1938 New England hurricane

595: 559: 543: 488: 583: 950: 571: 667: 47: 1366: 260:, before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Long Island on Wednesday, September 21. It is estimated that the hurricane killed 682 people, damaged or destroyed more than 57,000 homes, and caused property losses estimated at $ 306 million ($ 4.7 billion in 2024). Also, numerous others estimate the real damage between $ 347 million and almost $ 410 million. Damaged trees and buildings were still seen in the affected areas as late as 1951. It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane to ever strike New York and New England in history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the 1020:

the former light keeper and a couple who left their summer cottages near the lighthouse and sought shelter in what they thought was the sturdier light keeper's home. Light keeper George T. Gustavus was thrown free from the wreckage of the house and was saved by an island resident who held a branch into the water from the cliffs farther down the coast. Gustavus and Milton Chase, the owner of the island's power plant, reactivated the light during the storm by running a cable from the plant to the light and installing a light bulb, marking the first time that it was illuminated with electricity.

4045: 484:; this figure remained unchanged in reanalysis and serves as the storm's peak strength, although the reanalysis project noted that "considerable uncertainty" remains regarding the magnitude of the storm's maximum intensity at sea. Concurrently, the hurricane began to interact with the cold front over the East Coast, causing the tropical cyclone to curve northward towards the northeastern United States; the presence of the subtropical ridge to the east and the stationary nature of the frontal boundary prevented the storm from continuing to curve out to sea. 221: 1057: 1177: 1189: 313: 1394: 1200:, where the winds and flooding killed 99 people. In Springfield, the river rose six to 10 feet (3 m) above flood stage, causing significant damage. Up to 6 in (150 mm) of rain fell across western Massachusetts, which combined with over 4 in (100 mm) that had fallen a few days earlier to produce widespread flooding. Flash flooding on the Chicopee River washed away the Chicopee Falls Bridge, while the Connecticut River flooded most of the Willimansett section. Residents of 1380: 1073: 4242: 3978: 382: 3988: 392: 1289: 939: 402: 1994: 641:. The advisory, however, underestimated the storm's intensity and said that it was farther south than it actually was. The office had yet to forward any information about the hurricane to the New York City office. At 10:00 am EDT, the bureau downgraded the hurricane to a tropical storm. The 11:30 am advisory mentioned gale-force winds but nothing about a tropical storm or hurricane. 1137:. Two passengers drowned while attempting to escape before the crew was able to clear the debris and get the train moving. Along the Stonington shorefront, buildings were swept off their foundations and found two miles (3.2 km) inland. Rescuers found live fish and crabs in kitchen drawers and cabinets while searching for survivors in the homes in 834:, this led to some complications to the relief effort. However, the unions made critical exceptions for relief supplies. Moving food supplies to relief depots, ballots for the New York primary before the hurricane hit while people were evacuating, and manning 1,000 relief sanitation trucks deployed by 1354:, it tracked into southern Quebec. By the time the system initially crossed into Canada, it continued to produce heavy rain and very strong winds, but interaction with land had caused the system to weaken significantly. Still, many trees were blown down. Otherwise, damage in this region was minimal. 503:

with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and a pressure of 941 mbar (941 hPa; 27.8 inHg), making it the strongest tropical cyclone to hit the New York City area. It was moving rapidly northward at 47 mph (76 km/h), enhancing the intensity of the winds east

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suffered a direct blow from the storm surge, which measured 17 feet 5 inches (5.31 m) at Sandy Point. The masonry tower was slightly damaged, but the adjoining light keeper's home was utterly destroyed and washed out to sea. The light keeper's wife and son were both killed, as well as

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Over 35% of New England's total forest area was affected. In all, over 2.7 billion board feet of trees fell because of the storm, although 1.6 billion board feet of the trees were salvaged. The Northeastern Timber Salvage Administration (NETSA) was established to deal with the extreme fire

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In total, 4,500 cottages, farms, and other homes were reported destroyed and 25,000 homes were damaged. Other damages included 26,000 automobiles destroyed and 20,000 electrical poles toppled. The hurricane also devastated the forests of the Northeast, knocking down an estimated two billion trees in

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storm was 75 mi (120 km) east-southeast of Atlantic City and would pass over Long Island and Connecticut. Re-analysis of the storm suggests that the hurricane was farther north and just 50 mi (80 km) from Fire Island, and that it was stronger and larger than the advisory stated.

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radio listeners – to the skepticism of his peers – that the hurricane would hit New England. At 2:00 pm, hurricane-force gusts were occurring on Long Island's South Shore and near hurricane-force gusts on the coast of Connecticut. The Washington office issued an advisory saying that the

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developed just west of Chicago, generating a strong influx of cooler air from Canada into the eastern United States and thus forming a sharp cold front over the region; this frontal boundary resulted in a channel of moist, tropical air being steered northwards into New England. At 18:00 UTC (2 p.m.

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and wind. Damage was estimated at $ 308 million (equivalent to $ 6.67 billion in 2023), making it among the most costly hurricanes to strike the U.S. mainland. It is estimated that, if an identical hurricane had struck in 2005, it would have caused $ 39.2 billion in damage due to

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both owned large forests managed by their forestry departments, but both forests were wiped out by the hurricane. However, Yale had a backup forest at Great Mountain in northwestern Connecticut which was spared from the totality of the damages, and they were able to keep their forestry program

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Eastern Connecticut was on the eastern side of the hurricane. Long Island acted as a buffer against large ocean surges, but the waters of Long Island Sound rose to great heights. Small shoreline towns to the east of New Haven experienced much destruction from the water and winds, and the 1938

441:. It was inferred to have reached hurricane intensity over the central Atlantic by September 15, though ship observations became increasingly sparse as the cyclone tracked farther away from land. The first definitive indication of a tropical cyclone at sea was a report from the Brazilian ship 1313:

was worse, however; total damage there was stated to be $ 500,000 (1938 dollars, $ 6.5 million in 2005), which included the destruction of 10 bridges. Much of the lower downtown burned because floodwaters prevented firefighters from reaching and extinguishing the blaze. Other

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three years earlier. When the storm turned north, the office issued warnings for the Carolina coast and transferred authority to the bureau's headquarters in Washington. Both the Jacksonville and Washington, DC offices expected the cyclone to reach the ocean off North Carolina and then head

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hurricane holds the record for the worst natural disaster in Connecticut's 350-year history. The mean low-water storm tide was 14.1 ft (4.3 m) at Stamford, 12.8 ft (3.9 m) at Bridgeport, and 10.58 ft (3.22 m) at New London, which remains a record high.

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registered sustained winds of 121 mph (195 km/h) and a peak gust of 186 mph (299 km/h), which is the strongest hurricane-related surface wind gust ever recorded in the United States. A 50 ft (15 m) wave, the tallest of the storm, was recorded at

1004:. Napatree is now a wildlife refuge with no human inhabitants. Concrete staircases and boardwalk bases destroyed by the hurricane can still be found when sand levels are low on some beaches. The boardwalk along Easton's Beach in Newport was completely destroyed by the storm. 499:. At 12:00 UTC (8 a.m. EST) that day, the storm was estimated to have a barometric pressure of 940 mbar (940 hPa; 28 inHg); this is the hurricane's lowest documented pressure. At 19:45 UTC (3:45 p.m. EST), the hurricane made landfall on Long Island over 717:. Due to the lack of technology in 1938, Long Island residents were not warned of the hurricane's arrival, leaving no time to prepare or evacuate. " The winds reached up to 150 mph (240 km/h), with waves surging to around 25–35 feet (7.6–10.7 m) high. 428:

noted that the knowledge of the storm's existence at the time remained tenuous until September 17 when the cyclone had already increased to a hurricane. Based on land and marine observations, the reanalysis project concluded that the 1938 hurricane began as a

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of the center; in addition, its forward motion displaced its center of circulation 17 mi (27 km) away from the point of minimum barometric pressure. Weather Bureau forecaster Charles Pierce argued that the hurricane became extratropical off of the

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model of a 100-year storm, and one estimate is that this water level "reflects a storm occurring roughly once every 400 years." A study of sand deposits also gives evidence that this was the strongest hurricane to hit Rhode Island in over 300 years. The

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at the head of New London Harbor was found on a sand bar two miles (3.2 km) away. Interior sections of the state experienced widespread flooding as the hurricane's torrential rains fell on soil already saturated from previous storms. The

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was first swept by the winds and storm surge, after which the waterfront business district caught fire and burned out of control for 10 hours. Stately homes along Ocean Beach were leveled by the storm surge. The permanently anchored 240-ton

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received considerable damage. As in Vermont, very high winds brought down numerous trees and electric lines, but rainfall totals in New Hampshire were significantly less than those in other states. Only 1 inch (25 mm) of rain fell in

2774: 508:, though Charles J. Neumann, Frances P. Ho, and the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project suggested that it was tropical but in the process of extratropical transition at landfall. Afterwards, it quickly tracked across Long Island and 1271:

around 8:00 pm. Hurricane-force winds caused extensive damage to trees, buildings, and power lines. Over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of public roads were blocked, and it took months for crews to reopen some of the roads. In

973:, seven children were killed when their school bus was blown into Mackerel Cove. Mobs looted stores in downtown Providence, often before the flood waters had fully subsided and due in part to the economic difficulties of the 905:. Many other smaller roads were wiped away in the storm surge. So extensive was the storm surge and overwash on eastern Long Island, that rescue works had to use utility maps to figure out were roads and homes had been. 652:

into New England. A noon meeting was called and Pierce presented his conclusion, but he was overruled by "celebrated" chief forecaster Charles Mitchell and his senior staff. In Boston, meteorologist E.B. Rideout told his

460:) within hurricane-force winds on September 17. Based on this observation, the hurricane had maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (201 km/h), making it the equivalent of a high-end Category 3 hurricane on the 275:

on September 9 off the coast of West Africa, but the United States Weather Bureau was unaware that a tropical cyclone existed until September 16 when ships reported strong winds and rough seas 350 miles northeast of

792:. The highest winds were from the north to northwest on the back side of the storm. The storm surge was 8.5 ft (2.6 m) at the Battery and the Mean Low Water storm tide was 16.75 ft (5.11 m) at 881:

The orientation of Eastern Long Island facing due south, made it extremely exposed to the storm surge and intense winds. The estimated peak storm tide in parts of eastern Long Island was 20 ft (6.1 m).

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New York and New England. Freshwater flooding was minimal, however, as the quick passage of the storm decreased local rainfall totals, with only a few small areas receiving over 10 inches (250 mm).

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recorded sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) with gusts to 80 mph (130 km/h), and a gust of 90 mph (140 km/h) was recorded 500 ft (150 m) above ground at the

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suffered substantial damage. The storm blew down the movie theater on Front Street in Greenport on the North Fork of Long Island. The fishing industry was destroyed, as was half of the apple crop.

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just off the coast of West Africa at 12:00 UTC (8 a.m. Eastern Standard Time) on September 9, becoming the sixth tropical cyclone of the season. The depression gradually strengthened, becoming a

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waded to safety from her Old Saybrook beach home, narrowly escaping death. She stated in her 1991 book that 95% of her personal belongings were either lost or destroyed, including her first

965:, it was restricted by the Bay's funnel shape and rose to 15.8 ft (4.8 m) above normal spring tides, resulting in more than 13 feet (4.0 m) of water in some areas of downtown 570: 992:

Many homes and structures were destroyed along the coast, as well as many structures inland along the hurricane's path, and entire beach communities were obliterated on the coast.

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Landsea, Christopher W.; Hagen, Andrew; Bredemeyer, William; Carrasco, Cristina; Glenn, David A.; Santiago, Adrian; Strahan-Sakoskie, Donna; Dickinson, Michael (August 12, 2013).

625:, office of the weather bureau issued a warning on September 19 that a hurricane might hit Florida. Residents and authorities made extensive preparations, as they had endured the 1806:

Landsea, Christopher W.; Hagen, Andrew; Bredemeyer, William; Carrasco, Cristina; Glenn, David A.; Santiago, Adrian; Strahan-Sakoskie, Donna; Dickinson, Michael (March 12, 2014).

1508: 1334:, buildings and trees were damaged and power outages occurred. Storm surge was minimal, and winds remained below hurricane strength. The storm did not claim any lives in Maine. 776:

The metropolitan area escaped the worst of the wind and storm surge because it was hit by the storm's weaker western side. Winds were recorded at 60 mph (97 km/h) at

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EST) on September 19, the tropical cyclone strengthened further into a Category 5-equivalent hurricane with sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) while north of the

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hazard that the fallen timber had created. In many locations, roads from the fallen tree removal were visible decades later, and some became trails still used today. The

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The western periphery of the hurricane brought heavy rain and gusty winds to Delaware and southeastern Maryland. Damage, if any, is believed to have been minimal.

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were stranded for days and relied on air-dropped food and medicine. After the flood receded, the town's Main Street was a chasm in which sewer pipes could be seen.

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Ten new inlets were created on eastern Long Island. The surge rearranged the sand at the Cedar Point Lighthouse so that the island became connected to what is now

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was completed in 1966 because of the massive flooding from the 1938 storm, and from the even higher 14.4-foot (4.4 m) storm surge that resulted from 1954's

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by 00:00 UTC on September 22 (September 21, 8:00 p.m. EST). Following this transition, the remnants continued to weaken before they dissipated over southeastern

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and full moon, and the hurricane produced storm tides of 14 to 18 feet (5 m) along most of the Connecticut coast, with 18 to 25-foot (8 m) tides from

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The storm surge was especially violent along the Rhode Island coastline, sweeping hundreds of summer cottages out to sea. As the surge drove northward through

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four days later, making it a Category 5-equivalent hurricane. The storm was propelled northward, rapidly paralleling the East Coast before making landfalls on

1280:. The storm killed five people in Vermont. Sugar maple groves were damaged. It is the only system on record to have entered the state as a tropical cyclone. 621:. Normally, tropical cyclones approach the eastern Bahamas then slowly recurve north and northeast off the United States East Coast and move out to sea. The 3445: 873:, residents of 50 homes needed to be rescued by rowboat when heavy rain the previous few days combined with the rain from the hurricane to overflow a pond. 600:

Following landfall, the storm merges with the trough of low-pressure, isolating it from tropical air and completing extratropical transition on September 22

4286: 4017: 2011:

Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Chris; Hafele, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thurm, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; Zaleski, Walt (February 1, 2012).

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The extratropical low pulls in cold air from the north, allowing it to strengthen and develop a cold front over the Eastern United States on September 19

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was obliterated, resulting in 29 deaths. There were 21 other deaths through the rest of the east end of Long Island. The storm surge temporarily turned

2682: 284:. It reached hurricane strength on September 15 and continued to strengthen to a peak intensity of 160 mph (260 km/h) near the southeastern 3213: 2828: 2616: 2416: 644:

That day, 28 year-old rookie Charles Pierce was standing in for two veteran meteorologists. He concluded that the storm would be squeezed between a

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As the hurricane accelerated northward, it gradually weakened. On the morning of September 21, it passed roughly 75 mi (121 km) east of

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and dozens of cottages washed into the ocean. Crops sustained wind damage. The maximum recorded wind gust was 70 mph (110 km/h) at

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by carving out a large section of barrier island separating Shinnecock Bay from the Atlantic. The storm toppled the landmark steeple of the

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got stuck in the terminal with 200 passengers aboard. Bridges and tunnels into Manhattan were closed until the following afternoon. 95% of

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as a slightly weaker hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), making it one of only three recorded tropical cyclones to hit

3240: 4366: 3132:"Fire, floods, flu: Natural disasters in Vermont – At nature's mercy: Vermonters prove their mettle through floods, flu, and blizzards" 1215:

under eight feet of water. Two-thirds of the boats sank in New Bedford harbor. Several homes were washed away on Atlantic Boulevard in

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The hurricane continued to slowly strengthen and track westward at around 20 mph (32 km/h) about the southern periphery of a

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as a Category 3 hurricane on September 21, with estimated sustained winds of 115–120 mph. After moving inland, it transitioned into an

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In New York City and Long Island, schools were dismissed early. Extensive street flooding occurred because debris blocked drains. The

4351: 4266: 4245: 1126: 706: 4215: 4203: 3068: 2683:"Mayor Proclaims Truck Emergency; Uses City Fleet; Sanitation Vehicles Manned by Strikers After Employers Reject City Hall Proposal" 4227: 4191: 4179: 4155: 4143: 4119: 4095: 4071: 2595: 4083: 2791: 4331: 4296: 3981: 3575: 1463: 954: 487: 461: 4107: 3598: 3073: 1428: 917: 4131: 1536: 256:

to strike the United States. The storm formed near the coast of Africa on September 9, becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the

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A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. According to the

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The strengthening of the subtropical ridge over Bermuda steers the hurricane west, while an extratropical low forms over the

417: 2387: 4326: 4316: 1220: 845:, almost 400 boats were ripped from their moorings and smashed or sunk, with more than 100 washing up on the beach by the 633:

At 9:00 am EDT on September 21, the Washington office issued northeast storm warnings north of Atlantic City and south of

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Development of synoptic features contributing to the track and extratropical transition of the 1938 New England hurricane

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The western side of the hurricane caused sustained tropical storm-force winds, high waves, and storm surge along the

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was swept off its base and into the waves, killing lighthouse keeper Walter Eberle. His body was never found. The

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A New Deal for Disaster: The 'Hurricane of 1938' and Federal Disaster Relief Operations, Suffolk County, New York

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communities also suffered considerable damage to forest resources. In New Hampshire, 13 people perished. At

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September 1938: The most powerful hurricane on record to ever impact the region makes landfall near Fire Island.

4341: 4291: 4034: 3552: 3010: 2140:. NYC's Risk Landscape: A Guide to Hazard Mitigation (Report). New York, New York: City of New York. p. 49 1728: 1438: 421: 231: 2064: 2047: 588:

Extratropical transition gradually begins as the hurricane interacts with the frontal boundary on September 21

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Landsea, Chris (June 1, 2016). "E23) What is the complete list of continental U.S. landfalling hurricanes?".

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army airfield was buffeted by winds of nearly 100 mph (160 km/h) and was under knee-deep water. In

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recorded the highest water level of the storm at 11.5 feet (4 m) above mean sea level, according to a

614: 4002: 3217: 2884: 2832: 2369: 1276:, 120 miles (190 km) from the nearest coast, salt spray was seen on windows. A train was derailed in 1433: 1423: 1310: 1041: 890: 3185: 949: 1807: 1417: 1244: 1212: 634: 3095: 2959: 2905: 2477: 1702: 1247:

with sand and other natural earth minerals, creating an additional common border between Winthrop and

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was completely swept away, a small cape that housed nearly 40 families between the Atlantic Ocean and

280:; by then, it was already a well-developed hurricane and had tracked westward toward the southeastern 4281: 3618: 3532: 3136: 2347: 2320: 1979: 1225: 1216: 1117: 1104: 846: 741: 666: 520:

as major hurricanes since 1900. The storm rapidly weakened, completing extratropical transition over

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The US Weather Bureau was not aware of the existence of the 1938 hurricane until it was northeast of

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was under 3 feet (1 m) of water at the height of the storm, and the boardwalk was destroyed in

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located to the west and a high-pressure area to the east, and that it would be forced to ride up a

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review of book: 'Thirty-Eight, The Hurricane that Transformed New England', by Stephen Long 2016

1677: 216: 46: 3856: 3763: 3699: 3653: 3635: 2449: 1570: 1318:, winds gusted to 163 miles per hour (262 km/h) and knocked down part of a trestle on the 1306: 1100: 927: 815:

for several minutes to a few hours. Railroad and ferry services were suspended for a time. The

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running, which maintains operation today. Harvard's program, however, was reduced as a result.

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The hurricane begins to be pulled northward by the quasi-stationary cold front on September 20

4044: 3244: 3046: 3041: 1351: 1248: 1158: 1122: 1065: 1028: 1016: 902: 789: 686: 622: 476: 438: 405: 297: 289: 277: 83: 30:"Long Island Express" redirects here. For the auxiliary Interstate Highway signed I-495, see 3318:

Taken by Storm, 1938: A Social and Meteorological History of the Great New England Hurricane

1048:, in hopes of preventing extreme storm surges from ever again flooding downtown Providence. 3956: 3539: 3460: 3037:"Daily Discussion and Climate Summary – Anniversary of Great New England Hurricane of 1938" 2478:

The Weather Doctor Almanac 2008 The Great Hurricane of 1938: The Long Island Express Part 2

1939: 1892: 1822: 1385: 1096: 1092: 1068:

in the aftermath of the hurricane; the Travelers Insurance Co. building appears in the back

921: 761: 757: 671: 649: 177: 2285: 8: 3641: 3612: 2344:"New England 'Blowdown' Timber and Forest Fire Hazard Caused by the Sept. 1938 Hurricane" 1273: 1264: 1201: 1138: 862: 858: 854: 835: 816: 804: 785: 626: 442: 430: 395: 272: 52: 3464: 3336: 3036: 1896: 1826: 1263:

as a Category 1 hurricane at approximately 6:00 pm EDT, reaching northern Vermont,

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in that it did not take the typical track as it approached the area of the southeastern

220: 3486: 3350: 2164:"A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?" 1846: 1277: 898: 709:

from New Haven to Providence was particularly hard hit, as countless bridges along the

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National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, New York; Roger K. Brickner (2015).

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transforming Deer Island at the peninsula's southern tip into an island by name only.

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Ultimately the storm became the deadliest and costliest storm in Connecticut history.

1056: 3987: 3921: 3903: 3862: 3798: 3746: 3430: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3388: 3356: 3321: 3295: 3276: 2657: 2624: 1940:"On-line Supplement for A Reanalysis of the 1931 to 1943 Atlantic Hurricane Database" 1838: 1734: 1154: 1108: 1072: 978: 894: 745: 713:

were destroyed or flooded, severing rail connections to badly affected towns such as

509: 468: 457: 3270: 1780: 1176: 3927: 3844: 3821: 3740: 3728: 3722: 3516: 3476: 3468: 3446:"Natural restocking of forests following the 1938 hurricane in Central New England" 2934: 2450:"One for the Ages: The Hurricane of 1938 Battered New England's Woods 75 Years Ago" 2236: 2167: 2081:"Timeline of Events from 'The Long Island Express: Tracking the Hurricane of 1938'" 2080: 2059: 1900: 1850: 1830: 1592: 1540: 1410:– A major hurricane that passed through New England in 2011, following its landfall 1024: 1012: 1008: 974: 962: 913: 481: 385: 316:

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

312: 253: 195: 1821:(16). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 6093–6118. 3962: 3915: 3886: 3874: 3827: 3792: 3775: 3769: 3705: 3567: 3559: 3511: 1484: 1413: 1407: 1188: 1045: 638: 152: 2539: 2267: 1778: 3909: 3880: 3868: 3850: 3804: 3734: 2299: 1268: 993: 849:

Yacht Club. Similar scenes occurred in other locations on the north shore. The

434: 3214:"Hurricane Hazards in the Northeast – A Re-appraisal based on recent research" 2195: 1834: 1027:

was washed clean of its text when its vault was flooded in a Providence bank.

4260: 3950: 2775:"Hurricane Loss Put at least $ 100,000,000 Long Island Press January 2, 1939" 2661: 2628: 2163: 1998: 1842: 1399: 1301: 1229: 1197: 1112: 1061: 866: 842: 796:. In New York Harbor, the waters rose 7 ft (2.1 m) in a half-hour. 793: 749: 496: 453: 203: 148: 2708: 2107: 491:

Surface weather map depicting the hurricane's first landfall on Long Island.

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shows how federal relief efforts led to the modern disaster-response system

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Oliver Peterson (June 13, 2007). "Push is on to rebuild church steeple".

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National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Boston, Massachusetts.

2012: 3490: 800: 449: 144: 889:. About 50 people perished in the storm's wake. The Dune Road area of 885:

A mean low water storm tide of 8 ft (2.4 m) was recorded at

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What Do You Do with a Disaster?' Providence and the Hurricane of 1938

3069:"September 21, 1938: Storm of the Century hits Boston's Braves Field" 812: 808: 788:. Winds were estimated at 120 mph (190 km/h) on top of the 3472: 1300:

Even though the storm center tracked further west, through Vermont,

2286:"Ranked Using 2005 Inflation, Population, and Wealth Normalization" 1219:, and their foundations can still be found on the beach today. The 986: 830:

During the hurricane, starting before it hit and continuing after,

2058:(8). Washington, D.C.: American Meteorological Society: 237–285. 1997:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1949:. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1891:(9). Washington, D.C.: Americal Meteorological Society: 286–288. 1787:. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1288: 1260: 1107:, buildings were found as wreckage across coastal roads. Actress 832:

a citywide trucker strike occurred across both NYC and New Jersey

724: 618: 525: 521: 472: 301: 285: 281: 2709:"22 Sep 1938, p. 9 – The Brooklyn Daily Eagle at Newspapers.com" 2200:(FAQ). 4.9. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 2172:(FAQ). 4.9. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 1479:, those three cyclones were the 1938 New England hurricane, the 938: 2048:"The Meteorological History of the Hurricane of Sept. 21, 1938" 1196:

The eye of the storm followed the Connecticut River north into

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Weather map from September 21 depicting the storm off the

3096:"The Great Hurricane of 1938: The Long Island Express, Part 3" 2864:

NewportRI.com l News and information for Newport, Rhode Island

2417:"1938 'Long Island Express' Hurricane: could it happen again?" 1937: 1805: 1157:

was forced out of its banks, inundating cities and towns from

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was forced to wait out the storm on the second floor of their

3275:. New England Remembers. Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions. 1331: 1036: 3190: 2542:. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service 2239:. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service 1192:

Devastated landscape around Marchmont on September 23, 1938

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Water levels of the 1815 and 1938 hurricanes are marked at

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Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)

335:

Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)

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A Wind to Shake the World: The Story of the 1938 Hurricane

2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 969:. Several motorists were drowned in their automobiles. In 408:, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression 360:

Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)

355:

Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)

2752: 2650:"Truck Strike's End To Be Asked Today; Relief Food Moved" 2065:

10.1175/1520-0493(1939)67<237:TMHOTN>2.0.CO;2

2010: 1808:"A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database" 1620:"$ 306,000,000 in 1938 is worth $ 6,734,734,468.09 today" 1416:– A powerful storm that caused significant damage in the 807:(Con Ed) plant at 133rd Street, causing power to fail in 350:

Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)

3384:

Thirty-Eight: The Hurricane That Transformed New England

3292:

Thirty-Eight, The Hurricane that Transformed New England

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study. This storm level is 3 feet (1 m) above the

771: 345:

Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)

2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2431: 2212: 1906:

10.1175/1520-0493(1938)66<286:HOST>2.0.CO;2

1569:. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 2003. Archived from 1537:"The Great Hurricane of 1938 - The Long Island Express" 188:

Southeastern United States, Northeastern United States

2960:"Dennis Bowman: '38 Hurricane was no '100-year storm'" 2617:"Truck Firms Halt the Mayor's Plan; Drivers Accept It" 2018:. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. p. 3 1779:

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.

897:

into an island as it flooded across the South Fork at

2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2370:"The Great Hurricane of 1938 – Peeling Back the Bark" 2300:"The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996" 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 857:

was heavily damaged. The wife of New York City mayor

2517: 1509:"Hurricane Sandy Isn't NYC's First Freak Superstorm" 1477:

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

1361: 827:

lost power, where floods brought traffic to a halt.

756:. The surge inundated several coastal communities; 637:, and southeast storm warnings from Block Island to 365:

Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)

2237:"The Great New England Hurricane of 1938 – History" 1799: 1125:, beach cottages were flattened or swept away. The 3597: 3011:"Katharine Hepburn's Beloved Summer Home for Sale" 2731: 1976:"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" 1920: 1444:List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts 697:. An additional 708 people were reported injured. 670:A postcard view of flooding from the hurricane at 989:—including the entire coastline of Rhode Island. 4258: 3211: 3186:"Long Island Express Hurricane – September 1938" 2928: 2926: 2748:"WGBH American Experience. The Hurricane of '38" 2473: 2471: 2161: 977:. The tide was higher than usual because of the 252:) was one of the deadliest and most destructive 3129: 3024:Hurricane of 1938: Connecticut's Worst Disaster 2812: 2311: 2309: 2189: 2187: 1756:"How a hurricane changed New England's forests" 1653:. New York Annual Meeting October 18–21, 1998. 1567:"Sudden Sea – The Great Hurricane of 1938" 512:before making a second and final landfall near 2953: 2951: 2193: 2072: 1675: 1239:The storm filled in a former waterway between 1023:The original parchment of the 1764 Charter of 685:Approximately 600 people died in the storm on 448:which documented a barometric pressure of 958 271:on September 16th. The storm developed into a 4018: 3583: 2923: 2468: 2438:R, J. "The Long Island Express". weatherwise. 2126: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4142: 4137: 4118: 4113: 4094: 4089: 4070: 4065: 3238: 3026:, Connecticuthistory.org, September 21, 2019 2853: 2851: 2590: 2588: 2410: 2408: 2306: 2184: 2133:Van Lenten, Christine, ed. (November 2014). 1871: 1869: 1867: 1772: 4287:1938 natural disasters in the United States 3517:The 1938 New England Hurricane Introduction 3401: 3369: 3268: 3243:. Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from 2948: 2087:. Upton, New York: National Weather Service 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 1420:in 2012, mostly as an extratropical cyclone 1350:As the hurricane was transitioning into an 1243:'s Point Shirley neighborhood and Boston's 838:with supplies after the hurricane had hit. 4372:September 1938 events in the United States 4025: 4011: 3590: 3576: 3402:Scotti, R. A.; Allen, Everett S. (2003) . 3088: 2806: 2792:"Hurricane of 1938 May Still Be the Champ" 2483: 2132: 682:changes in population and infrastructure. 677:The majority of the storm damage was from 219: 45: 3480: 2935:"Storm Tides in Twelve Tropical Cyclones" 2848: 2585: 2540:"The Great New England Hurricane of 1938" 2405: 2381: 2379: 2108:"The Great New England Hurricane of 1938" 2099: 2063: 2013:"The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1904: 1875: 1864: 1678:"A Hurricane Andrew Message for Insurers" 707:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 307: 246:Great Long Island - New England Hurricane 3387:. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. 3241:"History of Tropical Cyclones in Canada" 3157: 2112:NWS Boston – The Great Hurricane of 1938 2030: 1753: 1560: 1558: 1506: 1337: 1287: 1187: 1175: 1071: 1055: 948: 937: 665: 608: 486: 311: 3548:Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on Record 3426:Sudden Sea: The Great Hurricane of 1938 3335:Bergman, Jonathan C. (September 2007). 3334: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2272:United States National Hurricane Center 2085:The Great New England Hurricane of 1938 1878:"Hurricane of September 16 to 22, 1938" 1617: 740:and destroyed much of the boardwalk in 424:in 2012, and Weather Bureau forecaster 14: 4259: 3422: 3315: 3216:. Fairfield University. Archived from 3074:Society for American Baseball Research 2957: 2829:"Weather History of the '38 Hurricane" 2385: 2376: 2114:. Boston, MA: National Weather Service 2045: 1961: 1876:Tannehill, Ivan Ray (September 1938). 1747: 1593:"New England Numbers Hurricane of '38" 1531: 1529: 1429:List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 876: 4357:Natural disasters in New York (state) 4006: 3571: 3443: 3348: 3008: 2414: 2388:"Dreading a Replay of 1938 Hurricane" 2155: 2004: 1555: 772:New York City and western Long Island 418:Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project 3380: 3370:Goudsouzian, Aram (September 2004). 3355:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 3289: 3158:Cotterly, Wayne (October 21, 2012). 2958:Bowman, Dennis (September 5, 2015). 2932: 2911:. Brown University. 1945. p. 31 2567:"Catastrophe: Abyss from the Indies" 2554: 2496:. National Park Service. Summer 1991 1726: 1676:Karen M. Clark (November 12, 2017). 1449: 924:. The steeple has not been rebuilt. 920:, which was the tallest building in 3320:. American Meteorological Society. 2985:"Fox Point Hurricane Barrier Facts" 1754:Lefebvre, Paul (October 19, 2016). 1526: 1507:Voorhees, Josh (October 29, 2012). 1464:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 1121:, which was later found intact. In 462:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 24: 4362:Natural disasters in New York City 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 3429:. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 3408:. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 3309: 3239:Staff Writer (September 7, 2005). 3130:Nancy Bazilchuk (March 29, 1999). 2675: 2046:Pierce, Charles H. (August 1939). 1655:Record of the Society of Actuaries 1599:. Yankee Magazine. August 19, 2008 1564: 901:and obliterated the tracks of the 803:flowed three blocks and flooded a 25: 4383: 4367:Natural disasters in Rhode Island 4226: 4221: 4154: 4149: 4106: 4101: 3498: 2906:"The Charter of Brown University" 2857: 2162:Goldenburg, Stan (June 1, 2016). 1182:Winchendon Springs, Massachusetts 4352:Natural disasters in Connecticut 4267:1930s Atlantic hurricane seasons 4241: 4240: 4130: 4125: 4082: 4077: 4043: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3341:. Vol. 20. pp. 15–39. 2386:Rather, John (August 28, 2005). 1992: 1781:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale" 1392: 1378: 1364: 1283: 1184:taken during the summer of 1938. 1171: 912:. The surging water created the 613:The 1938 hurricane suprised the 593: 581: 569: 557: 541: 400: 390: 380: 262:Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635 4166: 4161: 4058: 4053: 3376:. Vol. 62. pp. 26–48. 3262: 3232: 3205: 3178: 3160:"New England Hurricane of 1938" 3151: 3123: 3114: 3061: 3029: 3017: 3002: 2977: 2898: 2885:"Prudence Island Light history" 2877: 2784: 2767: 2722: 2701: 2642: 2609: 2508: 2442: 2362: 2336: 2292: 2278: 2260: 2251: 1765:. Barton, Vermont. p. B1. 1469: 1456: 1292:Damage done to pine forests in 933: 4332:Hurricanes in New York (state) 4297:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 4035:1938 Atlantic hurricane season 3599:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 3009:Glink, Ilyce (July 12, 2011). 2419:. Home and Garden, Hampton.com 1720: 1695: 1669: 1647:An Actuary Reads the Newspaper 1638: 1611: 1585: 1500: 1439:List of New England hurricanes 1051: 422:1938 Atlantic hurricane season 258:Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale 232:1938 Atlantic hurricane season 13: 1: 2581:– via content.time.com. 2437: 1481:1944 Great Atlantic hurricane 1236:was called during the storm. 1180:Aerial photo of Marchmont in 731: 250:Long Island Express Hurricane 27:Category 5 Atlantic hurricane 2480:. Retrieved August 20, 2013. 1494: 1207:To the east, the surge left 811:north of 59th Street and in 615:United States Weather Bureau 475:. On September 18, a strong 134:160 mph (260 km/h) 7: 4327:Hurricanes in New Hampshire 4317:Hurricanes in Massachusetts 3316:Aviles, Lourdes B. (2012). 1434:List of Delaware hurricanes 1424:List of Atlantic hurricanes 1357: 1042:Fox Point Hurricane Barrier 10: 4388: 4337:Hurricanes in Rhode Island 3510:November 12, 2012, at the 3444:Spurr, Stephen H. (1956). 3269:Goudsouzian, Aram (2004). 3100:The Weather Doctor Almanac 2257:Goudsouzian, pp. 11–12, 57 2197:Frequently Asked Questions 2169:Frequently Asked Questions 1978:(Database). United States 1703:"Hurricane 1938 Aftermath" 1657:. Vol. 24, no. 3 1626:. Official Data Foundation 1418:Northeastern United States 1254: 1133:became stuck in debris at 1091:In the shoreline towns of 752:between Atlantic City and 635:Block Island, Rhode Island 242:1938 New England Hurricane 109:Category 5 major hurricane 40:1938 New England hurricane 29: 4322:Hurricanes in New England 4302:Hurricanes in Connecticut 4236: 4050: 4041: 4033:Tropical cyclones of the 3972: 3943: 3896: 3837: 3814: 3785: 3756: 3715: 3692: 3675: 3628: 3605: 3556: 3545: 3529: 3352:The Great Hurricane: 1938 3294:. Yale University Press. 3212:Nicholas K. Coch (2005). 3137:The Burlington Free Press 1980:National Hurricane Center 1835:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00503.1 1345: 944:Island Park, Rhode Island 661: 244:(also referred to as the 227: 215: 184: 176:$ 306 million (1938 172: 164: 159: 138: 130: 114: 107: 92: 82: 67: 60: 44: 3992:Tropical cyclones portal 2317:"Damage Caused by Storm" 1624:CPI Inflation Calculator 1372:Tropical cyclones portal 1325: 1294:Wolfeboro, New Hampshire 630:harmlessly out to sea. 3522:The Long Island Express 2860:"I was never so scared" 2728:Goudsouzian, pp. 13–14 2596:"The Hurricane of 1938" 2268:"Hurricanes in History" 1466:was formulated in 1969. 998:Little Narragansett Bay 983:New London, Connecticut 910:Cedar Point County Park 4347:History of Long Island 4307:Hurricanes in Delaware 3423:Scotti, R. A. (2008). 3381:Long, Stephen (2016). 3349:Burns, Cherie (2005). 3290:Long, Stephen (2016). 2964:The Providence Journal 2656:. September 19, 1938. 2623:. September 27, 1938. 2052:Monthly Weather Review 1885:Monthly Weather Review 1785:Miami Regional Library 1297: 1296:, 1938, by Peter Roome 1193: 1185: 1115:for her appearance in 1084: 1069: 958: 946: 754:Brigantine, New Jersey 715:Westerly, Rhode Island 674: 650:trough of low pressure 514:New Haven, Connecticut 492: 437:less than a day after 413: 308:Meteorological history 62:Meteorological history 32:Long Island Expressway 4342:Hurricanes in Vermont 4292:Cape Verde hurricanes 3272:The Hurricane of 1938 3047:Milton, Massachusetts 3042:Blue Hill Observatory 2350:on September 22, 2013 1543:on September 25, 2014 1352:extratropical cyclone 1338:Maryland and Delaware 1291: 1221:Blue Hill Observatory 1191: 1179: 1075: 1066:Hartford, Connecticut 1059: 1017:Prudence Island Light 952: 941: 903:Long Island Rail Road 790:Empire State Building 687:Long Island, New York 669: 623:Jacksonville, Florida 609:Forecasting the storm 490: 477:extratropical cyclone 439:tropical cyclogenesis 406:Extratropical cyclone 315: 298:extratropical cyclone 290:Long Island, New York 3536:(San Felipe Segundo) 3505:The Hurricane of '38 3220:on September 4, 2006 3049:. September 21, 2010 2689:. September 28, 1938 1727:Lane, F. W. (1966). 1386:United States portal 672:Buzzards Bay station 327:Saffir–Simpson scale 300:and dissipated over 139:Lowest pressure 4312:Hurricanes in Maine 4277:1938 in the Bahamas 3465:1956Ecol...37..443S 3120:Goudsouzian, page 5 2794:. September 3, 2010 2415:Flotteron, Nicole. 1897:1938MWRv...66..286T 1827:2014JCli...27.6093L 918:Old Whaler's Church 877:Eastern Long Island 859:Fiorello La Guardia 817:Staten Island Ferry 805:Consolidated Edison 786:Daily News Building 748:was destroyed over 627:Labor Day Hurricane 431:tropical depression 396:Subtropical cyclone 273:tropical depression 41: 3648:"Cuba–Brownsville" 3247:on October 2, 2006 3013:. CBS Money Watch. 2815:East Hampton Press 2687:The New York Times 2654:The New York Times 2621:The New York Times 2514:Goudsouzian, p. 13 2491:"HABS No. NJ-1032" 2454:Northern Woodlands 1947:Journal of Climate 1815:Journal of Climate 1573:on January 2, 2007 1298: 1259:The storm entered 1194: 1186: 1085: 1070: 959: 947: 675: 646:high-pressure area 501:Bellport, New York 493: 471:centered over the 426:Ivan Ray Tannehill 414: 151:); <27.76 131:Highest winds 116:1-minute sustained 100:September 23, 1938 96:September 23, 1938 88:September 22, 1938 39: 4254: 4253: 4000: 3999: 3566: 3565: 3557:Succeeded by 3436:978-0-316-73911-5 3394:978-0-300-20951-8 3327:978-1-878220-37-0 3301:978-0-300-20951-8 3282:978-1-889833-75-0 2933:Jarvinen, Brian. 2573:. October 3, 1938 2323:on April 30, 2006 1730:The Elements Rage 1450:Explanatory notes 1232:game against the 1155:Connecticut River 1109:Katharine Hepburn 1007:A few miles from 891:Westhampton Beach 746:Brigantine Bridge 528:on September 23. 510:Long Island Sound 469:subtropical ridge 304:on September 23. 254:tropical cyclones 238: 237: 207: 168:682 to 800 direct 75:September 9, 1938 71:September 9, 1938 18:Hurricane of 1938 16:(Redirected from 4379: 4282:1938 meteorology 4244: 4243: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4047: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3990: 3980: 3979: 3683:"Great Atlantic" 3592: 3585: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3540:1926 Great Miami 3530:Preceded by 3527: 3526: 3494: 3484: 3450: 3440: 3419: 3398: 3377: 3366: 3345: 3331: 3305: 3286: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3166:on March 1, 2012 3162:. 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1938 New England hurricane

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