1649:
1481:
1441:Glans, Martin R; Nils, Thelin (November 2021).
2229:
1978:
1718:University of Washington: NIH. Retrieved from
1760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1535:
714:. Individuals may also experience scoliosis.
932:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
165:such as hypermobility spectrum disorder or
2236:
2222:
1985:
1971:
889:Beighton test in a person with a 9/9 score
100:
2243:
1800:
1569:
1458:
1440:
1417:
1407:
1389:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1178:
1121:
1045:machines can replace high-impact running.
992:
952:Learn how and when to remove this message
684:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2284:Stenosing tenosynovitis (Trigger finger)
884:
761:
595:
587:
579:
369:
361:
317:
32:This article includes a list of general
1656:Keer, Rosemary; Rodney Grahame (2003).
1599:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
584:Hypermobile metacarpo-phalangeal joints
520:Hypermobility has been associated with
16:Joints that stretch further than normal
2688:
2201:Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
1195:
250:, even after short periods of exercise
2217:
1966:
192:
1586:
1004:Typing can reduce pain from writing.
987:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
930:adding citations to reliable sources
897:
757:
18:
2488:Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
1732:. Greens Fork, IN: Left Paw Press.
1362:"1.00 Musculoskeletal System-Adult"
1309:"Joint hypermobility - NHS Choices"
1057:
964:
420:. This same defect also results in
283:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
201:Joint instability causing frequent
13:
1727:
1542:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1301:
273:(also a symptom of osteoarthritis)
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2737:
1841:
847:
791:
775:
1460:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.006
1151:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
902:
875:Right thumb touching the forearm
23:
2118:Mixed connective tissue disease
1828:
1817:
1768:
1721:
1701:
1679:
1628:
1529:
1475:
1447:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1434:
1280:"Ehlers Danlos UK – JHS vs EDS"
1070:
872:Left thumb touching the forearm
752:autosomal recessive inheritance
553:pregnancy-related pelvic girdle
223:(as early as during teen years)
159:hypermobility spectrum disorder
2094:Progressive systemic sclerosis
1600:Simpson, MR (September 2006).
1383:
1370:Social Security Administration
1354:
1325:
1272:
1243:
1138:
1097:
972:closed kinetic chain exercises
736:Autosomal dominant inheritance
239:Social Security Administration
1:
2493:Shoulder impingement syndrome
2336:Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
2181:Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
1123:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)53767-4
1090:
980:
893:
299:The ability of finger locking
109:Hypermobile fingers and thumb
2315:Synovial osteochondromatosis
2010:Systemic lupus erythematosus
970:Low-impact exercise such as
869:Right elbow bending backward
721:
575:
7:
1995:connective tissue disorders
1078:
866:Left elbow bending backward
863:Right knee bending backward
592:Hyperextension of the thumb
340:connective tissue disorders
163:connective tissue disorders
10:
2742:
1333:"Clinician's Guide to JHS"
1209:Current Psychiatry Reports
860:Left knee bending backward
600:Hyperextension of the hand
2642:
2605:
2598:
2566:
2521:
2476:
2457:
2436:
2427:
2346:
2260:
2251:
2153:
2130:
2109:
2079:
2036:
2023:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
2008:
2001:
1936:
1855:
1728:T., Tinkle, Brad (2010).
1409:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.803334
1221:10.1007/s11920-010-0164-0
357:
113:
108:
99:
91:
86:
2533:Iliotibial band syndrome
2060:Juvenile dermatomyositis
1554:10.1136/bjsm.2004.014324
1001:Avoiding hyperextension
511:cleidocranial dysostosis
408:) resulting in weakened
2666:Aggressive fibromatosis
2656:Dupuytren's contracture
2069:Inclusion body myositis
1793:10.1136/ard.2004.026559
1638:. Webmd.com. 2008-05-21
1396:Frontiers in Psychiatry
822:. > 3 lesions (e.g.
728:osteogenesis imperfecta
487:osteogenesis imperfecta
187:osteogenesis imperfecta
167:Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
53:more precise citations.
2696:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
2330:villonodular synovitis
2186:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
2176:Eosinophilic fasciitis
2171:Polymyalgia rheumatica
993:Lifestyle modification
890:
768:
690:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
666:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
621:ball-and-socket joints
601:
593:
585:
471:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
424:, which may result in
394:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
375:
367:
294:carpal tunnel syndrome
2245:Soft tissue disorders
2038:Inflammatory myopathy
1824:File:Hiperlaxitud.jpg
1707:Levy, Howard (2004).
1691:Arthritis Research UK
1687:"Joint hypermobility"
1284:www.ehlers-danlos.org
888:
765:
599:
591:
583:
536:, joint instability,
412:/ligamentous laxity,
373:
365:
344:mitral valve prolapse
318:Associated conditions
2661:Plantar fibromatosis
2289:De Quervain syndrome
2161:IgG4-related disease
2089:Systemic scleroderma
1500:10.1002/ajmg.b.32646
1163:10.1136/ard.26.5.419
926:improve this section
483:rheumatoid arthritis
479:Loeys–Dietz syndrome
402:Loeys–Dietz syndrome
233:, especially in the
2701:Disorders of fascia
2543:Achilles tendinitis
2538:Patellar tendinitis
2309:osteochondromatosis
2296:Transient synovitis
2279:Calcific tendinitis
2051:Dermatopolymyositis
388:A defect of Type 1
292:disorders (such as
285:, also known as TMD
171:diagnostic criteria
2716:Skeletal disorders
2444:Ligamentous laxity
1937:External resources
1714:2013-10-19 at the
1085:Ligamentous laxity
1043:elliptical trainer
1041:Use of low impact
1038:Low-impact sports
1028:Isometric exercise
891:
769:
674:joint dislocations
602:
594:
586:
530:joint dislocations
515:myotonia congenita
499:Fragile X syndrome
376:
368:
366:Hypermobile thumbs
306:or pain medication
276:Susceptibility to
193:Signs and symptoms
136:double-jointedness
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2503:Rotator cuff tear
2423:
2422:
2415:Calcific bursitis
2211:
2210:
2126:
2125:
1960:
1959:
1669:978-0-7506-5390-9
1337:hypermobility.org
1255:hypermobility.org
962:
961:
954:
810:spondylolisthesis
758:Beighton criteria
467:Stickler syndrome
398:connective tissue
348:anxiety disorders
302:Poor response to
290:nerve compression
262:spondylolisthesis
129:
128:
81:Medical condition
79:
78:
71:
2733:
2603:
2602:
2571:
2526:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2434:
2433:
2258:
2257:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2166:Behçet's disease
2145:Sjögren syndrome
2133:hypersensitivity
2114:Overlap syndrome
2018:Drug-induced SLE
2006:
2005:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1853:
1852:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1725:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1693:. Archived from
1683:
1677:
1676:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:. Archived from
1597:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1286:. Archived from
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1240:
1204:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1101:
1066:Physical therapy
1058:Other treatments
965:Physical therapy
957:
950:
946:
943:
937:
906:
898:
645:that allows the
507:Morquio syndrome
134:, also known as
124:Medical genetics
104:
84:
83:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2675:
2638:
2586:
2567:
2562:
2522:
2517:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2453:
2429:
2419:
2342:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2212:
2207:
2196:Marfan syndrome
2149:
2122:
2105:
2075:
2056:Dermatomyositis
2032:
2028:Lupus nephritis
1997:
1991:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1932:
1931:
1864:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1781:Ann. Rheum. Dis
1773:
1769:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1726:
1722:
1716:Wayback Machine
1706:
1702:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1598:
1587:
1548:(10): 720–724.
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1480:
1476:
1439:
1435:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1205:
1196:
1143:
1139:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1081:
1073:
1060:
995:
983:
967:
958:
947:
941:
938:
923:
907:
896:
850:
794:
778:
760:
744:dermatosparaxis
724:
686:
670:Marfan syndrome
578:
475:Marfan syndrome
435:Abnormal joint
406:Marfan syndrome
360:
320:
271:clicking noises
258:prolapsed discs
195:
146:and bend their
82:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2569:other/general:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Calcaneal spur
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:Golfer's elbow
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Retrocalcaneal
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2322:Plica syndrome
2319:
2318:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2099:CREST syndrome
2096:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1907:
1896:
1881:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:Classification
1843:
1842:External links
1840:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1816:
1767:
1738:
1720:
1700:
1697:on 2009-04-08.
1678:
1668:
1648:
1627:
1624:on 2013-03-02.
1612:(9): 531–536.
1585:
1528:
1494:(6): 546–556.
1474:
1433:
1382:
1353:
1324:
1300:
1271:
1242:
1194:
1157:(5): 419–425.
1137:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1005:
994:
991:
982:
979:
966:
963:
960:
959:
910:
908:
901:
895:
892:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
849:
848:Beighton score
846:
845:
844:
841:
835:
816:
813:
798:
793:
792:Minor criteria
790:
789:
788:
782:
777:
776:Major criteria
774:
759:
756:
748:kyphoscoliosis
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
708:
701:
685:
682:
662:
661:
658:
651:
624:
577:
574:
556:need to use a
460:muscle fatigue
452:double jointed
445:osteoarthritis
441:
440:
437:proprioception
433:
422:weakened bones
386:
359:
356:
352:panic disorder
319:
316:
315:
314:
307:
300:
297:
286:
280:
274:
264:
251:
245:
242:
224:
221:osteoarthritis
217:
214:
194:
191:
127:
126:
117:
111:
110:
106:
105:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
80:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2738:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Metatarsalgia
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2449:Hypermobility
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:Synovial cyst
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:Ganglion cyst
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:Tenosynovitis
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:9780982577158
1735:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1343:on 2016-11-15
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1290:on 2016-11-25
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1261:on 2016-11-25
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1116:(3): 489–92.
1115:
1111:
1110:Fertil Steril
1107:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:Voice control
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
990:
988:
978:
975:
973:
956:
953:
945:
935:
931:
927:
921:
920:
916:
911:This section
909:
905:
900:
899:
887:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
854:
842:
839:
836:
833:
829:
828:tenosynovitis
825:
824:epicondylitis
821:
817:
814:
811:
807:
806:spondylolysis
803:
799:
796:
795:
786:
783:
780:
779:
773:
764:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:
731:
729:
716:
713:
712:hyperlordosis
709:
706:
702:
699:
698:
697:
694:
691:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
625:
622:
618:
617:
616:
613:
611:
607:
598:
590:
582:
573:
571:
565:
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Down syndrome
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
455:
453:
448:
446:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:(as found in
399:
395:
392:(as found in
391:
387:
385:
381:
380:
379:
372:
364:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:, hereditary
337:
333:
329:
325:
312:
311:Growing pains
308:
305:
301:
298:
295:
291:
287:
284:
281:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
198:
190:
188:
184:
180:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
152:contortionist
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:Hypermobility
125:
121:
118:
116:
112:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
87:Hypermobility
85:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2721:Rheumatology
2671:Knuckle pads
2644:Fibromatosis
2634:Eosinophilic
2568:
2523:
2513:Tennis elbow
2478:
2469:Tendinopathy
2459:Enthesopathy
2448:
2408:Baker's cyst
2371:Trochanteric
2328:
2307:
2262:Synoviopathy
2065:Polymyositis
1944:
1920:
1909:
1898:
1883:
1868:
1845:
1830:
1819:
1787:(3): 504–5.
1784:
1780:
1770:
1729:
1723:
1703:
1695:the original
1690:
1681:
1673:
1658:
1651:
1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1622:the original
1609:
1605:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1491:
1487:
1477:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1372:. 2013-05-31
1365:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:the original
1336:
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:
1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:the original
1283:
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1254:
1245:
1215:(1): 18–25.
1212:
1208:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1074:
1071:Epidemiology
996:
984:
976:
968:
948:
939:
924:Please help
912:
851:
818:Soft tissue
770:
741:
732:
725:
695:
687:
678:subluxations
663:
614:
603:
566:
547:and certain
542:
534:subluxations
526:fibromyalgia
519:
464:
456:
451:
449:
442:
426:osteoporosis
377:
336:fibromyalgia
321:
231:dislocations
227:Subluxations
219:Early-onset
196:
175:
156:
138:, describes
135:
131:
130:
120:Rheumatology
65:
56:
37:
2648:contracture
2629:Necrotizing
2607:Fasciopathy
2428:Noncapsular
2376:Subacromial
2366:Prepatellar
2081:Scleroderma
1946:MedlinePlus
1453:: 334–340.
1313:NHS choices
802:spondylosis
650:Caucasians.
396:) or other
304:anaesthetic
183:Loeys–Dietz
92:Other names
51:introducing
2726:Contortion
2690:Categories
2582:Tendinosis
2578:Tendinitis
2524:lower limb
2479:upper limb
2464:Enthesitis
2348:Bursopathy
2137:autoimmune
1922:DiseasesDB
1642:2014-03-06
1402:: 803334.
1376:2014-03-06
1347:2016-12-02
1318:2016-12-02
1294:2016-11-24
1265:2016-11-24
1091:References
981:Medication
942:March 2014
894:Treatments
820:rheumatism
785:Arthralgia
668:(EDS) and
610:arthralgia
562:wheelchair
288:Increased
269:that make
216:Joint pain
207:tendinitis
34:references
2711:Arthritis
2706:Syndromes
2615:Fasciitis
2558:Bone spur
2396:Iliopsoas
2361:Olecranon
2270:Synovitis
2191:fibrillin
1993:Systemic
1756:cite book
1748:672037902
1562:0306-3674
1171:0003-4967
913:does not
838:Marfanoid
722:Diagnosis
576:Syndromes
560:and/or a
430:fractures
410:ligaments
332:dyspraxia
254:Back pain
244:Knee pain
115:Specialty
2599:Nonjoint
2437:Symptoms
2381:Achilles
2356:Bursitis
2252:Capsular
2046:Myositis
1811:15708907
1712:Archived
1618:17079522
1580:16183767
1516:51895371
1508:30070022
1469:34560594
1428:35211037
1237:24237928
1229:20963520
1079:See also
1011:software
832:bursitis
705:crepitus
635:proteins
632:collagen
570:orthoses
549:hormones
532:, joint
390:collagen
350:such as
278:whiplash
235:shoulder
211:bursitis
179:Marfan's
59:May 2021
2624:Nodular
2619:Plantar
2391:Ischial
2002:General
1916:D007593
1802:1755395
1571:1725042
1419:8861852
1366:SSA.gov
1189:6039590
1180:1031347
1132:2204553
934:removed
919:sources
643:relaxin
628:elastin
606:myalgia
545:relaxin
538:sprains
418:tendons
414:muscles
248:Fatigue
203:sprains
47:improve
2131:Other
1951:003295
1905:147900
1809:
1799:
1746:
1736:
1666:
1616:
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1560:
1521:7 June
1514:
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1467:
1426:
1416:
1235:
1227:
1187:
1177:
1169:
1130:
767:palms.
647:pelvis
639:period
558:bedpan
358:Causes
346:, and
328:autism
267:Joints
144:wrists
140:joints
36:, but
2430:joint
2254:joint
2154:Other
1927:31101
1894:728.5
1879:M35.7
1512:S2CID
1233:S2CID
495:polio
491:lupus
384:joint
209:, or
185:, or
1911:MeSH
1900:OMIM
1889:9-CM
1807:PMID
1762:link
1744:OCLC
1734:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1614:PMID
1576:PMID
1558:ISSN
1523:2023
1504:PMID
1465:PMID
1424:PMID
1225:PMID
1185:PMID
1167:ISSN
1128:PMID
917:any
915:cite
746:and
742:The
676:and
655:Yoga
608:and
524:and
428:and
416:and
404:and
324:ADHD
148:knee
1885:ICD
1870:ICD
1797:PMC
1789:doi
1610:106
1566:PMC
1550:doi
1496:doi
1492:177
1455:doi
1451:143
1414:PMC
1404:doi
1217:doi
1175:PMC
1159:doi
1118:doi
928:by
513:or
260:or
229:or
189:).
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