31:
399:, and criticizes the authors for failing to explain exactly how and why these artifacts were found in Arizona, and focusing their attention instead only on the artifacts themselves and their similarities to Roman artifacts. Concluding, Williams points out in the chapter how hyperdiffusionists fail to recognize solid archaeological research methods and/or ignore conflicting data and contextual evidence. They are "tailoring their finds with any similar chronology or in-depth linguistic analysis that fits into their scenarios".
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that religions are proof of hyperdiffusionism, as similar worship ceremonies and symbols recur in geographically separated societies. Also, Smith believes that the Earth's population is made up of six types of humans, who diffused across the Earth's continents by virtue of their skin color. Finally, Fell asserts that ancient mariners, such as Druids and
Phoenicians, traveled from Europe and comprised the early population of ancient America.
415:
in certain kinds of vessels, unlike hyperdiffusionism. Kehoe concludes with the theory of transoceanic contact and makes clear that she is not asserting a specific theory of how and when cultures diffused and blended, but is instead offering a plausible, and testable, example of how civilizational similarities may have arisen without hyperdiffusionism, namely by independent invention and maritime contact.
81:, carried by the "Romans who came across the Atlantic and then overland to Arizona;" this is believed because the artifacts resembled known ancient Roman artifacts. One common hyperdiffusionist hypothesis states that the similarities among disparate civilizations were inherited from the civilization of a lost continent, such as
414:
Kehoe explores the "independent invention" of works and techniques using the example of boats. Ancient peoples could have used their boat technology to make contact with new civilizations and exchange ideas. Moreover, the use of boats is a testable theory, which can be evaluated by recreating voyages
342:
These authors describe hyperdiffusionism as the driving force behind the apparent cultural similarities and population distribution among all civilizations. Hapgood's hypothesis states that one specific civilization is responsible for similar cultural practices in all other civilizations. Smith says
271:
According to
Hapgood, the pyramids in South America and Mexico may be indicative of cultural practices which the builders of them shared with ancient Egyptian civilization. He theorized that the ancient Maya were strongly influenced by the diffusion of ancient Egyptian social and political cultures,
156:
focuses on what it says is evidence of ancient, pre-Columbian transoceanic contact between the Old World and North
America, with the implication that all complex aspects of North America's indigenous cultures must have originated on other continents. The magazine's claims are similar to discredited
363:
stated that there are reasons for believing that culture may arise independently rather than being transmitted. In addition, Goldenweiser insists that behavior is primitive and that cultural similarities may arise simply because they are reflections of adaptive traits that all human beings have
72:
nature. Also, unlike trans-cultural diffusion, hyperdiffusionism does not use trading and cultural networks to explain the expansion of a society within a single culture; instead, hyperdiffusionists claim that all major cultural innovations and societies derive from one (usually lost) ancient
89:, which has since sunk into the sea. Egypt is also commonly featured in hyperdiffusionist narratives, either as an intermediate civilization that inherited its culture from such a lost continent and in turn passed it on to other civilizations or as a source of hyperdiffused elements itself.
335:, are said to have populated Europe at the same time. He hypothesizes that they were the ancient settlers of North America. Also, he believes that what he describes as inscriptions on stone and tablet artifacts from this site are in an ancient language derived from common sources of the
259:
he concludes that ancient land formations gave way to hyperdiffusionism and the diffusion "of a true culture." This culture could have been more advanced than that of Egypt or Greece because it was the foundation of a worldwide culture. Hapgood also suggests that the
375:
uses the phrase "Fantastic
Archaeology" to describe the archeological theories and discoveries which he defines as "fanciful archaeological interpretations". These interpretations usually lack artifacts, data, and testable theories to back up the claims made.
185:, "stone") and the similar designs and methods of the construction of such pieces are described as having a linear geographical distribution. These heliolithic cultures can refer to religious customs that share distinctive practices, such as the worship of a
200:
as a prime example of how religious customs prove the diffusion of a single ancient culture. He believes that only an advanced civilization, such as Egypt, could create such a peculiar belief, and that it then spread by way of ancient mariners.
410:
says that diffusionism is a "grossly racist ideology". Although she agrees that diffusion of culture can occur through contact and trading, she disagrees with the theory that all civilization came from one superior ancient society.
303:. He notes that in these writings there appear deities that are similar to those worshiped throughout the world. Furthermore, there are myths and creation stories that are said to have a common origin in Egypt.
204:
Early Man
Distribution refers to Smith's belief that Modern Man is derived from "six well-defined types of mankind," which comprise the sources of Earth's population. The six types of mankind are the
391:
in his chronology as it made his "Man descended from Asia into the New World" theory impossible. The section continues with
Cyclone Covey and Thomas W. Bent, specifically their publications on the
239:
in the 1930s and the 1940s produced a series of articles arguing hyperdiffusionism in explaining the expansion of technology into China. Among the scholars influenced by Bishop were
387:. Gladwin favored the diffusion theories which later influenced his methodologies for dating the artifacts at the site. This belief led him to ignore the data that was found at the
57:, derived them from a single common progenitor. According to proponents of hyperdiffusion, examples of hyperdiffusion can be found in religious practices, cultural technologies,
243:, who was intrigued by Bishop's emphasis on geography as a shaping factor in Chinese civilization and his emphasis on field work rather than library research.
364:
evolved. Goldenweiser disagrees with the theory of hyperdiffusionism, stating that "culture is not contagious" and that the data fails to support the theory.
379:
In his chapter "Across The Sea They Came," Williams introduces a few hyperdiffusionists, their discoveries, and how they "tested" artifacts, beginning with
112:, later known as the National Socialist White People's Party. After being ousted for being partly Jewish (which he denied), in 1970, Collin founded the
654:
In 1979 Collin's ambition to lead a new Nazi
America was thwarted when he was arrested, convicted, and sent to prison on child molestation charges.
17:
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and that they became a civilized culture due to the migration of citizens from
Atlantis after that island sank. For example, he says "How did the
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was the source of civilization for Asia, India, China, and the
Pacific, and eventually, it was the source of civilization for America. Smith sees
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in an unrevealed location, supposedly discovered by
Russell Burrows in southern Illinois." In 1987, he had his first New Age book published,
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53:. Thus, all great civilizations to engage in what appear to be similar cultural practices, such as the construction of
189:. As this trope is seen in numerous belief systems, Smith believes that it is diffused from one ancient civilization.
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681:
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284:". It is also said that Mayan artifacts resemble those of a classical culture, possibly Greece. This plays into
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hypothesis that postulates that certain historical technologies or ideas were developed by a single people or
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and their theory that ancient Romans traveled to Arizona. Williams pokes fun at this theory in his book
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nineteenth century theories, and as a result, they are considered dubious or exploitative by scholars.
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108:(born November 3, 1944) is an American former political activist and Midwest coordinator with the
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120:, he lost his position in the party. He subsequently wrote many books and articles in support of
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in several ways. One is the fact that hyperdiffusionism is usually not testable due to its
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Webster, David (2006). "The Mystique of the Ancient Maya". In Fagan, Garrett G. (ed.).
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achieve such precise results...the knowledge may have, of course, been derived by the
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The Lost Treasure of King Juba: The Evidence of Africans in America Before Columbus
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Hale, Christopher (2006). "The Atlantean Box". In Fagan, Garrett G. (ed.).
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Hapgood finds evidence of ancient Egyptian "expression" in the writings of
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327:. Mystery Hill, Fell believes, was a place of worship for the Celts and
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Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right
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542:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 224–257.
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642:(2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. p. 18.
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includes a wide range of hyperdiffused cultural practices such as
116:. (N.S.P.A.) After Collin was convicted and sentenced in 1979 for
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Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory
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54:
50:
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who made his "fantastic" discoveries at an Arizona Pueblo site,
273:
34:
Grafton Elliot Smith: Map of Hyperdiffusionism from Egypt, 1929
709:. Ipswich, Massachusetts: Salem Press Inc. 2008. p. 125.
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refers to as the primary basis of his hypothesis that ancient
124:, an alleged cache of ancient treasure from many parts of the
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209:
320:
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134:: Compelling Evidence of the Sudden Fall of the Legendary
965:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 99–106.
882:. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 129–154. 978-0-415-30593-8.
995:. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. pp. 140–172.
454:
Moshenska, Gabriel (2017). "Alternative archaeologies".
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Conspiracies and Secret Societies: The Complete Dossier
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Birmingham, Robert A.; Eisenberg, Leslie E. (2000).
729:
958:
867:. Philadelphia: Chilton Company. pp. 193–206.
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165:The so-called Heliolithic Culture hypothesized by
706:American Villains, Volume 1: Joe Adonis–Jim Jones
292:, which led to the downfall of the civilization.
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566:Codename GREENKILL: The 1979 Greensboro Killings
502:. Oxford, England: Routledge. pp. 362–367.
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808:. London: Ernest Benn Limited. pp. 13–47.
833:. University of California Press. p. 24.
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331:mariners. These ancient mariners, called the
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435:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
780:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
177:(the name was coined by Smith himself from
64:The idea of hyperdiffusionism differs from
61:monuments, and lost ancient civilizations.
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264:of archeology is irrelevant due to
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961:Culture: The Diffusion Controversy
456:Key Concepts in Public Archaeology
361:Culture: The Diffusion Controversy
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25:
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929:. New York: Quadrangle. pp.
926:Ancient Settlers in the New World
957:Goldenweiser, Alexander (1927).
18:Hyperdiffusionism in archaeology
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778:The Migrations of Early Culture
498:Fagan, Garrett G., ed. (2006).
458:. UCL Press. pp. 122–137.
27:Pseudoarchaeological hypothesis
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257:Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings,
192:According to G. Elliot Smith,
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865:Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings
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993:Controversies in Archaeology
863:Hapgood, Charles H. (1966).
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101:, also known as Frank Joseph
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571:University of Georgia Press
563:Wheaton, Elizabeth (1988).
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991:Kehoe, Alice Beck (2008).
827:Newman, Robert P. (1992).
734:Indian Mounds of Wisconsin
536:Williams, Stephen (1991).
288:of the ancient battle for
804:Smith, G. Elliot (1931).
776:Smith, G. Elliot (1929).
49:and then spread to other
895:Archaeological Fantasies
880:Archaeological Fantasies
606:Rowman & Littlefield
598:Kaplan, Jeffrey (2000).
500:Archaeological Fantasies
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73:civilization. Ergo, the
66:trans-cultural diffusion
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666:Joseph, Frank (2003).
357:Alexander Goldenweiser
352:Alexander Goldenweiser
206:Aboriginal Australians
142:He wrote articles for
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1033:Archaeological theory
397:Fantastic Archaeology
106:Francis Joseph Collin
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923:Fell, Barry (1976).
806:The Evolution of Man
604:. Lanham, Maryland:
315:, is the site which
313:America's Stonehenge
167:Grafton Elliot Smith
161:Grafton Elliot Smith
154:The Ancient American
150:The Ancient American
43:pseudoarchaeological
569:. Athens, Georgia:
237:Carl Whiting Bishop
232:Carl Whiting Bishop
130:The Destruction of
110:American Nazi Party
93:Some key proponents
674:Simon and Schuster
337:Goidelic languages
266:primitive cultures
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1038:Pseudoarchaeology
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509:978-0-415-30593-8
473:978-1-911576-43-3
381:Harold S. Gladwin
311:Mystery Hill, or
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573:. pp.
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389:Folsom site
325:New England
278:Babylonians
187:Solar Deity
175:sun worship
1017:Categories
742:. p.
621:21 January
329:Phoenician
317:Barry Fell
307:Barry Fell
216:, and the
152:magazine.
59:megalithic
814:637203360
347:Critiques
282:Egyptians
171:megaliths
126:Old World
419:See also
301:Buddhism
297:Hinduism
290:Atlantis
255:'s book
132:Atlantis
83:Atlantis
55:pyramids
51:cultures
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280:or the
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210:Negroes
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274:Mayans
226:Nordic
224:, and
222:Alpine
179:helios
931:81–92
478:JSTOR
441:Notes
321:Celts
194:Egypt
41:is a
997:ISBN
967:OCLC
935:ISBN
899:ISBN
835:ISBN
810:OCLC
782:OCLC
748:ISBN
711:ISBN
691:2018
678:ISBN
644:ISBN
623:2014
610:ISBN
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544:ISBN
504:ISBN
468:ISBN
299:and
183:lith
173:and
145:Fate
575:3–4
460:doi
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251:In
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