1970:
528:, and by those in the second half of the 20th century, such as Robert Croese. The latter two noted that Huilliche was the most divergent of the varieties of Araucanian, as did Pilar Álvarez-Santullano, a researcher in the phonology and syntax of Chesungun on the Osorno coast. A 2015 study found that the degree of mutual intelligibility was not possible to evaluate at present given that speakers of Huilliche were too few and with scant linguistic competence, nevertheless with the evidence available authors regarded Huilliche a variety of Mapudungun.
978:
1457:
1889:
1913:
511:"They are to some degree hidden within the broader Mapuche ethnic group, yet consider themselves quite distinct in both language and identity Though the two languages may share as many as 80% of basic words, we confirmed that they differ in their sounds and grammar, as well as in their ethno-linguistic identity Unexpectedly, Tsesungun, though it is geographically closer to Mapudungun, is less similar to it."
158:
519:
reported in 1606 that there was linguistic unity in the territory between
Coquimbo and Chiloé, from the Pacific to the Andes, and that this was composed of varieties whose differences were mostly in pronunciation and vocabulary. This analysis is supported by researchers at the end of the 19th and
495:
Huilliche is composed of at least two varieties, called
Huillichesungun and Tsesungun by their speakers. Huillichesungun is spoken in Wequetrumao, on the island of Chiloé, and Tsesungun is spoken in Choroy Traiguen, on the coast of Osorno province. Huilliche is closely related to
1073:
Sadowsky, Scott; Aninao, María José; Heggarty, Paul (2015). "Huilliche: ¿Geolecto del mapudungun o lengua propia? Una mirada desde la fonética y fonología de las consonantes". In Garay, Ana Fernández; Regúnaga, María
Alejandra (eds.).
488:
showing the closeness of
Huilliche with Mapuche dialects (I–VII) based on shared features according to Robert A. Croese. Dialect sub-groups are roughly ordered from their geographical distribution from north to south.
1683:
1100:
Sadowsky, Scott; Aninao, María; Cayunao, María; Heggarty, Paul (2015). "Huilliche: ¿Geolecto del
Mapudungun o Lengua Propia? Una Mirada desde la Fonética y Fonología de las Consonantes".
1832:
1822:
521:
2050:
2030:
1049:
2011:
531:
Most
Huilliche speakers are older adults, and most ethnic Huilliche speak Spanish as their first language, making both Huilliche varieties highly endangered.
2065:
525:
1155:
2004:
1330:
1561:
1997:
1109:
829:
1977:
1954:
774:
749:
1042:
1786:
861:
756:
1406:
1025:
995:
882:
845:
742:
1148:
668:
619:
1781:
900:
875:
647:
1827:
923:
2055:
1693:
1439:
838:
626:
1016:
Croese, Robert A. (1985). "21. Mapuche
Dialect Survey". In Manelis Klein, Harriet; Stark, Louisa R. (eds.).
1862:
1852:
1847:
1673:
893:
661:
144:
2035:
1756:
1678:
1521:
1141:
1083:
822:
916:
785:
675:
654:
612:
598:
1796:
2040:
921:
914:
898:
891:
880:
873:
859:
852:
843:
836:
827:
820:
977:
504:, though more research is needed to determine the degree of mutual intelligibility between the two.
1947:
1857:
1801:
1766:
1761:
854:
605:
1360:
633:
1867:
1791:
1776:
1726:
682:
1872:
1842:
1721:
1688:
1399:
1309:
710:
696:
1985:
1928:
245:
2060:
1581:
1350:
1345:
1340:
717:
225:
92:
1703:
1446:
1262:
8:
1969:
1940:
1837:
1746:
1731:
1434:
703:
2045:
1536:
1285:
1164:
1128:
946:
726:
560:
241:
136:
55:
1736:
1531:
1516:
1325:
1279:
1105:
1021:
734:
565:
1237:
236:, but now it is only spoken by a few elderly speakers. It is spoken in the nation's
1893:
1806:
1657:
1627:
1612:
1546:
1541:
1511:
1506:
1392:
1355:
1335:
1220:
1215:
1200:
1183:
555:
550:
516:
237:
181:
65:
51:
1771:
1713:
1556:
1292:
1210:
1205:
1178:
941:
690:
244:
regions; and mountain valleys, between the city of
Valdivia and south toward the
84:
149:
1981:
1924:
1637:
1501:
1375:
1268:
1251:
201:
2024:
1244:
965:
1274:
1079:
570:
507:
The "Enduring Voices" project of
National Geographic reports the following:
120:
1698:
1647:
1576:
991:
1741:
1632:
1471:
1456:
970:
497:
1586:
1617:
1481:
1476:
1133:
768:
641:
592:
575:
485:
229:
129:
113:
1571:
1642:
1602:
1566:
1751:
1652:
1622:
1415:
587:
501:
1912:
539:
The phonemic inventory of the
Lafkenche dialect is given below.
1607:
1020:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 784–801.
1920:
1551:
1526:
1496:
1486:
1099:
580:
233:
41:
157:
1491:
1384:
1018:
South American Indian Languages: Retrospect and Prospect
1072:
2022:
2051:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
2031:Indigenous languages of the South American Cone
228:. In 1982 it was spoken by about 2,000 ethnic
2005:
1948:
1400:
1149:
2066:Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs
2012:
1998:
1955:
1941:
1815:
1407:
1393:
1156:
1142:
156:
1095:
1093:
1009:
1043:"Enduring Voices in Chile—January 2011"
520:beginning of the 20th century, such as
2023:
1163:
1090:
1015:
1388:
1137:
1978:Indigenous languages of the Americas
1964:
1907:
1040:
13:
1787:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
1082:: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras,
959:
77:A few elderly speakers (2012)
14:
2077:
1684:Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes
1122:
1102:Lingüística Indígena Sudamericana
1076:Lingüística indígena sudamericana
1034:
784:
773:
755:
748:
741:
725:
716:
709:
702:
695:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
1968:
1911:
1888:
1887:
1455:
1230:Extinct and endangered languages
976:
1104:. Universidad de Buenos Aires.
1055:from the original on 2021-05-02
998:from the original on 2021-08-05
212:(which can also be found spelt
1066:
984:
224:) is a moribund branch of the
1:
1694:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche
952:
1984:. You can help Knowledge by
1976:This article related to the
1927:. You can help Knowledge by
1674:Consejo de Todas las Tierras
534:
16:Araucanian language of Chile
7:
1782:Desert Campaign (1833–1834)
1757:Araucanization of Patagonia
1679:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco
1414:
1331:Chile–Paraguay–Uruguay Sign
1194:Living Indigenous languages
1084:Universidad de Buenos Aires
935:
10:
2082:
1963:
1906:
226:Araucanian language family
1885:
1712:
1666:
1595:
1464:
1453:
1422:
1369:
1318:
1302:
1229:
1193:
1171:
459:
419:
406:
393:
386:
364:
351:
344:
337:
306:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
197:
187:
177:
168:
155:
143:
127:
111:
106:
81:
71:
61:
47:
37:
26:
21:
1797:Occupation of Araucanía
1923:-related article is a
1792:Conquest of the Desert
1777:Camino de los chilenos
513:
500:, the language of the
1689:Mapuche football team
1310:Chilean Sign Language
522:Félix José de Augusta
509:
2056:Araucanian languages
1667:Extant organizations
1732:Battle of the Maule
1537:Rüxafe (silverwork)
1041:Harrison, David K.
800:
544:
254:Dialect sub-groups
2036:Languages of Chile
1165:Languages of Chile
947:Languages of Chile
798:
542:
515:The Jesuit priest
246:Chiloé Archipelago
1993:
1992:
1936:
1935:
1901:
1900:
1881:
1880:
1858:Las Canoas (1793)
1704:Weichán Auka Mapu
1382:
1381:
1376:extinct languages
1319:Language families
1263:Kawésqar/Alacaluf
1129:SIL International
1111:978-987-4019-00-4
974:(25th ed., 2022)
933:
932:
796:
795:
493:
492:
479:
478:
470:
469:
448:
447:
439:
438:
430:
429:
375:
374:
326:
325:
317:
316:
207:
206:
173:
164:
163:
2073:
2041:Mapuche language
2014:
2007:
2000:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1915:
1908:
1891:
1890:
1813:
1812:
1807:Mapuche conflict
1737:Spanish invasion
1459:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1201:Ayacucho Quechua
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
988:
982:
981:
980:
963:
927:
920:
904:
897:
886:
879:
865:
858:
849:
842:
833:
826:
801:
797:
788:
777:
759:
752:
745:
729:
720:
713:
706:
699:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
545:
541:
517:Luis de Valdivia
389:
388:
347:
346:
340:
339:
289:
288:
282:
281:
275:
274:
268:
267:
261:
260:
251:
250:
171:
166:
165:
160:
139:
123:
116:
87:
66:Huilliche people
19:
18:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
1962:
1961:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1877:
1811:
1772:Guerra a muerte
1708:
1662:
1591:
1460:
1451:
1418:
1413:
1383:
1378:
1365:
1314:
1298:
1225:
1211:Chilean Quechua
1189:
1167:
1162:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1098:
1091:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
990:
989:
985:
975:
964:
960:
955:
942:Chilote Spanish
938:
591:
569:
537:
480:
471:
449:
440:
431:
376:
327:
318:
170:
135:
119:
112:
102:
88:
85:Language family
83:
74:
73:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1873:Coz Coz (1907)
1870:
1865:
1863:Tapihue (1825)
1860:
1855:
1853:Negrete (1793)
1850:
1848:Negrete (1726)
1845:
1843:Malloco (1671)
1840:
1835:
1833:Quillín (1647)
1830:
1828:Quillín (1641)
1825:
1823:Paicaví (1612)
1819:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1596:Related groups
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1303:Sign languages
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1123:External links
1121:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1089:
1078:(in Spanish).
1065:
1033:
1026:
1008:
983:
957:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
944:
937:
934:
931:
930:
928:
912:
910:
906:
905:
889:
887:
871:
867:
866:
850:
834:
818:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
794:
793:
791:
789:
782:
780:
778:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
753:
746:
739:
737:
731:
730:
723:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
687:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
638:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
584:
583:
578:
573:
563:
558:
553:
548:
536:
533:
491:
490:
482:
481:
477:
476:
473:
472:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
392:
387:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
324:
323:
320:
319:
315:
314:
311:
310:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
264:
259:
256:
255:
205:
204:
202:Futahuillimapu
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
162:
161:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
133:
125:
124:
117:
109:
108:
107:Language codes
104:
103:
101:
100:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2078:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Toltén (1869)
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:1881 uprising
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:1766 uprising
1765:
1763:
1762:1723 uprising
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Inca invasion
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1361:Indo-European
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:Lingua franca
1170:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1103:
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1986:expanding it
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1929:expanding it
1918:
1903:
1892:
1838:Boroa (1651)
1429:
1371:
1291:
1284:
1275:Ona/Selk'nam
1267:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1101:
1080:Buenos Aires
1075:
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1036:
1017:
1011:
1000:. Retrieved
986:
969:
961:
571:Postalveolar
543:Consonants
538:
530:
526:Rodolfo Lenz
514:
510:
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191:
128:
97:
31:
27:
2061:Chile stubs
1816:Parliaments
1699:Wallmapuwen
1577:We Tripantu
992:"Huilliche"
2025:Categories
1742:Arauco War
1633:Promaucaes
1472:Aillarehue
1440:Placenames
1435:Mapudungun
1351:Alacalufan
1346:Araucanian
1341:Polynesian
1216:Mapudungun
1186:(formerly)
1184:Mapudungun
1059:2016-01-21
1002:2016-01-21
971:Ethnologue
953:References
498:Mapudungun
461:Huilliche
232:people in
93:Araucanian
2046:Huilliche
1658:Tehuelche
1628:Pehuenche
1618:Mapochoes
1613:Huilliche
1517:Mythology
1482:Chemamull
1477:Butalmapu
1447:Tsesungún
1430:Huilliche
1374:indicate
1286:Tehuelche
1258:Huilliche
966:Huilliche
769:Semivowel
642:Fricative
593:Affricate
576:Retroflex
535:Phonology
486:Cladogram
238:Los Lagos
230:Huilliche
210:Huilliche
192:Chedungun
182:Huilliche
150:Huilliche
130:Glottolog
114:ISO 639-3
98:Huilliche
62:Ethnicity
52:Los Lagos
32:chedungun
28:chesungun
22:Huilliche
1894:Category
1643:Picunche
1603:Boroanos
1582:Wenufoye
1567:Weichafe
1547:Textiles
1542:Religion
1522:Polygamy
1512:Military
1507:Medicine
1423:Language
1356:Quechuan
1280:Rapa Nui
1050:Archived
996:Archived
936:See also
809:Central
799:Vowels
561:Alveolar
242:Los Ríos
218:Huiliche
214:Williche
188:Language
137:huil1244
56:Los Ríos
1747:Slavery
1714:History
1653:Ranquel
1638:Puelche
1623:Moluche
1587:Wünelfe
1465:Culture
1416:Mapuche
1372:Italics
1326:Aymaran
1221:Quechua
1179:Spanish
735:Lateral
588:Plosive
566:Palatal
502:Mapuche
222:Veliche
198:Country
172:"south"
1722:Origin
1608:Cuncos
1572:Werkén
1293:Yaghan
1245:Chango
1206:Aymara
1108:
1024:
806:Front
556:Dental
551:Labial
178:People
48:Region
1980:is a
1921:Chile
1919:This
1752:Malón
1562:Wampu
1557:Ulmen
1527:Rehue
1502:Machi
1497:Lonko
1487:Kalku
1269:Kunza
1252:Chono
1238:Cacán
1053:(PDF)
1046:(PDF)
926:]
922:[
903:]
899:[
885:]
881:[
864:]
860:[
848:]
844:[
832:]
828:[
817:High
812:Back
691:Nasal
581:Velar
234:Chile
169:willi
42:Chile
1982:stub
1925:stub
1648:Poya
1552:Toki
1532:Ruka
1492:Kuel
1336:Chon
1106:ISBN
1022:ISBN
909:Low
870:Mid
421:VII
353:III
240:and
968:at
620:t͡ʃ
524:or
408:VI
366:IV
308:II
220:or
145:ELP
121:huh
2027::
1092:^
1048:.
994:.
924:ɐ̝
743:l̪
704:n̪
627:ʈʂ
606:t̪
395:V
295:I
248:.
216:,
54:,
30:,
2013:e
2006:t
1999:v
1988:.
1956:e
1949:t
1942:v
1931:.
1408:e
1401:t
1394:v
1157:e
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1143:v
1114:.
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1005:.
919:/
917:a
915:/
901:ö
896:/
894:o
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883:ë
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862:ʊ
857:/
855:u
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846:ɘ
841:/
839:ɨ
837:/
830:ɪ
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823:i
821:/
786:j
775:w
757:ʎ
750:l
727:ŋ
718:ɲ
711:n
697:m
683:ɣ
676:ʐ
669:ʃ
662:s
655:θ
648:f
634:k
613:t
599:p
590:/
568:/
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