Alexander von Humboldt

10687: 1544: 1155: 1789: 4136: 2837: 4187: 4101: 4067: 1169: 1963:, geography and even social sciences. Second, a change in writing style. Humboldt's works, which were considered essential to a library in 1869, had flowery prose that fell out of fashion. One critic said they had a "laborious picturesqueness". Humboldt himself said that, "If I only knew how to describe adequately how and what I felt, I might, after this long journey of mine, really be able to give happiness to people. The disjointed life I lead makes me hardly certain of my way of writing". Third, a rising anti-German sentiment in the late 1800s and the early 1900s due to heavy German immigration to the United States and later World War 1. On the eve of the 1959 hundredth anniversary of the death of Humboldt, the government of West Germany planned significant celebrations in conjunction with nations that Humboldt visited. 1462:

his work in multiple languages. Bonpland, his fellow scientist and collaborator on the expedition, collected botanical specimens and preserved them, but unlike Humboldt who had a passion to publish, Bonpland had to be prodded to do the formal descriptions. Many scientific travelers and explorers produced huge visual records, which remained unseen by the general public until the late nineteenth century, in the case of the Malaspina Expedition, and even the late twentieth century, when Mutis's botanical, some 12,000 drawings from New Granada, was published. Humboldt, by contrast, published immediately and continuously, using and ultimately exhausting his personal fortune, to produce both scientific and popular texts. Humboldt's name and fame were made by his travels to Spanish America, particularly his publication of the

2217:(5 volumes 1849–1858, the only complete translation of the 4 German volumes). These three translations were also published in the United States. The numbering of the volumes differs between the German and the English editions. Volume 3 of the German edition corresponds to the volumes 3 and 4 of the English translation, as the German volume appeared in 2 parts in 1850 and 1851. Volume 5 of the German edition was not translated until 1981, again by a woman. Otté's translation benefited from a detailed table of contents, and an index for every volume; of the German edition only volumes 4 and 5 had (extremely short) tables of contents, and the index to the whole work only appeared with volume 5 in 1862. Less well known in Germany is the atlas belonging to the German edition of the Cosmos 4019: 2612: 1675:, but the crown policy since the Bourbons took the Spanish throne privileged those born in Iberia. Humboldt observed that "the most miserable European, without education and without intellectual cultivation, thinks himself superior to whites born in the new continent". The truth in this assertion, and the conclusions derived from them, have been often disputed as superficial, or politically motivated, by some authors, considering that between 40% and 60% of high offices in the new world were held by creoles. The enmity between some creoles and the peninsular-born whites increasingly became an issue in the late period of Spanish rule, with creoles increasingly alienated from the crown. Humboldt's assessment was that royal government abuses and the example of 1089:, head of the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada, staying there until 8 September 1801. Mutis was generous with his time and gave Humboldt access to the huge pictorial record he had compiled since 1783. Mutis was based in Bogotá, but as with other Spanish expeditions, he had access to local knowledge and a workshop of artists, who created highly accurate and detailed images. This type of careful recording meant that even if specimens were not available to study at a distance, "because the images travelled, the botanists did not have to". Humboldt was astounded at Mutis's accomplishment; when Humboldt published his first volume on botany, he dedicated it to Mutis "as a simple mark of our admiration and acknowledgement". 2953:, which passed without perceptible symptoms. It was not until the winter of 1858–1859 that his strength began to decline; on 6 May 1859, he died peacefully in Berlin, aged 89. His last words were reported to be "How glorious these sunbeams are! They seem to call Earth to the Heavens!" His remains were conveyed in state through the streets of Berlin, in a hearse drawn by six horses. Royal chamberlains led the cortège, each charged with carrying a pillow with Humboldt's medals and other decorations of honor. Humboldt's extended family, descendants of his brother Wilhelm, walked in the procession. Humboldt's coffin was received by the prince-regent at the door of the cathedral. He was interred at the family resting-place at 2743:

reforms which led to greater support of the Spanish monarchy within the lower class. However, Pratt points out that the reforms created opposition towards the Spanish rule within the upper class as the declining control of the Spanish monarchy would result in the white South American elite losing their privileges. When Humboldt wrote about the natural world within South America, he portrayed it as neutral and free of people: If the indigenous population was mentioned within Humboldt's writing, Pratt argues, they were only represented when they were beneficial for Europeans. Others argue that Humboldt was a German Columbus, as he described a virginal country that could be used for commerce by Europeans.

4051: 4152: 1901: 2596: 4203: 1501: 2580: 954:, whose shock could kill a man. To catch them, locals suggested they drive wild horses into the river, which brought the eels out from the river mud, and resulted in a violent confrontation of eels and horses, some of which died. Humboldt and Bonpland captured and dissected some eels, which retained their ability to shock; both received potentially dangerous electric shocks during their investigations. The encounter made Humboldt think more deeply about electricity and magnetism, typical of his ability to extrapolate from an observation to more general principles. Humboldt returned to the incident in several of his later writings, including his travelogue 51: 4120: 1627:

Mexico, and a map showing trade patterns among continents. His maps also included schematic information on geography, converting areas of administrative districts (intendancies) using proportional squares. The U.S. was keen to see his maps and statistics on New Spain, since they had implication for territorial claims following the Louisiana Purchase. Later in life, Humboldt published three volumes (1836–39) examining sources that dealt with the early voyages to the Americas, pursuing his interest in nautical astronomy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. His research yielded the origin of the name "America", put on a map of the Americas by

2760: 1247:, the physical plan of Mexico with the dangers of the road from Acapulco to Mexico City, and from Mexico City to Veracruz. This visual depiction of elevation was part of Humboldt's general insistence that the data he collected be presented in a way more easily understood than statistical charts. A great deal of his success in gaining a more general readership for his works was his understanding that "anything that has to do with extent or quantity can be represented geometrically. Statistical projections , which speak to the senses without tiring the intellect have the advantage of bringing attention to a large number of important facts". 1004:. Fraser and his son had been shipwrecked off the Cuban coast, and did not have a license to be in the Spanish Indies. Humboldt, who was already in Cuba, interceded with crown officials in Havana, as well as giving them money and clothing. Fraser obtained permission to remain in Cuba and explore. Humboldt entrusted Fraser with taking two cases of Humboldt and Bonpland's botanical specimens to England when he returned, for eventual conveyance to the German botanist Willdenow in Berlin. Humboldt and Bonpland stayed in Cuba until 5 March 1801, when they left for the mainland of northern South America again, arriving there on 30 March. 1635: 1758: 4223: 11439: 4736: 653: 4168: 2257: 990: 1533:, and tried to explain natural phenomena without the appeal to religious dogma. He believed in the central importance of observation, and as a consequence had amassed a vast array of the most sophisticated scientific instruments then available. Each had its own velvet lined box and was the most accurate and portable of its time; nothing quantifiable escaped measurement. According to Humboldt, everything should be measured with the finest and most modern instruments and sophisticated techniques available, for that collected data was the basis of all scientific understanding. 2977:"Scarcely was there a European order which Humboldt had not the right to wear", and "more than a hundred and fifty societies to which he had been elected". These included "the most celebrated Academies of the leading nations of Europe and America, and not merely those of a purely scientific character, but any which had for their object the spread of education and the advancement of civilisation." Additionally, he was at least an honorary member of academies and learned societies throughout Europe and America and "was invested with the degree of Doctor in three faculties". 1813: 1735: 2502:, one of the first female travelers who completed two trips around the world from 1846 to 1855, followed in Humboldt's footsteps. The two explorers met in Berlin in 1851 before Pfeiffer's second tour and again in 1855 when she returned to Europe. Humboldt provided Pfeiffer with an open letter of introduction in which he bade anyone who knew of his name to assist Madame Pfeiffer for her "inextinguishable energy of character which she has everywhere shown, to wheresoever's she has been called or better put, driven by her unconquerable passion to study nature and man." 12049: 3311: 10658: 2546: 802: 2747:

Enlightenment values such as liberty and freedom led to his support of democracy and his subsequent support of the independence of South America. In order to improve the material and political situation of the indigenous population, Humboldt included propositions within his writing that he also presented to the Spanish monarchy. When witnessing a slave market, Humboldt was shocked by the treatment of black people which led him to become opposed to slavery and support the abolitionist movement throughout his life. Within his descriptions in

236: 2564: 2123: 4722: 2186: 1650:, publishing a schematized drawing of racial types and populations distribution, grouping them by region and social characteristics. He estimated the population to be six million individuals. He estimated Indians to be forty percent of New Spain's population, but their distribution being uneven; the most dense were in the center and south of Mexico, the least dense in the north. He presented these data in chart form, for easier understanding. He also surveyed the non-Indian population, categorized as Whites (Spaniards), 6107: 8878: 2514: 2653: 2529: 1177: 1770: 1298:, director of Royal College of Mines, whom Humboldt knew when they were both students in Freiberg. The Bourbon monarchs had established the mining court and the college to elevate mining as a profession, since revenues from silver constituted the crown's largest source of income. Humboldt also consulted other German mining experts, who were already in Mexico. While Humboldt was a welcome foreign scientist and mining expert, the Spanish crown had established fertile ground for Humboldt's investigations into mining. 5793: 2910: 1585: 1062: 3344: 4004: 4033: 4086: 2447: 2101:, which he dedicated to Czar Nicholas, which he called "an unavoidable step, as the expedition was accomplished at his expense". As of 2016, these works have not been translated to English. His 1829 expedition to Russia when he was an old man is much less known than his five-year travels in Spanish America, which had resulted in many published volumes over the decades since his 1804 return. Nevertheless, it gave Humboldt comparative data for his various later scientific publications. 1572:

humidity, atmosphere pressure, and the animal and plants (with their scientific names) found at each elevation. Plants from the same genus appear at different elevations. The depiction is on an east-west axis going from the Pacific coast lowlands to the Andean range of which Chimborazo was a part, and the eastern Amazonian basin. Humboldt showed the three zones of coast, mountains, and Amazonia, based on his own observations, but he also drew on existing Spanish sources, particularly

2628: 741:(1789–94). These were lengthy, state-sponsored enterprises to gather information about plants and animals from the Spanish realms, assess economic possibilities, and provide plants and seeds for the Royal Botanical Garden in Madrid (founded 1755). These expeditions took naturalists and artists, who created visual images as well as careful written observations as well as collecting seeds and plants themselves. Crown officials as early as 1779 issued and systematically distributed 2817:, he wrote about how rich geological descriptions were found in different religious traditions, and stated: "Christianity gradually diffused itself, and, wherever it was adopted as the religion of the state, it not only exercised a beneficial condition on the lower classes by inculcating the social freedom of mankind, but also expanded the views of men in their communion with Nature...this tendency to glorify the Deity in his works gave rise to a taste for natural observation." 2339:(1807–1873), who was directly aided with needed cash from Humboldt, assistance in securing an academic position, and help with getting his research on zoology published. Agassiz sent him copies of his publications and went on to gain considerable scientific recognition as a professor at Harvard. Agassiz delivered an address to the Boston Society of Natural History in 1869, on the centenary of his patron's birth. When Humboldt was an elderly man, he aided another young scholar, 3326: 14591: 2040:. Humboldt himself was keen to continue his studies of magnetism of mountains and mineral deposits. As was usual for his research, he brought scientific instruments to take the most accurate measurements. The Russians organized the local arrangements, including lodging, horses, accompanying crew. Humboldt's title for the expedition was as an official of the Department of Mines. As the expedition neared dangerous areas, he had to travel in a convoy with an escort. 551:. Humboldt was excellent at his job, with production of gold ore in his first year outstripping the previous eight years. During his period as a mine inspector, Humboldt demonstrated his deep concern for the men laboring in the mines. He opened a free school for miners, paid for out of his own pocket, which became an unchartered government training school for labor. He also sought to establish an emergency relief fund for miners, aiding them following accidents. 14729: 13009: 2300: 822: 3482: 880:

said to have developed his idea of human-induced climate change. Investigating evidence of a rapid fall in the water level of the valley's Lake Valencia, Humboldt credited the desiccation to the clearance of tree cover and to the inability of the exposed soils to retain water. With their clear cutting of trees, the agriculturalists were removing the woodland's "threefold" moderating influence upon temperature: cooling shade, evaporation and radiation.

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in Weimar to reside in Jena. Together, Humboldt and Goethe attended university lectures on anatomy and conducted their own experiments. One experiment involved hooking up a frog leg to various metals. They found no effect until the moisture of Humboldt's breath triggered a reaction that caused the frog leg to leap off the table. Humboldt described this as one of his favorite experiments because it was as if he were "breathing life into" the leg.

2062:, accomplishing in twenty-five weeks a distance of 9,614 miles (15,472 km). Humboldt and the expedition party travelled by coach on well maintained roads, with rapid progress being made because of changes of horses at way stations. The party had grown, with Johann Seifert, who was a huntsman and collector of animal specimens; a Russian mining official; Count Adolphe Polier, one of Humboldt's friends from Paris; a cook; plus a contingent of 758: 1447:

taken by the Red Army after World War II. Following German reunification, the diaries were returned to a descendant of Humboldt. For a time, there was concern about their being sold, but that was averted. A government-funded project to digitize the Spanish American expedition as well as his later Russian expedition has been undertaken (2014–2017) by the University of Potsdam and the German State Library–Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation.

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displayed complex information in an accessible fashion. The map was the basis for comparison with other major peaks. "The Naturgemälde showed for the first time that nature was a global force with corresponding climate zones across continents." Another assessment of the map is that it "marked the beginning of a new era of environmental science, not only of mountain ecology but also of global-scale biogeophysical patterns and processes."

711: 3068: 1412:, which now placed New Spain on the southwest border of the United States. The Spanish minister in Washington, D.C. had declined to furnish the U.S. government with information about Spanish territories, and access to the territories was strictly controlled. Humboldt was able to supply Jefferson with the latest information on the population, trade agriculture and military of New Spain. This information would later be the basis for his 13021: 1227:. Humboldt was also given a special passport to travel throughout New Spain and letters of introduction to intendants, the highest officials in New Spain's administrative districts (intendancies). This official aid to Humboldt allowed him to have access to crown records, mines, landed estates, canals, and Mexican antiquities from the prehispanic era. Humboldt read the writings of Bishop-elect of the important diocese of Michoacan 581: 4750: 1926:). The meeting at Berlin, on 18 September 1828, of a newly formed scientific association, of which he was elected president, gave him the opportunity of setting on foot an extensive system of research in combination with his diligent personal observations. His appeal to the Russian government, in 1829, led to the establishment of a line of magnetic and meteorological stations across northern Asia. Meanwhile, his letter to the 3693: 566:, who had met Humboldt at the family home when Alexander was a boy, but Goethe was now interested in meeting the young scientist to discuss metamorphism of plants. An introduction was arranged by Humboldt's brother, who lived in the university town of Jena, not far from Goethe. Goethe had developed his own extensive theories on comparative anatomy. Working before Darwin, he believed that animals had an internal force, an 12065: 10682: 1358: 12056: 415: 12074: 12110: 2071:. In his publications on Spanish America, he did comment on the conditions of the indigenous populations, and deplored black slavery, but well after he had left those territories. As Humboldt discovered, the government kept tight control of the expedition, even when it was 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Moscow, with local government officials greeting the expedition at every stop. The itinerary was planned with 12092: 1889:, afterwards doubled. This official stipend became his main source of income in later years when he exhausted his fortune on the publications of his research. Financial necessity forced his permanent relocation to Berlin in 1827 from Paris. In Paris he found not only scientific sympathy, but the social stimulus which his vigorous and healthy mind eagerly craved. He was equally in his element as the lion of the 1972: 1045:. Those three areas were, at the time, the first frontier of sugar production in the island. During those trips, Humboldt collected statistical information on Cuba's population, production, technology and trade, and with Arango, made suggestions for enhancing them. He predicted that the agricultural and commercial potential of Cuba was huge and could be vastly improved with proper leadership in the future. 12128: 931:, who later became the leader of independence in northern South America. Humboldt met the Venezuelan Bolívar himself in 1804 in Paris and spent time with him in Rome. The documentary record does not support the supposition that Humboldt inspired Bolívar to participate in the struggle for independence, but it does indicate Bolívar's admiration for Humboldt's production of new knowledge on Spanish America. 12121: 1334:, which celebrated Mexico's prehispanic civilization, and which Humboldt invoked to counter the pejorative assertions about the new world by Buffon, de Pauw, and Raynal. Humboldt ultimately viewed both the prehispanic realms of Mexico and Peru as despotic and barbaric. However, he also drew attention to indigenous monuments and artifacts as cultural productions that had "both ... historical 2798:: "...'creation' and the 'created world' are never lost sight of in the book. And did I not, only eight months ago, in the French translation, say, in the plainest terms: 'It is this necessity of things, this occult but permanent connection, this periodical return in the progress, development of formation, phenomena, and events which constitute 'Nature' submissive to a controlling power?'" 9582: 8893: 1497:. Key to that was Humboldt's meticulous and systematic measurement of phenomena with the most advanced instruments then available. He closely observed plant and animal species in situ, not just in isolation, noting all elements in relation to one other. He collected specimens of plants and animals, dividing the growing collection so that if a portion was lost, other parts might survive. 1286:, with Mexican academics highlighting various aspects of his impact on the city. Humboldt could have simply examined the geology of the fabulously rich mine, but he took the opportunity to study the entire mining complex as well as analyze mining statistics of its output. His report on silver mining is a major contribution, and considered the strongest and best informed section of his 1147: 623:; in 1795 he made a geological and botanical tour through Switzerland and Italy. Although this service to the state was regarded by him as only an apprenticeship to the service of science, he fulfilled its duties with such conspicuous ability that not only did he rise rapidly to the highest post in his department, but he was also entrusted with several important diplomatic missions. 2047: 4708: 2415:, where Darwin described his own scientific exploration of the Americas. In one note, he placed Humboldt first on the "list of American travellers". Darwin's work was influenced by Humboldt's writing style as well. Darwin's sister remarked to him "you had, probably from reading so much of Humboldt, got his phraseology and the kind of flowery French expressions he uses". 4694: 387:, a well-educated woman and widow of Baron Friedrich Ernst von Holwede (1723-1765), with whom she had a son Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig (1762-1817). Alexander Georg and Maria Elisabeth had four children: two daughters, Karoline and Gabriele, who died young, and then two sons, Wilhelm and Alexander. Her first-born son, Wilhelm and Alexander's half-brother, 2496:, most famous for his portraits of North American Indians and paintings of life among various North American tribes, also travelled to South America, producing a number of paintings. He wrote to Humboldt in 1855, sending him his proposal for South American travels. Humboldt replied, thanking him and sending a memorandum helping guide his travels. 1567:(published first in French and then German, both in 1807) was based on the then novel idea of studying the distribution of organic life as affected by varying physical conditions. This was most famously depicted in his published cross-section of Chimborazo, approximately two feet by three feet (54 cm x 84 cm) color pictorial, he called 481:, who had travelled with Captain Cook; Banks showed Humboldt his huge herbarium, with specimens of the South Sea tropics. The scientific friendship between Banks and Humboldt lasted until Banks's death in 1820, and the two shared botanical specimens for study. Banks also mobilized his scientific contacts in later years to aid Humboldt's work. 2868:

only live through you, my good precious Reinhardt". When von Haeften became engaged, Humboldt begged to remain living with him and his wife: "Even if you must refuse me, treat me coldly with disdain, I should still want to be with you... the love I have for you is not just friendship or brotherly love, it is veneration".

411:, who became one of the most important botanists in Germany. Humboldt's mother expected them to become civil servants of the Prussian state. The money left to Alexander's mother by Baron Holwede became instrumental in funding Alexander's explorations after her death; contributing more than 70% of his private income. 4202: 3836:, and again as a result of World War II, the Foundation has been re-endowed by the German government to award young academics and distinguished senior academics from abroad. It plays an important role in attracting foreign researchers to work in Germany and enabling German researchers to work abroad for a period. 6008:

Voyage à la partie orientale de la Terre-Ferme, dans l'Amérique Méridionale, fait pendant les années 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804 : contenant la description de la capitainerie générale de Carácas, composée des provinces de Vénézuéla, Maracaïbo, Varinas, la Guiane Espagnole, Cumana, et de l'île de la

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An illustration of the genus Cinchona :comprising descriptions of all the officinal Peruvian barks, including several new species, Baron de Humboldt's Account of the Cinchona forests of South America, and Laubert's Memoir on the different species of quinquina: to which are added several dissertations

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Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen :nebst einem Naturgemälde der Tropenländer : auf Beobachtungen und Messungen gegründet, welche vom 10ten Grade nördlicher bis zum 10ten Grade südlicher Breite, in den Jahren 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 und 1803 angestellt worden sind/ von Al. von Humboldt und A.

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As a student he became infatuated with Wilhelm Gabriel Wegener, a theology student, penning a succession of letters expressing his "fervent love". At 25 he met Reinhardt von Haeften (1772–1803), a 22-year-old lieutenant, with whom he lived and travelled for two years, and to whom he wrote in 1794: "I

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Humboldt's decades' long endeavor to publish the results of this expedition not only resulted in multiple volumes, but also made his international reputation in scientific circles. Humboldt came to be well-known with the reading public as well, with popular, densely illustrated, condensed versions of

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Humboldt often returned to Jena in the years that followed. Goethe remarked about Humboldt to friends that he had never met anyone so versatile. Humboldt's drive served as an inspiration for Goethe. In 1797, Humboldt returned to Jena for three months. During this time, Goethe moved from his residence

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argues for an implicit imperial bias within Humboldt's writing. While Humboldt financed his expedition to the Spanish colonies independently, the Spanish monarchy allowed him to travel to South America. Due to unrest within the Spanish colonies in South America, the Spanish crown implemented liberal

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The journey though carried out with all the advantages afforded by the immediate patronage of the Russian government, was too rapid to be profitable scientifically. The correction of the prevalent exaggerated estimate of the height of the Central Asian plateau, and the prediction of the discovery of

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lines, he at once suggested the idea and devised the means of comparing the climatic conditions of various countries. He first investigated the rate of decrease in mean temperature with the increase in elevation above sea level, and afforded, by his inquiries regarding the origin of tropical storms,

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and others he sought out later in European collections. His aim was to muster evidence that these pictorial and sculptural images could allow the reconstruction of prehispanic history. He sought out Mexican experts in the interpretation of sources from there, especially Antonio Pichardo, who was the

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received the formal proposal and Humboldt was presented to the monarch in March 1799. Humboldt was granted access to crown officials and written documentation on Spain's empire. With Humboldt's experience working for the absolutist Prussian monarchy as a government mining official, Humboldt had both

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Neither brother attended the funeral of their mother on 19 November 1796. Humboldt had not hidden his aversion to his mother, with one correspondent writing of him after her death, "her death... must be particularly welcomed by you". After severing his official connections, he awaited an opportunity

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was published, he sent a copy to Humboldt, who responded, "You told me in your kind letter that, when you were young, the manner in which I studied and depicted nature in the torrid zones contributed toward exciting in you the ardour and desire to travel in distant lands. Considering the importance

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Despite international pressure, including the British government and Simón Bolívar's, along with European scientists including Humboldt, Francia kept Bonpland prisoner until 1831. He was released after nearly 10 years in Paraguay. Humboldt and Bonpland maintained a warm correspondence about science

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Alexander von Humboldt published prolifically throughout his life. Many works were published originally in French or German, then translated to other languages, sometimes with competing translation editions. Humboldt himself did not keep track of all the various editions. He wrote specialized works

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One writer claims that "Nothing was quite as Humboldt wanted it. The entire expedition was a compromise." The Russian emperor offered Humboldt an invitation to return to Russia, but Humboldt declined, due to his disapproval of Nicholas's restrictions on his freedom of movement during the expedition

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Humboldt was not primarily an artist, but he could draw well, allowing him to record a visual record of particular places and their natural environment. Many of his drawings became the basis for illustrations of his many scientific and general publications. Artists whom Humboldt influenced, such as

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and what is also called the Chimborazo Map. It was a fold-out at the back of the publication. Humboldt first sketched the map when he was in South America, which included written descriptions on either side of the cross-section of Chimborazo. These detailed the information on temperature, altitude,

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Venezuela from the 16th to the 18th centuries was a relative backwater compared to the seats of the Spanish viceroyalties based in New Spain (Mexico) and Peru, but during the Bourbon reforms, the northern portion of Spanish South America was reorganized administratively, with the 1777 establishment

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When Humboldt requested authorization from the crown to travel to Spanish America, most importantly, with his own financing, it was given positive response. Spain under the Habsburg monarchy had guarded its realms against foreigner travelers and intruders. The Bourbon monarch was open to Humboldt's

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In Madrid, Humboldt sought authorization to travel to Spain's realms in the Americas; he was aided in obtaining it by the German representative of Saxony at the royal Bourbon court. Baron Forell had an interest in mineralogy and science endeavors and was inclined to help Humboldt. At that time, the

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With the financial resources to fund his scientific travels, he sought a ship on a major expedition. Meantime, he went to Paris, where his brother Wilhelm was now living. Paris was a great center of scientific learning and his brother and sister-in-law Caroline were well connected in those circles.

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The honours which had been showered on Humboldt during life continued after his death. More species are named after Humboldt than after any other human being. The first centenary of Humboldt's birth was celebrated on 14 September 1869, with great enthusiasm in both the New and Old Worlds. Numerous

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was also translated into multiple languages in editions of uneven quality. It was very popular in Britain and America. In 1849 a German newspaper commented that in England two of the three different translations were made by women, "while in Germany most of the men do not understand it". The first

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for security. Three carriages were filled with people, supplies, and scientific instruments. For Humboldt's magnetic readings to be accurate, they carried an iron-free tent. This expedition was unlike his Spanish American travels with Bonpland, with the two alone and sometimes accompanied by local

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Humboldt was eager to travel not just to the Urals, but also across the steppes of Siberia to Russia's border with China. Humboldt wrote Cancrin saying that he intended to learn Russian to read mining journals in the language. As the details of the expedition were worked out, Humboldt said that he

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Scholars have speculated about the reasons for Humboldt's declining renown among the public. Sandra Nichols has argued that there are three reasons for this. First, a trend towards specialization in scholarship. Humboldt was a generalist who connected many disciplines in his work. Today, academics

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On their way back to Europe from the Americas, Humboldt and Bonpland stopped again in Cuba, leaving from the port of Veracruz and arriving in Cuba on 7 January 1804, staying until 29 April 1804. In Cuba, he collected plant material and made extensive notes. During this time, he socialized with his

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Humboldt inherited a significant fortune, but the expense of his travels, and most especially of publishing (thirty volumes in all), had by 1834 made him totally reliant on the pension of King Frederick William III. Although he preferred living in Paris, by 1836 the King had insisted he return to

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translation by Augustin Pritchard—published anonymously by Mr. Baillière (volume I in 1845 and volume II in 1848)—suffered from being hurriedly made. In a letter Humboldt said of it: "It will damage my reputation. All the charm of my description is destroyed by an English sounding like Sanskrit."

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Humboldt wrote to the Russian Minister Cancrin that he was extending his travel, knowing that the missive would not reach him in time to scuttle the plan. The further east he journeyed into wilder territory, the more Humboldt enjoyed it. They still followed the Siberian Highway and made excellent

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school of thought, believed '... nature is perfect till man deforms it with care'. The further assessment is that he largely neglected the human societies amidst nature. Views of indigenous peoples as 'savage' or 'unimportant' leaves them out of the historical picture. Other scholars counter

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Humboldt was impressed with Mexico City, which at the time was the largest city in the Americas, and one that could be counted as modern. He declared "no city of the new continent, without even excepting those of the United States, can display such great and solid scientific establishments as the

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Rather than describe the administrative center of Caracas, Humboldt started his researches with the valley of Aragua, where export crops of sugar, coffee, cacao, and cotton were cultivated. Cacao plantations were the most profitable, as world demand for chocolate rose. It is here that Humboldt is

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Humboldt remained distant of organized religion, typical of a Protestant in Germany relating to the Catholic Church; Humboldt held deep respect for the ideal side of religious belief and church life within human communities. He differentiated between "negative" religions, and those "all positive

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Humboldt was generous toward his friends and mentored young scientists. He and Bonpland parted ways after their return to Europe, and Humboldt largely took on the task of publishing the results of their Latin American expedition at Humboldt's expense, but he included Bonpland as co-author on the

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Humboldt kept a detailed diary of his sojourn to Spanish America, running some 4,000 pages, which he drew on directly for his multiple publications following the expedition. The leather-bound diaries themselves are now in Germany, having been returned from Russia to East Germany, where they were

2009:

When Russia renewed its earlier invitation to Humboldt, he accepted. The Russians sought to entice Humboldt by engaging his enduring interest in mining sites, for comparative scientific purposes for Humboldt, but for the Russians to gain expert knowledge about their resources. For Humboldt, the

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Essai sur la géographie des plantes: accompagné d'un tableau physique des régions équinoxiales, fondé sur des mesures exécutées, depuis le dixième degré de latitude boréale jusqu'au dixième degré de latitude australe, pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et 1803/ par Al. de Humboldt et A.

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wrote that "During the first half of the present century we had an Alexander von Humboldt, who was able to scan the scientific knowledge of his time in its details, and to bring it within one vast generalization. At the present juncture, it is obviously very doubtful whether this task could be

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Four years before his death, Humboldt executed a deed of gift transferring his entire estate to Seifert, who had by then married and set up a household near Humboldt's apartment. Humboldt had become godfather to his daughter. The scale of the bequest has always drawn speculation, especially as

1727:

and a stay of two and a half years in Berlin, in the spring of 1808, he settled in Paris. His purpose for being located there was to secure the scientific cooperation required for bringing his great work through the press. This colossal task, which he at first hoped would occupy but two years,

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in the eighteenth century, showing father of one racial category, mother of another, and the offspring in a third category in hierarchical order, so racial hierarchy was an essential way elites viewed Mexican society. Humboldt reported that American-born Spaniards were legally racial equals of

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Humboldt was a significant contributor to cartography, creating maps, particularly of New Spain, that became the template for later mapmakers in Mexico. His careful recording of latitude and longitude led to accurate maps of Mexico, the port of Acapulco, the port of Veracruz, and the Valley of

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had also measured and observed mountain environments and had earlier come to similar ideas about environmental factors in the distribution of life forms. Humboldt was thus not putting forward something entirely new, but it is argued that his finding is not derivative either. The Chimborazo map

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Other scholars counter Pratt's argumentation and refer to the abolitionist and anti-colonialist standpoint that Humboldt represents within his writing. An example is Humboldt's descriptions of the South American colonies in which he critiqued Spanish colonial rule. His close relationship with

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were published between the years 1845 and 1847 and were intended to comprise the entire work, but Humboldt published three more volumes, one of which was posthumous. Humboldt had long aimed to write a comprehensive work about geography and the natural sciences. The work attempted to unify the

1305:(1810–1813), the most experimental of Humboldt's publications, since it does not have "a single ordering principle" but his opinions and contentions based on observation. For Humboldt, a key question was the influence of climate on the development of these civilizations. When he published his 860:

to land in northern South America. Humboldt had not mapped out a specific plan of exploration, so that the change did not upend a fixed itinerary. He later wrote that the diversion to Venezuela made possible his explorations along the Orinoco River to the border of Portuguese Brazil. With the

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of the Andes and Mexico, which he observed and sketched, climbed, and measured with a variety of instruments. By climbing Chimborazo, he established an altitude record which became the basis for measurement of other volcanoes in the Andes and the Himalayas. As with other aspects of his

2163:, Humboldt sought to create a compendium of the world's environment. He spent the last decade of his long life—as he called them, his "improbable" years—continuing this work. The third and fourth volumes were published in 1850–58; a fragment of a fifth appeared posthumously in 1862. 1944:, observes, "Thus that scientific conspiracy of nations which is one of the noblest fruits of modern civilization was by his exertions first successfully organized". However, earlier examples of international scientific cooperation exist, notably the 18th-century observations of the 2809:. A letter he wrote to his friend Charlotte Hildebrand Diede states: "God constantly appoints the course of nature and of circumstances; so that, including his existence in an eternal future, the happiness of the individual does not perish, but on the contrary grows and increases." 1615:

investigations, he developed methods to show his synthesized results visually, using the graphic method of geologic-cross sections. He showed that volcanoes fell naturally into linear groups, presumably corresponding with vast subterranean fissures; and by his demonstration of the

1427:, Secretary of the Treasury, said of Humboldt "I was delighted and swallowed more information of various kinds in less than two hours than I had for two years past in all I had read or heard." Gallatin, in turn, supplied Humboldt with information he sought on the United States. 4548:

Pflanzengeographie, nach Alexander von Humboldt's werke ueber die geographische Vertheilhung der Gewächse : mit Anmerkungen, grösseren Beilagen aus andern pflanzengeographischen Schriften und einem Excurse über die bei pflanzengeographischen Floren-Vergleichungen nöthigen

304:, exploring and describing them for the first time from a non-Spanish European scientific point of view. His description of the journey was written up and published in several volumes over 21 years. Humboldt was one of the first people to propose that the lands bordering the 2010:

Russian monarch's promise to fund the trip was extremely important, since Humboldt's inherited 100,000 thaler fortune was gone and he lived on the Prussian government pension of 2,500–3,000 thalers as the monarch's chamberlain. The Russian government gave an advance of 1200

7463: 2688:, proceeded thence with the royal party to Rome and Naples and returned to Paris in the spring of 1823. Humboldt had long regarded Paris as his true home. Thus, when at last he received from his sovereign a summons to join his court at Berlin, he obeyed reluctantly. 6309:

iscutimos el clásico enfoque arqueológico acerca de este tipo de ritual como dominio exclusivo y protagónico del Estado inca Luego el camino se bifurca para dirigirse uno hacia una plataforma de entierro, a 6715 m.snm, y el otro a la cima del volcán, unos 20 m más

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It has been argued that "although Humboldt emphasizes the basis of morality in the nature of man, he does acknowledge that a belief in God is linked directly to acts of virtue" and therefore "the dignity of man lies at the centre of Humboldt's religious thought".

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Monographia Melastomacearum: continens plantas huius ordinis, hucusque collectas, praesertim per regnum Mexici, in provinciis Caracarum et Novae Andalusiae, in Peruvianorum, Quitensium, Novae Granatae Andibus, ad Orinoci, fluvii Nigri, fluminis Amazonum rupas

1908:

On 12 May 1827 he settled permanently in Berlin, where his first efforts were directed towards the furtherance of the science of terrestrial magnetism. In 1827, he began giving public lectures in Berlin, which became the basis for his last major publication,

1243:. The route was suitable only for mule train, and all along the way, Humboldt took measurements of elevation. When he left Mexico a year later in 1804, from the east coast port of Veracruz, he took a similar set of measures, which resulted in a chart in the 1788: 950:, and documenting the life of several native tribes such as the Maipures and their extinct rivals the Atures (several words of the latter tribe were transferred to Humboldt by one parrot). Around 19 March 1800, Humboldt and Bonpland discovered dangerous 570:, that gave them a basic shape and then they were further adapted to their environment by an external force. Humboldt urged him to publish his theories. Together, the two discussed and expanded these ideas. Goethe and Humboldt soon became close friends. 4538:

Viage âa las regiones equinocciales del nuevo continente: hecho en 1799 hasta 1804, por Al. de Humboldt y A. Bonpland; redactado por Alejandro de Humboldt; continuaciâon indispensable al ensayo polâitico sobre el reino de la Nueva Espaäna por el mismo

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Darwin, C. R. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe.

1529:—that determined where specific plants grew. He found these relationships by unraveling myriad, painstakingly collected data, data extensive enough that it became an enduring foundation upon which others could base their work. Humboldt viewed nature 2751:, Humboldt also included the answers that were given to him by indigenous people. Additionally, Lubrich argues that despite the colonial and orientalist notions of his writing, Humboldt did not recreate these stereotypes, but deconstructed them. 2864:, the wife of his mentor Marcus Herz, his sister-in-law Caroline von Humboldt stated "nothing will ever have a great influence on Alexander that doesn't come through men". He had many strong male friendships, and at times had romances with men. 2676:

with this. Friedrich Wilhelm III asked Alexander to be part of the mission, charged with introducing the prince to Paris society. This turn of events for Humboldt could not have been better, since he desired to live in Paris rather than Berlin.

1983:'s Russian government, and afterwards by the Prussian government; but on each occasion, untoward circumstances interposed. It was not until he had begun his sixtieth year that he resumed his early role of traveler in the interests of science. 682:

due to continuing warfare in Europe, which Humboldt had been officially invited to accompany, Humboldt was deeply disappointed. He had already selected scientific instruments for his voyage. He did, however, have a stroke of luck with meeting

5074:, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 169–188; Michael Dettelbach, "Romanticism and Resistance: Humboldt and "German" Natural Philosophy in Natural Philosophy in Napoleonic France", in: Robert M. Brain, Robert S. Cohen, Ole Knudsen (eds.), 4556:

Plantes équinoxiales recueillies au Mexique :dans l'île de Cuba, dans les provinces de Caracas, de Cumana et de Barcelone, aux Andes de la Nouvelle Grenade, de Quito et du Pérou, et sur les bords du rio-Negro de Orénoque et de la rivière des

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guides. The Russian government was interested in Humboldt's finding prospects for mining and commercial advancement of the realm and made it clear that Humboldt was not to investigate social issues, nor criticize social conditions of Russian

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The editing and publication of the encyclopedic mass of scientific, political and archaeological material that had been collected by him during his absence from Europe was now Humboldt's most urgent desire. After a short trip to Italy with

4135: 2898:, accused him of frequenting houses in Quito where "impure love reigned", of making friends with "obscene dissolute youths", of giving vent to "shameful passions of his heart", and dropping him to travel with "Bonpland and his Adonis" . 382:

Alexander's grandfather was Johann Paul von Humboldt (1684-1740), who married Sophia Dorothea von Schweder (1688-1749), daughter of Prussian General Adjutant Michael von Schweder (1663-1729). In 1766, his father, Alexander Georg married

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Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparée : faites dans l'océan atlantique, dans l'intérieur du nouveau continent et dans la mer du sud pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et 1803 / par Al. de Humboldt et A.

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For the Bourbon crown, which had authorized the expedition, the returns were not only tremendous in terms of sheer volume of data on their New World realms, but in dispelling the vague and pejorative assessments of the New World by

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Letters of Alexander von Humboldt written between the years 1827 and 1858 to Varnhagen von Ense together with extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt/ authorized translation from the

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Much of Humboldt's private life remains a mystery because he destroyed his private letters. While a gregarious personality, he may have harbored a sense of social alienation, which drove his passion for escape through travel.

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They spent the year in the viceroyalty, traveling to different Mexican cities in the central plateau and the northern mining region. The first journey was from Acapulco to Mexico City, through what is now the Mexican state of

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Aphorismen aus der chemischen physiologie der pflanzen. Aus dem lateinischen übersetzt von Gotthelf Fischer. Nebst einigen zusätzen von herrn dr. und prof. Hedwig und einer vorrede von herrn dr. und prof. Christ. Friedr.

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Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America, during the years 1799–1804/ by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland; translated from the French of Alexander von Humboldt and edited by Thomasina

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Humboldt saw the need for an approach to science that could account for the harmony of nature among the diversity of the physical world. For Humboldt, "the unity of nature" meant that it was the interrelation of all

321:, in which he sought to unify diverse branches of scientific knowledge and culture. This important work also motivated a holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity, which introduced concepts of 450:. His brother Wilhelm was already a student at Göttingen, but they did not interact much, since their intellectual interests were quite different. His vast and varied interests were by this time fully developed. 3937:

wrote that "Alexander is destined to combine ideas and follow chains of thoughts which would otherwise have remained unknown for ages. His depth, his sharp mind and his incredible speed are a rare combination."

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Alexander Georg died in 1779, leaving the brothers Humboldt in the care of their emotionally distant mother. She had high ambitions for Alexander and his older brother Wilhelm, hiring excellent tutors, who were

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on Mexico's central plateau, Humboldt realized the captain of the vessel that brought them to Acapulco had reckoned its location incorrectly. Since Acapulco was the main west-coast port and the terminus of the

2320:, the strong man of Paraguay, abducted Bonpland after killing Bonpland's estate workers. Bonpland was accused of "agricultural espionage" and of threatening Paraguay's virtual monopoly on the cultivation of 2087:

diamonds in the gold-washings of the Urals, were important aspects of these travels. In the end, the expedition took 8 months, travelled 15,500 km, stopped at 658 post stations, and used 12,244 horses.

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Instrucción sobre el modo más seguro y económico de transportar plantas vivas por mar y tierra a los países más distantes ilustrada con láminas. Añadese el método de desacar las plants para formar herbarios

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was the most famous landscape painter in the U.S. in the nineteenth century. His paintings of Andean volcanoes that Humboldt climbed helped make Church's reputation. His 5 foot by 10 foot painting entitled

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The travels and researches of Alexander von Humboldt: being a condensed narrative of his journeys in the equinoctial regions of America, and in Asiatic Russia: together with analysis of his more important

2486:"caused a sensation" when it was completed. Church had hoped to ship the painting to Berlin to show the painting to Humboldt, but Humboldt died a few days after Church's letter was written. Church painted 516:. At Freiberg, he met a number of men who were to prove important to him in his later career, including Spaniard Manuel del Río, who became director of the School of Mines the crown established in Mexico; 1407:

After arriving in Washington D.C, Humboldt held numerous intense discussions with Jefferson on both scientific matters and also his year-long stay in New Spain. Jefferson had only recently concluded the

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Tableaux de la nature; ou, Considérations sur les déserts, sur le physionomie des végétaux, sur les cataractes de l'Orénoque, sur la structure et l'action des volcans dans les différentes régions de la

2283:(2014), which includes reproductions of all the color and black and white plates. In the original edition, the publication was in a large format and quite expensive. There is a 2009 translation of his 1540:. Humboldt wrote "Nature herself is sublimely eloquent. The stars as they sparkle in firmament fill us with delight and ecstasy, and yet they all move in orbit marked out with mathematical precision." 2722:

in June 1840, Humboldt's favor at court increased. Indeed, the new king's craving for Humboldt's company became at times so importunate as to leave him only a few waking hours to work on his writing.

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Due to his youthful penchant for collecting and labeling plants, shells, and insects, Alexander received the playful title of "the little apothecary". Marked for a political career, Alexander studied

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A large collection of data, texts and visuals concerning Alexander von Humboldt in German, English, Spanish and French. A project by the Chair of Romance Literatures, University of Potsdam (Germany).

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Physically Humboldt was in good condition, despite his advancing years, writing to Cancrin "I still walk very lightly on foot, nine to ten hours without resting, despite my age and my white hair".

1703:, and society in general. He often showed his disgust for the slavery and inhumane conditions in which indigenous peoples and others were treated and he often criticized Spanish colonial policies. 1551:, also known as the Chimborazo Map, is his depiction of the volcanoes Chimborazo and Cotopaxi in cross section, with detailed information about plant geography. The illustration was published in 1200:

from the Spanish Philippines, having accurate maps of its location was extremely important. Humboldt set up his instruments, surveying the deep-water bay of Acapulco, to determine its longitude.

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religions consist of three distinct parts—a code of morals which is nearly the same in all of them, and generally very pure; a geological chimera, and a myth or a little historical novel". In

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continue to remain a fractious issue amongst scholars, particularly as earlier biographers had portrayed him as "a largely asexual, Christ-like Humboldt figure...suitable as a national idol".

1951:

In 1869, the 100th year of his birth, Humboldt's fame was so great that cities all over America celebrated his birth with large festivals. In New York City, a bust of his head was unveiled in

1330:) who were seeking sources of pride in Mexico's ancient past, Humboldt's recognition of these ancient works and dissemination in his publications was a boon. He read the work of exiled Jesuit 6402: 14868: 2703:

becoming king. Humboldt knew the family, and he was sent by the Prussian monarch to Paris to report on events to his monarch. He spent three years in France, from 1830 to 1833. His friends

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and finding it one of the two most influential books on his work, which stirred in him "a burning zeal to add even the most humble contribution to the noble structure of Natural Science".

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1804 map of the Louisiana Territory. Jefferson and his cabinet sought information from Humboldt when he visited Washington, D.C., about Spain's territory in Mexico, now bordering the U.S.

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and its tributaries. This trip, which lasted four months and covered 1,725 miles (2,776 km) of wild and largely uninhabited country, had an aim of establishing the existence of the

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in Egypt, but North Africans were in revolt against the French invasion in Egypt and French authorities refused permission to travel. Humboldt and Bonpland eventually found their way to

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Researches concerning the institutions & monuments of the ancient inhabitants of America : with descriptions & views of some of the most striking scenes in the Cordilleras!

1543: 473:). The following year, 1790, Humboldt returned to Mainz to embark with Forster on a journey to England, Humboldt's first sea voyage, the Netherlands, and France. In England, he met Sir 4484:

Briefe von Alexander von Humboldt an Varnhagen von Ense, aus den jahren 1827 bis 1858 : nebst Auszügen aus Varnhagen's Tagebüchern und Briefen von Varnhagen und andern an Humboldt

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Humboldt had hopes of connecting with the French sailing expedition of Baudin, now finally underway, so Bonpland and Humboldt hurried to Ecuador. They crossed the frozen ridges of the

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from the poles to the equator was communicated to the Paris Institute in a memoir read by him on 7 December 1804. Its importance was attested by the speedy emergence of rival claims.

616:

In this short piece, the only literary story Humboldt ever authored, he tried to summarize the often contradictory results of the thousands of Galvanic experiments he had undertaken.

13422: 4158: 2828:, which was an initiative intended to establish legal discrimination against Jews. He called this an "abominable" law, since he hoped to see Jews being treated equally in society. 1998:

was the standard as a world currency. But the invitation to visit the Urals was intriguing, especially since Humboldt had long dreamed of going to Asia. He had wanted to travel to

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Humboldt is considered to be the "second discoverer of Cuba" due to the scientific and social research he conducted on this Spanish colony. During an initial three-month stay at

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of your work, Sir, this may be the greatest success that my humble work could bring." In his autobiography, Darwin recalled, reading "with care and profound interest Humboldt's

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Spanish America's ancient civilizations were a source of interest for Humboldt, who included images of Mexican manuscripts (or codices) and Inca ruins in his richly illustrated

1187:

Humboldt and Bonpland had not intended to go to New Spain, but when they were unable to join a voyage to the Pacific, they left the Ecuadorian port of Guayaquil and headed for

8346:

Wilke, Sabine (2011). "Von angezogenen Affen und angekleideten Männern in Baja California: Zu einer Bewertung der Schriften Alexander von Humboldts aus postkolonialer Sicht".

3716: 1918:

For many years, it had been one of his favorite schemes to secure, by means of simultaneous observations at distant points, a thorough investigation of the nature and law of "

1820:

During his lifetime Humboldt became one of the most famous men in Europe. Academies, both native and foreign, were eager to elect him to their membership, the first being The

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of a captaincy-general based at Caracas. A great deal of information on the new jurisdiction had already been compiled by François de Pons, but was not published until 1806.

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originate from a time when colonialism was prevalent. Within recent academic publications, there are arguments for and against Humboldt's own imperial bias. Within the book

484:

Humboldt's passion for travel was of long standing. He devoted to prepare himself as a scientific explorer. With this emphasis, he studied commerce and foreign languages at

6657:

Schwarz, Ingo (1 January 2001). "Alexander von Humboldt's Visit to Washington and Philadelphia, His Friendship with Jefferson, and His Fascination with the United States".

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accomplished in a similar way, even by a mind with gifts so peculiarly suited for the purpose as Humboldt's was, and if all his time and work were devoted to the purpose."

1687:, who personally presented Humboldt with his printed memorials to the Spanish crown critiquing social and economic conditions and his recommendations for eliminating them. 946:). Although, unbeknownst to Humboldt, this existence had been established decades before, his expedition had the important results of determining the exact position of the 730:

was in florescence. For Humboldt "the confluent effect of the Bourbon revolution in government and the Spanish Enlightenment had created ideal conditions for his venture".

9596:(March 2019a). "Social Relations, Shared Practices, and Emotions: Alexander von Humboldt's Excursion into Literary Classicism and the Challenges to Science around 1800". 5264: 8050: 3764: 3458: 1377:

teeth near the Equator. Jefferson had previously written that he believed mammoths had never lived so far south. Humboldt had also hinted at his knowledge of New Spain.

8123: 5110: 4050: 3151: 14938: 6631:, (four volumes) translator John Black, London/Edinburgh: Longman, Hurst, Rees Orme and brown; and H. Colborn and W. Blackwood, and Brown and Crombie, Edinburgh 1811. 14918: 13446: 11511: 1600:

the earliest clue to the detection of the more complicated law governing atmospheric disturbances in higher latitudes. This was a major contribution to climatology.

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had reached much higher altitudes centuries before), but 1000 feet short of the summit. Humboldt's journey concluded with an expedition to the sources of the Amazon

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scientific and landowner friends, conducted mineralogical surveys, and finished his vast collection of the island's flora and fauna that he eventually published as

8549:

Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense. From 1827 to 1858. With extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt

8454:

Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense. From 1827 to 1858. With extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt

7996:

Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense. From 1827 to 1858. With extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt

4622:

Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense. From 1827 to 1858. With extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt

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Two months later, they explored the territory of the Maipures and that of the then-recently extinct Atures Indians. Humboldt laid to rest the persistent myth of

5230: 4018: 2611: 1711:, followed in his path and painted the same places Humboldt had visited and recorded, such as the basalt formations in Mexico, which was an illustration in his 14898: 2268:

on particular topics of botany, zoology, astronomy, mineralogy, among others, but he also wrote general works that attracted a wide readership, especially his

1282:, central New Spain, at the time the most important in the Spanish empire. The bicentennial of his visit in Guanajuato was celebrated with a conference at the 630:

Humboldt was able to spend more time on writing up his research. He had used his own body for experimentation on muscular irritability, recently discovered by

10594:

A virtual research environment on the works of Alexander von Humboldt. A project by the University of Applied Sciences Offenburg and the University of Kansas.

9074:"Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Galapagos Islands: a phylogenetic revision based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular data" 5967:

by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland. Edited by Stephen T. Jackson, translated by Sylvie Romanowski. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2009, p. 248.

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A number of nineteenth-century artists travelled to Latin America, following in the footsteps of Humboldt, painting landscapes and scenes of everyday life.

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as exemplars of a metropolitan capital in touch with the latest developments on the continent and insisting on its modernity. He also recognized important

438:, which his mother might have chosen less for its academic excellence than its closeness to their home in Berlin. On 25 April 1789, he matriculated at the 329:. In 1800, and again in 1831, he described scientifically, on the basis of observations generated during his travels, local impacts of development causing 10056:

Godlewska, Anne (1999). "From Enlightenment Vision to Modern Science? Humboldt's Visual Thinking". In David N. Livingstone; Charles W. J. Withers (eds.).

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One scholar says that his writings contain fantastical descriptions of America, while leaving out its inhabitants, stating that Humboldt, coming from the

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During this visit, a thunderstorm killed a farmer and his wife. Humboldt obtained their corpses and analyzed them in the anatomy tower of the university.

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nearly 30 published volumes. Bonpland returned to Latin America, settling in Buenos Aires, Argentina, then moved to the countryside near the border with

2135:

was Humboldt's multi-volume effort in his later years to write a work bringing together all the research from his long career. The writing took shape in

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After Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, the Mexican government recognized him with high honors for his services to the nation. In 1827, the first

8117:

The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow

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was precisely, and Humboldt wrote him a two-page report on the matter. Jefferson would later refer to Humboldt as "the most scientific man of the age".

813:, with their scientific instruments, which enabled them to take many types of accurate measurements throughout their five-year journey. Oil painting by 14908: 11960: 6160: 3752: 2595: 1994:-based currency was possible in Russia and invited him to visit the Ural Mountains. Humboldt was not encouraging about a platinum-based currency, when 9107:"Two new species of Eleutherodactylus from western and central Mexico ( Eleutherodactylus jamesdixoni sp. nov., Eleutherodactylus humboldti sp. nov.)" 1223:. Humboldt and Bonpland arrived in Mexico City, having been officially welcomed via a letter from the king's representative in New Spain, Viceroy Don 13935: 9281: 8563: 3730: 1555:, 1807, in a large format (54 cm x 84 cm). Largely used for global warming analyses, this map depicts in fact the vegetation of another volcano: the 14335: 12365: 12120: 10786: 10428: 6394: 2918:

Seifert was some thirty years younger, and introducing lower class partners into households under the guise of servants was then a common practice.

1349:(1811). This treatise was the result of Humboldt's own investigations as well as the generosity of Spanish colonial officials for statistical data. 14973: 13157: 7903:

Address delivered on the Centennial Anniversary of the Birth of Alexander von Humboldt, under the auspices of the Boston Society of Natural History

2343:, a brilliant, young, Jewish mathematician in Berlin, for whom he obtained a small crown pension and whom he nominated for the Academy of Science. 1369:, was himself a scientist, Humboldt wrote to him saying that he would be in the United States. Jefferson warmly replied, inviting him to visit the 2718:, died on 8 April 1835. Alexander lamented that he had lost half of himself with the death of his brother. Upon the accession of the crown prince 14648: 14590: 11146: 4212:(Canarias) in 1963, depicts the natural scientist Alexander von Humboldt. The sculpture has been on the terrace of the Humboldblick viewpoint in 1763:

Statue to Humboldt in Alameda Park, Mexico City, erected 1999 on the two hundredth-anniversary of the beginning of his travels to Spanish America

1679:

in the United States were eroding the unity of whites in New Spain. Humboldt's writings on race in New Spain were shaped by the memorials of the

1384:, which was a center of learning in the U.S., Humboldt met with some of the major scientific figures of the era, including chemist and anatomist 734: 14367: 8799: 6423: 4119: 2166:

His reputation had long since been made with his publications on the Spanish American expedition. There is not a consensus on the importance of

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in 2006, explores Humboldt's life through the lens of historical fiction, contrasting his character and contributions to science with those of

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wrote that "The real discoverer of South America was Humboldt, since his work was more useful for our people than the work of all conquerors".

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Many of the original works have been digitally scanned by the Biodiversity Library. There have been new editions of print works, including his

1885:

conferred upon him the honor of the post of royal chamberlain, without at the time exacting the duties. The appointment had a pension of 2,500

10065:

Gould, Stephen Jay (1989). "Church, Humboldt, and Darwin: The Tension and Harmony of Art and Science". In Franklin Kelly; et al. (eds.).

7401:

Nichols, Sandra. "Why Was Humboldt Forgotten in the United States?" Geographical Review 96, no. 3 (July 2006): 399–415. Accessed July 4, 2016.

2545: 14818: 13806: 13774: 11504: 3040: 2790:, who went so far as to use Humboldtian science to campaign against religion, Humboldt himself denied imputations of atheism. In a letter to 9327: 7785: 2680:

In 1814 Humboldt accompanied the allied sovereigns to London. Three years later he was summoned by the king of Prussia to attend him at the

531:, who became Humboldt's tutor and close friend. During this period, his brother Wilhelm married, but Alexander did not attend the nuptials. 14963: 13360: 10780: 7312: 4663: 2836: 489: 368: 135: 4024: 349: 11368: 8888: 6137:, pp. 62–63. Wulf's book includes a picture of the encounter (p. 63); she captions it "The battle between horses and electric eels". 3891:. She was operated throughout the North and Baltic Seas until being retired in 1986. Subsequently, she was converted into a three-masted 3776: 1482:. The achievements of the Bourbon regime, especially in New Spain, were evident in the precise data Humboldt systematized and published. 5579: 4410: 4256:

Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser nebst Versuchen über den chemischen Prozess des Lebens in der Thier- und Pflanzenwelt

2974:. Newly explored regions and species named after Humboldt, as discussed below, also stand as a measure of his wide fame and popularity. 1938: 14888: 14793: 9313: 5463: 5361: 5042: 4038: 3758: 2335:. Subsequently, Humboldt acted as a mentor of the career of this promising Peruvian scientist. Another recipient of Humboldt's aid was 1111:, where Humboldt and his party reached an altitude of 19,286 feet (5,878 m). This was a world record at the time (for a westerner— 14953: 9259: 2883:, who travelled with Humboldt to Europe and lived with him. In France, Humboldt travelled and lived with the physicist and balloonist 1851:(New York) in 1843; and the American Geographical and Statistical Society, (New York) in 1856. He was elected a foreign member of the 12048: 10837: 10004:

Economia, ciencia, y política: Estudios sobre Alexander von Humboldt a 200 aňos del ensayo político sobre el reino de la Nueva España

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Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe by Alexander von Humboldt; translated from the German by E. C. Otté

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Humboldt described many geographical features and species that were hitherto unknown to Europeans. Species named after him include:

1365:

Leaving from Cuba, Humboldt decided to take an unplanned short visit to the United States. Knowing that the current U.S. president,

14788: 14783: 14768: 14392: 11497: 10796: 7764: 4072: 3310: 2233: 1168: 743:

Instructions concerning the most secure and economic means to transport live plants by land and sea from the most distant countries

14606: 11438: 7087:

José Oscar Frigerio, La rebelión criolla de Oruro fue juzgada en Buenos Aires (1781–1801), Ediciones del Boulevard, Córdoba, 2011.

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wrote that "Columbus gave Europe a New World; Humboldt made it known in its physical, material, intellectual, and moral aspects".

1619:

origin of rocks previously held to be of aqueous formation, he contributed largely to the elimination of erroneous views, such as

14933: 14863: 14778: 13463: 13052: 11917: 9211:

de Rivero, Mariano (1821). "Note sur une combinaison de l'acide oxalique avec le fer trouvé à Kolowserux, près Belin en Bohéme".

9105:

Devitt, Thomas J.; Tseng, Karen; Taylor-Adair, Marlena; Koganti, Sannidhi; Timugura, Alice; Cannatella, David C. (8 March 2023).

8152:

Kunst um Humboldt: Reisestudiern aus Mittel- un Südamerika von Rugendas, Bellerman un Hildebrandt im Berliner Kupferstichkabinett

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Kunst um Humboldt: Reisestudien aus Mittel- un Südamerika von Rugendas, Bellermann un Hildebrandt im Berliner Kupferstichkabinett

7075:

P. Victoria "Grandes mitos de la historia de Colombia" (Great myths in Colombian History). Grupo Planeta – Colombia, May 31, 2011

6953:

Examen critique de l'histoire de la géographie du Nouveau Continent et des progrès de l'astronomie nautique au 15e et 16e siècles

4222: 3085: 856:

The ship's destination was not originally Cumaná, but an outbreak of typhoid on board meant that the captain changed course from

31: 10611: 8383:

Sachs, Aaron (2003). "The Ultimate 'Other': Post-Colonialism and Alexander Von Humboldt's Ecological Relationship with Nature".

8175:

Frank Baron, "From Alexander von Humboldt to Frederic Edwin Church: Voyages of Scientific Exploration and Artistic Creativity".

2443:

in the early 1800s. Humboldt praised the poem for combining nature and imagination, a theme that permeated Humboldt's own work.

1795: 1158: 14442: 11953: 11124: 10890: 10269: 9038: 8953: 3615: 1475: 10213:

The travels and researches of Alexander von Humboldt by W. Macgillivray; with a narrative of Humboldt's most recent researches

9973:

Chambers, David Wade (1996). "Centre Looks at Periphery: Alexander von Humboldt's Account of Mexican Science and Technology".

9024: 8047: 5256: 5096: 2627: 2331:

During Humboldt's time in Paris, he met in 1818 the young and brilliant Peruvian student of the Royal Mining School of Paris,

872:

s captain accepted the offer of one of them to serve as pilot. Humboldt hired this Indian, named Carlos del Pino, as a guide.

13495: 10286: 10166: 10137: 10096:

Hey'l, Bettina (2007). "Das Ganze der Natur und die Differenzierung des Wissens. Alexander von Humboldt als Schriftsteller".

10086: 10029: 9879: 9853: 9823: 9778: 9759: 9736: 9699: 9639: 9531: 8317: 8120: 7709: 6849:

How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World

6080: 4327: 2317: 1844: 1268: 7283: 8023: 8000: 1769: 770: 14107: 5569: 4582:

Relation historique du voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, et 1804

2513: 2079:

progress, sometimes a hundred miles (160 km) in a day. Although they were halted at the end of July and warned of an

790: 453:

At the University of Göttingen, Humboldt met Steven Jan van Geuns, a Dutch medical student, with whom he travelled to the

14808: 13714: 11246: 9839:, Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities – via edition humboldt digital, ed. by Ottmar Ette. 7865: 6045: 5141: 3681: 3609: 3027: 2332: 1373:

in the nation's new capital. In his letter Humboldt had gained Jefferson's interest by mentioning that he had discovered

9372: 6746: 2433:

Humboldt would later reveal to Darwin in the 1840s that he had been deeply interested in Darwin's grandfather's poetry.

888: 678:

at the head of it rather than the aging scientific traveler. On the postponement of Captain Baudin's proposed voyage of

14958: 14658: 14640: 11473: 9473: 9352: 7733: 5333: 4091: 3833: 3633: 3325: 2681: 2528: 1404:

bark from a South American tree, which cured fevers. Humboldt's treatise on cinchona was published in English in 1821.

1290:. Although Humboldt was himself a trained geologist and mining inspector, he drew on mining experts in Mexico. One was 4477:

Atlas zu Alex. v. Humboldt's Kosmos in zweiundvierzig Tafeln mit erläuterndem texte /herausgegeben von Traugott Bromme

4289:

Le voyage aux régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799–1804, par Alexandre de Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland

2054:

Between May and November 1829 he and the growing expedition traversed the wide expanse of the Russian empire from the

14848: 14773: 14683: 14295: 14234: 13012: 11946: 10989: 9801: 9553: 9456: 7948: 7172: 6351:

Muratta Bunsen, Eduardo (2010). "El conflicto entre eurocentrismo y empatía en la literatura de viajes de Humboldt".

5203: 5070:

Malcolm Nicolson, "Alexander von Humboldt and the Geography of Vegetation", in: A. Cunningham and N. Jardine (eds.),

3825: 3739: 3579: 3446: 3107: 1852: 10779: 10764: 4643:(7 vols. folio, 1815–1825), contains descriptions of above 4500 species of plants collected by Humboldt and Bonpland 1256: 14853: 11315: 11136: 6762:

Nicolaas Rupke, "A Geography of Enlightenment: The Critical Reception of Alexander von Humboldt's Mexico Work". In

3621: 3452: 2987: 1882: 997:

On 24 November 1800, the two friends set sail for Cuba, landing on 19 December, where they met fellow botanist and

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One of his most widely read publications resulting from his travels and investigations in Spanish America was the

1024: 14948: 14883: 14798: 14753: 14663: 14653: 14362: 13597: 11478: 11457: 10538: 9497: 3442: 3343: 3020: 3010: 2993: 2719: 2206: 14525: 3832:

in German) to continue his generous support of young academics. Although the original endowment was lost in the

1294:, then head of the General Mining Court in Mexico City, who, like Humboldt was trained in Freiberg. Another was 540: 14858: 14843: 14222: 11869: 11380: 8689: 8664: 7138: 6766:, edited by David N. Livingstone and Charles W. J. Withers, 319–339. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1999. 6720: 5985:

Andrea Wulf (2015). The invention of nature, the adventures of Alexander von Humboldt, the lost hero of science

4778: 4032: 4003: 3089: 2791: 2403: 1821: 670:

urged Humboldt to accompany him on a major expedition, likely to last five years, but the French revolutionary

10623: 9692:

Humboldt's Cosmos: Alexander von Humboldt and the Latin American journey That Changed the Way We See the World

9391:

Zwei grosse Naturforscher des 19. Jahrhunderts. Ein Briefwechsel zwischen Emil du Bois-Reymond und Karl Ludwig

6901:

A.H. Robinson and Helen M. Wallis. "Humboldt's Map of Isothermal Lines: a Milestone in Thematic Cartography".

5289: 14803: 14560: 12356: 12151: 11117: 10830: 10653: 9598: 7810: 6424:

http://www.moreloshabla.com/morelos/cuernavaca/por-que-le-decimos-ciudad-de-la-eterna-primavera-a-cuernavaca/

4598:

Views of nature, or, Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation : with scientific illustrations

4085: 4076: 3881:

is also a German ship named after the scientist, originally built in 1906 by the German shipyard AG Weser at

3877: 3706: 3170: 2140: 2029: 1900: 1848: 1696: 1500: 1479: 667: 14550: 14300: 14249: 10573: 6670: 3947: 3946:

wrote that "Alexander impresses many, particularly when compared to his brother—because he shows off more!"

1859:, whose president Sir Joseph Banks had aided Humboldt as a young man, now welcomed him as a foreign member. 1824:

in Philadelphia, which he visited at the tail end of his travel through the Americas. He was elected to the

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p. xvi. Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York

8443: 3603: 3470: 3367: 2967: 1832: 1825: 829:

Armed with authorization from the King of Spain, Humboldt and Bonpland made haste to sail, taking the ship

435: 384: 127: 14357: 12917: 10704: 10011:

Dettlebach, Michael (1996). "Humboldtian Science". In Nicholas Jardin; J.A. Secord; Emma C. Spary (eds.).

9727:(2012). "The Art of Science: Alexander von Humboldt's Views of the Cultures of the World (Introduction)". 9431:, "Celebrating Humanism in St. Louis: The Origins of the Humboldt Statue in Tower Grove Park, 1859‒1878." 8518: 1081:(now in Colombia), a major center of trade in northern South America. Ascending the swollen stream of the 14833: 13045: 12231: 11188: 11001: 4057: 3805: 3788: 3627: 3573: 3300: 1840: 1589: 774: 447: 10585: 2895: 2778:, and sometimes spoke unfavourably of religious attitudes, it was occasionally speculated that he was a 2732:

Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent during the years 1799–1804

2270:

Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent during the years 1799–1804

1577: 793:

of the royal expedition to Peru and Chile in person in Madrid and examined their botanical collections.

14873: 14706: 14264: 13016: 12322: 12299: 11749: 11725: 11467: 11158: 10708: 10506: 10499: 4988: 4788: 4606:

Views of nature: or, Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation; with scientific illustrations

2768: 2759: 2003: 1930:, then (April 1836) president of the Royal Society, secured for the undertaking, the wide basis of the 1331: 1295: 934:

In February 1800, Humboldt and Bonpland left the coast with the purpose of exploring the course of the

563: 562:, which was a compendium of his botanical researches. That publication brought him to the attention of 526: 517: 50: 14352: 14315: 14290: 13431: 12992: 12899: 9501: 9446: 2151:". His 1829 expedition to Russia supplied him with data comparative to his Latin American expedition. 2091:

and his ability to freely report on it. Humboldt published two works on the Russian expedition, first

439: 131: 14838: 14828: 14701: 14555: 12181: 11212: 11193: 11102: 10397: 9792:

The Humboldt Current : Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism

8787: 7782:

Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico

5449: 4727: 4574:

Reise in die aequinoctial-gegenden des neuen Continents in den Jahren 1799, 1800, 1801, 1803 und 1804

4359:

Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico

3782: 3281: 2396: 2304: 2083:

outbreak, Humboldt decided to continue despite the danger. "At my age, nothing should be postponed".

1979:

In 1811, and again in 1818, projects of Asiatic exploration were proposed to Humboldt, first by Czar

1923: 1836: 1634: 1385: 1138:, rich in nitrogen, the subsequent introduction of which into Europe was due mainly to his writings. 1093: 1038: 290: 11581: 9729:

Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, A Critical Edition

4312:

Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: A Critical Edition

1323: 1272: 1252: 920: 726:

sought to reform administration of the realms and revitalize their economies. At the same time, the

14923: 14878: 14668: 13303: 12791: 11222: 10823: 9961: 8042: 6789:

Personal Narrative of Travels of the Equinocial Regions of the New Continent during Years 1799–1804

4946: 4674: 3813: 3395: 3044: 3016: 2692: 2411: 2388: 1283: 786: 778: 599:

were the key figures at the time. Humboldt contributed (7 June 1795) to Schiller's new periodical,

513: 14495: 14490: 14269: 14025: 13374: 11557: 10373: 7780: 4357: 1878:). The gestures were purely honorary; he never returned to the Americas following his expedition. 14978: 14823: 13917: 13723: 13641: 13174: 13164: 11621: 11363: 11055: 10912: 10770: 10193: 9870:

The Invention of Nature : The Adventures of Alexander von Humboldt, the Lost Hero of Science

9811: 8493:

The Concept of Human Dignity in the French and American Enlightenments: Religion, Virtue, Liberty

6337: 6271:"Ritualidad estatal, capacocha y actores sociales locales: El Cementerio del volcán Llullaillaco" 5568: 5053: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4348: 3957: 3585: 3495: 3467: – 275 m Waterfall in Lower Hollyford Valley, Fiordland National Park, New Zealand 3078: 2992:

1842: Chancellor of the Order of Merit, an administrative position empowered to appoint, by King

2926: 2884: 1720: 1471: 1070: 762: 750: 521: 443: 14305: 14274: 10763: 9546:

The First America : the Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867

9042: 7305: 6474:

Plano físico de la Nueva España, Perfil del Camino de Acapulco a Mégico , y de Mégico a Veracruz

4983: 2841: 1628: 1086: 14485: 13038: 12824: 12709: 11765: 11453: 11305: 11170: 9575: 8949: 4798: 4793: 4042: 3939: 3597: 3525: 3248: 3184: 3006: 2482: 2464: 2455: 2131: 2117: 1708: 1001: 505: 493: 317: 268: 218: 14691: 14540: 14480: 14372: 13761: 11901: 6275: 6162:

Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America During the Years 1799–1804

2913:

Signature of Humboldt late in life, when his handwriting became increasingly difficult to read

2691:

Between 1830 and 1848 Humboldt was frequently employed in diplomatic missions to the court of

1573: 1224: 1191:

on Mexico's west coast. Even before Humboldt and Bonpland started on their way to New Spain's

737:

to Chile and Peru (1777–88), New Granada (1783–1816), New Spain (Mexico) (1787–1803), and the

14530: 14515: 13731: 12455: 12383: 12269: 12199: 12194: 11995: 11773: 11709: 11677: 11549: 11330: 11234: 11229: 11165: 11092: 10552: 9677:(online Universal Digital Library, facsimile of original ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 9563: 8348: 3975: 3853:, to Humboldt, "With Very Profound Respect". Humboldt's attempt to unify the sciences in his 3591: 3256: 3232: 2906:, and latterly in Berlin, with his valet Seifert, who had accompanied him to Russia in 1829. 2669: 2476: 2450: 1505: 1389: 1260: 989: 727: 408: 392: 214: 17: 14320: 13736: 13367: 13195: 12665: 12244: 12064: 9166:, Appendix D. "List of Geographic Features Named after Alexander von Humboldt", pp. 377–378. 8516:

Wilhelm Humboldt (Freiherr von), Charlotte Hildebrand Diede, Catharine M. A. Couper (1849).

5607:"Michael von Schweder (10) und Elisabeth Blomenfelt, gen. Persdotter (11) - von-Humboldt_de" 3989: 3953: 3481: 591:

In 1794, Humboldt was admitted to the famous group of intellectuals and cultural leaders of

14763: 14758: 14505: 13849: 13585: 13127: 12909: 12765: 12312: 12091: 11853: 11821: 11685: 11597: 11310: 11263: 11030: 10919: 10759: 10615: 10477: 10335: 10207: 10074: 9255: 7415: 7164: 7158: 5405: 5214: 5057: 4768: 4741: 4646: 4010: 3965: 3934: 3926: 3849: 3710: 3213: 2715: 2468: 2359: 2256: 1980: 1812: 1745: 1724: 1684: 1485:

This memorable expedition may be regarded as having laid the foundation of the sciences of

1310: 1228: 738: 695: 652: 509: 423: 400: 376: 275: 98: 14465: 9570:. Vol. II. Translated by Jane and Caroline Lassell. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 4252:, 1793. Humboldt's observations of underground plants made when he was a mining inspector. 2668:. The Prussian royal family returned to Berlin, but sought better terms of the treaty and 2402:

Humboldt carried on correspondence with many contemporaries and two volumes of letters to

1203:

Humboldt and Bonpland landed in Acapulco on 15 February 1803, and from there they went to

8: 14575: 14475: 14470: 13328: 13097: 12434: 12204: 12189: 11925: 11829: 11813: 11661: 11573: 11358: 10863: 10514: 10472: 10318:

Ortega y Medina, Juan A. "Humboldt visto por los mexicanos" in Jorge A. Vivó Escoto, ed.

8901: 8547: 8453: 8241: 7757: 6994: 6331: 4773: 4563: 4536: 4520: 4470:

Aspects of nature, in different lands and different climates with scientific elucidations

4468: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4418: 4193: 3969: 3561: 3549: 3417: 3413: 2894:

Humboldt once wrote "I don't know sensual needs". However, a pious travelling companion,

2821: 2787: 2696: 2392: 2351: 2340: 1863: 1676: 1537: 1456: 1104: 1078: 907:"). Returning to Cumaná, Humboldt observed, on the night of 11–12 November, a remarkable 714: 372: 168: 56: 12645: 12239: 12055: 11701: 10339: 9672: 9653: 9141: 9106: 5409: 5218: 4506: 4335: 2700: 2097:

in 1831, based on lectures he gave on the topic. In 1843, he completed the three-volume

14407: 14259: 13746: 13210: 13092: 12984: 12943: 12891: 12880: 12609: 12462: 12335: 12307: 12073: 12005: 11669: 11387: 11295: 11258: 11241: 11129: 10878: 9915:

Ackerknecht, Erwin H. (1955). "George Forster, Alexander von Humboldt, and Ethnology".

9868: 9615: 8410: 8385: 8365: 8091: 7686: 6395:"La breve exploración de este magnífico personaje puso a Cuernavaca en el mapa mundial" 5606: 5495: 5105: 5076:

Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science: Ideas, Disciplines, Practices

4763: 4639: 4554: 3943: 3918: 3861: 3734: 3647: 3537: 3531: 3349: 3240: 3200: 3159: 3051: 2971: 2845: 2685: 2499: 2472: 2438: 2371: 2367: 2160: 1894: 1867: 1831:

Over the years other learned societies in the U.S. elected him a member, including the

1486: 1409: 1131: 928: 817:, 1856. Humboldt did not like the painting as the instruments depicted were inaccurate. 596: 501: 172: 75: 14510: 13247: 12171: 11205: 10657: 9524:

Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment

8519:

Letters to a female friend: A complete ed., translated from the 2d German ed, Volume 2

7977: 5014: 2880: 2708: 801: 754:

the academic training and experience of working well within a bureaucratic structure.

289:, while his advocacy of long-term systematic geophysical measurement pioneered modern 14177: 14149: 13741: 13674: 13480: 13407: 12756: 12616: 12595: 12574: 12448: 12399: 12279: 12010: 11741: 11463: 11050: 10944: 10924: 10897: 10804: 10747: 10667: 10361: 10282: 10162: 10133: 10082: 10035: 10025: 9990: 9964:(2005). "How Derivative was Humboldt?". In Schiebinger, Londa; Swan, Claudia (eds.). 9940: 9932: 9885: 9875: 9849: 9819: 9797: 9790: 9774: 9755: 9748: 9732: 9710: 9695: 9678: 9659: 9635: 9619: 9549: 9527: 9452: 9307: 9146: 9128: 8765: 8685: 8660: 8652: 8402: 8398: 8357: 8323: 8313: 8303: 7944: 7861: 7705: 7168: 7134: 7126: 6300: 5564: 5431: 5423: 5339: 5329: 5172: 4783: 4323: 3567: 3519: 3176: 3143: 2930: 2739: 2375: 2229: 1987: 1910: 1890: 1680: 1667: 1514: 1232: 1085:

to Honda, they arrived in Bogotá on 6 July 1801, where they met the Spanish botanist

978: 947: 592: 548: 260: 155: 79: 14450: 14347: 14310: 13659: 13355: 12783: 12274: 12082: 11653: 10326:

Pausas, Juli G.; Bond, William J. (2019). "Humboldt and the reinvention of nature".

10273:, Chapter 1, " Journey to the Top of the World" New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1992. 8939: 7941:

Ida Pfeiffer: Weltreisende im 19. Jahrhundert: Zur Kulturgeschichte reisender Frauen

6285: 6270: 4250:

Florae Fribergensis specimen plantas cryptogramicus praesertim subterraneas exhibens

2999: 2888: 2704: 2122: 560:

Florae Fribergensis, accedunt Aphorismi ex Doctrina, Physiologiae Chemicae Plantarum

539:

Humboldt graduated from the Freiberg School of Mines in 1792 and was appointed to a

465:

on his second voyage. Humboldt's scientific excursion resulted in his 1790 treatise

14535: 14116: 13827: 13813: 13142: 13137: 13107: 12159: 12109: 11885: 11877: 11693: 11337: 11285: 11270: 11075: 10969: 10722: 10691: 10385: 10351: 10343: 10264: 10246: 10217: 9986: 9982: 9924: 9607: 9571: 9136: 9118: 9085: 8394: 7608:

Asie centrale, recherches sur les chaînes des montagnes et la climotologie comparée

7154: 6805: 6703: 6666: 6290: 6280: 5413: 5222: 4909: 4868: 4862: 4824: 4713: 4699: 4282:

Asie centrale, recherches sur les chaînes des montagnes et la climotologie comparée

4174: 3968:

wrote that "Every assiduous scholar ... is Humboldt's son; we are all his family."

3961: 3903: 3555: 3487: 3379: 3373: 3335: 3316: 3272: 3128: 2665: 2017: 1945: 1799: 1366: 939: 810: 679: 326: 235: 160: 13751: 13338: 11805: 11565: 10797:"Alexander Von Humboldt and the history of international scientific collaboration" 10649: 10524:

Climbing the Chimborazo (Ascenso al volcán Chimborazo) (1989), a film directed by

10306:

Alexander von Humboldt. His Portraits and their Artists. A Documentary Iconography

10022:

Humboldt's Mexico: In the Footsteps of the Illustrious German Scientific Traveller

9897:

Zimmerer, Karl S. (2011). "Mapping Mountains". In Jordana Dym; Karl Offen (eds.).

7704:. Cambridge Geographical Studies (No. 15). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7474:]. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Tovarishchestva obshchestvennaia Pol'za. p. 60. 6928:

Traveling from New Spain to Mexico: Mapping Practices of Nineteenth-century Mexico

6478:

Traveling from New Spain to Mexico: Mapping Practices of Nineteenth-century Mexico

6072: 4546: 4458: 4302: 2872: 2652: 2024:

would travel to Russia in his own French coach, with a German servant, as well as

1904:

Memorial plaque, Alexander von Humboldt, Karolinenstraße 19, Berlin-Tegel, Germany

1871: 1176: 806: 745:, with illustrations, including one for the crates to transport seeds and plants. 684: 336:

Humboldt is seen as "the father of ecology" and "the father of environmentalism".

14732: 14460: 13955: 13190: 13152: 13147: 13112: 13020: 12927: 12817: 12702: 12674: 12602: 12330: 12216: 12211: 11909: 11757: 11409: 11085: 10996: 10974: 10964: 10907: 10846: 10635: 10518: 10463: 10239: 10211: 9649: 9376: 9356: 9336: 8127: 8054: 8027: 8016: 8004: 7994: 7789: 7768: 7702:

Empiricism and Geographical Thought: From Francis Bacon to Alexander von Humboldt

7275: 6750: 6727: 6697: 6430: 6194: 5323: 5019: 4903: 4629: 4620: 4604: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4497: 4451: 4400:

Relation historique du Voyage aux Régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, etc.

4398: 4367: 4261: 4126: 4110: 3844: 3801: 2925:

gathered reminiscences from homosexuals including Humboldt's friend the botanist

2764: 2260: 1490: 1424: 1082: 1077:

After their first stay in Cuba of three months, they returned to the mainland at

998: 723: 356: 256: 13769: 13384: 13313: 11489: 9731:. By Alexander von Humboldt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. xxi. 8192:. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution Press 1989. 4258:. (2 volumes), 1797. Humboldt's experiments in galvanism and nerve conductivity. 2860:

Humboldt never married: while he was friendly with a number of women, including

2346:

Humboldt's popular writings inspired many scientists and naturalists, including

2281:

Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas

1271:, who died in 1799, just before Humboldt's visit; Miguel Velásquez de León; and 924: 348:

on 14 September 1769. He was baptized as a baby in the Lutheran faith, with the

14455: 14325: 14195: 14167: 14157: 14129: 14124: 13781: 13561: 13348: 13169: 13122: 13117: 12866: 12801: 12681: 12634: 12476: 12289: 12221: 12100: 12026: 12000: 11990: 11893: 11861: 11733: 11645: 11637: 11419: 11217: 11200: 11070: 11060: 10984: 10979: 10949: 10723:"Alexander von Humboldt featured on the East German 5 Marks banknote from 1964" 10663: 10432: 10405: 10279:

A longing for wide and unknown things : the life of Alexander von Humboldt

10175: 9750:

Personal Narrative of a Journey to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent

9720: 8783: 8543: 8448: 7978:""'Conquerors of the Künlün'? The Schlagintweit Mission to High Asia, 1854–57"" 6731: 6327: 6322: 4755: 4678: 4315: 4263:

Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel, ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern

3922: 3809: 3724: 3543: 3464: 3436: 3385: 3331: 3137: 2909: 2861: 2695:

of France, with whom he always maintained the most cordial personal relations.

2554: 2434: 2347: 2136: 1931: 1919: 1662: 1604: 1584: 1431: 1327: 1291: 1264: 1197: 1061: 1042: 970: 675: 305: 164: 14565: 12736: 12284: 10389: 10300:. Mexico City: Instituto de Historia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 9846:

The Passage to Cosmos : Alexander von Humboldt and the Shaping of America

9090: 9073: 6049: 5418: 5393: 5133: 4291:(Paris, 1807, etc.), consisted of thirty folio and quarto volumes, including: 3895:

by the German shipyard Motorwerke Bremerhaven, and was re-launched in 1988 as

1959:

have become more and more focused on narrow fields of work. Humboldt combined

1183:, later identified as a Maya manuscript, published in part by Humboldt in 1810 355:

His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt (1720-1779), belonged to a prominent

14747: 14580: 14570: 14402: 14342: 14185: 14056: 13537: 13205: 12936: 12873: 12859: 12772: 12532: 12392: 11845: 11837: 11781: 11717: 11629: 11613: 11605: 11589: 11402: 11397: 11325: 11290: 11275: 11153: 11141: 11080: 10959: 10808: 10751: 10735: 10490: 10365: 10039: 9994: 9936: 9889: 9663: 9586: 9541: 9369: 9132: 8406: 8361: 8327: 7847:, translated by Sylvie Romanowski. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2009. 6743: 6304: 6188:

Historical Sketch of the Science of Botany in North America from 1635 to 1840

6125:

Mark Forsyth. The etymologicon. Icon Books Ltd. London N79DP, (2011), p. 123.

5583:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 873–875. 5574: 5427: 5343: 5325:

Drawdown: the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming

5092: 4993: 4531:

Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent

3882: 3501: 3423: 3407: 3401: 3389: 3217: 2938: 2794:

he emphasized that he believed the world had indeed been created, writing of

2657: 2536: 2493: 2363: 2336: 2210: 1856: 1639: 1393: 1318: 1180: 935: 908: 900: 733:

The Bourbon monarchy had already authorized and funded expeditions, with the

631: 478: 458: 419: 395:

was something of a ne'er do well, not often mentioned in the family history.

379:. He profited from the contract to lease state lotteries and tobacco sales. 364: 109: 10347: 10250: 10221: 9349: 6809: 6259:

Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, Sixième Partie, Botanique, vo. 1 Paris 1808.

4508:

Kosmos. Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung von Alexander von Humboldt

3800:

Alexander von Humboldt also lends his name to a prominent lecture series in

3398: – 4,287 m mountain in Custer County, Colorado, United States 2922: 2446: 2214: 2190: 1011:, his first tasks were to survey that city properly and the nearby towns of 14162: 14139: 14134: 13960: 13791: 13786: 13649: 13531: 13412: 13333: 13225: 13132: 12959: 12951: 12852: 12810: 12695: 12539: 12497: 12490: 12420: 11938: 11533: 11520: 11375: 11107: 11097: 11043: 11038: 10885: 10525: 10146: 10130:

Alexander von Humboldt und Thaddäus Haenke. Reisetagebücher über Südamerika

9944: 9682: 9627: 9593: 9428: 9150: 5468: 5435: 5366: 3657: 3033: 2276:

was widely read in Mexico itself, the United States, as well as in Europe.

2189:

First page of the table of contents to volume 1 of "Cosmos," translated by

1952: 1870:

granted Humboldt Mexican citizenship and in 1859, the President of Mexico,

1672: 1616: 1381: 951: 943: 865:

encountered two large dugout canoes each carrying 18 Guayaqui Indians. The

814: 474: 286: 182: 150: 13870: 13255: 10105:

Holl, Frank (1996). "Alexander von Humboldt's Expedition through Mexico".

9966:

Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World

8307: 7730:

Alexander von Humboldt. Science in Britain and Germany during his lifetime

6707: 1646:

Humboldt conducted a census of the indigenous and European inhabitants in

14500: 14397: 14190: 13875: 13865: 13796: 13699: 13343: 13323: 13215: 12845: 12838: 12831: 12588: 12581: 12560: 12553: 12483: 12469: 12427: 12413: 12406: 12372: 11797: 11789: 11280: 11065: 11015: 10936: 10714: 10510: 10494: 10047:

Foner, Philip S. (1983). "Alexander von Humboldt on Slavery in America".

9863: 9724: 7001:. Richard Steckel and Michael Haines (eds.). Cambridge University Press. 5357: 4803: 4653:(1808); Cuvier, Latreille, Valenciennes and Gay-Lussac cooperated in the 4319: 3677: 2779: 2221:, better known as the pirated version by Traugott Bromme under the title 2178:

as "little more than an academic curiosity". A different opinion is that

2037: 2033: 2025: 1741: 1691: 1522: 1494: 1370: 1192: 1112: 974: 404: 294: 272: 264: 210: 14085: 13945: 13270: 12249: 10356: 10231:

Alexander Von Humboldt: Explorer, Naturalist & Environmental Pioneer

9123: 8369: 8095: 8079: 3964:

remarked "I consider him the most important scientist whom I have met".

3925:

expressed his debt to Humboldt, and admiration for his work, writing to

834: 271:. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and 14616: 14330: 14066: 14051: 13704: 13689: 13679: 13470: 13102: 12973: 12966: 12688: 12567: 12546: 12511: 12504: 9433:

Gateway Heritage: Quarterly Magazine of the Missouri Historical Society

9230: 8414: 6863:, p. 89. This publication includes Humboldt's first sketch of the 6375: 6295: 6187: 5889: 4229: 4213: 3651: 3092: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2664:

In the Napoleonic wars, Prussia had capitulated to France, signing the

2321: 2299: 1776: 1596: 1466:. His image as the premier European scientist was a later development. 1279: 1212: 1108: 1066: 1012: 821: 691: 671: 462: 388: 252: 13694: 13260: 10612:"Web site of the Humboldt Lecture series in Nijmegen, the Netherlands" 10400:(22 October 2015). "The Very Great Alexander von Humboldt" (review of 10079:

Alexander von Humboldt and the United States: Art, Nature, and Culture

10006:(in Mexican Spanish). Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 9834: 8078:

Barrett, Paul H.; Corcos, Alain F.; Humboldt, Alexandre (April 1972).

7802: 7420:, "The Hundredth Anniversary of the Death of Alexander von Humboldt", 7111:

Church and State in Bourbon Mexico: The Diocese of Michoacán 1749–1810

6878:

Des lignes isothermes et de la distribution de la châleur sur le globe

5226: 4515:

Des lignes isothermes et de la distribution de la châleur sur le globe

4387:

Essai géognostique sur le gisement des roches dans les deux continents

1728:

eventually cost him twenty-one, and even then it remained incomplete.

14061: 13880: 13843: 13801: 13684: 13526: 12745: 12724: 12716: 12441: 12127: 10873: 8216:

Last Rambles Amongst the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes

7860:, Stephen T. Jackson, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2014. 6495:

Geography Unbound: French Geographic Science from Cassini to Humboldt

5950:(Madrid 1779). Biblioteca del Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid, cited in 4296:

Vues des Cordillères et monuments des peuples indigènes de l'Amérique

4178: 3286: 3047:"as the man who honours the order", "the hero of science in Germany". 2929:, then nearly 90 years old: some of the material was incorporated by 2903: 2806: 2684:. Again in the autumn of 1822 he accompanied the same monarch to the 2355: 1647: 1620: 1420: 1303:

Vues des cordillères et monuments des peuples indigènes de l'Amerique

1065:

Humboldt and his fellow scientist Aimé Bonpland near the foot of the

942:(a communication between the water systems of the rivers Orinoco and 850: 782: 757: 497: 360: 282: 200: 14043: 13950: 13654: 13458: 12164: 9816:

The Humboldt Current: A European Explorer and His American Disciples

9475:

Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe, Volume 4

7201:

Vues des Cordillères et monumens des peuples indigènes de l'Amerique

3720: 3067: 2986:

1829: Actual Privy Counsellor, with the title of Excellency by King

2887:. Later he had a deep friendship with the married French astronomer 1430:

After six weeks, Humboldt set sail for Europe from the mouth of the

1314: 1235:, that were directed to the crown for the improvement of New Spain. 1163:

Vue des Cordillères et monuments des peuples indigènes de l'Amérique

846: 710: 315:

from the ancient Greek and assigned it to his multivolume treatise,

13989: 13984: 13976: 13237: 12518: 11300: 11112: 10676: 10159:

Die Humboldts in Berlin: Zwei Brüder erfinden die Gelehrtenrepublik

9968:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 148–165. 9928: 9611: 7724:

all information from Wolf-Dieter Grün: The English editions of the

6011:

Paris: Colnet 1806. It was also published in English the same year.

4500:

of Don Hippolito Ruiz on various medicinal plants of South America

4402:(1814–1825), an unfinished narrative of his travels, including the 4336:

Examen critique de l'histoire de la géographie du Nouveau Continent

4209: 3661: 2937:. However, speculations about Humboldt's private life and possible 2487: 2313: 2063: 1991: 1556: 1450: 1435: 1401: 1240: 1208: 1188: 1034: 838: 604: 580: 555: 544: 301: 248: 10815: 10672: 10259:

Nature's Interpreter: The Life and Times of Alexander von Humboldt

7468:Александр Гумбольдт. Его жизнь, путешествия и научная деятельность 6227: 6225: 6223: 5735: 5733: 3972:

wrote that "He was to science what Shakespeare was to the drama".

3461:– natural waterway through the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago 2159:

sciences then known in a Kantian framework. With inspiration from

1695:

that Humboldt dedicated large parts of his work to describing the

1576:, which he explicitly referred to. The Spanish American scientist 825:

Map of the Cassiquiare canal based on Humboldt's 1799 observations

371:. At age 42, Alexander Georg was rewarded for his services in the 14011: 14003: 13669: 13453: 12525: 10577: 9655:

Humboldt: The Life and Times of Alexander von Humboldt, 1769–1859

9585:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

8243:

The Last Travels of Ida Pfeiffer, inclusive a visit to Madagaskar

7429: 5257:"Von Humboldt and the establishment of geomagnetic observatories" 4192:

Louis Agassiz and Alexander von Humboldt statues at Jordan Hall,

4142: 2783: 2409:

Charles Darwin made frequent reference to Humboldt's work in his

2185: 2144: 2080: 2072: 2059: 1960: 1611: 1610:

His services to geology were based on his attentive study of the

1526: 1518: 1374: 1357: 1216: 1020: 916: 912: 892: 769:

Before leaving Madrid in 1799, Humboldt and Bonpland visited the

717:

who authorized Humboldt's travels and research in Spanish America

485: 431: 414: 345: 322: 139: 10197: 6491:

Atlás géographique et physique du Royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne

6168: 5679: 5630: 5628: 4343:

Atlas géographique et physique du royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne

3692: 2378: 1922:" (a term invented by him to designate abnormal disturbances of 1419:

Jefferson was unsure of where the border of the newly-purchased

644:), enriched in the French translation with notes by Blumenbach. 14071: 13573: 13500: 13200: 13061: 12654: 9256:"Short History – Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin" 6610: 6220: 5730: 5708: 5706: 5047: 3956:

remarked "You have been studying Botanics? Just like my wife!"

3892: 3824:

After his death, Humboldt's friends and colleagues created the

3430: 2950: 1995: 1971: 1886: 1881:

Importantly for Humboldt's long-term financial stability, King

1780: 1749: 1700: 1530: 1388:, who pushed for compulsory smallpox vaccination, and botanist 1127: 1008: 884: 857: 699: 620: 363:. Although not one of the titled gentry, he was a major in the 279: 71: 14944:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

13664: 9104: 7957: 4272:, with J.L. Gay-Lussac. Paris 1805. German edition, Türbingen. 3717:

Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute

2642: 471:

Mineralogic Observations on Several Basalts on the River Rhine

13971: 13930: 13265: 13231: 13220: 8897: 7472:

Alexander Humboldt: His Life, Travels and Scientific Activity

5625: 5165:"Alexander von Humboldt and the General Physics of the Earth" 4208:

The bronze sculpture by the artist Ana Lilia Martín, born in

3439: – 1,617 m (5,308 ft), New Caledonia 3357: 2954: 2876: 2075:

the farthest destination, then a return to Saint Petersburg.

2068: 1999: 1656: 1204: 1135: 1097: 1016: 842: 837:, on 5 June 1799. The ship stopped six days on the island of 584:

Schiller, Wilhelm, and Alexander von Humboldt with Goethe in

454: 300:

Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled extensively in the

14869:

Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

10589: 9175: 8866: 7908: 7883: 7478: 7083: 7081: 6933: 6908: 6562: 5703: 2957:, alongside his brother Wilhelm and sister-in-law Caroline. 508:; and astronomy and the use of scientific instruments under 14969:

Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

14038: 10598: 10098:

Quellen und Forschungen zur Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte

10002:

Covarrubias, José E; Souto Mantecón, Matilde, eds. (2012).

9496: 6819: 6817: 6677: 6586: 6550: 6363: 6208: 6095: 4886: 4842: 3765:

Alexander von Humboldt German International School Montreal

3208: 3023:, the highest honour that was in the royal power to confer. 2055: 2028:, a professor of chemistry and mineralogy. He also invited 1146: 1120: 585: 308:

were once joined (South America and Africa in particular).

10015:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 287–304. 7825: 6598: 6513: 5781: 4927: 4877: 4533:. 7 vols. London. First edition in French, Paris: 1815–26. 4453:

Ansichten der Natur: mit wissenschaftlichen Erläuterungen

4141:

Alexander Von Humboldt Statue. El Guácharo National Park.

2725: 2711:, were appointed to posts in Louis-Philippe's government. 2032:

to join the expedition, to study water micro-organisms in

1317:

of Mexico City in 1790, along with select drawings of the

1150:

Silver mining complex of La Valenciana, Guanajuato, Mexico

1100:

on 6 January 1802, after a tedious and difficult journey.

554:

Humboldt's researches into the vegetation of the mines of

520:, who became a regional geologist; and, most importantly, 13030: 10636:"Virtual exhibition on Paris Observatory digital library" 10429:"How Alexander von Humboldt put South America on the map" 10060:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 236–275. 10001: 9393:. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth. p. 61. 8973: 8971: 8829: 8734: 8633: 7564: 7078: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 5988: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5769: 4918: 4833: 4655:

Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparée

3942:

observed that "Humboldt showers us with true treasures".

3808:). It is the Dutch equivalent of the widely known annual 2871:

A traveling companion in the Americas for five years was

2490:

three times, twice in 1855 and then in 1859 in eruption.

2170:. One scholar, who stresses the importance of Humboldt's 2143:

in the winter of 1827–28. These lectures would form "the

2046: 1508:, 1805, who met Humboldt when he visited the U.S. in 1804 647: 467:

Mineralogische Beobachtungen über einige Basalte am Rhein

10024:. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 9359:– Darwin, C. R. to secretary of New York Liberal Club", 8746: 8710: 8309:

Imperial Eyes : Travel Writing and Transculturation

8275: 8263: 8230:. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art (U.S.) 1992. 7588: 7539: 7515: 7490: 7441: 7397: 7395: 7330: 7256: 6883: 6829: 6814: 6769: 6237: 3960:

said "This man is as knowledgeable as a whole academy".

3819: 3455:– Mountain Range in Fiordland National Park, New Zealand 2240:. But later Johnston published it alone under the title 1134:

on 9 November and studied the fertilizing properties of

993:

Humboldt botanical drawing published in his work on Cuba

27:

Prussian geographer, naturalist and explorer (1769–1859)

10451:. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 10151:

Humboldts Preußen. Wissenschaft und Technik im Aufbruch

9746:

Nicolson, Malcolm; Wilson, Jason (1995). Introduction.

9329:

Alexander von Humboldt. From the Americas to the Cosmos

8621: 8525: 8480:

Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense

7666: 7656: 7654: 6968:, p. 76, reproducing the chart, illustration 23, p. 77. 6671:

10.1656/1092-6194(2001)8[43:AVHVTW]2.0.CO;2

6436: 5928: 5718: 5613: 5520: 4322:, editors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. 3404: – 4,940 m mountain in Mérida, Venezuela 2006:

to authorize a trip, but those efforts were fruitless.

543:

position in the Department of Mines as an inspector in

10628:

Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi

10107:

European Traveler-Artists in Nineteenth-Century Mexico

9754:. By Alexander von Humboldt. New York: Penguin Books. 9053:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team 9004: 8992: 8968: 8919: 8907: 8599: 8597: 8084:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

7380: 7216:. Munich: Hirmer Verlag München 2009, 105, catalog 52. 6574: 6525: 6480:, Durham: Duke University Press 2011, p. 70, plate 18. 6448: 6014: 5916: 5899: 5866: 5854: 5757: 5745: 5691: 5640: 4492:

Bonpland; bearbeitet und herausgegeben von dem erstern

3687: 2970:, planned that year and constructed shortly after the 2294: 1603:

His discovery of the decrease in intensity of Earth's

1219:. Impressed by its climate, he nicknamed the city the 10153:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2015. 8722: 8698: 8077: 7392: 7181: 7113:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994, p. 228. 6026: 5669: 5667: 5587: 5508: 5488:

Lives of the brothers Humboldt, Alexander and William

4350:

Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne

2647: 2011: 1588:

Isothermal map of the world using Humboldt's data by

1278:

Humboldt spent time at the Valenciana silver mine in

14814:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

10736:"Alexander von Humboldt and Coenraad Jacob Temminck" 10470:, translated into English by Carol Brown Janeway as 10199:

Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820

9326:

Raymond Erickson, Mauricio A. Font, Brian Schwartz.

9072:

Bungartz, Frank; Søchting, Ulrik; Arup, Ulf (2020).

9071: 8609: 8582: 8498: 8246:. London: Routledge, Warne and Routledge. p. x. 8218:. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1867, pp. 332–333. 8080:"A Letter from Alexander Humboldt to Charles Darwin" 8059: 7871: 7739: 7651: 7626: 7576: 7527: 7342: 6804:, Humboldt's Tableau Physique revisited, PNAS, 2019 6497:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1999, p. 257. 6325:

when he made the first ascent of Chimborazo in 1880.

4933: 4930: 4924: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4689: 1536:

This quantitative methodology would become known as

1343:

Essai politique sur le royaum de la Nouvelle Espagne

705: 10109:. Mexico: Fomento Cultural Banamex. pp. 51–61. 9715:(Master of Arts in German). University of Illinois. 8841: 8594: 8154:. Berlin: Kupferstichkabinett Statliche Musee 2009. 8132: 7219: 6995:"The Peopling of Mexico from Origins to Revolution" 4921: 4915: 4912: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4673:is used to indicate this person as the author when 4276:

Fragments de géologie et de climatologie asiatiques

4079:, describing him as "the second discoverer of Cuba" 3906:operates a hopper dredger built in 1998 also named 3445:, Antarctic mountains discovered and mapped by the 2094:

Fragments de géologie et de climatologie asiatiques

1807: 339: 10781:"Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von" 10186:Bicentenario de Humboldt en Guanajuato (1803–2003) 9960: 9867: 9789: 9747: 9671:Dickinson, Robert Eric; Howarth, O. J. R. (1933). 9419:, in Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects, 1873 8657:Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation 8021:(with explanatory notes and a full index of names) 7131:Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation 6545:Bicentenario de Humboldt en Guanajuato (1803–2003) 5976:Jackson, "Biographical Sketches" pp. 245, 246–247. 5829: 5664: 5652: 5570:"Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von" 5283: 5281: 4634:(with explanatory notes and a full index of names) 4437:Cosmos: essai d'une description physique du monde 4395:. 2 vols. Paris 1828. English and German editions. 3753:List of schools named after Alexander von Humboldt 2966:monuments were constructed in his honour, such as 1668:painting depictions of mixed-race family groupings 1103:Their stay in Ecuador was marked by the ascent of 903:asphalt lake as "The spring of the good priest" (" 845:, and then sailed on to the New World, landing at 656:Alexander von Humboldt's Latin American expedition 637:Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser 11519: 10727:Banknotes featuring Scientists and Mathematicians 10069:. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 9478:. Translated by Elise C. Otté. Harper. p. 76 8203:In the Heart of the Andes: Church's Great Picture 5817: 3913: 3731:California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt 3036:"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics" 2824:towards Judaism, and he criticized the political 2774:Because Humboldt did not mention God in his work 1161:, Mexico by Alexander von Humboldt, published in 642:Experiments on Stimulated Muscle and Nerve Fibres 245:Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt 14919:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 14745: 10509:is a 2012 German / Austrian 3D film directed by 9818:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 9670: 9415:H. Helmholtz (1869), translated by E. Atkinson, 8228:South American Indian paintings by George Catlin 7998:. Tr. from the 2d German by Friedrich Kapp (ed.) 7645: 7458: 7456: 6930:. Durham: Duke University Press 2011, pp. 74–75. 5805: 5485: 4624:. Tr. from the 2d German by Friedrich Kapp (ed.) 2699:had been overthrown, with Louis-Philippe of the 2016:in Berlin and another 20,000 when he arrived in 1451:Achievements of the Hispanic American expedition 1141: 1130:, the main port for Peru, Humboldt observed the 10179:Alexander von Humboldt's Transatlantic Personae 9832: 9526:. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press. 9388: 7732:. Joint symposium of the Royal Society and the 6721:"Humboldt 'America' diaries to stay in Germany" 6652: 6650: 6381: 6231: 5963:Stephen T. Jackson, "Biographical Sketches" in 5481: 5479: 5278: 4973:, William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1990, p. 174. 3057: 2949:On 24 February 1857, Humboldt suffered a minor 977:by proposing that the seasonal flooding of the 735:Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru 660: 627:to fulfill his long-cherished dream of travel. 14939:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 10447:Zea, Leopoldo; Magallón, Carlos, eds. (1999). 10372: 10081:. Washington, DC: Princeton University Press. 9745: 8946:The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite 8941:Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 8552:(1860). Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26. 8341: 8339: 8337: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 7364:. Editorial Siglo XXI. México. 1999. p. xviii. 7121: 7119: 6350: 6333:Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator 6174: 5739: 5712: 5685: 5634: 3509: 3429:"Monumento Nacional Alejandro de Humboldt" at 2786:. However, unlike irreligious figures such as 2209:under the superintendence of her husband Col. 2002:and made considerable efforts to persuade the 1975:Map of Humboldt's expedition to Russia in 1829 1744:in 1803, located at 80 Rep. de Uruguay in the 558:led to the publication in Latin (1793) of his 247:(14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German 14899:Members of the American Philosophical Society 13046: 11954: 11505: 10831: 10412:, Harvard University Press, 2015, 326 pp.)". 10410:After Nature: A Politics for the Anthropocene 10191: 9975:Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies 9771:Alexander von Humboldt : a Metabiography 9719: 8426: 8424: 8312:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. . 7963: 7831: 7453: 7426:, vol. 38, no. 3, (August 1958), pp. 394–396. 7040:, chapter entitled "Whites, Negroes, Castes". 6616: 6592: 6568: 6321:Humboldt's claim was disputed by mountaineer 6062:, Instituto Venezolano del Asfalto INVEAS.org 3514:The following places are named for Humboldt: 3041:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art 2879:in 1802 he met the Ecuadorian aristocrat Don 2328:and politics until Bonpland's death in 1858. 1966: 1028: 687:, the botanist and physician for the voyage. 534: 344:Alexander von Humboldt was born in Berlin in 278:(1767–1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on 14431: 14233: 11968: 10586:"The Alexander von Humboldt Digital Library" 10237: 10206: 9899:Mapping Latin America: A Cartographic Reader 9544:(1991). "Chapter 23. Scientific Traveller". 9379:– Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 6 Aug 1881 9045:Salix humboldtiana Willd./ Humboldt's willow 8823:Die Homosexualitat des Mannes und des Weibes 8770:Die Homosexualitat des Mannes und des Weibes 8205:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art 1993. 6647: 6073:"Paría – ein abwechslungsreiches Stück Land" 5486:Klencke, Hermann; Schlesier, Gustav (1853). 5476: 5317: 5315: 3931:greatest scientific traveller who ever lived 2092: 1723:for the purpose of investigating the law of 1023:. He befriended Cuban landowner and thinker 635: 608: 14914:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences 14904:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences 14894:Members of the American Antiquarian Society 13906: 11369:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 10787:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 10446: 10322:, pp. 237–258. Mexico City: UNAM 1962. 10228: 9914: 8334: 8287: 7975: 7116: 7025:Political essay on the Kingdom of New Spain 6980:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain 6851:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2001. 6640:Benjamin Keen, "Alexander von Humboldt" in 6629:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain 6493:, lxxxiii–lxxiv, quoted in Anne Godlewska, 6476:. Chart is published in Magali M. Carrera, 4779:Lejeune Dirichlet, Peter Gustav (1805–1859) 4445:Gesammelte werke von Alexander von Humboldt 3857:was a major inspiration for Poe's project. 3777:Deutsche Schule Lima Alexander von Humboldt 3370:– Bay in Northern California, United States 2643:Other aspects of Humboldt's life and career 2274:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain 2172:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain 1740:House where Humboldt and Bonpland lived in 1464:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain 1414:Essay on the Political Kingdom of New Spain 1347:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain 895:, which he was to make known to science as 14929:People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg 13630: 13053: 13039: 11961: 11947: 11512: 11498: 10838: 10824: 10656: 10325: 10192:Leibsohn, Dana; Mundy, Barbara E. (2015). 10100:(in German) (47). Berlin: de Gruyter: 281. 10010: 9037: 8820: 8764: 8421: 7570: 7462: 7153: 6744:http://www.uni-potsdam.de/tapoints/?p=1654 6255:Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland, 6164:, Chapter 25. Henry G. Bohn, London, 1853. 5559: 5557: 5555: 5500:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5464:"The Forgotten Father of Environmentalism" 5362:"The Forgotten Father of Environmentalism" 4389:. Paris 1823. English and German editions. 3759:Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium, Konstanz 3358:Geographical features named after Humboldt 2840:Humboldt in his library in his apartment, 2223:"Atlas zu Alexander von Humboldt's Kosmos" 1843:in 1820; a Foreign Honorary Member of the 1352: 1313:, which had been discovered buried in the 702:, where their luck changed spectacularly. 610:Die Lebenskraft, oder der rhodische Genius 422:, Berlin, where Alexander and his brother 49: 14909:Members of the French Academy of Sciences 13292: 10355: 10276: 10156: 10124:. New York: Oxford University Press 1963. 10095: 10055: 10019: 9689: 9521: 9210: 9140: 9122: 9089: 8740: 8627: 7311:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 6775: 6644:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 664. 6294: 6284: 6243: 5951: 5934: 5922: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5417: 5312: 4377:English translation by Sylvie Romanowski: 3709:is named after Alexander and his brother 3108:Learn how and when to remove this message 2242:"The Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena" 2126:Photograph of Humboldt in his later years 1802:, Hidalgo, Mexico, that Humboldt sketched 1683:, enlightened Bishop-elect of Michoacán, 461:, a naturalist who had been with Captain 311:Humboldt resurrected the use of the word 11020:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes 10688:Works by or about Alexander von Humboldt 10188:. Guanajuato: Ediciones de la Rana 2003. 9972: 9956:. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. 9896: 9848:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 9773:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 9648: 9548:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 9471: 9451:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 9444: 9417:The aim and progress of physical science 9163: 8948:] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: 8872: 8752: 8716: 8281: 8269: 8239: 7914: 7889: 7620: 7594: 7509: 7496: 7484: 7336: 7262: 6977: 6939: 6914: 6889: 6835: 6823: 6734:, 4 December 2013. Accessed 6 April 2021 6695: 6683: 6556: 6442: 6369: 6214: 6101: 5994: 5877: 5860: 5787: 5775: 5763: 5751: 5619: 5593: 5526: 5514: 5204:"Magnetic monitoring of Earth and space" 4649:; J. Oltmanns assisted in preparing the 4517:. Paris 1817. German edition, Türbingen. 3691: 3641: 3624:, Nevada & California, United States 2960: 2908: 2835: 2758: 2651: 2475:were three important European painters. 2445: 2298: 2255: 2205:The other two translations were made by 2184: 2121: 2050:1959 postage stamp from the Soviet Union 2045: 1970: 1899: 1811: 1633: 1583: 1542: 1499: 1356: 1175: 1167: 1153: 1145: 1060: 988: 820: 800: 756: 709: 651: 614:(The Life Force, or the Rhodian Genius). 579: 457:in the fall of 1789. In Mainz, they met 413: 14974:Naturalists from the Kingdom of Prussia 10794: 10574:"The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation" 10295: 9951: 9901:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 9540: 9406:(Dresden Edition), C. P. Farrell (1900) 8937: 8679: 7672: 7423:The Hispanic American Historical Review 7306:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H" 6999:The Population History of North America 6656: 6604: 6580: 6531: 6519: 6461: 6326: 6268: 6020: 5910: 5254: 5091: 3868:an Orchestral Suite in five movements. 3473:– in northern California, United States 3410:– Dry lake bed in Nevada, United States 2726:Representation of indigenous population 1874:, named Humboldt a hero of the nation ( 1056: 796: 749:proposal. Spanish Foreign Minister Don 32:Alexander von Humboldt (disambiguation) 14: 14746: 11806:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz 10513:and was released in 2012 based on the 10308:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag 1980. 10270:Brave Companions: Portraits in History 10127: 10073: 9562: 9389:du Bois-Reymond, Estelle, ed. (1927). 9312:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 9010: 8998: 8977: 8925: 8913: 8884: 8847: 7386: 7160:Brave Companions. Portraits of History 6791:(London, 1814), Vol. 1, pp. 34–35 6201:, 13:12 (December 1879), pp. 754–771, 5563: 5532: 5144:from the original on 27 September 2015 3982: 3616:Alexander von Humboldt National Forest 1660:). American-born Spaniards, so-called 1476:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 1326:'s work. For American-born Spaniards ( 1251:capital of Mexico". He pointed to the 761:Portrait of Alexander von Humboldt by 648:Spanish American expedition, 1799–1804 403:thinkers, including Kantian physician 14430: 14220: 13905: 13629: 13291: 13074: 13034: 11942: 11493: 10819: 10484: 10245:. New York, N.Y: J. & J. Harper. 10064: 10046: 9843: 9810: 9787: 9768: 9708: 9626: 9592: 9448:Political essay on the island of Cuba 9294:from the original on 12 December 2019 9192:from the original on 13 November 2018 9051:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov) 8835: 8802:from the original on 7 September 2018 8782: 8728: 8704: 8651: 8639: 8615: 8588: 8576: 8531: 8504: 8466: 8382: 8345: 8302: 7938: 7813:from the original on 23 February 2011 7699: 7225: 7187: 7125: 6992: 6699:An illustration of the genus Cinchona 6547:. Guanajuato: Ediciones La Rana 2003. 5823: 5697: 5078:, Springer, 2007; Maurizio Esposito, 4945: 4381:. University of Chicago Press. (2009) 4370:Bonpland; rédigée par Al. de Humboldt 3820:The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation 3771:Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt 3671: 3376:– off the west coast of South America 2251: 1990:, contacted Humboldt about whether a 1845:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1504:Humboldt depicted by American artist 1033:area in south Havana, the valleys of 841:, where Humboldt climbed the volcano 809:were in the Amazon rainforest by the 285:laid the foundation for the field of 14819:Foreign members of the Royal Society 14221: 10733: 10401: 10396: 10104: 9862: 8956:from the original on 25 October 2020 8860: 8825:. Berlin: Louis Marcus. p. 681. 8772:. Berlin: Louis Marcus. p. 500. 8659:. New York: Routledge. p. 256. 8603: 8491:Garbooshian, Adrina Michelle. 2006. 8430: 8163: 8138: 8065: 8046:. 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn. 7926: 7877: 7745: 7660: 7632: 7582: 7558: 7545: 7533: 7521: 7447: 7435: 7348: 6860: 6147: 6134: 6113: 6032: 5848: 5835: 5811: 5799: 5724: 5673: 5658: 5646: 5374:from the original on 14 January 2020 5321: 5201: 5113:from the original on 17 October 2016 4651:Recueil d'observations astronomiques 4270:Sur l'analyse de l'air atmosphérique 3090:adding citations to reliable sources 3061: 2944: 2902:Germany. He lived with the Court at 2805:Humboldt also believed firmly in an 1986:The Russian Foreign Minister, Count 1796:Basaltic Prisms of Santa María Regla 1642:, an example of his detailed drawing 690:Discouraged, the two left Paris for 14964:European University Viadrina alumni 11247:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 10845: 10194:"Making Sense of the Pre-Columbian" 9022: 7053:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5896:. Prentice Hall, 2003, pp. 300–317. 5894:The Early History of Greater Mexico 5176:. Vol. 324. pp. 596–597. 5162: 5131: 4794:Rengger, Johann Rudolph (1795–1832) 4278:2 vols. Paris, 1831; Tübingen, 1831 4242: 4025:Statue in Budapester Straße, Berlin 3688:Universities, colleges, and schools 3610:Alejandro de Humboldt National Park 3582:, Eureka, California, United States 3028:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus 2333:Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y Ustariz 2295:Influence on scientists and artists 2244:. In Britain its connection to the 1345:, quickly translated to English as 1309:, he included a color image of the 984: 500:school of geology; from anatomy at 24: 12126: 12119: 10376:(1996). "Humboldt and Aztec Art". 10132:(in German). Munich: GRIN Verlag. 9907: 9606:(1). University of Chicago: 1–37. 9404:The Writings of Robert G Ingersoll 9262:from the original on 24 April 2012 8950:Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn 8900:from websites or documents of the 8567:. "Science and Religion as Allies" 7984:. 38, pt. 2 (120 (June)): 179–218. 7734:German Historical Institute London 7005:from the original on 16 April 2016 6405:from the original on 10 April 2019 6046:"Instituto Venezolano del Asfalto" 5183:from the original on 12 April 2019 4393:Essai politique sur l'îsle de Cuba 3834:German hyperinflation of the 1920s 3804:in the Netherlands (hosted by the 3636:, Buffalo, New York, United States 3630:, Buffalo, New York, United States 3606:, Chicago, Illinois, United States 3362:Features named after him include: 2891:, whom he met daily for 15 years. 2648:Humboldt and the Prussian monarchy 2197:As with most of Humboldt's works, 1159:Basalt prisms at Santa María Regla 1051:Essai politique sur l'îsle de Cuba 981:had been misidentified as a lake. 619:In 1792 and 1797, Humboldt was in 25: 14990: 14889:Information visualization experts 14794:Botanists active in South America 10774:. Vol. 24. pp. 145–160. 10643: 10532: 10457: 9836:Alexander von Humboldt chronology 9176:Federal Writers' Project (1941). 8684:. London: Routledge. p. 29. 7464:Engelhardt, Mikhail Alexandrovich 7318:from the original on 19 June 2018 7286:from the original on 29 June 2015 6993:McCaa, Robert (8 December 1997). 6702:. London: Printed for J. Searle. 6083:from the original on 20 June 2020 5287: 5267:from the original on 4 March 2020 5236:from the original on 28 July 2019 4404:Essai politique sur l'île de Cuba 4362:, (1811) biodiversitylibrary.org; 3826:Alexander von Humboldt Foundation 3795: 3740:Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt 3580:Fort Humboldt State Historic Park 3447:Third German Antarctic Expedition 3180:– Neotropical fruit tree or shrub 2672:commissioned his younger brother 2232:planned to publish together with 2182:was his "most influential book". 1853:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1699:, indigenous peoples, mixed-race 1441: 1207:, a silver-mining town in modern 915:). He proceeded with Bonpland to 706:Spanish royal authorization, 1799 442:, then known for the lectures of 14728: 14727: 14589: 14393:Conquest of the Chibchan Nations 13019: 13008: 13007: 12108: 12099: 12090: 12081: 12072: 12063: 12054: 12047: 11437: 10697: 10680: 9580: 9490: 9472:Humboldt, Alexander von (1860). 9465: 9445:Humboldt, Alexander von (2011). 9438: 9422: 9409: 9397: 9382: 9368:Darwin Correspondence Project " 9362: 9342: 9320: 9274: 9248: 9223: 9213:Annales de Chimie et de Physique 9204: 9169: 9157: 9098: 9065: 9031: 9016: 8983: 8931: 8896: This article incorporates 8891: 8853: 8814: 8792:Studies in the Psychology of Sex 8776: 8758: 8673: 8645: 8570: 8564:Popular Science Monthly Volume 9 8555: 8537: 8510: 8485: 8472: 8460: 8436: 8399:10.1046/j.1468-2303.2003.00261.x 8376: 8250: 8233: 8221: 8208: 8195: 8182: 8169: 8157: 8144: 8109: 8071: 8033: 8010: 7988: 7969: 7932: 7920: 7895: 7850: 7837: 7795: 7774: 7751: 7718: 7693: 7678: 7638: 7613: 7600: 7551: 7502: 7404: 7367: 7354: 7298: 7268: 7231: 7206: 7193: 7163:. Simon & Schuster. p. 7147: 7103: 7090: 7069: 7056: 7043: 7030: 7017: 6986: 6978:Humboldt, Alexander von (1811). 6971: 6958: 6945: 6920: 6895: 6870: 6854: 6841: 6794: 6781: 6696:Humboldt, Alexander von (1821). 5965:Essay on the Geography of Plants 5892:, Sarah Cline, Javier Pescador, 5404:(9): 1265–1266. 29 August 2019. 5300:from the original on 12 May 2019 4947:[ˌalɛˈksandɐfɔnˈhʊmbɔlt] 4908: 4867: 4823: 4748: 4734: 4720: 4706: 4692: 4641:Nova genera et species plantarum 4379:Essay on the Geography of Plants 4221: 4201: 4185: 4166: 4150: 4134: 4118: 4099: 4084: 4065: 4049: 4031: 4017: 4002: 3622:Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest 3494: 3480: 3342: 3324: 3309: 3066: 3050:1863: Knight Grand Cross of the 3026:1850: Knight Grand Cross of the 2988:Frederick William III of Prussia 2730:Humboldt's publications such as 2626: 2610: 2594: 2578: 2562: 2544: 2527: 2512: 2318:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia 2248:seems not have been recognized. 2219:"Berghaus' Physikalischer Atlas" 2174:as essential reading, dismisses 1883:Frederick William III of Prussia 1808:Scholarly and public recognition 1787: 1768: 1756: 1733: 1595:By his delineation (in 1817) of 1565:Essay on the Geography of Plants 1517:—such as the conjoining between 1269:José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez 883:Humboldt visited the mission at 340:Early life, family and education 234: 14789:19th-century German LGBT people 14784:18th-century German LGBT people 14769:18th-century German naturalists 11479:List of natural history dealers 11147:The Natural History of Selborne 10673:Works by Alexander von Humboldt 10664:Works by Alexander von Humboldt 10650:Works by Alexander von Humboldt 10599:"Humboldt Informationen online" 10427:Rooks, Timothy (12 July 2019). 10281:. London: Hurst & Company. 10115:Alejandro de Humboldt en México 9498:International Plant Names Index 9348:Darwin Correspondence Project " 8478:Humboldt, Alexander von. 1860. 8444:Humboldt and the New Infidelity 7943:. Münster: Waxman. p. 30. 7803:"Biodiversity Heritage Library" 7508:Humboldt to Cancrin, quoted in 6982:(in French). F. Schoell, Paris. 6756: 6737: 6714: 6689: 6634: 6622: 6537: 6500: 6483: 6467: 6417: 6387: 6344: 6315: 6286:10.4067/S0718-10432010000200004 6262: 6249: 6203:The University of Chicago Press 6180: 6153: 6140: 6128: 6119: 6065: 6038: 6000: 5979: 5970: 5957: 5940: 5883: 5841: 5599: 5456: 5442: 5386: 5350: 5290:"Introducing Humboldt's Cosmos" 5248: 5195: 4543:, 1826. biodiversitylibrary.org 3847:dedicated his last major work, 3700: 3077:needs additional citations for 3021:Frederick William IV of Prussia 3011:Frederick William IV of Prussia 2994:Frederick William IV of Prussia 2921:In 1908, the sexual researcher 2207:Elizabeth Juliana Leeves Sabine 14954:University of Göttingen alumni 14934:Recipients of the Copley Medal 14864:18th-century German zoologists 14779:19th-century German scientists 14697:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso 11381:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 10765:"Alexander von Humboldt" 10378:Colonial Latin American Review 10216:. New York: J & J Harper. 9987:10.1080/13260219.1996.10431806 9568:Life of Alexander von Humboldt 9514: 7929:, chapters 17, 19, 21, 22, 23. 5398:Nature Ecology & Evolution 5156: 5125: 5085: 5064: 5035: 5020:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 5007: 4976: 4963: 4816: 4614: 4060:Park, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 3914:Recognitions by contemporaries 3839: 2935:Homosexuality in Men and Women 2404:Karl August Varnhagen von Ense 2287:and a 2014 English edition of 2213:(4 volumes 1846–1858), and by 1822:American Philosophical Society 436:University of Frankfurt (Oder) 434:for six months in 1787 at the 128:University of Frankfurt (Oder) 13: 1: 14368:Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela 10654:Biodiversity Heritage Library 9709:James, Helen Dickson (1913). 9658:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 9599:The Journal of Modern History 9576:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t5m903z33 9179:Origin of Place Names: Nevada 8682:Colonialism and Homosexuality 8482:. Rudd & Carleton. p. 194 7976:Finkelstein, Gabriel (2000). 7362:Humboldt: ciudadano universal 7027:, chapter entitled "Indians". 4956: 4412:Monographie des melastomacées 4077:Humboldt University of Berlin 3995: 3707:Humboldt University of Berlin 3696:Humboldt University of Berlin 3209:Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana 3163:– South American (Andean) oak 2154:The first two volumes of the 2030:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg 1849:American Ethnological Society 1835:(Worcester, MA) in 1816; the 1267:savants in Mexico, including 1142:New Spain (Mexico), 1803–1804 1025:Francisco de Arango y Parreño 668:Louis-Antoine de Bougainville 14094:Diego de Torres y Moyachoque 10558:Resources in other libraries 10415:The New York Review of Books 10229:Novgorodoff, Danica (2022). 10184:Lara Valdés, José Luis, ed. 10128:Kiziak, Frederik L. (2021). 10020:Echenberg, Myron J. (2017). 9844:Walls, Laura Dassow (2009). 9712:Humboldt's Ideal of Humanity 9078:Plant and Fungal Systematics 8989:Handelsblad (Het) 14-08-1850 7646:Dickinson & Howarth 1933 7438:, pp. 171–174, 199–200. 7203:. Paris: F. Schoell, 180–13. 6401:(in Spanish). 3 April 2018. 5072:Romanticism and the Sciences 4266:. Braunschweig: Vieweg 1799. 3471:Humboldt Redwoods State Park 3058:Species named after Humboldt 3002:, Recipient (civil division) 2855: 2831: 2147:for the great fresco of the 1833:American Antiquarian Society 1826:Prussian Academy of Sciences 1211:. In April 1803, he visited 1027:; together they visited the 791:José Antonio Pavón y Jiménez 785:. Humboldt and Bonpland met 661:Seeking a foreign expedition 331:human-induced climate change 7: 14702:Archaeology Museum of Pasca 11137:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 10679:(public domain audiobooks) 10261:. London: Lutterworth 2010. 10181:. New York: Routledge 2012. 10058:Geography and Enlightenment 10013:Cultures of Natural History 9522:Bleichmar, Daniela (2012). 8821:Hirschfeld, Magnus (1914). 8680:Aldrich, Robert F. (2003). 6764:Geography and Enlightenment 5847:Carl Freiesleben quoted in 5080:Romantic Biology, 1890–1945 4685: 3806:Radboud University Nijmegen 3789:Humboldt Senior High School 3680:was named for Alexander by 3574:Humboldt County, California 3510:Places named after Humboldt 2782:philosopher, or perhaps an 2754: 2012: 1841:New York Historical Society 1638:Humboldt's depiction of an 1590:William Channing Woodbridge 1400:, who wished to hear about 1398:Declaration of Independence 1261:Royal Academy of San Carlos 781:'s botanical expedition to 694:, where they hoped to join 634:and published his results, 10: 14995: 14809:Explorers of South America 14707:Metropolitan Museum of Art 14363:Ortún Velázquez de Velasco 14301:Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano 13196:Battle of Chocontá (~1490) 13075: 13060: 11750:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 11726:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 11159:A History of British Birds 10566: 9694:. New York: Gotham Books. 9690:Helferich, Gerard (2004). 9027:. The Humboldt Foundation. 7690:(Augsburg), 12 April 1849. 6847:Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, 6279:(in Spanish) (40): 43–62. 6175:Nicolson & Wilson 1995 5740:Nicolson & Wilson 1995 5713:Nicolson & Wilson 1995 5686:Nicolson & Wilson 1995 5635:Nicolson & Wilson 1995 4989:Collins English Dictionary 4789:List of people from Berlin 4374:, biodiversitylibrary.org 4237: 3948:José de la Luz y Caballero 3750: 3746: 3319:, native to Chile and Peru 3171:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk 2980: 2769:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2505: 2115: 2004:British East India Company 1967:Expedition in Russia, 1829 1569:Ein Naturgemälde der Anden 1454: 1332:Francisco Javier Clavijero 905:Quelle des guten Priesters 564:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 535:Travels and work in Europe 518:Christian Leopold von Buch 367:, who had served with the 29: 14959:University of Jena alumni 14723: 14682: 14639: 14598: 14587: 14441: 14437: 14426: 14408:Battle of Tocarema (1538) 14385: 14358:Miguel Holguín y Figueroa 14283: 14242: 14229: 14216: 14176: 14148: 14115: 14106: 14080: 14036: 14024: 13998: 13969: 13928: 13916: 13912: 13901: 13858: 13835: 13826: 13760: 13722: 13713: 13640: 13636: 13625: 13547: 13479: 13430: 13421: 13400: 13391:Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley 13302: 13298: 13287: 13246: 13183: 13085: 13081: 13070: 13005: 12983: 12926: 12908: 12890: 12800: 12782: 12755: 12735: 12664: 12644: 12626: 12382: 12355: 12348: 12321: 12298: 12260: 12230: 12180: 12150: 12137: 12042: 12019: 11983: 11974: 11528: 11474:Natural History Societies 11446: 11435: 11351: 11342:The Royal Natural History 11194:Ornithological Dictionary 11181: 11103:Johan Christian Fabricius 11029: 10935: 10862: 10853: 10553:Resources in your library 10390:10.1080/10609169608569894 10315:. Mexico City: UNAM 1960. 10311:Ortega y Medina, Juan A. 10277:Meinhardt, Maren (2018). 10238:Macgillivray, W. (1833). 10161:. Elsengold Verlag GmbH. 10157:Korneffel, Peter (2017). 9962:Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge 9952:Botting, Douglas (1973). 9091:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0030 8030:, biodiversitylibrary.org 8007:, biodiversitylibrary.org 7964:Kutzinski & Ette 2012 7832:Kutzinski & Ette 2012 7792:, biodiversitylibrary.org 7771:, biodiversitylibrary.org 7700:Bowen, Margarita (1981). 7684:Supplement to No. 102 of 6617:Kutzinski & Ette 2012 6593:Kutzinski & Ette 2012 6569:Kutzinski & Ette 2012 6159:Humboldt, Alexander von. 5419:10.1038/s41559-019-0980-5 5138:The Encyclopedia of Earth 5134:"Von Humboldt, Alexander" 5082:, Routledge, 2015, p. 31. 5043:"Humboldt, Alexander von" 4728:History of Science portal 4645:, was mainly compiled by 4636:, biodiversitylibrary.org 4626:, biodiversitylibrary.org 4527:, biodiversitylibrary.org 4407:, biodiversitylibrary.org 3382:– in North West Greenland 3282:Lenisambulatrix humboldti 3204:– a South-American willow 2305:Henry William Pickersgill 2109: 1893:and as the savant of the 1837:Linnean Society of London 1039:Valley of the Sugar Mills 233: 228: 224: 206: 196: 189: 178: 146: 123: 115: 105: 86: 64: 48: 41: 14849:German mountain climbers 14774:19th-century naturalists 14669:University of Pittsburgh 14664:Universidad La Javeriana 14659:Universidad de los Andes 14432:Research and collections 11969:Paleontology in Colombia 11320:The Naturalist's Library 11223:On the Origin of Species 10705:"Alexander von Humboldt" 10624:"Alexander von Humboldt" 9769:Rupke, Nicolaas (2008). 9025:"A name to conjure with" 8938:Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). 7939:Jehle, Hiltgund (1989). 7856:Alexander von Humboldt, 7843:Alexander von Humboldt, 7606:Alexander von Humboldt, 7467: 7199:Alexander von Humboldt, 6951:Alexander von Humboldt, 6876:Alexander von Humboldt, 6787:Alexander von Humboldt, 6489:Alexander von Humboldt, 6399:masdemorelos.masdemx.com 6336:. John Murray. pp. 6257:Plantes équinoxiles, in 6205:; accessed 31 July 2012. 4971:Modern Faith and Thought 4809: 3871: 3814:University of Heidelberg 3667:4877 Humboldt (asteroid) 3420:in Nevada, United States 3396:Humboldt Peak (Colorado) 3260:– Humboldt's hummingbird 3152:Phragmipedium humboldtii 3045:Maximilian II of Bavaria 3017:Order of the Black Eagle 2968:Humboldt Park in Chicago 2896:Francisco José de Caldas 2763:Portrait of Humboldt by 2234:Alexander Keith Johnston 2139:he delivered before the 2104: 1578:Francisco José de Caldas 1338:artistic significance". 1284:University of Guanajuato 899:. He also described the 773:, which held results of 490:Freiberg School of Mines 136:Freiberg School of Mines 14854:German phytogeographers 14316:Hernán Venegas Carrillo 14291:Antonio Díaz de Cardoso 13907:Caciques and neighbours 13191:Battle of Pasca (~1470) 11694:Julius Robert von Mayer 11454:Natural history museums 11056:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 10771:Popular Science Monthly 10468:Die Vermessung der Welt 10348:10.1111/1365-2745.13109 10251:10.5962/bhl.title.22635 10222:10.5962/bhl.title.33029 9954:Humboldt and the Cosmos 9674:The Making of Geography 8522:. J. Chapman, pp. 24–25 8115:Barlow, Nora ed. 1958. 7807:Biodiversitylibrary.org 7280:Americanantiquarian.org 6810:10.1073/pnas.1904585116 6659:Northeastern Naturalist 6543:José Luis Lara Valdés, 6384:, p. lxviii–lxvix. 6269:Mignone, Pablo (2010). 6199:The American Naturalist 5946:Casimiro Gómez Ortega, 5580:Encyclopædia Britannica 5490:. New York. p. 13. 5450:"The Father of Ecology" 5328:. Penguin. p. 24. 5213:. February (2): 31–37. 5099:The Invention of Nature 5054:Oxford University Press 3958:Claude Louis Berthollet 3929:that Humboldt was the " 3586:Humboldt County, Nevada 3426:– sinkhole in Venezuela 3392:– Nevada, United States 2885:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 2633:Frederic Edwin Church, 2617:Frederic Edwin Church, 2601:Frederic Edwin Church, 2440:The Loves of the Plants 2437:had published the poem 1940:Encyclopædia Britannica 1876:benemérito de la nación 1816:Humboldt in Berlin 1807 1721:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 1553:The Geography of Plants 1472:Guillaume-Thomas Raynal 1392:, as well as physician 1353:The United States, 1804 1071:Friedrich Georg Weitsch 763:Friedrich Georg Weitsch 751:Mariano Luis de Urquijo 440:University of Göttingen 426:lived for several years 375:with the post of royal 132:University of Göttingen 14949:Scientists from Berlin 14884:Independent scientists 14799:Expeditions from Spain 14754:Alexander von Humboldt 14403:Conquest of the Panche 14386:Neighbouring conquests 13631:Religion and mythology 12710:Montrichardia aquatica 12131: 12124: 11766:James Joseph Sylvester 11582:Michel Eugène Chevreul 11542:Alexander von Humboldt 11306:William Jackson Hooker 11254:Alexander von Humboldt 11171:Philosophie zoologique 10954:Pinax theatri botanici 10544:Alexander von Humboldt 10374:Quiñones Keber, Eloise 10320:Ensayos sobre Humboldt 10296:Miranda, José (1962). 10122:Alexander von Humboldt 9634:. Munich: C. H. Beck. 9632:Alexander von Humboldt 9023:Wasmuth, Christopher. 8898:public domain material 8240:Pfeiffer, Ida (1861). 6753:accessed 1 March 2017. 6642:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4799:Romanticism in science 4298:(2 vols. folio, 1810) 4043:Humboldt Park, Chicago 3940:Johann Wolfgang Goethe 3908:Alexander von Humboldt 3897:Alexander von Humboldt 3878:Alexander von Humboldt 3697: 3598:Humboldt, Saskatchewan 3526:Humboldt, South Dakota 3293:Squamulea humboldtiana 3249:Pteroglossus humboldti 3185:Utricularia humboldtii 3007:Order of the Red Eagle 2914: 2848: 2771: 2661: 2569:Ferdinand Bellermann. 2553:Sugar Plantation near 2551:Ferdinand Bellermann, 2534:Ferdinand Bellermann, 2519:Ferdinand Bellermann, 2483:The Heart of the Andes 2465:Johann Moritz Rugendas 2460: 2456:The Heart of the Andes 2308: 2303:Humboldt, portrait by 2264: 2194: 2127: 2118:Cosmos (Humboldt book) 2093: 2051: 1976: 1905: 1817: 1775:Statue of Humboldt in 1709:Johann Moritz Rugendas 1643: 1592: 1560: 1509: 1362: 1324:Antonio de León y Gama 1273:Antonio de León y Gama 1257:Royal Botanical Garden 1253:Royal College of Mines 1221:City of Eternal Spring 1184: 1173: 1165: 1151: 1074: 1029: 994: 927:, the former tutor of 826: 818: 775:Martín Sessé y Lacasta 771:Natural History Museum 766: 718: 657: 636: 609: 588: 427: 385:Maria Elisabeth Colomb 352:serving as godfather. 219:Abraham Gottlob Werner 43:Alexander von Humboldt 14859:German travel writers 14844:German meteorologists 14265:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón 13293:Geography and history 12456:Galbula hylochoreutes 12130: 12123: 11870:George Gabriel Stokes 11774:Charles Adolphe Wurtz 11710:Hermann von Helmholtz 11678:Henri Victor Regnault 11558:Johannes Peter Müller 11550:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 11392:The Study of Instinct 11331:Kunstformen der Natur 11235:The Malay Archipelago 11230:Alfred Russel Wallace 11166:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 10760:Bois-Reymond, Emil du 10740:Zoologische Bijdragen 10734:Raat, A.J.P. (1976). 10713:. 28 September 2006. 10493:portrays Humboldt in 10313:Humboldt desde México 10208:Macgillivray, William 10075:Harvey, Eleanor Jones 10067:Frederic Edwin Church 9833:Schwarz, Ingo (ed.), 9788:Sachs, Aaron (2006). 9185:. W.P.A. p. 11. 8784:Ellis, Havelock Henry 8349:German Studies Review 8190:Frederic Edwin Church 7133:. London: Routledge. 6708:10.5962/bhl.title.715 6433:accessed Dec 28, 2018 6150:, p. 362, n. 62. 5322:Paul, Hawken (2017). 5296:. August 2009: 3–15. 5132:Lee, Jeffrey (2014). 5095:(25 September 2015). 5050:UK English Dictionary 4356:English translation: 4310:English translation: 4301:English translation: 3976:Hermann von Helmholtz 3791:, St. Paul, Minnesota 3773:, Mexico City, Mexico 3742:in Caracas, Venezuela 3695: 3642:Astronomical features 3592:Humboldt County, Iowa 3265:Casignethus humboldti 3257:Hylocharis humboldtii 3233:Bathybembix humboldti 3225:Rhinocoryne humboldti 2961:Honours and namesakes 2912: 2839: 2762: 2670:Friedrich Wilhelm III 2655: 2477:Frederic Edwin Church 2451:Frederic Edwin Church 2449: 2406:have been published. 2397:Hermann Schlagintweit 2302: 2259: 2188: 2125: 2049: 1974: 1903: 1897:and the observatory. 1815: 1637: 1587: 1546: 1506:Charles Willson Peale 1503: 1390:Benjamin Smith Barton 1360: 1322:literary executor of 1296:Andrés Manuel del Río 1179: 1171: 1157: 1149: 1069:volcano, painting by 1064: 992: 919:where he climbed the 897:Steatornis caripensis 891:, where he found the 824: 804: 760: 728:Spanish Enlightenment 713: 655: 583: 417: 409:Carl Ludwig Willdenow 215:Carl Ludwig Willdenow 14804:Explorers of Siberia 14654:Universidad Nacional 14398:Conquest of the Muzo 14306:Gonzalo García Zorro 13859:Mythological figures 13850:Monster of Lake Tota 13586:Muisca Confederation 12766:Pachyrhizodus etayoi 11854:Stanislao Cannizzaro 11822:Joseph Dalton Hooker 11686:James Prescott Joule 11598:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 11311:Joseph Dalton Hooker 11264:The Birds of America 10795:Kellner, L. (1960). 10592:on 25 November 2020. 10478:Carl Friedrich Gauss 9796:. New York: Viking. 8188:Franklin Kelly, ed. 7243:search.amphilsoc.org 7239:"APS Member History" 6903:Cartographic Journal 6186:Brendel, Frederick, 5360:(23 December 2015). 5255:Thomson, A. (2009), 5163:Jackson, Stephen T. 4769:History of geography 4742:Latin America portal 4647:Carl Sigismund Kunth 4092:Bust in Central Park 4011:University of Havana 3966:Emil du Bois-Reymond 3935:Wilhelm von Humboldt 3927:Joseph Dalton Hooker 3850:Eureka: A Prose Poem 3785:, Caracas, Venezuela 3252:– Humboldt's Araçari 3214:Amazon river dolphin 3167:Conepatus humboldtii 3125:Spheniscus humboldti 3086:improve this article 2933:into his 1914 study 2842:Oranienburger Straße 2720:Frederick William IV 2714:Humboldt's brother, 2587:Passage with Indians 2585:Eduard Hildebrandt, 2469:Ferdinand Bellermann 2412:Voyage of the Beagle 2370:as well as brothers 2360:George Perkins Marsh 2316:. The forces of Dr. 2263:as noted by Humboldt 2141:University of Berlin 1748:, just south of the 1725:magnetic declination 1713:Vues des Cordillères 1697:conditions of slaves 1685:Manuel Abad y Queipo 1629:Martin Waldseemüller 1311:Aztec calendar stone 1307:Vues des cordillères 1229:Manuel Abad y Queipo 1172:Aztec calendar stone 1087:José Celestino Mutis 1057:The Andes, 1801–1803 923:with the young poet 797:Venezuela, 1799–1800 739:Malaspina Expedition 325:leading to ideas of 276:Wilhelm von Humboldt 99:German Confederation 30:For other uses, see 14641:Research institutes 14373:Pedro Ruíz Corredor 12435:Dracaena colombiana 12143:stratigraphic units 11926:Marcellin Berthelot 11918:John William Strutt 11902:Albert von Kölliker 11830:Thomas Henry Huxley 11814:Franz Ernst Neumann 11662:Karl Ernst von Baer 11574:Henri Milne-Edwards 11359:Martinus Beijerinck 10902:De Natura Animalium 10618:on 12 January 2013. 10580:on 2 December 2003. 10507:Measuring the World 10473:Measuring the World 10340:2019JEcol.107.1031P 10117:. Mexico City 1997. 10049:Science and Society 9874:. New York: Knopf. 9435:(Fall 1994), 48-58. 9124:10.7717/peerj.14985 8902:Library of Congress 8875:, pp. 368–369. 8838:, pp. 195–197. 8642:, pp. 187–200. 8495:. ProQuest, p. 305. 8447:, article found in 8119:. London: Collins. 8043:Journal and remarks 7917:, pp. 334–336. 7892:, pp. 326–327. 7845:Geography of Plants 7548:, pp. 206–207. 7524:, pp. 201–202. 7487:, pp. 283–285. 7450:, pp. 199–200. 6942:, pp. 177–178. 6926:Magali M. Carrera, 6917:, pp. 375–376. 6686:, pp. 175–176. 6607:, pp. 523–525. 6559:, pp. 51, 156. 6522:, pp. 526–527. 6382:Humboldt chronology 6372:, pp. 149–150. 6276:Estudios Atacameños 6232:Humboldt chronology 6217:, pp. 116–117. 6104:, pp. 232–233. 5727:, pp. 76, 136. 5472:. 23 December 2015. 5452:. 19 February 2020. 5410:2019NatEE...3.1265. 5394:"Humboldt's legacy" 5219:2008PhT....61b..31H 5202:Love, J.J. (2008). 4774:Humboldtian science 4664:author abbreviation 4339:(4 vols. 1814–1834) 4194:Stanford University 4161:in Cologne, Germany 3983:Honorary doctorates 3970:Robert G. Ingersoll 3562:Humboldt, Minnesota 3550:Humboldt, Tennessee 3522:, Chihuahua, Mexico 3418:West Humboldt Range 3193:Geranium humboldtii 2822:religious tolerance 2788:Robert G. Ingersoll 2749:Personal Narratives 2697:Charles X of France 2693:King Louis Philippe 2660:on a private letter 2637:(1862; in eruption) 2352:Henry David Thoreau 2341:Gotthold Eisenstein 2285:Geography of Plants 1864:President of Mexico 1794:Waterfall over the 1677:a new model of rule 1673:those born in Spain 1574:Pedro Cieza de León 1538:Humboldtian science 1457:Humboldtian science 1225:José de Iturrigaray 1107:and their climb of 1079:Cartagena de Indias 787:Hipólito Ruiz López 779:José Mariano Mociño 715:Charles IV of Spain 541:Prussian government 477:, president of the 469:(Brunswick, 1790) ( 357:German noble family 263:, and proponent of 169:Humboldtian science 57:Joseph Karl Stieler 14834:German geographers 14353:Martín Yañéz Tafur 14321:Juan de Albarracín 14296:Antonio de Lebrija 14275:Juan de San Martín 14260:Baltasar Maldonado 14250:Gonzalo de Quesada 13747:Goranchacha Temple 13401:Neighbouring areas 12881:Stenorhynchosaurus 12463:Granastrapotherium 12132: 12125: 11670:Charles Wheatstone 11464:Parson-naturalists 11296:Philip Henry Gosse 11259:John James Audubon 11242:Henry Walter Bates 11130:Histoire Naturelle 11118:Historia Plantarum 11006:Avium Praecipuarum 10990:Historia animalium 10891:Historia Plantarum 10879:History of Animals 10485:Portrayals in film 10449:Humboldt en México 10328:Journal of Ecology 10233:. New York: Crown. 10176:Kutzinski, Vera M. 9721:Kutzinski, Vera M. 9375:2012-10-02 at the 9355:2012-10-02 at the 9335:2018-03-10 at the 8788:"Sexual Inversion" 8766:Hirschfeld, Magnus 8653:Pratt, Mary Louise 8386:History and Theory 8304:Pratt, Mary Louise 8260:, cat. 96, p. 141. 8179:VI, vol. 10, 2005. 8150:Sigrid Achenbach. 8126:2008-12-06 at the 8053:2011-11-29 at the 8026:2017-07-27 at the 8003:2017-07-27 at the 7982:History of Science 7788:2017-09-04 at the 7767:2017-09-04 at the 7687:Allgemeine Zeitung 7212:Sigrid Achenbach, 7127:Pratt, Mary Louise 6749:2017-03-02 at the 6726:2020-06-10 at the 6429:2018-12-18 at the 6193:2018-12-15 at the 5790:, pp. 18, 57. 5688:, pp. xvi–xv. 5649:, pp. 13, 17. 5565:Clerke, Agnes Mary 5106:The New York Times 4969:Helmut Thielicke, 4764:History of biology 4157:Humboldt, part of 3990:Universität Dorpat 3954:Napoléon Bonaparte 3944:Friedrich Schiller 3888:Reserve Sonderburg 3862:Josefina Benedetti 3767:, Montreal, Canada 3735:Arcata, California 3698: 3672:Geological objects 3648:Mare Humboldtianum 3538:Humboldt, Illinois 3532:Humboldt, Nebraska 3453:Humboldt Mountains 3443:Humboldt Mountains 3350:Quercus humboldtii 3241:Rhinella humboldti 3201:Salix humboldtiana 3160:Quercus humboldtii 3052:Order of Guadalupe 2915: 2849: 2846:Eduard Hildebrandt 2792:Varnhagen von Ense 2772: 2686:Congress of Verona 2682:congress of Aachen 2662: 2573:(1843). Venezuela. 2500:Ida Laura Pfeiffer 2473:Eduard Hildebrandt 2461: 2425:Personal Narrative 2368:Ida Laura Pfeiffer 2309: 2265: 2252:Other publications 2225:(Stuttgart 1861). 2195: 2161:German Romanticism 2128: 2052: 1977: 1942:, Eleventh Edition 1906: 1895:Institut de France 1868:Guadalupe Victoria 1818: 1644: 1593: 1561: 1510: 1487:physical geography 1438:on 3 August 1804. 1410:Louisiana Purchase 1396:, a signer of the 1363: 1185: 1174: 1166: 1152: 1132:transit of Mercury 1075: 1037:Province, and the 995: 956:Personal Narrative 827: 819: 767: 719: 696:Napoleon Bonaparte 658: 603:, a philosophical 589: 428: 173:Berlin Romanticism 14874:Human geographers 14741: 14740: 14719: 14718: 14715: 14714: 14556:Reichel-Dolmatoff 14422: 14421: 14418: 14417: 14381: 14380: 14255:Hernán de Quesada 14212: 14211: 14208: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14102: 14101: 14020: 14019: 13897: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13889: 13888: 13822: 13821: 13742:Cojines del Zaque 13621: 13620: 13617: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13496:Piedras del Tunjo 13380:Flora & fauna 13283: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13028: 13027: 13001: 13000: 12617:Xenastrapotherium 12596:Saimiri annectens 12449:Eunectes stirtoni 12400:Aramus paludigrus 12344: 12343: 12040: 12039: 11936: 11935: 11742:James Dwight Dana 11521:Copley Medallists 11487: 11486: 11433: 11432: 11051:Marcello Malpighi 10945:Ulisse Aldrovandi 10925:De Materia Medica 10762:(December 1883). 10668:Project Gutenberg 10539:Library resources 10298:Humboldt y México 10288:978-1-84904-890-3 10265:McCullough, David 10257:McCrory, Donald. 10168:978-3-944594-77-4 10139:978-3-346-69180-4 10113:Holl, Frank, ed. 10088:978-0-691-20080-4 10077:(14 April 2020). 10031:978-0-7735-4940-1 9881:978-1-84854-898-5 9855:978-0-226-87182-0 9825:978-0-19-921519-5 9780:978-0-226-73149-0 9761:978-0-14-044553-4 9738:978-0-226-86506-5 9701:978-1-59240-052-2 9641:978-3-406-73436-6 9533:978-0-226-05853-5 8534:, pp. 56–58. 8319:978-0-203-93293-3 8258:Kunst um Humboldt 7736:, 1 October 1983. 7711:978-0-521-10559-0 7411:Adolf Meyer-Abich 7360:Jaime Labastida. 7155:McCullough, David 6966:Mapping New Spain 6905:4 (1967) 119–123. 6619:, p. xxxiii. 6177:, p. lxviii. 6035:, pp. 56–59. 5997:, pp. 91–92. 5954:, pp. 26–27. 5778:, pp. 54–55. 5700:, pp. 17–20. 5227:10.1063/1.2883907 5101:, by Andrea Wulf" 5023:. Merriam-Webster 4859: 4784:List of explorers 4328:978-0-226-86506-5 4316:Vera M. Kutzinski 3682:Mariano de Rivero 3568:Humboldt, Arizona 3520:Hacienda Humboldt 3301:E. (S.) humboldti 3177:Annona humboldtii 3147:– Humboldt's lily 3144:Lilium humboldtii 3118: 3117: 3110: 2945:Illness and death 2931:Magnus Hirschfeld 2376:Robert Schomburgk 2230:Heinrich Berghaus 1988:Georg von Cancrin 1946:transits of Venus 1932:British dominions 1924:Earth's magnetism 1681:classical liberal 1515:physical sciences 1480:William Robertson 1233:classical liberal 979:Rupununi savannah 964:Aspects of Nature 887:and explored the 593:Weimar Classicism 549:Fichtel Mountains 393:Gendarme regiment 369:Duke of Brunswick 350:Duke of Brunswick 242: 241: 207:Academic advisors 191:Scientific career 97:Berlin, Prussia, 80:Holy Roman Empire 68:14 September 1769 16:(Redirected from 14986: 14839:German Lutherans 14829:German explorers 14731: 14730: 14632: 14622: 14612: 14593: 14439: 14438: 14428: 14427: 14338: 14270:Juan de Céspedes 14240: 14239: 14231: 14230: 14223:Spanish conquest 14218: 14217: 14178:Cariban-speaking 14117:Chibcha-speaking 14113: 14112: 14034: 14033: 13938: 13926: 13925: 13914: 13913: 13903: 13902: 13833: 13832: 13814:Tequendama Falls 13809: 13777: 13720: 13719: 13638: 13637: 13627: 13626: 13606: 13594: 13582: 13570: 13555: 13522: 13515: 13508: 13489: 13486:10,000 - 2800 BP 13466: 13449: 13440: 13428: 13427: 13392: 13363: 13300: 13299: 13289: 13288: 13160: 13083: 13082: 13072: 13071: 13064: 13055: 13048: 13041: 13032: 13031: 13023: 13011: 13010: 12353: 12352: 12148: 12147: 12112: 12103: 12094: 12085: 12076: 12067: 12058: 12051: 11981: 11980: 11963: 11956: 11949: 11940: 11939: 11929: 11921: 11913: 11905: 11897: 11889: 11886:Karl Weierstrass 11881: 11878:Edward Frankland 11873: 11865: 11857: 11849: 11841: 11833: 11825: 11817: 11809: 11801: 11793: 11785: 11777: 11769: 11761: 11753: 11745: 11737: 11729: 11721: 11713: 11705: 11702:Friedrich Wöhler 11697: 11689: 11681: 11673: 11665: 11657: 11649: 11641: 11633: 11625: 11617: 11609: 11601: 11593: 11585: 11577: 11569: 11561: 11553: 11545: 11537: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11491: 11490: 11441: 11414:The Dancing Bees 11338:Richard Lydekker 11286:Jean-Henri Fabre 11271:William Buckland 11076:Regnier de Graaf 10970:Andrea Cesalpino 10860: 10859: 10840: 10833: 10826: 10817: 10816: 10812: 10791: 10783: 10775: 10767: 10755: 10730: 10718: 10692:Internet Archive 10684: 10683: 10660: 10639: 10631: 10619: 10614:. Archived from 10606: 10593: 10588:. Archived from 10581: 10576:. Archived from 10452: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10423: 10393: 10369: 10359: 10334:(3): 1031–1037. 10304:Nelken, Halina. 10301: 10292: 10254: 10234: 10225: 10203: 10172: 10143: 10120:Kellner, Lotte. 10110: 10101: 10092: 10070: 10061: 10052: 10043: 10016: 10007: 9998: 9969: 9957: 9948: 9902: 9893: 9873: 9859: 9840: 9829: 9807: 9795: 9784: 9765: 9753: 9742: 9716: 9705: 9686: 9667: 9650:de Terra, Helmut 9645: 9628:Daum, Andreas W. 9623: 9594:Daum, Andreas W. 9584: 9583: 9579: 9559: 9537: 9508: 9507: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9442: 9436: 9426: 9420: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9386: 9380: 9366: 9360: 9346: 9340: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9311: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9293: 9286: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9258:. Hu-berlin.de. 9252: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9191: 9184: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9144: 9126: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8895: 8894: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8579:, "Notes", p. 29 8574: 8568: 8559: 8553: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8489: 8483: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8419: 8418: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8343: 8332: 8331: 8300: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8212: 8206: 8201:Kevin J. Avery, 8199: 8193: 8186: 8180: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8037: 8031: 8014: 8008: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7854: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7799: 7793: 7778: 7772: 7762:(vols 2 & 3) 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7697: 7691: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7649: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7617: 7611: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7460: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7419: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7371: 7365: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7310: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7210: 7204: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7123: 7114: 7107: 7101: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7076: 7073: 7067: 7060: 7054: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6975: 6969: 6962: 6956: 6955:. Paris, 1836–39 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6874: 6868: 6858: 6852: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6812: 6798: 6792: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6741: 6735: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6654: 6645: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6487: 6481: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6298: 6288: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6052:on 10 March 2012 6048:. Archived from 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5897: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5742:, p. lxvii. 5737: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5572: 5561: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5421: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5208: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5169: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5089: 5083: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5056:. Archived from 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4980: 4974: 4967: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4820: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4714:Geography portal 4711: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4700:Biography portal 4697: 4696: 4695: 4682: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4525:(vols 2 & 3) 4243:Scientific works 4225: 4205: 4189: 4175:Tower Grove Park 4170: 4154: 4145:State. Venezuela 4138: 4129:, Quito, Ecuador 4122: 4103: 4088: 4069: 4053: 4035: 4021: 4006: 3962:Thomas Jefferson 3904:Jan De Nul Group 3812:lectures at the 3783:Colegio Humboldt 3634:Humboldt Parkway 3556:Humboldt, Kansas 3498: 3488:Humboldt Current 3484: 3459:Humboldt Channel 3380:Humboldt Glacier 3374:Humboldt Current 3346: 3336:Humboldt Current 3328: 3317:Humboldt penguin 3313: 3273:Elzunia humboldt 3129:Humboldt penguin 3113: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3070: 3062: 2820:Humboldt showed 2701:house of Orléans 2666:Treaty of Tilsit 2630: 2614: 2598: 2582: 2566: 2548: 2531: 2521:Rooster Salesman 2516: 2429: 2385: 2381: 2238:"Physical Atlas" 2096: 2018:Saint Petersburg 2015: 1800:Huasca de Ocampo 1791: 1772: 1760: 1737: 1367:Thomas Jefferson 1032: 985:Cuba, 1800, 1804 940:Casiquiare canal 871: 811:Casiquiare River 680:circumnavigation 640:(Berlin, 1797) ( 639: 612: 530: 522:Carl Freiesleben 496:, leader of the 448:J. F. Blumenbach 373:Seven Years' War 327:environmentalism 238: 161:Humboldt Current 93: 53: 39: 38: 21: 14994: 14993: 14989: 14988: 14987: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14924:Muisca scholars 14879:Humboldt family 14744: 14743: 14742: 14737: 14711: 14678: 14635: 14630: 14620: 14610: 14594: 14585: 14433: 14414: 14377: 14336: 14279: 14225: 14200: 14172: 14150:Arawak-speaking 14144: 14098: 14076: 14016: 13994: 13965: 13956:Quemuenchatocha 13936: 13908: 13885: 13854: 13818: 13807: 13775: 13756: 13709: 13632: 13609: 13600: 13588: 13576: 13564: 13549: 13543: 13520: 13513: 13506: 13483: 13475: 13464: 13447: 13434: 13417: 13396: 13390: 13361: 13305: 13294: 13275: 13248:The Salt People 13242: 13179: 13158: 13077: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13029: 13024: 12997: 12979: 12922: 12904: 12900:Dinosaur tracks 12886: 12818:Callawayasaurus 12796: 12778: 12751: 12731: 12703:Cerrejonisuchus 12675:Acherontisuchus 12660: 12640: 12622: 12603:Saimiri fieldsi 12378: 12349:Notable fossils 12340: 12317: 12294: 12270:La Frontera Fm. 12256: 12226: 12195:Castilletes Fm. 12176: 12142: 12140: 12133: 12118: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12105: 12104: 12096: 12095: 12087: 12086: 12078: 12077: 12069: 12068: 12060: 12059: 12036: 12015: 11976: 11970: 11967: 11937: 11932: 11924: 11916: 11910:William Huggins 11908: 11900: 11892: 11884: 11876: 11868: 11860: 11852: 11844: 11836: 11828: 11820: 11812: 11804: 11796: 11790:William Thomson 11788: 11780: 11772: 11764: 11758:Rudolf Clausius 11756: 11748: 11740: 11732: 11724: 11716: 11708: 11700: 11692: 11684: 11676: 11668: 11660: 11652: 11644: 11636: 11628: 11620: 11612: 11604: 11596: 11588: 11580: 11572: 11564: 11556: 11548: 11540: 11532: 11524: 11518: 11488: 11483: 11442: 11429: 11410:Karl von Frisch 11347: 11316:William Jardine 11206:Le Règne Animal 11177: 11125:Comte de Buffon 11086:Systema Naturae 11025: 10997:Frederik Ruysch 10975:Valerius Cordus 10965:Hieronymus Bock 10931: 10913:Natural History 10908:Pliny the Elder 10865: 10855: 10849: 10847:Natural history 10844: 10803:(95): 252–256. 10778: 10758: 10721: 10703: 10700: 10681: 10646: 10634: 10622: 10610: 10597: 10584: 10572: 10569: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10547: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10519:Daniel Kehlmann 10515:eponymous novel 10487: 10464:Daniel Kehlmann 10460: 10455: 10437: 10435: 10426: 10398:Rich, Nathaniel 10289: 10169: 10140: 10089: 10032: 9910: 9908:Further reading 9905: 9882: 9856: 9826: 9804: 9781: 9762: 9739: 9702: 9642: 9581: 9556: 9534: 9517: 9512: 9511: 9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9443: 9439: 9429:Andreas W. Daum 9427: 9423: 9414: 9410: 9402: 9398: 9387: 9383: 9377:Wayback Machine 9367: 9363: 9357:Wayback Machine 9347: 9343: 9337:Wayback Machine 9325: 9321: 9305: 9304: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9284: 9282:"Archived copy" 9280: 9279: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9249: 9239: 9237: 9229: 9228: 9224: 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9174: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9103: 9099: 9070: 9066: 9056: 9054: 9036: 9032: 9021: 9017: 9009: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8988: 8984: 8976: 8969: 8959: 8957: 8952:. p. 577. 8936: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8912: 8908: 8892: 8883: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8819: 8815: 8805: 8803: 8781: 8777: 8763: 8759: 8751: 8747: 8739: 8735: 8727: 8723: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8692: 8678: 8674: 8667: 8650: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8560: 8556: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8526: 8515: 8511: 8503: 8499: 8490: 8486: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8441: 8437: 8429: 8422: 8381: 8377: 8344: 8335: 8320: 8301: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8255: 8251: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214:George Catlin, 8213: 8209: 8200: 8196: 8187: 8183: 8174: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8128:Wayback Machine 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8055:Wayback Machine 8038: 8034: 8028:Wayback Machine 8015: 8011: 8005:Wayback Machine 7993: 7989: 7974: 7970: 7966:, p. xxiv. 7962: 7958: 7951: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7901:Louis Agassiz, 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7866:978-022-6923185 7858:Views of Nature 7855: 7851: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7816: 7814: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7790:Wayback Machine 7779: 7775: 7769:Wayback Machine 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7698: 7694: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7652: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7618: 7614: 7610:. 3 vols. 1843. 7605: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7571:Engelhardt 1900 7569: 7565: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7469: 7461: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7372: 7368: 7359: 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6376: 6368: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6328:Whymper, Edward 6320: 6316: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6234:, p. lxix. 6230: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6195:Wayback Machine 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6158: 6154: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6055: 6053: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6009:Marguerite .... 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5962: 5958: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5900: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5626: 5622:, pp. 6–7. 5618: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5562: 5533: 5529:, pp. 4–5. 5525: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5493: 5492: 5484: 5477: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5336: 5320: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5286: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5090: 5086: 5069: 5065: 5060:on 12 May 2021. 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4942: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4683: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4617: 4612: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4206: 4197: 4190: 4181: 4171: 4162: 4155: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4127:Parque El Ejido 4123: 4114: 4111:Alameda Central 4104: 4095: 4089: 4080: 4070: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4022: 4013: 4007: 3998: 3985: 3916: 3874: 3845:Edgar Allan Poe 3842: 3822: 3802:Human geography 3798: 3755: 3749: 3703: 3690: 3674: 3644: 3639: 3594:, United States 3588:, United States 3576:, United States 3570:, United States 3564:, United States 3558:, United States 3552:, United States 3546:, United States 3540:, United States 3534:, United States 3528:, United States 3512: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3485: 3476: 3360: 3353: 3352:, an Andean oak 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3244:– Rivero's toad 3188:– a bladderwort 3134:Dosidicus gigas 3114: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3083: 3071: 3060: 2983: 2963: 2947: 2881:Carlos Montúfar 2858: 2834: 2765:Julius Schrader 2757: 2728: 2709:François Guizot 2650: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2622: 2615: 2606: 2599: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2427: 2383: 2379: 2297: 2289:Views of Nature 2261:Muisca numerals 2254: 2120: 2114: 2107: 1969: 1920:magnetic storms 1810: 1803: 1792: 1783: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1752: 1746:historic centre 1738: 1491:plant geography 1459: 1453: 1444: 1425:Albert Gallatin 1355: 1288:Political Essay 1245:Political Essay 1144: 1094:Cordillera Real 1083:Magdalena River 1059: 999:plant collector 987: 960:Views of Nature 889:Guácharo cavern 869: 861:diversion, the 799: 724:Bourbon Reforms 708: 663: 650: 537: 524: 342: 267:philosophy and 134: 130: 124:Alma mater 101: 95: 91: 82: 69: 60: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14992: 14982: 14981: 14979:LGBT Lutherans 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14824:Gay scientists 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14739: 14738: 14736: 14735: 14724: 14721: 14720: 14717: 14716: 14713: 14712: 14710: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14688: 14686: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14645: 14643: 14637: 14636: 14634: 14633: 14623: 14613: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14595: 14588: 14586: 14584: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14476:De Castellanos 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14447: 14445: 14435: 14434: 14424: 14423: 14420: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14410: 14400: 14395: 14389: 14387: 14383: 14382: 14379: 14378: 14376: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14348:Martín Galeano 14345: 14340: 14333: 14328: 14326:Juan del Junco 14323: 14318: 14313: 14311:Gonzalo Macías 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14287: 14285: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14246: 14244: 14237: 14227: 14226: 14214: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14206: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14182: 14180: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14154: 14152: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14121: 14119: 14110: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14090: 14088: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14048: 14046: 14031: 14022: 14021: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14014: 14008: 14006: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13981: 13979: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13942: 13940: 13923: 13910: 13909: 13899: 13898: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13862: 13860: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13852: 13847: 13839: 13837: 13830: 13824: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13772: 13766: 13764: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13728: 13726: 13717: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13646: 13644: 13634: 13633: 13623: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13595: 13583: 13571: 13558: 13556: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13517: 13510: 13503: 13498: 13492: 13490: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13468: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13443: 13441: 13425: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13356:Bogotá savanna 13353: 13352: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13310: 13308: 13306:Cundiboyacense 13296: 13295: 13285: 13284: 13281: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13252: 13250: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13187: 13185: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13089: 13087: 13079: 13078: 13068: 13067: 13058: 13057: 13050: 13043: 13035: 13026: 13025: 13006: 13003: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12995: 12989: 12987: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12970: 12963: 12956: 12947: 12940: 12932: 12930: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12920: 12914: 12912: 12910:Valle Alto Fm. 12906: 12905: 12903: 12902: 12896: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12877: 12870: 12867:Platypterygius 12863: 12856: 12849: 12842: 12835: 12828: 12821: 12814: 12806: 12804: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12794: 12788: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12769: 12761: 12759: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12741: 12739: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12729: 12720: 12713: 12706: 12699: 12692: 12685: 12682:Anthracosuchus 12678: 12670: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12658: 12650: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12638: 12635:Colombitherium 12630: 12628: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12620: 12613: 12606: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12578: 12571: 12564: 12557: 12550: 12543: 12536: 12529: 12522: 12515: 12508: 12501: 12494: 12487: 12480: 12477:Hilarcotherium 12473: 12466: 12459: 12452: 12445: 12438: 12431: 12424: 12417: 12410: 12403: 12396: 12388: 12386: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12376: 12369: 12361: 12359: 12350: 12346: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12315: 12313:Valle Alto Fm. 12310: 12304: 12302: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12266: 12264: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12242: 12236: 12234: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12197: 12192: 12186: 12184: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12156: 12154: 12145: 12135: 12134: 12107: 12106: 12098: 12097: 12089: 12088: 12080: 12079: 12071: 12070: 12062: 12061: 12053: 12052: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12029: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11987: 11985: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11965: 11958: 11951: 11943: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11930: 11922: 11914: 11906: 11898: 11894:Carl Gegenbaur 11890: 11882: 11874: 11866: 11862:Rudolf Virchow 11858: 11850: 11842: 11834: 11826: 11818: 11810: 11802: 11794: 11786: 11778: 11770: 11762: 11754: 11746: 11738: 11734:Claude Bernard 11730: 11722: 11714: 11706: 11698: 11690: 11682: 11674: 11666: 11658: 11654:Julius Plücker 11650: 11646:Michel Chasles 11642: 11638:Charles Darwin 11634: 11626: 11618: 11610: 11602: 11594: 11586: 11578: 11570: 11562: 11554: 11546: 11538: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11517: 11516: 11509: 11502: 11494: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11461: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11420:Ronald Lockley 11417: 11407: 11395: 11388:Niko Tinbergen 11385: 11373: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11335: 11323: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11256: 11251: 11239: 11227: 11218:Charles Darwin 11215: 11210: 11201:Georges Cuvier 11198: 11189:George Montagu 11185: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11163: 11151: 11139: 11134: 11122: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11078: 11073: 11071:Jan Swammerdam 11068: 11063: 11061:William Derham 11058: 11053: 11048: 11035: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11013: 11002:William Turner 10999: 10994: 10985:Conrad Gessner 10982: 10980:Leonhart Fuchs 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10950:Gaspard Bauhin 10947: 10941: 10939: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10917: 10905: 10895: 10883: 10870: 10868: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10843: 10842: 10835: 10828: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10792: 10776: 10756: 10731: 10719: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10685: 10670: 10661: 10645: 10644:Online sources 10642: 10641: 10640: 10632: 10620: 10608: 10595: 10582: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10555: 10549: 10548: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10533:External links 10531: 10530: 10529: 10522: 10504: 10500:Home from Home 10486: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10466:'s 2005 novel 10459: 10458:Literary works 10456: 10454: 10453: 10444: 10433:Deutsche Welle 10424: 10406:Jedediah Purdy 10394: 10384:(2): 277–297. 10370: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10293: 10287: 10274: 10262: 10255: 10242:investigations 10235: 10226: 10204: 10189: 10182: 10173: 10167: 10154: 10144: 10138: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10102: 10093: 10087: 10071: 10062: 10053: 10051:(47): 330–342. 10044: 10030: 10017: 10008: 9999: 9970: 9958: 9949: 9929:10.1086/348401 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9894: 9880: 9860: 9854: 9841: 9830: 9824: 9808: 9802: 9785: 9779: 9766: 9760: 9743: 9737: 9717: 9706: 9700: 9687: 9668: 9646: 9640: 9624: 9612:10.1086/701757 9590: 9566:, ed. (1873). 9560: 9554: 9542:Brading, David 9538: 9532: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9489: 9464: 9457: 9437: 9421: 9408: 9396: 9381: 9361: 9341: 9319: 9273: 9247: 9222: 9203: 9168: 9156: 9097: 9084:(2): 515–576. 9064: 9030: 9015: 9013:, p. 294. 9003: 9001:, p. 199. 8991: 8982: 8980:, p. 266. 8967: 8930: 8928:, p. 282. 8918: 8916:, p. 106. 8906: 8877: 8865: 8863:, p. 279. 8852: 8840: 8828: 8813: 8775: 8757: 8755:, p. 317. 8745: 8743:, p. 312. 8741:Helferich 2004 8733: 8731:, p. 367. 8721: 8719:, p. 363. 8709: 8707:, p. 109. 8697: 8690: 8672: 8665: 8644: 8632: 8628:Helferich 2004 8620: 8608: 8593: 8581: 8569: 8554: 8544:Friedrich Kapp 8536: 8524: 8509: 8497: 8484: 8471: 8459: 8449:Friedrich Kapp 8435: 8420: 8393:(4): 111–135. 8375: 8356:(2): 287–304. 8333: 8318: 8286: 8284:, p. 311. 8274: 8272:, p. 210. 8262: 8249: 8232: 8220: 8207: 8194: 8181: 8168: 8156: 8143: 8131: 8108: 8070: 8068:, p. 226. 8058: 8032: 8009: 7987: 7968: 7956: 7949: 7931: 7919: 7907: 7905:. Boston 1869. 7894: 7882: 7880:, p. 272. 7870: 7849: 7836: 7824: 7794: 7773: 7750: 7748:, p. 413. 7738: 7717: 7710: 7692: 7677: 7675:, p. 534. 7665: 7663:, p. 235. 7650: 7637: 7635:, p. 433. 7625: 7623:, p. 307. 7612: 7599: 7597:, p. 306. 7587: 7585:, p. 203. 7575: 7563: 7561:, p. 207. 7550: 7538: 7536:, p. 205. 7526: 7514: 7512:, p. 286. 7501: 7499:, p. 287. 7489: 7477: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7403: 7391: 7389:, p. 874. 7379: 7366: 7353: 7351:, p. 166. 7341: 7339:, p. 377. 7329: 7297: 7267: 7265:, p. 204. 7255: 7230: 7218: 7205: 7192: 7190:, p. 138. 7180: 7173: 7146: 7139: 7115: 7109:D.A. Brading, 7102: 7089: 7077: 7068: 7055: 7051:Casta Painting 7049:Ilona Katzew, 7042: 7029: 7016: 6985: 6970: 6957: 6944: 6932: 6919: 6907: 6894: 6892:, p. 380. 6882: 6869: 6853: 6840: 6838:, p. 129. 6828: 6826:, p. 125. 6813: 6793: 6780: 6776:Helferich 2004 6768: 6755: 6736: 6732:Deutsche Welle 6713: 6688: 6676: 6646: 6633: 6621: 6609: 6597: 6585: 6583:, p. 523. 6573: 6571:, p. xxi. 6561: 6549: 6536: 6534:, p. 525. 6524: 6512: 6499: 6482: 6466: 6464:, p. 527. 6447: 6445:, p. 156. 6435: 6416: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6353:Revista Andina 6343: 6323:Edward Whymper 6314: 6261: 6248: 6246:, p. 190. 6244:Bleichmar 2012 6236: 6219: 6207: 6179: 6167: 6152: 6139: 6127: 6118: 6106: 6094: 6064: 6037: 6025: 6023:, p. 518. 6013: 6006:F.J. de Pons. 5999: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5956: 5952:Bleichmar 2012 5939: 5935:Bleichmar 2012 5927: 5923:Bleichmar 2012 5915: 5913:, p. 517. 5898: 5882: 5865: 5853: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5729: 5717: 5702: 5690: 5678: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5637:, p. xvi. 5624: 5612: 5598: 5586: 5575:Chisholm, Hugh 5531: 5519: 5507: 5475: 5455: 5441: 5385: 5349: 5335:978-1524704650 5334: 5311: 5294:Minding Nature 5277: 5247: 5194: 5155: 5124: 5093:Thubron, Colin 5084: 5063: 5034: 5006: 4975: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4756:Germany portal 4745: 4731: 4717: 4703: 4687: 4684: 4679:botanical name 4660: 4659: 4658: 4637: 4627: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4544: 4534: 4528: 4518: 4512: 4504: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4425: 4416: 4408: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4346: 4340: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4308: 4286: 4285: 4284:. 3 vols. 1843 4279: 4273: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4218: 4207: 4200: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4172: 4165: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4105: 4098: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4071: 4064: 4062: 4058:Allegheny West 4055: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3984: 3981: 3923:Charles Darwin 3915: 3912: 3873: 3870: 3841: 3838: 3821: 3818: 3797: 3796:Lecture series 3794: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3751:Main article: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3737: 3728: 3725:Villa de Leiva 3714: 3713:who founded it 3702: 3699: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3655: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3544:Humboldt, Iowa 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3500: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3465:Humboldt Falls 3462: 3456: 3450: 3440: 3437:Mount Humboldt 3434: 3427: 3421: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3386:Humboldt River 3383: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3332:Humboldt squid 3330: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3277: 3269: 3261: 3253: 3245: 3237: 3236:– marine snail 3229: 3228:– marine snail 3221: 3216:subspecies of 3205: 3197: 3196:– a cranesbill 3189: 3181: 3173: 3164: 3156: 3148: 3140: 3138:Humboldt squid 3131: 3116: 3115: 3074: 3072: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3013: 3003: 3000:Pour le Mérite 2996: 2990: 2982: 2979: 2962: 2959: 2946: 2943: 2889:François Arago 2857: 2854: 2833: 2830: 2756: 2753: 2727: 2724: 2705:François Arago 2674:Prince Wilhelm 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2555:Puerto Cabello 2550: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2435:Erasmus Darwin 2418:When Darwin's 2348:Charles Darwin 2296: 2293: 2253: 2250: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2103: 1968: 1965: 1928:Duke of Sussex 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1774: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1739: 1732: 1654:, and castes ( 1605:magnetic field 1452: 1449: 1443: 1442:Travel diaries 1440: 1434:and landed at 1354: 1351: 1292:Fausto Elhuyar 1143: 1140: 1058: 1055: 986: 983: 971:Walter Raleigh 853:, on 16 July. 798: 795: 707: 704: 676:Nicolas Baudin 662: 659: 649: 646: 536: 533: 492:in 1791 under 446:and anatomist 341: 338: 306:Atlantic Ocean 295:meteorological 240: 239: 231: 230: 226: 225: 222: 221: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 187: 186: 180: 176: 175: 165:magnetic storm 148: 147:Known for 144: 143: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 96: 94:(aged 89) 88: 84: 83: 70: 66: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14991: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14734: 14726: 14725: 14722: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14692:Museo del Oro 14690: 14689: 14687: 14685: 14681: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14642: 14638: 14629: 14628: 14624: 14619: 14618: 14614: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14603: 14601: 14597: 14592: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14546:De Piedrahita 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14456:Acosta Samper 14454: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14429: 14425: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14384: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14343:Luis Lanchero 14341: 14339: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14282: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14235:Conquistadors 14232: 14228: 14224: 14219: 14215: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14151: 14147: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14095: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14057:Saguamanchica 14055: 14053: 14050: 14049: 14047: 14045: 14041: 14040: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14029: 14023: 14013: 14010: 14009: 14007: 14005: 14004:Tundama 14001: 13997: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13939: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13921: 13915: 13911: 13904: 13900: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13845: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13825: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13759: 13753: 13752:Hunzahúa Well 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13725: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13712: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13628: 13624: 13604: 13599: 13598:Cabildo Mayor 13596: 13592: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13575: 13572: 13568: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13553: 13546: 13540: 13539: 13538:El Infiernito 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13518: 13516: 13511: 13509: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13487: 13482: 13478: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13448:Lake Humboldt 13445: 13444: 13442: 13438: 13437:<10,000 BP 13433: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13420: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13399: 13393: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13375:Eastern Hills 13373: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13354: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13329:Juan Amarillo 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13307: 13301: 13297: 13290: 13286: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13245: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13128:Mummification 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13056: 13051: 13049: 13044: 13042: 13037: 13036: 13033: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13004: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12986: 12982: 12976: 12975: 12971: 12969: 12968: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12957: 12955: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12946: 12945: 12941: 12939: 12938: 12937:Antarctilamna 12934: 12933: 12931: 12929: 12925: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12911: 12907: 12901: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12878: 12876: 12875: 12874:Sachicasaurus 12871: 12869: 12868: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12860:Padillasaurus 12857: 12855: 12854: 12850: 12848: 12847: 12843: 12841: 12840: 12836: 12834: 12833: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12825:Desmatochelys 12822: 12820: 12819: 12815: 12813: 12812: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12775: 12774: 12773:Yaguarasaurus 12770: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12754: 12748: 12747: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12714: 12712: 12711: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627:Gualanday Gp. 12625: 12619: 12618: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12579: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12570: 12569: 12565: 12563: 12562: 12558: 12556: 12555: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12533:Miocallicebus 12530: 12528: 12527: 12523: 12521: 12520: 12516: 12514: 12513: 12509: 12507: 12506: 12502: 12500: 12499: 12495: 12493: 12492: 12488: 12486: 12485: 12481: 12479: 12478: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12467: 12465: 12464: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12453: 12451: 12450: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12393:Anachlysictis 12390: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12381: 12375: 12374: 12370: 12368: 12367: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12354: 12351: 12347: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12320: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12233: 12229: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12190:Barzalosa Fm. 12188: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141:fossiliferous 12136: 12129: 12122: 12111: 12102: 12093: 12084: 12075: 12066: 12057: 12050: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11979: 11973: 11964: 11959: 11957: 11952: 11950: 11945: 11944: 11941: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11846:Simon Newcomb 11843: 11839: 11838:George Salmon 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11782:Arthur Cayley 11779: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11718:Louis Pasteur 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11630:Adam Sedgwick 11627: 11623: 11622:Thomas Graham 11619: 11615: 11614:Louis Agassiz 11611: 11607: 11606:Robert Bunsen 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11590:Charles Lyell 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11566:Léon Foucault 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11530: 11527: 11522: 11515: 11510: 11508: 11503: 11501: 11496: 11495: 11492: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11459: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11440: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11403:On Aggression 11399: 11398:Konrad Lorenz 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11364:Abbott Thayer 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11326:Ernst Haeckel 11324: 11321: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11291:Louis Agassiz 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11276:Charles Lyell 11274: 11272: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11231: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11213:William Smith 11211: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11155: 11154:Thomas Bewick 11152: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11142:Gilbert White 11140: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11093:Georg Steller 11091: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11081:Carl Linnaeus 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11031:Enlightenment 11028: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10960:Otto Brunfels 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10887: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10852: 10848: 10841: 10836: 10834: 10829: 10827: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10789: 10788: 10782: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10766: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10698:Miscellaneous 10693: 10689: 10686: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10637: 10633: 10630:(in Spanish). 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10604: 10603:avhumboldt.de 10600: 10596: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10570: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10497:'s 2013 film 10496: 10492: 10491:Werner Herzog 10489: 10488: 10479: 10475: 10474: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10450: 10445: 10434: 10430: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10324: 10321: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10280: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10236: 10232: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10147:Klein, Ursula 10145: 10141: 10135: 10131: 10126: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10103: 10099: 10094: 10090: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10063: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10009: 10005: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9981:(1): 94–113. 9980: 9976: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9913: 9912: 9900: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9872: 9871: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9803:0-670-03775-3 9799: 9794: 9793: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9752: 9751: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9713: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9675: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9587:public domain 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9555:0-521-39130-X 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9520: 9519: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9493: 9477: 9476: 9468: 9460: 9458:9780226465678 9454: 9450: 9449: 9441: 9434: 9430: 9425: 9418: 9412: 9405: 9400: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9365: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9345: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9323: 9315: 9309: 9290: 9283: 9277: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9236: 9232: 9231:"Humboldtine" 9226: 9218: 9214: 9207: 9188: 9181: 9180: 9172: 9165: 9164:de Terra 1955 9160: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9101: 9092: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9068: 9052: 9048: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9007: 9000: 8995: 8986: 8979: 8974: 8972: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8942: 8934: 8927: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8903: 8899: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8874: 8873:de Terra 1955 8869: 8862: 8856: 8849: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8824: 8817: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8754: 8753:de Terra 1955 8749: 8742: 8737: 8730: 8725: 8718: 8717:de Terra 1955 8713: 8706: 8701: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8641: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8618:, p. 65. 8617: 8612: 8606:, p. 71. 8605: 8600: 8598: 8591:, p. 64. 8590: 8585: 8578: 8573: 8566: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8520: 8513: 8507:, p. 58. 8506: 8501: 8494: 8488: 8481: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8439: 8432: 8427: 8425: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8283: 8282:de Terra 1955 8278: 8271: 8270:de Terra 1955 8266: 8259: 8253: 8245: 8244: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8211: 8204: 8198: 8191: 8185: 8178: 8172: 8165: 8160: 8153: 8147: 8141:, p. 37. 8140: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8062: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8036: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8013: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7952: 7950:9783893250202 7946: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7916: 7915:de Terra 1955 7911: 7904: 7898: 7891: 7890:de Terra 1955 7886: 7879: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7828: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7777: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7731: 7728:. Lecture at 7727: 7721: 7713: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7648:, p. 145 7647: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7621:de Terra 1955 7616: 7609: 7603: 7596: 7595:de Terra 1955 7591: 7584: 7579: 7573:, p. 62. 7572: 7567: 7560: 7554: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7510:de Terra 1955 7505: 7498: 7497:de Terra 1955 7493: 7486: 7485:de Terra 1955 7481: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7449: 7444: 7437: 7432: 7425: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7383: 7376: 7370: 7363: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7338: 7337:de Terra 1955 7333: 7314: 7307: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7276:"MemberListH" 7271: 7264: 7263:de Terra 1955 7259: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7209: 7202: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7176: 7174:0-6717-9276-8 7170: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7112: 7106: 7099: 7093: 7084: 7082: 7072: 7065: 7059: 7052: 7046: 7039: 7033: 7026: 7020: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6961: 6954: 6948: 6941: 6940:de Terra 1955 6936: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6915:de Terra 1955 6911: 6904: 6898: 6891: 6890:de Terra 1955 6886: 6880:. Paris 1817. 6879: 6873: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6836:Zimmerer 2011 6832: 6825: 6824:Zimmerer 2011 6820: 6818: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6778:, p. 25. 6777: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6692: 6685: 6684:de Terra 1955 6680: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6643: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6595:, p. xv. 6594: 6589: 6582: 6577: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6557:de Terra 1955 6553: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6503: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6444: 6443:de Terra 1955 6439: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6371: 6370:de Terra 1955 6366: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6215:de Terra 1955 6211: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6122: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6102:de Terra 1955 6098: 6082: 6079:(in German). 6078: 6077:PariaTours.de 6074: 6068: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5995:de Terra 1955 5991: 5982: 5973: 5966: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5937:, p. 19. 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5880:, p. 83. 5879: 5878:de Terra 1955 5874: 5872: 5870: 5863:, p. 80. 5862: 5861:de Terra 1955 5857: 5851:, p. 39. 5850: 5844: 5838:, p. 39. 5837: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5788:de Terra 1955 5784: 5777: 5776:de Terra 1955 5772: 5766:, p. 53. 5765: 5764:de Terra 1955 5760: 5754:, p. 51. 5753: 5752:de Terra 1955 5748: 5741: 5736: 5734: 5726: 5721: 5715:, p. xv. 5714: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5676:, p. 18. 5675: 5670: 5668: 5661:, p. 17. 5660: 5655: 5648: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5621: 5620:de Terra 1955 5616: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5594:de Terra 1955 5590: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5527:de Terra 1955 5523: 5516: 5515:de Terra 1955 5511: 5503: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5316: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211:Physics Today 5205: 5198: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5010: 4995: 4994:HarperCollins 4991: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4948: 4938: 4905: 4897: 4864: 4853: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4746: 4743: 4732: 4729: 4718: 4715: 4704: 4701: 4690: 4680: 4676: 4665: 4662:The standard 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4231: 4228:Sculpture in 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4113:, Mexico City 4112: 4108: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919:Simón Bolívar 3911: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628:Humboldt Park 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3604:Humboldt Park 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3503: 3502:Pico Humboldt 3497: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3424:Sima Humboldt 3422: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3408:Humboldt Sink 3406: 3403: 3402:Pico Humboldt 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390:Humboldt Lake 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3351: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3334:found in the 3333: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3218:Orinoco River 3215: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3112: 3109: 3101: 3098:February 2015 3091: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3075:This section 3073: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2939:homosexuality 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873:Aimé Bonpland 2869: 2865: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2844:, Berlin, by 2843: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736:Imperial Eyes 2733: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2654: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537:Colonia Tovar 2530: 2525: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2494:George Catlin 2491: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Ernst Haeckel 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2337:Louis Agassiz 2334: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:Edward Sabine 2208: 2203: 2200: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2099:Asie Centrale 2095: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1872:Benito Juárez 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1857:Royal Society 1855:in 1810. The 1854: 1850: 1847:in 1822; the 1846: 1842: 1839:in 1818; the 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1814: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1640:Andean condor 1636: 1632: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1458: 1448: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:Benjamin Rush 1391: 1387: 1386:Caspar Wistar 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1319:Dresden Codex 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1181:Dresden Codex 1178: 1170: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1054: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 1000: 991: 982: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:electric eels 949: 945: 941: 937: 936:Orinoco River 932: 930: 929:Simón Bolívar 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909:meteor shower 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 877: 873: 868: 864: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 823: 816: 812: 808: 807:Aimé Bonpland 805:Humboldt and 803: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 764: 759: 755: 752: 746: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 716: 712: 703: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 685:Aimé Bonpland 681: 677: 673: 669: 654: 645: 643: 638: 633: 632:Luigi Galvani 628: 624: 622: 617: 615: 611: 606: 602: 598: 595:. Goethe and 594: 587: 582: 578: 575: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 532: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510:F.X. von Zach 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 488:, geology at 487: 482: 480: 479:Royal Society 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459:Georg Forster 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 425: 421: 416: 412: 410: 407:and botanist 406: 402: 401:Enlightenment 396: 394: 390: 386: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365:Prussian Army 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 337: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319: 314: 309: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 281: 277: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 237: 232: 227: 223: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 202: 199: 195: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159:(1845–1862), 158: 157: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 111: 110:Schloss Tegel 108: 106:Resting place 104: 100: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 14625: 14615: 14605: 14599:Publications 14520: 14337:Lázaro Fonte 14081: 14037: 14027: 13999: 13970: 13961:Aquiminzaque 13929: 13919: 13842: 13715:Sacred sites 13650:Chiminigagua 13602: 13591:~1450 - 1540 13590: 13578: 13574:Early Muisca 13567:800 BC - 800 13566: 13551: 13536: 13532:Lake Herrera 13485: 13436: 13413:Tenza Valley 13408:Ocetá Páramo 13385:Suárez River 13314:Bogotá River 13230: 13098:Architecture 12985:Floresta Fm. 12972: 12965: 12960:Holoptychius 12958: 12952:Bothriolepis 12950: 12949: 12942: 12935: 12892:Arcabuco Fm. 12879: 12872: 12865: 12858: 12853:Muiscasaurus 12851: 12844: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12811:Acostasaurus 12809: 12771: 12764: 12744: 12723: 12722: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12696:Cerrejonemys 12694: 12687: 12680: 12673: 12666:Cerrejón Fm. 12653: 12633: 12615: 12608: 12601: 12594: 12587: 12580: 12573: 12566: 12559: 12552: 12545: 12540:Miocochilius 12538: 12531: 12524: 12517: 12510: 12503: 12498:Huilatherium 12496: 12491:Hondadelphys 12489: 12482: 12475: 12468: 12461: 12454: 12447: 12440: 12433: 12426: 12421:Cebupithecia 12419: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12391: 12371: 12366:Gomphotheres 12364: 12336:Floresta Fm. 12308:Arcabuco Fm. 12245:Cerrejón Fm. 12031: 12020:19th century 11541: 11534:Richard Owen 11423: 11413: 11401: 11391: 11379: 11376:Hugh B. Cott 11367: 11352:20th century 11341: 11329: 11319: 11262: 11253: 11245: 11233: 11221: 11204: 11192: 11182:19th century 11169: 11157: 11145: 11128: 11116: 11108:James Hutton 11098:Joseph Banks 11084: 11044:Micrographia 11042: 11039:Robert Hooke 11019: 11009: 11005: 10988: 10953: 10923: 10911: 10901: 10889: 10886:Theophrastus 10877: 10800: 10785: 10769: 10746:(1): 19–38. 10743: 10739: 10726: 10709: 10638:(in French). 10627: 10616:the original 10602: 10590:the original 10578:the original 10543: 10526:Rainer Simon 10498: 10471: 10467: 10448: 10436:. Retrieved 10422:(16): 37–39. 10419: 10413: 10409: 10381: 10377: 10357:10261/182537 10331: 10327: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10297: 10278: 10268: 10258: 10240: 10230: 10212: 10198: 10185: 10178: 10158: 10150: 10129: 10121: 10114: 10106: 10097: 10078: 10066: 10057: 10048: 10021: 10012: 10003: 9978: 9974: 9965: 9953: 9923:(2): 83–95. 9920: 9916: 9898: 9869: 9864:Wulf, Andrea 9845: 9835: 9815: 9812:Sachs, Aaron 9791: 9770: 9749: 9728: 9725:Ette, Ottmar 9711: 9691: 9673: 9654: 9631: 9603: 9597: 9567: 9564:Bruhns, Karl 9545: 9523: 9502: 9492: 9480:. Retrieved 9474: 9467: 9447: 9440: 9432: 9424: 9416: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9390: 9384: 9370:Letter 13277 9364: 9344: 9328: 9322: 9296:. Retrieved 9276: 9264:. Retrieved 9250: 9240:15 September 9238:. Retrieved 9234: 9225: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9194:. Retrieved 9178: 9171: 9159: 9114: 9110: 9100: 9081: 9077: 9067: 9055:. Retrieved 9050: 9044: 9033: 9018: 9006: 8994: 8985: 8958:. 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Köhler 494:A.G. Werner 444:C. G. Heyne 405:Marcus Herz 377:chamberlain 291:geomagnetic 211:Markus Herz 116:Nationality 14748:Categories 14617:El Carnero 14576:Uricoechea 14551:De Quesada 14331:Juan Tafur 14108:Neighbours 14067:Tisquesusa 14052:Meicuchuca 13732:Sun Temple 13705:Guahaioque 13690:Nencatacoa 13680:Chibchacum 13579:800 - 1200 13552:>800 BC 13471:Tequendama 13432:Prehistory 13362:Suba Hills 13138:Muysccubun 12993:Trilobites 12974:Strepsodus 12967:Pterygotus 12689:Carbonemys 12646:Bogotá Fm. 12568:Nuciruptor 12547:Mohanamico 12512:Langstonia 12505:Lagonimico 12262:Cretaceous 12240:Bogotá Fm. 12160:Sabana Fm. 11984:After 1900 10854:Pioneering 9503: Humb 9266:31 October 9219:: 207–210. 9117:: e14985. 9039:USDA, NRCS 8887:, p. 8859:quoted in 8836:Rupke 2008 8729:Walls 2009 8705:Walls 2009 8691:0415196159 8666:0415438160 8640:Rupke 2008 8616:Sachs 2007 8589:Sachs 2007 8577:Sachs 2006 8532:James 1913 8505:James 1913 8467:Sachs 2006 8433:, p. 8090:(2): 163. 7644:Quoted in 7619:quoted in 7557:quoted in 7226:Sachs 2006 7188:Rupke 2008 7140:0415060958 7096:Humboldt, 7062:Humboldt, 7036:Humboldt, 7023:Humboldt, 6506:Humboldt, 6359:: 247–262. 5890:Ida Altman 5824:Daum 2019a 5698:Daum 2019b 5378:14 January 5015:"Humboldt" 4984:"Humboldt" 4957:References 4448:(12 vols.) 4230:Chimborazo 4214:La Orotava 4173:Statue in 4094:, New York 4056:Statue in 3996:Sculptures 3727:, Colombia 3652:lunar mare 3019:, by King 3009:, by King 2927:Carl Bolle 2923:Paul Näcke 2322:yerba mate 2215:Elise Otté 2191:Elise Otté 2116:See also: 1981:Nicholas I 1777:Cuernavaca 1597:isothermal 1455:See also: 1315:main plaza 1280:Guanajuato 1213:Cuernavaca 1109:Chimborazo 1067:Chimborazo 1013:Guanabacoa 692:Marseilles 672:Directoire 506:J.C. Loder 463:James Cook 389:Rittmaster 257:naturalist 253:geographer 90:6 May 1859 14561:Schrimpff 14531:Langebaek 14526:Izquierdo 14471:Broadbent 14461:De Aguado 14062:Nemequene 14026:Southern 13918:Northern 13881:Thomagata 13871:Idacansás 13844:El Dorado 13828:Mythology 13782:Guatavita 13685:Cuchavira 13527:Aguazuque 13304:Altiplano 13256:Zipaquirá 13143:Mythology 13108:Astronomy 12928:Cuche Fm. 12792:Ammonites 12746:Eonatator 12737:Oliní Gp. 12725:Titanoboa 12717:Puentemys 12610:Stirtonia 12442:Dukecynus 12384:Honda Gp. 12331:Cuche Fm. 12285:Oliní Gp. 12232:Paleogene 12217:Uitpa Fm. 12212:Jimol Fm. 12172:Soatá Fm. 10874:Aristotle 10866:antiquity 10864:Classical 10809:0036-8687 10752:0459-1801 10402:Wulf 2015 10366:0022-0477 10040:964328973 9995:1326-0219 9937:0021-1753 9890:911240481 9664:902143803 9630:(2019b). 9620:151051482 9133:2167-8359 8861:Wulf 2015 8604:Wulf 2015 8431:Wulf 2015 8407:0018-2656 8362:0149-7952 8328:299750885 8164:Wulf 2015 8139:Wulf 2015 8121:pp. 67–68 8066:Wulf 2015 7927:Wulf 2015 7878:Wulf 2015 7746:Wulf 2015 7661:Wulf 2015 7633:Wulf 2015 7583:Wulf 2015 7559:Wulf 2015 7546:Wulf 2015 7534:Wulf 2015 7522:Wulf 2015 7466:(1900). 7448:Wulf 2015 7436:Wulf 2015 7349:Wulf 2015 6964:Carrera, 6861:Wulf 2015 6800:P. Moret 6665:: 43–56. 6305:0718-1043 6148:Wulf 2015 6146:Cited in 6135:Wulf 2015 6114:Wulf 2015 6056:28 August 6033:Wulf 2015 5849:Wulf 2015 5836:Wulf 2015 5812:Wulf 2015 5800:Wulf 2015 5725:Wulf 2015 5674:Wulf 2015 5659:Wulf 2015 5647:Wulf 2015 5496:cite book 5428:2397-334X 5344:973159818 5261:IAEA-Inis 4568:(2 vols.) 4559:(2 vols.) 4541:(5 vols.) 4511:(5 vols.) 4440:(4 vols.) 4432:(5 vols.) 4424:(2 vols.) 4421:nascentes 4306:(2 vols.) 4232:, Ecuador 4196:main quad 4179:St. Louis 3864:composed 3860:In 2019, 3761:, Germany 3684:in 1821. 3287:Lobopodia 2904:Sanssouci 2875:, and in 2862:Henriette 2856:Sexuality 2832:Sociality 2826:Jews Bill 2807:afterlife 2356:John Muir 1828:in 1805. 1666:had been 1648:New Spain 1621:Neptunism 1612:volcanoes 1421:Louisiana 1105:Pichincha 851:Venezuela 783:New Spain 607:entitled 601:Die Horen 498:Neptunist 361:Pomerania 283:geography 280:botanical 229:Signature 201:Geography 14733:Category 14521:Humboldt 14491:Duquesne 14443:Scholars 14086:Turmequé 14028:caciques 13990:Sugamuxi 13985:Nompanim 13946:Hunzahúa 13920:caciques 13603:>2002 13548:Ceramic 13368:Wetlands 13349:Tunjuelo 13271:Sesquilé 13238:Zoratama 13211:Emeralds 13184:Specific 13165:Toponyms 13153:Religion 13148:Numerals 13113:Calendar 13013:Category 12802:Paja Fm. 12784:Hiló Fm. 12575:Patasola 12519:Lycopsis 12323:Devonian 12300:Jurassic 12290:Paja Fm. 12275:Hiló Fm. 12250:Cerrejón 12222:Ware Fm. 12205:La Venta 12032:Humboldt 11301:Asa Gray 11113:John Ray 10801:Scientia 10677:LibriVox 10210:(1833). 9945:13242231 9866:(2015). 9814:(2007). 9652:(1955). 9373:Archived 9353:Archived 9333:Archived 9308:cite web 9289:Archived 9260:Archived 9196:12 April 9187:Archived 9151:36915652 9142:10007972 9041:(n.d.). 8954:Archived 8800:Archived 8786:(1927). 8768:(1914). 8655:(1992). 8370:41303732 8306:(2008). 8124:Archived 8096:24622076 8051:Archived 8024:Archived 8001:Archived 7811:Archived 7786:Archived 7765:Archived 7375:Humboldt 7313:Archived 7284:Archived 7157:(1992). 7129:(1997). 7100:, p. 72. 7066:, p. 71. 7003:Archived 6747:Archived 6724:Archived 6510:, p. 74. 6427:Archived 6409:21 April 6403:Archived 6330:(1892). 6191:Archived 6087:20 March 6081:Archived 5567:(1911). 5436:31467435 5372:Archived 5298:Archived 5265:archived 5231:Archived 5178:Archived 5142:Archived 5111:Archived 4686:See also 4584:(vol. 3) 4576:(vol. 3) 4566:Bonpland 4557:Amazones 4353:(1811); 4210:La Palma 3866:Humboldt 3830:Stiftung 3662:asteroid 3600:, Canada 3296:– lichen 3268:– beetle 3043:by King 2767:, 1859. 2755:Religion 2635:Cotopaxi 2619:Cotopaxi 2603:Cotopaxi 2589:(Brazil) 2571:Llaneros 2488:Cotopaxi 2314:Paraguay 2137:lectures 2064:Cossacks 2036:and the 1992:platinum 1692:Romantic 1557:Antisana 1436:Bordeaux 1432:Delaware 1416:(1810). 1402:cinchona 1328:criollos 1259:and the 1241:Guerrero 1209:Guerrero 1189:Acapulco 1123:, Peru. 1117:en route 1043:Trinidad 1035:Matanzas 966:(1849). 839:Tenerife 835:A Coruña 605:allegory 597:Schiller 556:Freiberg 547:and the 545:Bayreuth 302:Americas 273:linguist 265:Romantic 261:explorer 249:polymath 14627:Epítome 14607:Elegías 14536:De Lugo 14486:Correal 14196:Yarigui 14168:Guayupe 14158:Achagua 14130:Sutagao 14082:cacique 14012:Tundama 14000:cacique 13787:Iguaque 13770:Fúquene 13762:Natural 13695:Chaquén 13675:Huitaca 13670:Bochica 13642:Deities 13562:Herrera 13521:Sáchica 13514:Nemocón 13507:Galindo 13454:El Abra 13423:History 13339:Teusacá 13261:Nemocón 13170:Warfare 13159:Society 13123:Economy 13118:Cuisine 13086:General 12526:Micodon 12182:Neogene 12001:Hettner 11975:Notable 10790:. 1900. 10690:at the 10567:Portals 10438:6 April 10336:Bibcode 9683:9640382 8469:, Ch. 3 8457:(1860). 8415:3590683 8101:22 June 7817:9 April 7322:7 April 7290:9 April 7248:1 April 7009:29 June 6310:arriba. 5577:(ed.). 5406:Bibcode 5304:4 March 5271:8 March 5240:29 June 5215:Bibcode 5173:Science 5117:1 March 5027:11 July 4999:11 July 4943:German: 4503:(1821); 4143:Monagas 3810:Hettner 3747:Schools 3711:Wilhelm 2981:Honours 2784:atheist 2716:Wilhelm 2506:Gallery 2420:Journal 2372:Richard 2145:cartoon 2081:anthrax 2073:Tobolsk 2060:Yenisei 2058:to the 1961:ecology 1887:thalers 1663:creoles 1652:Negroes 1617:igneous 1527:geology 1519:biology 1375:mammoth 1265:criollo 1217:Morelos 1193:capital 1021:Bejucal 917:Caracas 913:Leonids 901:Guanoco 893:oilbird 867:Pizarro 863:Pizarro 831:Pizarro 674:placed 486:Hamburg 432:finance 424:Wilhelm 391:in the 346:Prussia 323:ecology 269:science 142:, 1792) 140:diploma 76:Prussia 14631:(1889) 14621:(1638) 14611:(1589) 14571:Triana 14541:Ocampo 14516:Hammen 14506:Gamboa 14501:Friede 14496:Freyle 14466:Arango 14451:Acosta 14186:Panche 14072:Sagipa 14044:Bacatá 13977:Suamox 13951:Michuá 13808:Ubaque 13797:Suesca 13792:Siecha 13776:Guasca 13655:Bachué 13501:Checua 13481:Lithic 13459:Tibitó 13334:Soacha 13201:Chicha 13076:Topics 13063:Muisca 13017:Images 12655:Etayoa 12165:Tibitó 12027:Cuvier 12011:Páramo 11996:Hammen 11928:(1900) 11920:(1899) 11912:(1898) 11904:(1897) 11896:(1896) 11888:(1895) 11880:(1894) 11872:(1893) 11864:(1892) 11856:(1891) 11848:(1890) 11840:(1889) 11832:(1888) 11824:(1887) 11816:(1886) 11808:(1885) 11800:(1884) 11792:(1883) 11784:(1882) 11776:(1881) 11768:(1880) 11760:(1879) 11752:(1878) 11744:(1877) 11736:(1876) 11728:(1875) 11720:(1874) 11712:(1873) 11704:(1872) 11696:(1871) 11688:(1870) 11680:(1869) 11672:(1868) 11664:(1867) 11656:(1866) 11648:(1865) 11640:(1864) 11632:(1863) 11624:(1862) 11616:(1861) 11608:(1860) 11600:(1859) 11592:(1858) 11584:(1857) 11576:(1856) 11568:(1855) 11560:(1854) 11552:(1853) 11544:(1852) 11536:(1851) 11447:Topics 10898:Aelian 10807: 10750: 10541:about 10364: 10285: 10165: 10136: 10085: 10038: 10028: 9993: 9943: 9935: 9888: 9878: 9852: 9822: 9800: 9777: 9758: 9735: 9698: 9681: 9662: 9638: 9618: 9552: 9530: 9482:17 May 9455: 9298:2 June 9235:MinDat 9149: 9139: 9131: 9057:5 June 8798:: 39. 8688: 8663: 8413: 8405: 8368: 8360: 8326: 8316: 8094: 8048:p. 110 8019:German 7947: 7864: 7726:Kosmos 7708: 7171: 7137: 6802:et al. 6303: 5434: 5426: 5342: 5332: 5048:Lexico 4675:citing 4632:German 4608:(1884) 4600:(1850) 4461:Ludwig 4414:(1833) 4372:(1805) 4345:(1811) 4326: 4107:Statue 4073:Statue 4039:Statue 3893:barque 3883:Bremen 3855:Kosmos 3721:Bogotá 3618:, Peru 3612:, Cuba 3431:Caripe 3039:1853: 3032:1852: 3015:1847: 3005:1844: 2998:1842: 2951:stroke 2815:Cosmos 2796:Cosmos 2776:Cosmos 2621:(1855) 2605:(1855) 2471:, and 2459:(1859) 2395:, and 2389:Robert 2307:(1831) 2246:Cosmos 2199:Kosmos 2193:(1849) 2180:Kosmos 2176:Kosmos 2168:Kosmos 2156:Kosmos 2132:Kosmos 2111:Cosmos 1996:silver 1912:Kosmos 1891:salons 1781:Mexico 1750:Zocalo 1701:castas 1657:castas 1493:, and 1478:, and 1255:, the 1128:Callao 1073:(1810) 1030:Guines 1019:, and 1009:Havana 944:Amazon 885:Caripe 858:Havana 847:Cumaná 765:, 1806 700:Madrid 621:Vienna 568:urform 504:under 318:Kosmos 313:cosmos 197:Fields 185:(1852) 179:Awards 156:Kosmos 119:German 72:Berlin 59:(1843) 14649:ICANH 14581:Zerda 14566:Simón 14511:Groot 14481:Celis 14284:Minor 14243:Major 14163:Tegua 14140:Lache 14135:Guane 13972:iraca 13937:Hunza 13931:zaque 13836:Myths 13724:Built 13465:Sueva 13344:Torca 13324:Fucha 13266:Tausa 13232:Tunjo 13221:Ruana 13175:Women 13133:Music 12918:Flora 12139:Major 11991:Etayo 9616:S2CID 9292:(PDF) 9285:(PDF) 9190:(PDF) 9183:(PDF) 9111:PeerJ 8944:[ 8411:JSTOR 8366:JSTOR 8092:JSTOR 7470:[ 7418:] 7316:(PDF) 7309:(PDF) 5573:. 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