2030:, designed an orthography of Khwe in which he published three volumes of texts and grammatical sketches, based on observations of language and culture made over 30 years of visits to Namibia. As Köhler's orthography was designed for academic purposes, his volumes were published in German and French, and therefore inaccessible to the Khwe themselves. Köhler never made an attempt to teach literacy to members of the community.
209:
443:, was formerly used to describe an "activity the community members perform during healing ceremonies". The semantic broadening of word meanings has also permeated other parts of Khwe-speaking culture, such as food, animals, and other forms of naming that some argue have introduced nonconformity. Noting this, the original meanings of these words is still understood and used during Khwe cultural practices.
593:
533:, and in this process, encountered the native Khwe population. While the Khwe migrated into the Caprivi and greater Kavango-Zambezi region after the Damara, they were certainly there 5,000 years ago when Bantu speakers migrated to the area, and through their linguistic and cultural exchanges, both languages were fundamentally altered. The
2037:
A collection of Khwe folktales was published in 1999 by
Christa Kilian-Hatz and David Naude, using the revised orthography along with interlinear and free translations. Kilian-Hatz also published a dictionary of Khwe, although this is written in the linguistic orthography which uses symbols from the
2033:
Attempts to teach the Khwe orthography to first language speakers were not made until 1996, by scholars of the institute who took up Köhler's work. At the request and with the consultation of the Khwe, the orthography was revised and simplified by
Matthias Brenzinger and Mathias Schladt between 1996
1503:
Khoe click inventories generally combine four anterior constrictions types with nine to eleven anterior constrictions. The exact size of the click inventory in Khwe is unclear. Köhler established an inventory of 36 click phonemes, from combinations of four influxes /ǀ ǂ ǃ ǁ/, and nine effluxes (only
1970:
Khwe has two multiverbal constructions that may denote a series of closely connected events: serial verb constructions (SVC) and converb constructions. An SVC expresses a complex event composed by two or more single events that happen at the same time, and a converb construction marks the immediate
354:
In 2000, the meeting of the
Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in South Africa (WIMSA) produced the Penduka Declaration on the Standardisation of Ju and Khoe Languages, which recommends Khwe be classified as part of the Central Khoe-San family, a cluster language comprising Khwe, ǁAni and Buga.
427:
Until the 1970s, the Khwe speaking population lived in areas that were inaccessible to most
Westerners in remote parts of Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Botswana, and South Africa. Since then, livelihoods have shifted from primarily from hunter-gatherer to more Westernized practices. The first
1974:
SVCs in Khwe consist of two or more verbs forming a single intonation unit, with only the last verb being marked for TAM. The preceding verbs obligatorily take the active voice suffix. Converb constructions may consist of two or more verbs, only one of which takes the TAM marking.
672:, as well as 25 vowel phonemes, including diphthongs and nasalised vowels. Khwe's tone system has been analysed as containing 9 syllabic tones (3 register and 6 contour), although more recent proposed analyses identify only 3 lexical tones, high, mid and low, with the
3625:
439:. Khwe is learned locally as a second language in Namibia, but the language is being lost in Botswana as speakers shift to Tswana. It is also argued that this has led to a semantic broadening in meaning of words in the Khwe language. For example, "to write",
512:
in
Khoisan languages, some argue. The Khwe, and other Khoe language speaking peoples, resided in greater Southern Africa, prior to the great Bantu Migration, which occurred about 5,000 years ago. In this migration, the Bantu speaking population of
2010:
functions both as a verb 'to be little, few, some' and as an alternative way of expressing the quantity 'three'. This term is unique in its ambiguity among numeral terms used by
African hunter-gatherer subsistence communities.
423:
techniques for subsistence. These testimonies also indicate that living Khwe speakers feel as though they are land-less, and feel as though the governments of
Botswana and Namibia have taken their land and rights to it.
2049:
The revised orthography has not been granted official status in
Namibia. The Khwe language is not taught as a subject or used as a language of instruction in formal education, and few literacy materials exist.
1967:, subjects and direct objects of transitive verbs, and one of the objects of ditransitive verbs are commonly omitted when the participants are known to the speakers through inner- or extra-linguistic context.
2088:
Working Group of
Indigenous Minorities of Southern Africa (WIMSA) (20 April 2011). "The Penduka Declaration on the Standardisation of Ju and Khoe Languages". Windhoek, Namibia: Penduka Training Centre.
505:'s Department of African Languages, it was revealed that proto-Damara most likely migrated through the western Caprivi area before the Khwe settled the area, as there is little lexical overlap.
1894:. Nouns are marked with person-gender-number suffixes (PGNs). Gender division in Khwe is based on sex, and is expressed by PGNs, with gender being marked even in first-person dual and plural.
2213:
Gunnink, H., Sands, B., Pakendorf, B., & Bostoen, K. (2015). Prehistoric language contact in the
Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier area: Khoisan influence on southwestern Bantu languages.
450:
in early and mid-twentieth centuries. The missionaries, for the most part, failed to convert the Khwe-speaking population. The introduction to missionaries, however, introduced
469:, and came in contact with the native Khoe speakers in the area. Several Bantu languages of this area adapted the clicks of the Khoe languages and integrated them into their
559:
from government pressures that have influenced the contemporary distribution of Khwe speakers. In 1990, 4,000 Xhu- and Khwe-speaking people, including former members of the
489:
area in Namibia, however, the entirety of the Khoe population occupies a much larger geography. Khwe speakers in the western Caprivi are somewhat distant,
473:, in a reduced manner through paralexification. Some scholars argue that the "contact-induced" changes in Bantu languages have contributed to the general
3600:
1901:
which can be used to indicate non-occurrence of an event, non-equation between entities, and the non-possession of an entity. The post-verbal particle
2191:
Chumbo, Sefako, and Kotsi Mmabo. Xom Kyakyare Khwe: Am Kuri Kx'ûî = The Khwe of the Okavango Panhandle: The past Life. Shakawe: Teemacane Trust, 2002.
639:
1854:
There are three tones in Khwe: high /V́/, mid /V̄/, low /V̀/. Long vowels and diphthongs have eight tones (missing only *mid–low as a combination).
2272:
2714:
3371:
2545:
Epps, Patience; Bowern, Claire; Hansen, Cynthia A.; Hill, Jane H.; Zentz, Jason (2012). "On numeral complexity in hunter-gatherer languages".
3630:
3063:
1987:
regarding the primacy of the visual domain in the hierarchy of the verbs of perception, Khwe's most widely applied verb of perception is
432:-speaking education that Khwe speakers received was in 1970 at a settlement in Mùtcʼiku, a settlement proximate the Okavango River.
1603:
3593:
446:
While Khwe-speakers were in minimal contact with the outsiders until 1970, there was limited interaction between the Khwe and
1475:
1458:
541:, and phonology sections on this page further discuss the changes occurred, and how it has influenced contemporary Khwe.
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Today, an estimated 3,700 Khwe speakers live in Namibia, with the vast majority residing in the western region of the
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2695:
2448:
2423:
435:
Some argue that this put the language in a state of decline, as younger populations learned Bantu languages, such as
300:
270:
1862:
Khwe is a suffixing language, and thus has a rich inventory of head-marking suffixes on nouns and verbs. Verbs take
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1589:
1360:
1223:
2039:
1596:
1344:
738:
485:
The Khoe mainly occupy the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Specifically, Khwe speakers primarily live in the western
218:
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2317:
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Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.),
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761:
411:
for several thousand years. Testimonies from living Khwe speakers note that their ancestors have come from the
17:
2282:. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of the Western Cap. Archived from
477:
away from Khoe languages, such as Khwe, to Bantu languages because of the increased familiarity in phonology.
3357:
1251:
676:
as the basic unit of phonological structure. Tone sandhi processes are common in Khwe and related languages.
361:
is the preferred spelling as recommended by the Penduka Declaration, but the language is also referred to as
2073:
Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal
1960:
order, in which manner adverbs precede the verb, and adjectives and possessors attributes precede the noun.
3845:
3815:
3049:
2003:, which is semantically rooted in oral perception, is used to convey holistic modes of sensory perception.
1708:
1403:
1352:
747:
568:
184:
2125:"The Role of Dictionaries in the Documentation and Codification of African Languages: The Case of Khoisan"
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1281:
1276:
4035:
1929:
Generally, Khoisan languages have an SV constituent order. Central Khoisan languages have a dominant AOV
1387:
1368:
715:
564:
2283:
3679:
1468:
1154:
1026:
1008:
1001:
937:
779:
2720:‖Xom Kyakyare Khwe: ǂAm Kuri Kxʼû͟î: Part one of a series of Buga and ǁAni Khwe oral testimonies
2593:
Haacke, W.G. (2006). "Linguistic research for literary empowerment of Khoesaan languages of Namibia".
869:
Three nasal vowels are recognized as /ã ĩ ũ/. A nasal /õ/ also exists, but only in diphthongs as /õã/.
3865:
3724:
3609:
1863:
1376:
461:, have had linguistic influences on Bantu languages. The Bantu language speakers of the Okavango and
2649:
2531:
2376:
2106:
1933:, including Khwe, though OAV order is used more frequently in casual conversation and storytelling.
3761:
3670:
2988:
2763:
1317:
1033:
724:
618:
576:
534:
457:
Despite the influence of Bantu languages in Khwe speakers education, historically, Khwe, and other
316:
105:
2719:
4070:
3687:
3647:
2087:
1905:
can also be used, although its application is limited to prohibitive functions, such as negative
1136:
1129:
1019:
2968:
3551:
3528:
3292:
2896:
2496:
2236:
Haacke, W. (2008, December). Linguistic hypotheses on the origin of Namibian Khoekhoe speakers.
1813:
1778:
1751:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1192:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1103:
902:
635:
2686:
Khwe Dictionary (with a Supplement on Khwe Place-names of West Caprivi by Matthias Brenzinger)
1491:/ʃ/ is realized as only in Buma-Khwe, but as in ǁXo-Khwe and Buga-Khwe, and as in ǁXom-Khwe
4010:
3660:
2942:
2915:
2739:
2093:
2027:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1505:
1449:
1431:
958:
951:
502:
2488:
2333:
Köhler, K. (1998). Hurford, J. (ed.). "The development of sound systems in human language".
2124:
4040:
3380:
2900:
1984:
1953:
1891:
1694:
1147:
967:
560:
575:, South Africa. In 2003, the majority of this community relocated to Platfontein, outside
8:
3911:
3860:
3567:
3072:
1701:
1646:
1331:
1206:
1081:
1074:
1063:
1056:
1049:
875:/oɛ/ and /uɛ/ are free in variation with /oe/ and /ue/, but only dependent upon speakers.
2993:
2312:. Copenhagen, Denmark: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. pp. 29–32.
3410:
3086:
2637:
2610:
2572:
2519:
2364:
1957:
1687:
1297:
1094:
974:
673:
644:
408:
3523:
3152:
3003:
2873:
176:
3901:
3855:
3840:
3508:
3485:
3455:
3415:
3247:
3242:
3172:
2973:
2802:
2755:
2691:
2614:
2576:
2489:
2444:
2419:
2313:
1964:
1930:
1871:
1611:
1576:
1396:
1240:
1122:
924:
909:
458:
308:
2864:
2797:
2785:
224:
3470:
3394:
3333:
3318:
3277:
3257:
3177:
3117:
3112:
3025:
3017:
2732:
2684:
2602:
2562:
2554:
2412:
2221:
919:
897:
892:
866:/o/ is realized as when lengthened, but is realized as if it is pronounced short.
556:
283:
250:
2998:
2978:
2891:
3953:
3927:
3891:
3870:
3769:
3716:
3703:
3480:
3460:
3450:
3432:
3420:
3338:
3323:
3297:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3252:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3197:
3187:
3162:
3122:
3107:
2881:
2848:
2495:. Explorations in Linguistic Typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
1991:, 'taste, smell, touch'. Khwe has three verbs of perception, the other two being
1906:
1875:
1423:
1268:
945:
914:
817:
732:
669:
530:
509:
508:
The Khwe speakers' distribution in the greater Kavango-Zambezi region influenced
466:
451:
436:
429:
420:
97:
2790:
192:
4025:
4015:
3987:
3922:
3916:
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3830:
3788:
3740:
3732:
3695:
3465:
3442:
3302:
3287:
3262:
3237:
3232:
3192:
3182:
3167:
3147:
3030:
2983:
2843:
2827:
2772:
1887:
1524:
988:
755:
549:
545:
518:
474:
416:
348:
312:
197:
110:
2885:
2606:
4064:
3875:
3850:
3748:
3543:
3513:
3490:
3127:
3102:
2927:
2822:
2817:
2780:
1883:
1879:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1337:
1212:
994:
697:
608:
572:
494:
486:
3578:
2963:
3518:
3475:
2947:
2558:
2443:. Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact. A. Cambridge University Press.
2225:
2043:
1914:
1519:
1040:
628:
548:. The largest known Khwe settlements are Mutc'iku, located adjacent to the
332:
60:
2663:
Kilian-Hatz, Christa (1999). "Folktales of the Kxoe in the West Caprivi".
2469:
Coding Participant Marking: Construction Types in Twelve African Languages
159:
152:
3979:
3157:
1716:
1681:
798:
709:
692:
514:
1508:, /ǃᶢ/. Khwe is the only language to have a pre-nasalized voiced click.
3349:
2026:
In 1957, Oswin Köhler, founder of the Institut für Afrikanistik at the
847:
771:
702:
447:
407:
The Khwe-speaking population has resided around the "bush" in areas of
3041:
2567:
1897:
Negation in Khwe is indicated with the clause-final negative particle
3993:
3655:
3427:
2414:
Khwe dictionary with a supplement on Khwe place names of West Caprivi
2015:
1937:
1910:
1867:
665:
470:
169:
143:
2724:
4020:
3958:
3142:
2812:
2335:
Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases
2257:. Universität zu Köln: Institut für Afrikanistik. pp. 321–357.
526:
328:
236:
75:
56:
3626:
Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
3500:
3207:
3202:
2169:
Brenzinger, M (No Date). The Vanishing of Nonconformist Concepts.
1941:
522:
498:
490:
462:
412:
381:
refer to speakers of the language and are considered pejorative.
320:
232:
48:
27:
Khoe dialect continuum of the Okavango Delta, southwestern Africa
2075:(Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
1952:, especially state verbs, can be used attributively. Khwe has a
4030:
3948:
3328:
3132:
2630:
A Multipurpose Orthography for Kxoe: Development and Challenges
538:
336:
324:
208:
64:
52:
2150:. Vol. 4. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 363.
292:
4045:
3906:
2690:. Namibian African Studies 7. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
2467:
Killian-Hatz, Christa (2009). Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan (ed.).
3932:
2715:
Khwe basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
2628:
Schladt, Mathias (2000). Batibo, H.M.; Tsonope, J. (eds.).
1949:
1945:
262:
235:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2135:. Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS).
2510:
Viberg, Ake (2001). Haspelmath, M.; et al. (eds.).
2491:
Serial Verb Constructions: A Cross-Linguistic Typology
2601:(2). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 157–176.
301:
289:
271:
259:
256:
2544:
579:, following the Schmidtsdrift Community Land Claim.
286:
253:
2683:
2514:. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. pp. 1294–1309.
2411:
2255:Moving to Survive: Kxoe Communities in Arid Lands
634:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
351:branch of the larger Khoe-Kwadi language family.
4062:
2397:Perception and Cognition in Language and Culture
2394:
2307:
454:and languages, in addition to Bantu languages.
2486:
2471:. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing.
3608:
3594:
3365:
3057:
2740:
2632:. Basarwa Language Project. pp. 125–139.
2310:Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Southern Africa
2215:Journal of African Languages and Linguistics,
2148:The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1504:five on the alveolar), as well as a borrowed
493:, from other similar Khoe languages, such as
2512:The verbs of perception: a typological study
2487:Aikenvald, Alexandra; Dixon, R.M.W. (2005).
2466:
2308:Hitchcock, Robert K.; Vindig, Diana (2004).
2067:
2065:
2063:
2681:
2662:
2409:
2395:Storch, Ann; Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2013).
2354:
2014:Khwe has a large number of loan words from
3601:
3587:
3372:
3358:
3064:
3050:
2747:
2733:
2438:
2252:
872:Nasal diphthongs include /ãĩ, ũĩ, ãũ, õã/.
384:Other names and spellings of ǁAni include
207:
2566:
2270:
2060:
3379:
2122:
465:regions migrated to the area during the
3071:
2627:
229:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
4063:
2592:
2509:
2332:
2266:
2264:
3582:
3353:
3045:
2754:
2728:
2588:
2586:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2462:
2460:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
889:
2273:"Schmidtsdrift Community Land Claim"
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2118:
2116:
2083:
2081:
586:
2439:Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (2007).
2261:
1498:
555:Noting this, there have been major
24:
2583:
2475:
2457:
2383:
2341:
2145:
1971:succession of two or more events.
624:for transliterated languages, and
604:of its non-English content, using
25:
4092:
2708:
2418:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
2194:
2172:
2154:
2113:
2078:
2046:use for the applied orthography.
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1474:
1467:
1457:
1430:
1402:
1386:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1316:
1307:
1250:
1222:
1191:
1180:
1173:
1153:
1146:
1135:
1128:
1102:
1080:
1073:
1062:
1055:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1007:
1000:
973:
966:
957:
950:
778:
760:
746:
737:
723:
714:
571:, were settled in a tent town in
342:
3621:Pan South African Language Board
2271:Kleinbooi, Karin (August 2007).
1983:In opposition to the postulated
1494:/l/ is only found in borrowings.
591:
282:
249:
2675:
2656:
2621:
2538:
2503:
2432:
2403:
2326:
2301:
2123:Chebanne, Andy (19 July 2010).
2040:International Phonetic Alphabet
1936:Khwe lacks a separate class of
480:
3631:Department of Arts and Culture
2441:Linguistic Geography of Africa
2246:
2230:
2139:
2021:
640:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
2682:Kilian-Hatz, Christa (2003).
2410:Kilian-Hatz, Christa (2003).
2355:Kilian-Hatz, Christa (2008).
2253:Brenzinger, Matthias (1997).
2053:
1978:
1857:
879:
392:with various combinations of
2238:Southern African Humanities,
582:
419:, where they primarily used
339:, with some 8,000 speakers.
7:
565:South African Defence Force
552:, and Gudigoa in Botswana.
90:(7,000 Khwe and 1,000 ǁAni)
10:
4097:
1864:tense-aspect-mood suffixes
402:
386:ǀAnda, Gǀanda, Handá, Gani
4081:Languages of South Africa
4003:
3978:
3971:
3941:
3884:
3823:
3808:
3781:
3760:
3715:
3678:
3669:
3646:
3639:
3616:
3610:Languages of South Africa
3560:
3542:
3499:
3441:
3403:
3387:
3311:
3095:
3079:
3016:
2956:
2935:
2926:
2910:
2897:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
2872:
2863:
2836:
2771:
2762:
2671:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
2607:10.1080/00020180500355652
2359:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
1924:
1448:
1440:
1422:
1414:
1330:
1287:
1258:
1230:
1205:
1112:
987:
944:
923:
918:
913:
908:
901:
896:
891:
885:Khwe pulmonic consonants
816:
792:
745:
679:
529:borderlands, migrated to
215:
206:
183:
167:
163: – ǁAni (Handa)
141:
136:
94:
82:
70:
44:
39:
34:
2665:Namibian African Studies
2357:A grammar of modern Khwe
1917:constructions, in which
1849:
501:survey conducted by the
347:Khwe is a member of the
2882:Sekele / Northern ǃKung
2146:Bright, William (ed.).
3552:Namibian Sign Language
2559:10.1515/lity-2012-0002
2226:10.1515/jall-2015-0009
2101:Cite journal requires
217:This article contains
74:Northwest District in
4076:Languages of Botswana
4011:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
3443:Other Bantu languages
2028:University of Cologne
1963:In Khwe, subjects of
1506:voiced alveolar click
664:Khwe has 70 phonemic
563:who fought under the
503:University of Namibia
375:Barakwena, Barakwengo
78:, Khwai River, Mababe
3811:unofficial languages
3381:Languages of Namibia
1985:linguistic universal
1866:(TAMs), marking for
602:specify the language
600:This article should
561:31 Battalion (SWATF)
115:Kalahari (Tshu–Khwe)
3561:Immigrant languages
3404:Recognized regional
3073:Languages of Angola
2547:Linguistic Typology
1513:
886:
686:
3690:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
3096:National languages
1965:intransitive verbs
1921:can also be used.
1814:Affricate ejective
1511:
884:
684:
409:sub-Saharan Africa
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
3967:
3966:
3816:1996 constitution
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3725:Southern Ndebele
3576:
3575:
3388:Official language
3347:
3346:
3080:Official language
3039:
3038:
3012:
3011:
2922:
2921:
2859:
2858:
2756:Khoisan languages
2289:on 4 January 2014
1931:constituent order
1909:and the negative
1847:
1846:
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1399:
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1300:
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1243:
1215:
1170:
1125:
1097:
1052:
997:
940:
933:
863:
862:
788:
787:
662:
661:
642:may also be used.
557:forced migrations
497:. According to a
459:Khoisan languages
309:dialect continuum
243:
242:
225:rendering support
221:phonetic symbols.
156: – Khwe
88:8,000 (2011)
16:(Redirected from
4088:
4036:SA Sign Language
3976:
3975:
3866:Northern Ndebele
3821:
3820:
3813:mentioned in the
3676:
3675:
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2401:
2400:
2399:. Leiden: Brill.
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2280:www.plaas.org.za
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2137:
2136:
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2076:
2069:
2042:in place of the
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1550:
1514:
1510:
1499:Click consonants
1478:
1471:
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1406:
1395:
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1371:
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100:
32:
31:
21:
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4085:
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4050:
3999:
3963:
3937:
3880:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3796:
3777:
3756:
3711:
3696:Southern Sotho
3688:Northern Sotho
3665:
3635:
3612:
3607:
3577:
3572:
3556:
3538:
3495:
3437:
3399:
3383:
3378:
3348:
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3307:
3091:
3075:
3070:
3040:
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3008:
2952:
2918:
2916:ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)
2906:
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2832:
2758:
2753:
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2698:
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2595:African Studies
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1981:
1927:
1860:
1852:
1501:
904:
882:
682:
668:, including 36
658:
652:
649:
643:
631:
625:
621:
619:transliteration
615:
611:
605:
596:
592:
585:
531:Southern Africa
483:
467:Bantu Migration
452:Western culture
421:hunter-gatherer
405:
345:
335:, and parts of
302:
285:
281:
277:(also rendered
272:
252:
248:
223:Without proper
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175:
158:
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132:
101:
98:Language family
96:
89:
85:
84:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4078:
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4071:Khoe languages
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Pretoria Sotho
4023:
4018:
4016:Oorlams Creole
4013:
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4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
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3693:
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3673:
3671:Southern Bantu
3667:
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3637:
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3544:Sign languages
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2709:External links
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2112:
2103:|journal=
2077:
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2023:
2020:
2006:The Khwe term
1980:
1977:
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653:September 2021
638:. Knowledge's
599:
597:
590:
584:
581:
550:Okavango River
546:Zambezi Region
519:Central Africa
482:
479:
475:language shift
417:Okavango Delta
404:
401:
394:-kwe/khwe/khoe
344:
343:Classification
341:
315:branch of the
241:
240:
227:, you may see
213:
212:
204:
203:
201:
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195:
189:
187:
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139:
138:
137:Language codes
134:
133:
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127:
126:
125:
124:
104:
102:
95:
92:
91:
86:
83:
80:
79:
72:
68:
67:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
18:Hukwe language
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4093:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4047:
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3995:
3991:
3989:
3986:
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3677:
3674:
3672:
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3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3648:West Germanic
3645:
3642:
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573:Schmidtsdrift
570:
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521:, around the
520:
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413:Tsodilo Hills
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62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3992:
3919:(historical)
3790:
3771:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3727:(isiNdebele)
3726:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3680:Sotho–Tswana
3533:
3312:Non-official
3137:
2943:Lower Nossob
2807:
2685:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2629:
2623:
2598:
2594:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2511:
2505:
2490:
2468:
2440:
2434:
2413:
2405:
2396:
2356:
2334:
2328:
2309:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2284:the original
2279:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2217:
2214:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2094:cite journal
2072:
2048:
2044:Latin script
2036:
2032:
2025:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:'hear', but
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1861:
1853:
1717:Voiced nasal
1512:Khwe clicks
1502:
685:Khwe vowels
663:
650:
636:ISO 639 code
632:}}
626:{{
622:}}
616:{{
612:}}
606:{{
601:
569:Namibian War
554:
543:
507:
484:
481:Distribution
456:
448:missionaries
445:
440:
434:
426:
406:
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
353:
346:
333:South Africa
278:
245:
244:
216:
168:
121:
61:South Africa
29:
4041:Angloromani
3980:LGBTQ slang
3791:(Tshivenḓa)
3529:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
3509:Nama/Damara
3486:Thimbukushu
2979:Nǁng (Nǀuu)
2948:Taa (ǃXoon)
2646:|work=
2528:|work=
2373:|work=
2022:Orthography
1995:'see', and
1907:imperatives
1872:applicative
1752:Uvular stop
1577:Glottalized
1450:Approximant
793:Diphthongs
231:instead of
4065:Categories
3912:Portuguese
3861:Nhlangwini
3824:Indigenous
3809:Recognised
3772:(Xitsonga)
3762:Tswa–Ronga
3743:(isiXhosa)
3706:(Setswana)
3568:Portuguese
3524:Kung-Ekoka
3456:Rukwangali
3451:Otjiherero
3158:Kung-Ekoka
3087:Portuguese
2964:Boshof ǃUi
2901:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
2764:Khoe–Kwadi
2568:1885/61320
2319:8791563089
2243:, 163-177.
2054:References
2034:and 1997.
1979:Vocabulary
1938:adjectives
1892:reciprocal
1876:comitative
1858:Morphology
880:Consonants
666:consonants
535:morphology
379:Mbarakwena
319:family of
317:Khoe-Kwadi
279:Kxoe, Khoe
106:Khoe–Kwadi
3994:IsiNgqumo
3942:Religious
3751:(isiZulu)
3735:(siSwati)
3698:(Sesotho)
3656:Afrikaans
3428:Afrikaans
3411:Oshiwambo
3198:Oshiwambo
2648:ignored (
2638:cite book
2615:145575707
2577:199664616
2530:ignored (
2520:cite book
2375:ignored (
2365:cite book
2293:4 October
2016:Afrikaans
1911:hortative
1888:reflexive
1868:causative
1779:Fricative
1647:Aspirated
1542:Voiceless
1338:voiceless
1332:Fricative
1213:voiceless
1207:Affricate
1050:aspirated
995:voiceless
818:Close-mid
733:Close-mid
583:Phonology
577:Kimberley
491:lexically
471:phonology
415:, in the
170:Glottolog
144:ISO 639-3
118:Northwest
4021:Fanagalo
3959:Sanskrit
3902:Gujarati
3640:Official
3461:Setswana
3416:Kwanyama
3248:Mbukushu
3243:Mbangala
3178:Kwanyama
3173:Kwangali
3143:Kimbundu
3018:Isolates
2803:Khoekhoe
1954:modifier
1942:Pronouns
1880:locative
1525:Alveolar
1298:ejective
1168:prenasal
1095:ejective
905:alveolar
898:Alveolar
756:Open-mid
527:Cameroon
367:Khoe-dam
329:Botswana
237:Help:IPA
177:kxoe1242
76:Botswana
57:Botswana
3885:Foreign
3841:Khoisan
3770:Tsonga
3704:Tswana
3661:English
3501:Khoisan
3491:Shiyeyi
3471:Gciriku
3395:English
3334:Chinese
3319:English
3278:Nyaneka
3258:Ngambwe
3208:Lingala
3203:Umbundu
3118:Hakaona
3113:Gciriku
3026:Sandawe
2994:ǂUngkue
2911:ǂʼAmkoe
2849:Zorotua
2129:Lexikos
1915:jussive
1884:passive
1535:Lateral
1530:Palatal
989:Plosive
925:Glottal
910:Palatal
698:Central
645:See why
567:in the
523:Nigeria
499:dialect
487:Caprivi
463:Zambezi
403:History
371:Khwedam
321:Namibia
311:of the
307:) is a
233:Unicode
149:Either:
49:Namibia
4031:Scamto
3954:Hebrew
3949:Arabic
3928:Telugu
3892:German
3871:Phuthi
3789:Venda
3741:Xhosa
3733:Swazi
3481:Kuhane
3433:German
3421:Ndonga
3339:Romani
3329:Arabic
3324:French
3298:Sekele
3283:Nyengo
3273:Nsongo
3268:Nkumbi
3253:Ndombe
3228:Luyana
3223:Luvale
3218:Luimbi
3213:Lucazi
3193:Ndonga
3188:Mbunda
3163:Kuvale
3133:Ibinda
3123:Herero
3108:Chokwe
3004:ǁXegwi
2969:ǃGãǃne
2694:
2613:
2575:
2447:
2422:
2316:
1925:Syntax
1612:Voiced
1520:Dental
1397:voiced
1241:voiced
1123:voiced
920:Uvular
893:Labial
680:Vowels
670:clicks
539:syntax
510:clicks
495:Damara
441:ǁgàràá
437:Tswana
337:Zambia
325:Angola
71:Region
65:Zambia
53:Angola
4046:Kaaps
4004:Other
3988:Gayle
3972:Other
3923:Tamil
3917:Malay
3907:Hindi
3897:Greek
3831:Bhaca
3782:Venda
3749:Zulu
3717:Nguni
3466:Zemba
3303:Zemba
3288:Ruund
3263:Ngoya
3238:Mbali
3233:Mashi
3183:Lunda
3168:Kwadi
3153:!Kung
3148:Kongo
3031:Hadza
2989:ǁŨǁʼe
2984:Seroa
2886:Ekoka
2874:ǃKung
2844:Kwadi
2837:Kwadi
2828:Tshwa
2798:ǂHaba
2786:Gǁana
2611:S2CID
2573:S2CID
2553:(1).
2499:–110.
2287:(PDF)
2276:(PDF)
2220:(2).
1950:verbs
1946:nouns
1850:Tones
1682:Nasal
1424:Trill
1269:velar
946:Nasal
932:plain
915:Velar
903:Post-
799:Close
710:Close
693:Front
430:Bantu
398:-dam.
390:Tanne
3933:Urdu
3856:Nama
3851:Lozi
3846:Lala
3836:Khoe
3534:Kxoe
3519:ǃXóõ
3514:Naro
3293:Sama
3138:Khwe
3128:Holu
3103:Bolo
2999:ǀXam
2957:ǃKwi
2865:Kxʼa
2823:Shua
2818:Naro
2808:Khwe
2791:Gǀwi
2781:Eini
2773:Khoe
2692:ISBN
2650:help
2532:help
2445:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2377:help
2314:ISBN
2295:2015
2107:help
2008:xǀóa
2001:ǁám̀
1989:ǁám̀
1958:head
1948:and
1913:and
1890:and
1841:ǁᵏˣʼ
1834:ǂᵏˣʼ
1827:ǃᵏˣʼ
1820:ǀᵏˣʼ
1309:t͡ʃʼ
1282:t͡ʃx
938:pal.
848:Open
772:Open
703:Back
674:mora
609:lang
517:and
515:West
396:and
388:and
377:and
369:and
363:Kxoe
359:Khwe
349:Khoe
313:Khoe
273:KWAY
246:Khwe
198:ǁAni
193:Khwe
122:Khwe
111:Khoe
40:Kxoe
35:Khwe
3876:Tuu
3476:Fwe
2974:ǁKā
2936:Taa
2928:Tuu
2603:doi
2563:hdl
2555:doi
2497:108
2222:doi
1997:kóḿ
1993:mṹũ
1899:vé,
1806:ǁᵏˣ
1799:ǂᵏˣ
1792:ǃᵏˣ
1785:ǀᵏˣ
1744:ᵑǁᶢ
1737:ᵑǂᶢ
1730:ᵑǃᶢ
1723:ᵑǀᶢ
1674:ǁᵏʰ
1667:ǂᵏʰ
1660:ǃᵏʰ
1653:ǀᵏʰ
1318:kxʼ
1252:d͡ʒ
1224:t͡ʃ
1082:kʰʲ
855:ao
852:ae
840:oa
837:oɛ
834:oe
825:eu
822:ei
812:ua
809:uɛ
806:ue
803:ui
629:IPA
303:KOY
219:IPA
185:ELP
160:hnh
153:xuu
4067::
2667:.
2642::
2640:}}
2636:{{
2609:.
2599:64
2597:.
2585:^
2571:.
2561:.
2551:16
2549:.
2524::
2522:}}
2518:{{
2477:^
2459:^
2385:^
2369::
2367:}}
2363:{{
2343:^
2278:.
2263:^
2241:20
2218:36
2196:^
2174:^
2156:^
2133:24
2131:.
2127:.
2115:^
2098::
2096:}}
2092:{{
2080:^
2062:^
2018:.
1944:,
1940:.
1919:vé
1903:tí
1886:,
1882:,
1878:,
1874:,
1870:,
1772:ǁq
1767:ǂq
1762:ǃq
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