777:, a Catholic who was charged with maintaining public security and was commander of the Huế garrison. The application of the law caused indignation among Buddhists on the eve of the most important religious festival of the year, since a week earlier Catholics had been allowed to display Vatican flags to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the appointment of Diệm's brother, Thục, as Archbishop of Huế. The celebrations had been bankrolled by Diệm's regime through a national committee which asked the population to donate money to Thục's jubilee. Buddhists complained that they had been forced to give a month's wages to pay for the celebration. However, Diệm invoked the flag decree because he was annoyed with the commemoration for Thục. In spite of this, the authorities in Hue tore down thousands of Buddhist flags that had already been unfurled on homes and pagodas in preparation for Phật Đản. The origin of the order to enforce the law on the Buddhists of Hue has been attributed to Thục. Despite protestations from the Saigon representative to the central provinces, the order was enacted upon consultation with Saigon. Villages in the central region had converted
849:, attracted almost nobody. Thích Trí Quang, who had traveled throughout the country protesting against religious inequality and the flag ban, began rallying Buddhists in central Vietnam. He called on them to attend a public mass funeral for the Huế victims scheduled for 10 May. Such an emotion-charged spectacle would likely have attracted thousands of spectators and placed pressure on Diệm's regime to grant reforms, so the government announced a curfew and put all armed personnel on duty around the clock to "prevent VC infiltration". A confrontation was averted when Thích Trí Quang persuaded the protesters to lay down their flags and slogans and observe the 9:00 pm curfew. The following day, tensions increased again as a crowd of around 6,000 Buddhists attended Tu Dam Pagoda for the funerals and a series of meetings. Major Sỹ was present with ARVN troops and armed police. Slogans and speeches calling for religious equality and anti-government sentiment were prevalent. Thích Trí Quang called on Buddhists to use unarmed struggle and follow
53:
42:
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percussion grenades had been used, not lethal fragmentation grenades. The force of the explosion cast doubt on whether the Việt Cộng would have had access to sufficiently powerful explosives. Another theory at the time was that a CIA agent had caused the blasts with the aim of fomenting sectarian tension and destabilising the Diệm regime. Eyewitness testimony of government troops firing on the crowd disputed the official version of events. A local doctor concluded that there was no evidence of the fatal injuries being inflicted by plastic explosives; he was subsequently jailed. Diệm refused to be swayed from his account of the incident, and ordered the bodies of the victims to be buried without autopsy. Thích Trí Quang spent the night riding through the streets of Huế with a loudspeaker, accusing the government of firing on the demonstrators. U.S. Ambassador
877:. It was to be the first of many in which they attempted to publicise their cause to the foreign press corps. Diệm agreed to meet with a Buddhist delegation, but increased tension further by demeaning them. Initially, Diệm refused to pay compensation, believing it was a sign of weakness. He claimed there was no discrimination in South Vietnam and that all religions had been treated equally with respect to the flag issue. In regard to the classification of Buddhism as an "association" under Decree 10, Diệm claimed it was an "administrative oversight" that would be fixed (although no action was taken on the matter during his final six months of office); Diệm labeled the Buddhists "damn fools" for demanding something that according to him, they already enjoyed. The government press release detailing the meeting also used the expression "damn fools".
791:
824:
815:
slogans as the crowd grew. They expected to hear another speech from Thích Trí Quang, but the speech was withdrawn from broadcast by the government censor. The armed forces were called in to disperse the discontented crowd. After two explosions shook the ground, the crowd thought that the troops had resorted to using bombs. Major Sỹ reportedly fired into the air, and his men responded by launching grenades into the crowd as firehoses were unleashed on the demonstrators. His troops fired directly into the crowd. Nine were killed and four severely injured. Two of the dead, both children, had been crushed underneath armored personnel carriers. Some of the nine had been mutilated and decapitated.
762:
901:. Some of the accusations were that Sỹ's men had fired on the crowd and crushed the victims with armored cars, or that the grenades had been launched at his orders and caused the deaths. Sỹ later reportedly revealed that Archbishop Thục had personally given him the order to shoot the Buddhists but refused to testify against Thục, who was by that time living in exile in Rome. Sỹ was sentenced to life imprisonment and ordered to compensate the victims' families. His lawyer contended that the court had been unable to establish the nature and source of the lethal explosions. The defense minister, General
881:
However, the publicly stated reason for this action was that the officials had failed to maintain order, rather than that they had been responsible for the deaths of the protesters. Despite these concessions, Diệm maintained that his government was not responsible for the deaths, resolutely continuing to blame the Việt Cộng. It was enough to satisfy
Nolting, who immediately departed for his vacation. His absence allowed the remaining American diplomatic staff led by
1378:
836:, known for his policy of appeasement of Diệm, attempted to spread the responsibility. He claimed all parties were responsible, the demonstrators for (as he alleged) trying to take over the radio station, the government for deploying the army, which later opened fire, and "agitators" for throwing the explosives. When the government later ignored his version and refused to assign responsibility, Nolting called its actions "objective, accurate and fair".
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in order to receive aid or to avoid forcible resettlement by Diệm's regime. The
Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and the "private" status that was imposed on Buddhism by the French, which required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities, was not repealed by
733:
guerrillas saw weapons only given to
Catholics, with Buddhists in the army being denied promotion if they refused to convert to Catholicism. Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas forced conversions, looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas occurred. Some Buddhist
844:
At 11:00 am on 9 May, Major Sỹ announced to nearly 800 youthful pro-Buddhist demonstrators that "oppositionist agitators" had forced troops to take the severe measures to maintain order in the face of Việt Cộng agitation. The protesters showed their anger at such an improbable explanation by
831:
Diệm and his government alleged that a Việt Cộng guerrilla had caused the incident by setting off the initial explosion, sparking a stampede. He initially refused to take any disciplinary action against the local authorities, claiming that they had acted properly. The government claimed that only
814:
addressed the crowd and exhorted them to rise up against
Catholic discrimination against Buddhism. He called the Buddhists to congregate outside the government radio station in the evening for a rally. Tension increased throughout the day with demonstrators chanting and displaying anti-government
872:
On 13 May, a committee of
Buddhist monks formalized their request to Diệm for the five demands. Although the signatories had couched the declaration as "requests", they had expectations that these would be met. On 15 May, a delegation of six monks and two laymen met Diệm to present the document.
721:
minority, he is widely regarded by historians as having pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many
Buddhists. Specifically, the government was regarded as being biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors and tax
809:
before a 3,000-strong demonstration, calling for religious equality, took place in the city centre as government security officials surrounded the area with armoured personnel carriers and civil guardsmen. The signs were in
English, to convey the message to Western observers, and in Vietnamese.
880:
As the demonstrations continued, Ambassador
Nolting managed to extract theoretical concessions from Diệm on 18 May. Diệm agreed a modest compensation package of US$ 7000 for the families of the victims as a conciliatory gesture. Diệm also agreed to dismiss those responsible for the shootings.
868:
On 10 May, Thích Trí Quang proclaimed a five-point "manifesto of the monks" that demanded freedom to fly the
Buddhist flag, religious equality between Buddhists and Catholics, compensation for the victims' families, an end to arbitrary arrests, and punishment for the officials responsible.
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labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; U.S. aid was disproportionately distributed to
Catholic majority villages. Under Diệm, the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in 1959, he dedicated the country to the
845:
marching around the old citadel quarter of Huế, chanting anti-Catholic and anti-Diệm slogans. A government-organised counter-demonstration to condemn the "Việtcộng terrorist act" under the leadership of Diệm's brother,
853:
principles, saying "Carry no weapons; be prepared to die ... follow Gandhi's policies". After Sỹ echoed Buddhist calls for compensation and expressed sorrow for the victims, the meeting dissolved without violence.
686:, which added to discontent among the Buddhist majority. The incident spurred a protest movement by Buddhists against the religious discrimination perpetrated by the largely Catholic Diệm regime, known as the "
781:
to Catholicism, with priests allowed special access to government facilities and funds. The designation of Buddhism as an "association" prevented it from acquiring land for the construction of pagodas.≤≤
398:
769:
A rarely enforced 1958 law known as "Decree Number 10" was invoked on 7 May 1963 to prohibit the display of religious flags. This disallowed the flying of Buddhist flags on Phật Đản, the birthday of
993:
South Viet Nam's Buddhists, who comprise 80% of the country's 15 million people, are bitter over alleged favoritism by Diệm and his Catholic ruling family toward the nation's 1,500,000 Catholics
909:, later claimed Khánh had rigged the trial to gain Quang's support, and released Sỹ from prison; Sỹ later emigrated to the United States. In 1970, the Saigon-based Catholic newspaper
2399:
729:
converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it. Additionally, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel
713:
In a country where surveys of the religious composition estimated the Buddhist majority to be between 70 and 90 percent, the policies of the staunchly Catholic president,
254:
725:
Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting the man was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the
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ran a story claiming that CIA agents had used a secret new explosive to foment trouble for Diệm's regime, whose relations with the United States were deteriorating.
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Despite the ban on religious flags, Vatican flags hoisted on the bridge from the Catholic celebration were never taken down. The leading Buddhist activist monk
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President Diệm, his family, and a large proportion of the top leaders of the regime are Roman Catholics, in a population that is 70 to 80 percent Buddhist.
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1995:
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667:. The army and police fired guns and launched grenades into a crowd of Buddhists who had been protesting against a government ban on flying the
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63:
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On Phật Đản, thousands of Buddhists defied the ban on flag-flying. More than 500 people marched across the
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After six months of tension and growing opposition to the regime, leaders of the army, supported by the
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Diệm. Land owned by the Catholic Church was exempt from land reform measures. Catholics were also
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8:
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2312:
2282:
2267:
2144:
1941:
1468:
Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War
1445:
Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
459:
434:
232:
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1936:
1737:
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773:. The invoking official was the deputy province chief in charge of security, Major
455:
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935:
863:
687:
345:
187:
28:
1188:
South Vietnam's Buddhist Crisis: Organization for Charity, Dissidence, and Unity
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2501:
2489:
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1355:
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2588:
2317:
2297:
2192:
1835:
1762:
1717:
802:
668:
652:
468:
1513:
Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam
2118:
2093:
1946:
1926:
1421:
1383:
755:
2381:
2197:
751:
393:
268:
682:
Diệm denied governmental responsibility for the incident and blamed the
2252:
2247:
1787:
1187:
129:
690:", which led to widespread civil disobedience among South Vietnamese.
672:
2728:
2441:
1662:
745:
2939:
2465:
2202:
1363:
761:
644:
125:
1561:
155:
648:
96:
67:
1412:
Vietnam: History, documents and opinions on a major world crisis
2262:
885:, Nolting's deputy, to end Nolting's policy of appeasing Diệm.
850:
445:
2514:
758:
was regularly flown at major public events in South Vietnam.
2003:
873:
After the meeting, the monks held a press conference at the
656:
1553:
The last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West
717:, generated claims of religious bias. As a member of the
694:
262:
897:, Đặng Sỹ faced a trial held under a government led by
2667:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1220:
1218:
72:
Images of the victims to the shootings on an altar in
2595:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
2448:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
16:
1963 shootings of Buddhist civilians in South Vietnam
1345:
1215:
805:, carrying signs and placards, congregating at the
1550:
1409:
1396:
62:A memorial to the victim of the incident near the
1534:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 288–289.
839:
2989:
1030:. 10 July 1963. pp. 729–733. Archived from
857:
1024:"The Situation in South Vietnam – SNIE 53-2-63"
147:Army and security forces of the government of
2346:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
2340:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
2527:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
2334:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
1989:
1577:
1426:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963
1028:The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 2
1016:
620:
248:
171:
2649:Violence against Hindus in independent India
2861:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
2376:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
1996:
1982:
1584:
1570:
627:
613:
255:
241:
178:
164:
2496:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1642:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
1407:
1391:
1194:, Vol. 4, No. 7 (July 1964), pp. 915–928.
929:The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam
905:, a Catholic who had helped Khánh in his
703:arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm
659:and security forces of the government of
1515:. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
822:
789:
785:
760:
2460:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
1268:
1266:
1141:
959:
893:After the fall of the Diệm regime in a
647:civilians on 8 May 1963 in the city of
2990:
2406:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
1548:
1529:
1510:
1488:
1442:
1420:
1077:"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?".
1063:
1061:
818:
2655:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1977:
1565:
1465:
236:
159:
1263:
965:
3003:Vietnam War crimes by South Vietnam
2799:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
2749:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
2661:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2454:Christianization of the Sámi people
1591:
1416:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
1058:
699:conducted a coup on 1 November 1963
185:
13:
1617:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức
1408:Gettleman, Marvin E., ed. (1966).
1070:
797:, the site of initial congregation
675:, which commemorates the birth of
14:
3074:
2643:Violence against Muslims in India
2637:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
2583:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
1632:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
222:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
2938:
1376:
1362:
1348:
643:were the deaths of nine unarmed
596:
444:
404:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group
51:
40:
3063:Massacres of protesters in Asia
2915:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2885:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
1532:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War
1403:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1206:
1197:
1181:
1167:
1158:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
727:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
2903:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
2873:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
2607:Communist Romanian persecution
1607:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings
1049:
1007:
998:
950:
941:
922:
840:Buddhist reaction and protests
497:Treaty of Huế (25 August 1883)
1:
2921:2024 Istanbul church shooting
2897:Christchurch mosque shootings
2685:Religious violence in Nigeria
2679:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
1341:
1154:. 22 June 1963. pp. 5–6.
858:Buddhist demands for equality
478:Treaty of Huế (14 April 1863)
3028:Deaths by firearm in Vietnam
2998:Massacres in the Vietnam War
2811:War crimes in the Kosovo War
2601:Communist Polish persecution
2472:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
2400:Crusades against schismatics
947:Gettleman, pp. 275–276, 366.
409:Winter Soldier Investigation
7:
3058:1963 mass shootings in Asia
1530:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000).
1496:. New York: Penguin Books.
1399:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled
1314:
562:(31 January – 2 March 1968)
506:Treaty of Huế (6 June 1884)
10:
3079:
1428:. New York: E. P. Dutton.
1083:. 29 June 1963. p. 9.
861:
708:
3043:Mass shootings in Vietnam
2935:
2843:South Thailand insurgency
2819:Walisongo school massacre
2787:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
2436:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2412:European wars of religion
2326:
2170:
2015:
1955:
1919:
1826:
1681:
1668:Krulak–Mendenhall mission
1650:
1599:
1004:Tucker, pp. 49, 291, 293.
399:Viet Cong and PAVN terror
389:
276:
197:
143:
135:
119:
111:
103:
92:
34:
26:
21:
3038:Persecution of Buddhists
3013:1960s murders in Vietnam
2233:Extrajudicial punishment
1963:Persecution of Buddhists
1622:Double Seven Day scuffle
1449:Rowman & Littlefield
1321:Double Seven Day scuffle
1148:"Diệm's other crusade".
1067:Gettleman, pp. 280–2 82.
916:
888:
582:(5 March – 2 April 1975)
336:Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất
212:Double Seven Day scuffle
115:Buddhists and protesters
2926:Crocus City Hall attack
2673:Persecution of Tibetans
2430:French Wars of Religion
2352:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1673:McNamara–Taylor mission
1511:Miller, Edward (2013).
1472:Oxford University Press
895:coup on 1 November 1963
3008:1963 crimes in Vietnam
2972:16.46722°N 107.59028°E
2879:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
2855:Maspero demonstrations
2703:Huế Phật Đản shootings
1549:Warner, Denis (1963).
1466:Jones, Howard (2003).
971:"The Religious Crisis"
828:
798:
766:
655:, at the hands of the
641:Huế Phật Đản shootings
540:Huế Phật Đản shootings
202:Huế Phật Đản shootings
22:Huế Phật Đản shootings
3033:1963 in South Vietnam
2849:Boko Haram insurgency
2508:Pontic Greek genocide
2418:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2228:Extrajudicial killing
2005:Religious persecution
1743:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
1443:Jacobs, Seth (2006).
826:
793:
786:Protest and shootings
764:
754:. The white and gold
515:Abdication of Bảo Đại
2831:September 11 attacks
2767:1984 anti-Sikh riots
2631:Rawalpindi massacres
2577:White Terror (Spain)
2388:Massacre at Ayyadieh
2273:Population cleansing
1612:Hue chemical attacks
1326:Hue chemical attacks
1308:Hammer, pp. 114–116.
1299:Jacobs, pp. 144–145.
1242:Hammer, pp. 134–135.
1224:Jacobs, pp. 142–143.
1203:Hammer, pp. 110–111.
934:4 March 2008 at the
580:Hue–Da Nang Campaign
550:Huế chemical attacks
296:U.S. Embassy bombing
207:Huế chemical attacks
2977:16.46722; 107.59028
2968: /
2743:Bangladesh genocide
2723:Cultural Revolution
2715:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
2478:Circassian genocide
2364:Rhineland massacres
2278:Population transfer
2243:Forced displacement
2055:Jehovah's Witnesses
1713:W. Averell Harriman
1627:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
1336:Xa Loi Pagoda raids
1290:Jones, pp. 252–253.
1260:Jones, pp. 251–252.
1251:Jones, pp. 250–251.
1233:Jones, pp. 247–250.
1164:Hammer, pp. 103–05.
956:Moyar, pp. 215–216.
819:Government reaction
734:villages converted
719:Catholic Vietnamese
705:the following day.
217:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
3053:Flag controversies
2837:2002 Gujarat riots
2761:Cambodian genocide
2755:Lebanese Civil War
2533:Soviet persecution
2370:Jerusalem massacre
2283:Sectarian violence
2268:Political violence
1942:Marguerite Higgins
1494:Vietnam: A history
1129:Buttinger, p. 933.
1111:Buttinger, p. 993.
1034:on 9 November 2017
983:on 4 December 2012
829:
799:
767:
603:Vietnam portal
572:(28 February 1968)
487:Battle of Thuận An
381:Cai Lậy schoolyard
64:Trường Tiền Bridge
3018:Massacres in 1963
2951:
2950:
2891:Rohingya genocide
2619:Direct Action Day
2571:Šahovići massacre
2521:Armenian genocide
2515:Assyrian genocide
2402:(13th–15th cent.)
2396:(12th–16th cent.)
2394:Northern Crusades
2238:Forced conversion
2188:Cultural genocide
2183:Communal violence
2065:post–Cold War era
2050:Eastern Orthodoxy
1971:
1970:
1813:William Trueheart
1803:Maxwell D. Taylor
1793:Frederick Nolting
1783:Nguyễn Đình Thuận
1753:Joseph Mendenhall
1708:Michael Forrestal
1522:978-0-674-07298-5
1393:Buttinger, Joseph
907:January 1964 coup
883:William Trueheart
834:Frederick Nolting
765:The Buddhist flag
637:
636:
588:
587:
523:
522:
417:
416:
230:
229:
154:
153:
3070:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2943:
2942:
2909:2020 Delhi riots
2825:Kosheh massacres
2805:Bosnian genocide
2625:1946 Bihar riots
2288:Social cleansing
2213:Ethnic cleansing
1998:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1937:David Halberstam
1906:Trần Thiện Khiêm
1886:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
1881:Nguyễn Văn Nhung
1738:Victor H. Krulak
1733:Thich Tinh Khiet
1658:Joint Communiqué
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1545:
1526:
1507:
1485:
1462:
1439:
1422:Hammer, Ellen J.
1417:
1415:
1404:
1402:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:The New Republic
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1080:The New Republic
1074:
1068:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
990:
988:
979:. Archived from
969:(14 June 1963).
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
939:
926:
903:Trần Thiện Khiêm
743:exempt from the
701:, including the
629:
622:
615:
601:
600:
599:
536:
535:
517:(25 August 1945)
489:(20 August 1883)
465:
464:
448:
438:
420:
419:
306:Bình An/Tây Vinh
271:
257:
250:
243:
234:
233:
192:
190:
180:
173:
166:
157:
156:
86:
55:
44:
19:
18:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3023:Buddhist crisis
2988:
2987:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2931:
2867:Yazidi genocide
2773:Revival Process
2709:Thích Quảng Đức
2697:Buddhist crisis
2691:Istanbul pogrom
2559:1970–1987
2554:1958–1964
2549:1928–1941
2544:1921–1928
2539:1917–1921
2424:Goa Inquisition
2358:Battle of Tours
2348:(c.550–c. 1200)
2342:(c. 324–c. 491)
2322:
2223:Ethnic violence
2218:Ethnic conflict
2166:
2165:
2164:
2011:
2002:
1972:
1967:
1951:
1915:
1828:
1822:
1808:Trần Văn Chương
1798:Thích Trí Quang
1778:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
1748:Robert McNamara
1728:John F. Kennedy
1723:Thich Thien Hoa
1703:Thích Quảng Đức
1685:
1683:
1677:
1646:
1595:
1593:Buddhist crisis
1590:
1542:
1523:
1504:
1490:Karnow, Stanley
1482:
1459:
1436:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:Religion portal
1368:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1331:Thich Quang Duc
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:Hammer, p. 117.
1280:
1276:
1272:Jacobs, p. 143.
1271:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1212:Warner, p. 226.
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:Karnow, p. 294.
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:Warner, p. 210.
1092:
1088:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1055:Tucker, p. 291.
1054:
1050:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:Maclear, p. 63.
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
986:
984:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
936:Wayback Machine
927:
923:
919:
891:
866:
864:Buddhist crisis
860:
842:
821:
812:Thích Trí Quang
788:
711:
688:Buddhist crisis
633:
597:
595:
590:
589:
570:Massacre at Huế
533:
525:
524:
462:
436:
429:
418:
413:
385:
272:
263:
261:
231:
226:
193:
189:Buddhist crisis
188:
186:
184:
139:8 – 9 Buddhists
122:
99:, South Vietnam
88:
76:
71:
60:
59:
58:
57:
56:
47:
46:
45:
29:Buddhist crisis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:History of Huế
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2893:(2016–ongoing)
2888:
2887:(2014–ongoing)
2882:
2876:
2875:(2014–ongoing)
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2851:(2009–ongoing)
2846:
2845:(2004–ongoing)
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2751:(1971–ongoing)
2746:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2694:
2688:
2687:(1953–ongoing)
2682:
2676:
2675:(1950–ongoing)
2670:
2669:(1949–ongoing)
2664:
2658:
2652:
2651:(1947–ongoing)
2646:
2645:(1947–ongoing)
2640:
2639:(1947–ongoing)
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2613:Noakhali riots
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2502:Greek genocide
2499:
2493:
2490:Adana massacre
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2354:(c.184–c. 205)
2349:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:State religion
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Discrimination
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:Zoroastrianism
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2087:Untouchability
2084:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:discrimination
2001:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Malcolm Browne
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Trần Kim Tuyến
1898:
1893:
1891:Phạm Ngọc Thảo
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Dương Văn Minh
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1527:
1521:
1508:
1502:
1486:
1480:
1463:
1457:
1447:. Lanham, MD:
1440:
1434:
1418:
1405:
1388:
1387:
1373:
1359:
1356:Vietnam portal
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1180:
1175:Miller, p. 266
1166:
1157:
1140:
1138:Jacobs, p. 91.
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1069:
1057:
1048:
1015:
1006:
997:
958:
949:
940:
920:
918:
915:
890:
887:
859:
856:
841:
838:
820:
817:
787:
784:
771:Gautama Buddha
710:
707:
677:Gautama Buddha
671:on the day of
665:Roman Catholic
635:
634:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
606:
605:
592:
591:
586:
585:
583:
576:
575:
573:
566:
565:
563:
556:
555:
553:
546:
545:
543:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
520:
518:
511:
510:
508:
502:
501:
499:
493:
492:
490:
483:
482:
480:
474:
473:
471:
463:
460:Nguyễn dynasty
454:
453:
450:
449:
441:
440:
431:
430:
423:
415:
414:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
387:
386:
384:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
301:Saigon bombing
298:
293:
288:
283:
277:
274:
273:
260:
259:
252:
245:
237:
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
183:
182:
175:
168:
160:
152:
151:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
94:
90:
89:
87:, Huế (bottom)
74:Từ Hiếu Temple
61:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
36:
35:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3075:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:Yugoslav Wars
2791:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2779:Big Excursion
2777:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:The Holocaust
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:Dungan Revolt
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:State atheism
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Deprogramming
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Protestantism
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:LDS or Mormon
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Tôn Thất Đính
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Nguyễn Hữu Có
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Lê Quang Tung
1859:
1857:
1856:Huỳnh Văn Cao
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Lucien Conein
1834:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Ngô Đình Thục
1771:
1769:
1768:Ngô Đình Nhu
1766:
1764:
1763:Ngô Đình Diệm
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Roger Hilsman
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Bui Van Luong
1691:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1541:1-57607-040-9
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1503:0-670-84218-4
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
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1481:0-19-505286-2
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1458:0-7425-4447-8
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1435:0-525-24210-4
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1102:Fall, p. 199.
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904:
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876:
875:Xá Lợi Pagoda
870:
865:
855:
852:
848:
837:
835:
827:Ngô Đình Diệm
825:
816:
813:
808:
807:Từ Đàm Pagoda
804:
803:Perfume River
796:
795:Từ Đàm Pagoda
792:
783:
780:
776:
772:
763:
759:
757:
753:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
728:
723:
722:concessions.
720:
716:
715:Ngô Đình Diệm
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
669:Buddhist flag
666:
662:
661:Ngô Đình Diệm
658:
654:
653:South Vietnam
650:
646:
642:
630:
625:
623:
618:
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611:
610:
608:
607:
604:
594:
593:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
564:
561:
560:Battle of Huế
558:
557:
554:
552:(3 June 1963)
551:
548:
547:
544:
541:
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297:
294:
292:
291:Xá Lợi Pagoda
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
270:
266:
265:Mass killings
258:
253:
251:
246:
244:
239:
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218:
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149:Ngô Đình Diệm
146:
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118:
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102:
98:
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84:
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75:
69:
65:
54:
43:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2985:
2953:
2795:(1991–2001)
2775:(1984–1989)
2735:Famen Temple
2725:(1966–1976)
2702:
2535:(1922–1991)
2504:(1913–1922)
2040:Christianity
2030:Baháʼí Faith
1947:Neil Sheehan
1927:Peter Arnett
1911:Trần Văn Đôn
1876:Nguyễn Khánh
1758:Ngô Đình Cẩn
1682:Political or
1606:
1557:. Macmillan.
1552:
1531:
1512:
1493:
1470:. New York:
1467:
1444:
1425:
1411:
1398:
1384:1960s portal
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1208:
1199:
1192:Asian Survey
1191:
1183:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1051:
1043:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
992:
985:. Retrieved
981:the original
974:
961:
952:
943:
924:
910:
899:Nguyễn Khánh
892:
879:
871:
867:
847:Ngô Đình Nhu
843:
830:
800:
778:
768:
756:Vatican flag
744:
740:
735:
724:
712:
692:
681:
640:
638:
542:(8 May 1963)
539:
456:Nguyễn lords
286:Huế Phật Đản
285:
201:
144:Perpetrators
2975: /
2963:107°35′25″E
2881:(2014–2017)
2869:(2014–2017)
2863:(2013–2016)
2801:(1992–1996)
2763:(1975–1979)
2757:(1975–1990)
2663:(1948–1980)
2609:(1945–1989)
2603:(1945–1989)
2597:(1941–1945)
2591:(1939–1945)
2579:(1936–1975)
2564:legislation
2529:(1917–1990)
2523:(1915–1923)
2517:(1914–1924)
2498:(1912–1913)
2486:(1862–1877)
2468:(1857–1858)
2462:(1789–1801)
2450:(1683–1922)
2444:(1673–1829)
2438:(1609–1614)
2432:(1562–1598)
2426:(1561–1812)
2420:(1526–1791)
2414:(1522–1712)
2408:(1500–1526)
2384:(1184–1908)
2382:Inquisition
2293:Segregation
2258:Intolerance
2198:Desecration
2140:Neopaganism
2133:Persecution
2099:Persecution
2082:Persecution
2045:Catholicism
1920:Journalists
752:Virgin Mary
435:History of
394:Tiger Force
356:Thanh Phong
269:Vietnam War
267:during the
121:Attack type
107:May 8, 1963
77: [
2992:Categories
2960:16°28′02″N
2378:(643–1526)
2253:Iconoclasm
2248:Hate crime
2178:Censorship
2072:Falun Gong
1866:Lê Văn Kim
1841:Đỗ Cao Trí
1818:Vũ Văn Mẫu
1788:Madame Nhu
1342:References
938:HistoryNet
862:See also:
532:After 1945
130:war crimes
2729:Four Olds
2442:Test Acts
2308:Terrorism
2150:Rastafari
2104:Ahmadiyya
1684:religious
1663:Cable 243
1038:21 August
987:21 August
731:Việt Cộng
684:Việt Cộng
376:Highway 1
361:Sơn Thắng
2945:Religion
2466:Utah War
2336:(64–313)
2313:Violence
2203:Domicide
2155:Yazidism
2077:Hinduism
2035:Buddhism
2016:By group
1827:Military
1636:reaction
1492:(1997).
1424:(1987).
1395:(1967).
1315:See also
932:Archived
911:Hòa Bình
851:Gandhian
779:en masse
741:de facto
736:en masse
673:Phật Đản
645:Buddhist
469:Phú Xuân
426:a series
424:Part of
366:Thạnh Mỹ
316:Bình Hòa
311:Bình Tai
281:Châu Đốc
126:Massacre
93:Location
27:Part of
2699:(1963)
2456:(1700s)
2171:Methods
2128:Judaism
2119:Sunnism
2109:Shi'ism
2025:Atheism
1956:Related
1829:figures
1698:Bửu Hội
1686:figures
775:Đặng Sỹ
709:Prelude
371:Đức Dục
351:Sơn Trà
326:Đắk Sơn
321:Thủy Bồ
2928:(2024)
2917:(2023)
2911:(2020)
2905:(2019)
2899:(2019)
2857:(2011)
2839:(2002)
2833:(2001)
2827:(2000)
2821:(2000)
2813:(1999)
2807:(1995)
2789:(1990)
2781:(1989)
2769:(1984)
2745:(1971)
2737:(1966)
2731:(1966)
2717:(1963)
2711:(1963)
2705:(1963)
2693:(1955)
2681:(1950)
2657:(1948)
2633:(1947)
2627:(1946)
2621:(1946)
2615:(1946)
2585:(1933)
2573:(1924)
2492:(1909)
2480:(1864)
2474:(1860)
2390:(1191)
2372:(1099)
2366:(1096)
2327:Events
2263:Pogrom
2114:Sufism
1846:Đỗ Mậu
1651:Policy
1600:Events
1538:
1519:
1500:
1478:
1455:
1432:
746:corvée
428:on the
346:Mỹ Lai
136:Deaths
112:Target
2360:(732)
2094:Islam
917:Notes
889:Trial
341:Hà My
85:]
70:(top)
2007:and
1536:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1040:2007
989:2007
976:Time
967:TIME
663:, a
657:army
639:The
458:and
104:Date
2318:War
695:CIA
649:Huế
437:Huế
331:Huế
97:Huế
68:Huế
2994::
1474:.
1451:.
1265:^
1217:^
1190:,
1060:^
1042:.
1026:.
991:.
973:.
697:,
679:.
651:,
128:,
83:vi
81:;
79:fr
66:,
1997:e
1990:t
1983:v
1638:)
1634:(
1585:e
1578:t
1571:v
1544:.
1525:.
1506:.
1484:.
1461:.
1438:.
1177:.
628:e
621:t
614:v
256:e
249:t
242:v
179:e
172:t
165:v
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