House of Lords - Knowledge

1061: 3064: 1037: 1023: 3060:, as the entire cabinet consists of members of the House of Commons or the House of Lords; however, in June 2003, the Blair Government announced its intention to abolish the post of Lord Chancellor because of the office's mixed executive and judicial responsibilities. The abolition of the office was rejected by the House of Lords, and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 was thus amended to preserve the office of Lord Chancellor. The Act no longer guarantees that the office holder of Lord Chancellor is the presiding officer of the House of Lords, and therefore allows the House of Lords to elect a speaker of their own. 1662: 3330:, which are set up to investigate a specific issue. When they are set up by a motion in the House, the motion will set a deadline by which the Committee must report. After this date, the committee will cease to exist unless it is granted an extension. One example of this is the Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change. The House of Lords may appoint a chairman for a committee; if it does not do so, the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees may preside instead. Most of the Select Committees are also granted the power to co-opt members, such as the 153: 3138: 549: 2863:, more commonly known as Law Lords, a group of individuals appointed to the House of Lords so that they could exercise its judicial functions. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary were first appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876. They were selected by the Prime Minister of the day, but were formally appointed by the Sovereign. A Lord of Appeal in Ordinary had to retire at the age of 70, or, if his term was extended by the government, at the age of 75; after reaching such an age, the Law Lord could not hear any further cases in the House of Lords. 7828: 3146: 2160: 3078:, the principal deputy chairman of committees, and several chairmen are all deputies to the lord speaker, and are all appointed by the House of Lords itself at the beginning of each session. By custom, the Crown appoints each chairman, principal deputy chairman and deputy chairman to the additional office of Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. There was previously no legal requirement that the lord chancellor or a deputy speaker be a member of the House of Lords (though the same has long been customary). 1480: 299: 2870:. By a convention of the House, Lords of Appeal in Ordinary did not take part in debates on new legislation, so as to maintain judicial independence. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary held their seats in the House of Lords for life, remaining as members even after reaching the judicial retirement age of 70 or 75. Former Lord Chancellors and holders of other high judicial office could also sit as Law Lords under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, although in practice this right was only rarely exercised. 2408: 3174:

however, the Leader of the House will suggest an order, which is thereafter generally followed. Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole ("My Lords") rather than to the presiding officer alone (as is the custom in the Lower House). Members may not refer to each other in the second person (as "you"), but rather use third person forms such as "the noble Duke", "the noble Earl", "the noble Lord", "my noble friend", "The most Reverend Primate", etc.

1045: 3353: 2948:, passed to address the declining number of active members, made possible the creation of peerages for life. Women were immediately eligible and four were among the first life peers appointed. However, female hereditary peers continued to be excluded until the passage of the Peerage Act 1963. Since the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999, female hereditary peers remain eligible for election to the Upper House; until her resignation on 1 May 2020, there was one ( 2396: 3273:

heated, it is open to a member to move "that the Standing Order on Asperity of Speech be read by the Clerk". The motion can be debated, but if agreed by the House, the Clerk of the Parliaments will read Standing Order 32 which provides "That all personal, sharp, or taxing speeches be forborn". The Journals of the House of Lords record only four instances on which the House has ordered the Standing Order to be read since the procedure was invented in 1871.

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make it relevant. (In his first year, Tony Blair was defeated 38 times in the Lords—but that was before the major reform with the House of Lords Act 1999.) Second, as to the composition of the Lords, Meg Russell suggested that the composition must be distinct from the Commons, otherwise it would render the Lords useless. Third was the perceived legitimacy of the Lords. She stated, "In general legitimacy comes with election."

1763: 956:(consisting of the shire and borough representatives) and the House of Lords (consisting of the archbishops, bishops, abbots and nobility). The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and during the early 15th century both Houses exercised powers to an extent not seen before. The Lords were far more powerful than the Commons because of the great influence of the great landowners and the prelates of the realm. 2970:

appointments from outside public life, 27 had made significant donations to political parties. The authors concluded firstly that nominees from outside public life were much more likely to have made large gifts than peers nominated after prior political or public service. They also found that significant donors to parties were far more likely to be nominated for peerages than other party members.

3326:, meaning that their members are appointed by the House at the beginning of each session, and continue to serve until the next parliamentary session begins. In practice, these are often permanent committees, which are re-established during every session. These committees are typically empowered to make reports to the House "from time to time", that is, whenever they wish. Other committees are 1824:

taxation or Supply-related provision. (The House of Commons, however, often waives its privileges and allows the Upper House to make amendments with financial implications.) Moreover, the Upper House may not amend any Supply Bill. The House of Lords formerly maintained the absolute power to reject a bill relating to revenue or Supply, but this power was curtailed by the Parliament Acts.

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this showed a clear preference for a fully elected Upper House among those who voted for the only other option that passed. But this was nevertheless only an indicative vote, and many political and legislative hurdles remained to be overcome for supporters of an elected House of Lords. Lords, soon after, rejected this proposal and voted for an entirely appointed House of Lords.

817:. The House of Lords does not control the term of the prime minister or of the government; only the Commons may vote to require the prime minister to resign or call an election. Unlike the House of Commons, which has a defined number of seats, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. As of 10 September 2024, it has 1446:

House, the name "House of Lords" would no longer be appropriate. It went on to explain that there was cross-party consensus for the Chamber to be re-titled the "Senate of the United Kingdom"; however, to ensure the debate remained on the role of the Upper House rather than its title, the white paper was neutral on the title issue.

2887:. By convention, however, the Prime Minister allows leaders of other parties to nominate some life peers, so as to maintain a political balance in the House of Lords. Moreover, some non-party life peers (the number being determined by the Prime Minister) are nominated by the independent House of Lords Appointments Commission. 3094:. The presiding officer only acts as the mouthpiece of the House, performing duties such as announcing the results of votes. This is because, unlike in the House of Commons where all statements are directed to "Mr/Madam Speaker", in the House of Lords they are directed to "My Lords"; i.e., the entire body of the House. 1129: 2982:). The Peerage Act 1963 permitted a person to disclaim their newly inherited peerage (within certain time limits); this meant that such a person could effectively renounce their membership of the Lords. This might be done in order to remain or become qualified to sit in the House of Commons, as in the case of 6601: 3334:. The primary function of Select Committees is to scrutinise and investigate Government activities; to fulfil these aims, they are permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence. Bills may be referred to Select Committees, but are more often sent to the Committee of the Whole House and Grand Committees. 2807:, 15 are elected by the whole House and 75 are chosen by fellow hereditary peers in the House of Lords, grouped by party. (A holder of a hereditary peerage who is given a life peerage becomes a member of the House of Lords without a need for a by-election.) The exclusion of other hereditary peers removed 2952:) among the 90 hereditary peers who continue to sit. After Barbara Wootton became one of the first four life peers appointed under the Life Peerages Act 1958, she requested that she not be referred to as "peeress", believing that the term failed to distinguish female peers from the mere wives of peers. 3197:; the Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question, and the Lords respond either "content" (in favour of the motion) or "not content" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but if his assessment is challenged by any Lord, a recorded vote known as a 3212:

lobby) on either side of the Chamber, where their names are recorded by clerks. At each lobby are two Tellers (themselves members of the House) who count the votes of the Lords. The Lord Speaker may not take part in the vote. Once the division concludes, the Tellers provide the results thereof to the

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This reform of the post of Lord Chancellor was made due to the perceived constitutional anomalies inherent in the role. The Lord Chancellor was not only the Speaker of the House of Lords, but also a member of the Cabinet; his or her department, formerly the Lord Chancellor's Department, is now called

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in 2006, saw a police investigation, with no charges being brought. A 2015 study found that of 303 people nominated for peerages in the period 2005–2014, a total of 211 were former senior figures within politics (including former MPs), or were non-political appointments. Of the remaining 92 political

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In late 2016, a Lord Speaker's committee was formed to examine the issue of overcrowding, with fears membership could swell to above 1,000, and in October 2017 the committee presented its findings. In December 2017, the Lords debated and broadly approved its report, which proposed a cap on membership

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of North Korea (687 members)", and that "Peers grumble that there is not enough room to accommodate all of their colleagues in the Chamber, where there are only about 400 seats, and say they are constantly jostling for space – particularly during high-profile sittings", but added, "On the other hand,

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Before the new peers were created, however, the Lords who opposed the bill admitted defeat and abstained from the vote, allowing the passage of the bill. The crisis damaged the political influence of the House of Lords but did not altogether end it. A vital reform was effected by the Lords themselves

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can be withdrawn. If the motion is passed, its effect is to prevent the member from continuing their speech on the motion then under debate. The Journals identify eleven occasions on which this motion has been moved since 1884; four were eventually withdrawn, one was voted down, and six were passed.

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For more serious problems with an individual Lord, the option is available to move "That the noble Lord be no longer heard". This motion also is debatable, and the debate which ensues has sometimes offered a chance for the member whose conduct has brought it about to come to order so that the motion

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Each member may make no more than one speech on a motion, except that the mover of the motion may make one speech at the beginning of the debate and another at the end. Speeches are not subject to any time limits in the House; however, the House may put an end to a speech by approving a motion "that

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is also an officer of the House; they take their title from the symbol of their office, a black rod. Black Rod (as the Gentleman/Lady Usher is normally known) is responsible for ceremonial arrangements, is in charge of the House's doorkeepers, and may (upon the order of the House) take action to end

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both Houses of Parliament. Moreover, the Clerk of the Parliaments is responsible for arranging by-elections of hereditary peers when necessary. The deputies of the Clerk of the Parliaments (the Clerk Assistant and the Reading Clerk) are appointed by the Lord Speaker, subject to the House's approval.

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system being used. If the recently deceased hereditary peer had been elected by the whole House, then so are their replacement; a hereditary peer elected by a specific political group (including the non-aligned crossbenchers) is replaced by a vote of the hereditary peers already elected to the Lords

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The judicial functions could also be exercised by Lords of Appeal (other members of the House who happened to have held high judicial office). No Lord of Appeal in Ordinary or Lord of Appeal could sit judicially beyond the age of seventy-five. The judicial business of the Lords was supervised by the

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The Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreed, after the 2010 general election, to outline clearly a provision for a wholly or mainly elected second chamber, elected by proportional representation. These proposals sparked a debate on 29 June 2010. As an interim measure, appointment of new peers

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Furthermore, examination of the names of MPs voting at each division shows that, of the 305 who voted for the 80% elected option, 211 went on to vote for the 100% elected option. Given that this vote took place after the vote on 80% – whose result was already known when the vote on 100% took place –

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Public bills may also be committed to pre-legislative committees. A pre-legislative Committee is specifically constituted for a particular bill. These committees are established in advance of the bill being laid before either the House of Lords or the House of Commons and can take evidence from the

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In 1958, to counter criticism that some peers only appeared at major decisions in the House and thereby particular votes were swayed, the Standing Orders of the House of Lords were enhanced. Peers who did not wish to attend meetings regularly or were prevented by ill health, age or further reasons,

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stated in an article, "Is the House of Lords already reformed?", three essential features of a legitimate House of Lords: The first was that it must have adequate powers over legislation to make the government think twice before making a decision. The House of Lords, she argued, had enough power to

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Although female representation in the Lords has risen each decade since 1960, the pace has slowed in recent years, with the number of women peers rising 1% since 2020. A report by the Unlock Democracy think tank found that if every woman ever made a peer was still alive and sitting in the House of

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Via a new financial support system introduced in 2010, members of the House of Lords can opt to receive an attendance allowance per sitting day of currently £342 (as of 2023; initially it was £300 in 2010), plus limited travel expenses. Peers can choose to receive a reduced attendance allowance of

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Whilst presiding over the House of Lords, the lord chancellor traditionally wore ceremonial black and gold robes. Robes of black and gold are now worn by the lord chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice in the House of Commons, on ceremonial occasions. This is no longer a requirement for the

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In 1999, the Labour government brought forward the House of Lords Act removing the right of several hundred hereditary peers to sit in the House. The Act provided, as a measure intended to be temporary, that 92 people would continue to sit in the Lords by virtue of hereditary peerages, and this is

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resulted in the creation of a separate Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, to which the judicial function of the House of Lords, and some of the judicial functions of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, were transferred. In addition, the office of Lord Chancellor was reformed by the act,

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Other public bills cannot be delayed by the House of Lords for more than two parliamentary sessions, or one calendar year. These provisions, however, only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons, and cannot have the effect of extending a parliamentary term beyond five years. A

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Detailed proposals for Lords reform, including a draft House of Lords Reform Bill, were published on 17 May 2011. These included a 300-member hybrid house, of whom 80% would be elected. A further 20% would be appointed, and reserve space would be included for some Church of England archbishops and

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On 7 March 2007, members of the House of Commons voted ten times on a variety of alternative compositions for the Upper Chamber. Outright abolition, a wholly appointed, a 20% elected, a 40% elected, a 50% elected, and a 60% elected House of Lords were all defeated in turn. Finally, the vote for an

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attempted to reform the House of Lords by introducing a system under which hereditary peers would be allowed to remain in the House and take part in debate, but would be unable to vote. This plan, however, was defeated in the House of Commons by a coalition of traditionalist Conservatives (such as

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is the chief clerk and officer of the House of Lords (but is not a member of the House itself). The Clerk, who is appointed by the Crown, advises the presiding officer on the rules of the House, signs orders and official communications, endorses bills, and is the keeper of the official records of

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Additionally, some bankruptcy-related restrictions apply to members of the Upper House. Subjects of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order (applicable in England and Wales only), adjudged bankrupt (in Northern Ireland), or a sequestered estate (in Scotland) are not eligible to sit in the House of Lords.

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to the House of Commons proposing to replace the House of Lords with an 80–100% elected chamber, with one third being elected at each general election, to serve a term of approximately 12–15 years. The white paper stated that, as the peerage would be totally separated from membership of the Upper

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In the House of Lords, members need not seek the recognition of the presiding officer before speaking, as is done in the House of Commons. If two or more Lords simultaneously rise to speak, the House decides which one is to be heard by acclamation, or, if necessary, by voting on a motion. Often,

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did obtain representation in the House of Lords after the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801. Of the Church of Ireland's ecclesiastics, four (one archbishop and three bishops) were to sit at any one time, with the members rotating at the end of every parliamentary session (which normally

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By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts, the House of Lords is further restrained insofar as financial bills are concerned. The House of Lords may neither originate a bill concerning taxation or Supply (supply of treasury or exchequer funds), nor amend a bill so as to insert a

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By April 2019, with the retirement of nearly one hundred peers since the passage of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014, the number of active peers had been reduced to a total of 782, of whom 665 were life peers. This total, however, remains greater than the membership of 669 peers in March 2000,

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requested that "older peers should retire gracefully" to ease the overcrowding in the House of Lords. She also criticised successive prime ministers for filling the second chamber with "lobby fodder" in an attempt to help their policies become law. She made her remarks days before a new batch of

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was established in 2001 to resolve the issue, but it reached no conclusion and instead gave Parliament seven options to choose from (fully appointed, 20% elected, 40% elected, 50% elected, 60% elected, 80% elected, and fully elected). In a confusing series of votes in February 2003, all of these

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The House of Lords was reduced to a largely powerless body, with Cromwell and his supporters in the Commons dominating the Government. On 19 March 1649, the House of Lords was abolished by an Act of Parliament, which declared that "The Commons of England by too long experience that the House of

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If there is an equality of votes, the motion is decided according to the following principles: legislation may proceed in its present form, unless there is a majority in favour of amending or rejecting it; any other motions are rejected, unless there is a majority in favour of approving it. The

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The largest group of Lords Temporal, and indeed of the whole House, are life peers. As of March 2024, there are 670 life peers eligible to vote in the House. Life peers rank only as barons or baronesses, and are created under the Life Peerages Act 1958. Like all other peers, life peers are

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The twelve Law Lords did not all hear every case; rather, after World War II cases were heard by panels known as Appellate Committees, each of which normally consisted of five members (selected by the Senior Lord). An Appellate Committee hearing an important case could consist of more than five

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There are two motions which have grown up through custom and practice and which govern questionable conduct within the House. They are brought into play by a member standing up, possibly intervening on another member, and moving the motion without notice. When the debate is getting excessively

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The Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker cannot determine which members may speak, or discipline members for violating the rules of the House; these measures may be taken only by the House itself. Unlike the politically neutral Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Chancellor and Deputy Speakers

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In August 2014, despite there being a seating capacity for only around 230 to 400 on the benches in the Lords chamber, the House had 774 active members (plus 54 who were not entitled to attend or vote, having been suspended or granted leave of absence). This made the House of Lords the largest

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led to the denouement of the traditional House of Lords. The Labour government introduced legislation to expel all hereditary peers from the Upper House as a first step in Lords reform. As a part of a compromise, however, it agreed to permit 92 hereditary peers to remain until the reforms were

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The term committee is also used to describe Grand Committee, where the same rules of procedure apply as in the main chamber, except that no divisions may take place. For this reason, business that is discussed in Grand Committee is usually uncontroversial and likely to be agreed unanimously.

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was referred to the Committee of Privileges in January 2009, the Leader of the House of Lords also asked the Privileges Committee to report on what sanctions the House had against its members. After seeking advice from the Attorney General for England and Wales and the former Lord Chancellor

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made it illegal for a peerage, or other honour, to be bought or sold. Nonetheless, there have been repeated allegations that life peerages (and thus membership of the House of Lords) have been made available to major political donors in exchange for donations. The most prominent example, the

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The House of Lords remained more powerful than the House of Commons, but the Lower House continued to grow in influence, reaching a zenith in relation to the House of Lords during the middle 17th century. Conflicts between the King and the Parliament (for the most part, the House of Commons)

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Another officer of the body is the Leader of the House of Lords, a peer selected by the Prime Minister. The Leader of the House is responsible for steering Government bills through the House of Lords, and is a member of the Cabinet. The Leader also advises the House on proper procedure when

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at 600 peers, with a fifteen-year term limit for new peers and a "two-out, one-in" limit on new appointments. By October 2018, the Lord Speaker's committee commended the reduction in peers' numbers, noting that the rate of departures had been greater than expected, with the House of Commons

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The committee system of the House of Lords also includes several Domestic Committees, which supervise or consider the House's procedures and administration. One of the Domestic Committees is the Committee of Selection, which is responsible for assigning members to many of the House's other

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At the 2005 election, the Labour Party proposed further reform of the Lords, but without specific details. The Conservative Party, which had, prior to 1997, opposed any tampering with the House of Lords, favoured an 80% elected Lords, while the Liberal Democrats called for a fully elected

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effectively abolished the power of the House of Lords to reject legislation, or to amend it in a way unacceptable to the House of Commons; and most bills could be delayed for no more than three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years. It was not meant to be a permanent solution; more

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Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary when the Act came into effect in 2009 became judges of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and were then barred from sitting or voting in the House of Lords until they had retired as judges. One of the main

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to stop creating new peers. He had created 117 new peers between entering office in May 2010 and leaving in July 2016, a faster rate of elevation than any PM in British history; at the same time his government had tried (in vain) to reduce the House of Commons by 50, from 650 to 600 MPs.

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are prohibited from sitting in the House of Lords until completion of their full term of imprisonment. An exception applies, however, if the individual convicted of high treason receives a full pardon. An individual serving a prison sentence for an offence other than high treason is

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without the consent of the House of Lords (i.e. the Commons can override the Lords' veto). The House of Lords cannot delay a money bill (a bill that, in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons, solely concerns national taxation or public funds) for more than one month.

2725:, the Lords Temporal have been the most numerous group in the House of Lords. Unlike the Lords Spiritual, they may be publicly partisan, aligning themselves with one or another of the political parties that dominate the House of Commons. Publicly non-partisan Lords are called 2539:

was passed, which provides that whenever a vacancy arises among the Lords Spiritual during the ten years following the Act coming into force, the vacancy has to be filled by a woman, if one is eligible. This does not apply to the five archbishops and bishops who sit by right.

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of bills for up to one year. In this capacity, as a body independent from the pressures of the political process, the House of Lords is said to act as a "revising chamber" focusing on legislative detail, while occasionally asking the House of Commons to reconsider its plans.

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in 1868, when they changed their standing orders to abolish proxy voting, preventing Lords from voting without taking the trouble to attend. Over the course of the century the powers of the upper house were further reduced stepwise, culminating in the 20th century with the

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The House of Lords debates legislation, and has the power to amend or reject bills. However, the power of the Lords to reject a bill passed by the House of Commons is severely restricted by the Parliament Acts. Under those Acts, certain types of bills may be presented for

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The makeup of the Lords does not reflect the social and demographic diversity of the UK, with under-representation of ethnic minorities and women when compared with the House of Commons, and relative over-representation of people from South East England and people over

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When the House of Commons passed a Reform Bill to correct some of these anomalies in 1831, the House of Lords rejected the proposal. The popular cause of reform, however, was not abandoned by the ministry, despite a second rejection of the bill in 1832. Prime Minister

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This Act made provision to preferentially admit female bishops of the Church of England to the Lords Spiritual over male ones in the 10 years following its commencement (2015 to 2025). This came as a consequence of the Church of England deciding in 2014 to begin to

2109:, an official especially appointed for the occasion of the trial. If Parliament was not in session, then peers could be tried in a separate court, known as the Lord High Steward's Court. Only peers, their wives, and their widows (unless remarried) were entitled to 6597: 1333:, who had inherited her father's peerage in 1925 and was made a life peer to enable her to sit. After a campaign stretching back in some cases to the 1920s, another twelve women who held hereditary peerages in their own right were admitted with the passage of the 1216:, however, a reformed Upper House was proposed instead. In the meantime, the creation of new hereditary peerages (except for members of the Royal Family) has been arrested, with the exception of three that were created during the administration of Conservative PM 3089:

When the House of Lords resolves itself into committee (see below), the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees presides, not from the Woolsack, but from a chair at the Table of the House. The presiding officer has little power compared to the

3307:, but what is described as Committee of the Whole House. It is made up of all members of the House of Lords, where any member is allowed to contribute to debates and provides for flexible rules of procedure. It is presided over by the Chairman of Committees. 1768: 2874:

justifications for the new Supreme Court was to establish a separation of powers between the judiciary and the legislature. It is therefore unlikely that future appointees to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom will be made Lords of Appeal in Ordinary.

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retained their ancient right to elect two MPs despite living elsewhere. A small borough was susceptible to bribery, and was often under the control of a patron, whose nominee was guaranteed to win an election. Some aristocrats were patrons of numerous

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in 1871, and thereafter ceased to be represented by Lords Spiritual. Archbishops and bishops of Welsh sees in the Church of England originally sat in the House of Lords (after 1847, only if their seniority within the church entitled them to), but the

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The size of the House of Lords has varied greatly throughout its history. The English House of Lords—then comprising 168 members—was joined at Westminster by 16 Scottish peers to represent the peerage of Scotland—a total of 184 nobles—in 1707's first

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bishops. Under the proposals, members would also serve single non-renewable terms of 15 years. Former MPs would be allowed to stand for election to the Upper House, but members of the Upper House would not be immediately allowed to become MPs.

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Party groupings, including the Crossbenchers, should choose which of their members are retained in the transition period, with the percentage of members allotted to each group based on their share of the peers with high attendance during a given

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In 2019, a seven-month enquiry by Naomi Ellenbogen found that one in five staff of the House had experienced bullying or harassment which they did not report for fear of reprisals. This was preceded by several cases, including Liberal Democrat

1087:. The electoral system of the House of Commons was far from democratic: property qualifications greatly restricted the size of the electorate, and the boundaries of many constituencies had not been changed for centuries. Entire cities such as 2062:

members. Though Appellate Committees met in separate committee rooms, judgement was given in the Lords Chamber itself. No further appeal lay from the House of Lords, although the House of Lords could refer a "preliminary question" to the

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The House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble in the Palace of Westminster. The Lords Chamber is lavishly decorated, in contrast with the more modestly furnished Commons Chamber. Benches in the Lords Chamber are coloured red. The

1847:, who became prime minister in 1963 whilst still an earl, disclaimed his peerage and was elected to the Commons soon after his term began). In recent history, it has been very rare for major cabinet positions (except Lord Chancellor and 1732:

and dwarfs upper houses in other bicameral democracies such as the United States (100 senators), France (348 senators), Australia (76 senators), Canada (105 appointed senators) and India (250 members). The Lords is also larger than the

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made provision for members' resignation from the House, removal for non-attendance, and automatic expulsion upon conviction for a serious criminal offence (if resulting in a jail sentence of at least one year). In June 2015, under the

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The Labour Party had, for most of the 20th century, a commitment, based on the party's historic opposition to class privilege, to abolish the House of Lords, or at least expel the hereditary element. In 1968 the Labour Government of

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the Ministry of Justice. The Lord Chancellor is no longer the head of the judiciary of England and Wales. Hitherto, the Lord Chancellor was part of all three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.

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were brought by the House of Commons, and tried in the House of Lords; a conviction required only a majority of the Lords voting. Impeachments, however, are to all intents and purposes obsolete; the last impeachment was that of

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removing his ability to act as both a government minister and a judge. This was motivated in part by concerns about the historical admixture of legislative, judicial, and executive power. The new Supreme Court is located at

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The jurisdiction of the House of Lords extended, in civil and in criminal cases, to appeals from the courts of England and Wales, and of Northern Ireland. From Scotland, appeals were possible only in civil cases; Scotland's

7099: 1728:, the total number of eligible members of the Lords increased to 826. In a report entitled "Does size matter?" the BBC said: "Increasingly, yes. Critics argue the House of Lords is the second largest legislature after the 3122:

of the House of Lords, and in this capacity attends upon the Lord Speaker. The Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Black Rod's duties may be delegated to the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod or to the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms.

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as a body that addressed the petitions of the King's subjects. The functions were exercised not by the whole House, but by a committee of "Law Lords". The bulk of the House's judicial business was conducted by the twelve

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historically sat in the Parliament of Scotland but were finally excluded in 1689 (after a number of previous exclusions) when the Church of Scotland became permanently Presbyterian. There are no longer archbishops and

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quorum of the House of Lords is just three members for a general or procedural vote, and 30 members for a vote on legislation. If fewer than three or 30 members (as appropriate) are present, the division is invalid.

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were now able to request leave of absence. During the granted time a peer is expected not to visit the House's meetings until either its expiration or termination, announced at least a month prior to their return.

2570:

in Wales. Accordingly, archbishops and bishops of the Church in Wales were no longer eligible to be appointed to the House as archbishops and bishops of the Church of England, but those already appointed remained.

2463:

Members of the House of Lords who sit by virtue of their ecclesiastical offices are known as Lords Spiritual. Formerly, the Lords Spiritual were the majority in the English House of Lords, comprising the church's

6981:

See Lords Journal vol. CXVI p. 162, vol. CXXIII p. 354, vol. 192 p. 231, vol. 215 pp. 200–1, vol. 218 p. 119, vol. 221 p. 539, vol. 225 p. 194, vol. 226 p. 339, vol. 228 p. 308, vol. 229 p. 89, and vol. 233 p.

3158:

is at the front of the Chamber; the Government sit on benches on the right of the Woolsack, while members of the Opposition sit on the left. Crossbenchers sit on the benches immediately opposite the Woolsack.

5771: 4386: 1422:

80% elected Lords was won by 305 votes to 267, and the vote for a wholly elected Lords was won by an even greater margin, 337 to 224. Significantly, this last vote represented an overall majority of MPs.

1178:

to create sufficient new Liberal peers to overcome the Lords' opposition to the measure if necessary, the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords. The

1397:

system. Most of the remainder were to be appointed by a Commission to ensure a mix of "skills, knowledge and experience". This proposal was also not implemented. A cross-party campaign initiative called

1506:

The reformed House of Lords should have 300 members of whom 240 are "Elected Members" and 60 appointed "Independent Members". Up to 12 Church of England archbishops and bishops may sit in the house as

3408:

While the number of hereditary peers is limited to 92, and that of Lords spiritual to 26, there is no maximum limit to the number of life peers who may be members of the House of Lords at any time.

2768:

to sit in the House of Lords; the term of a representative was to extend until the next general election. A similar provision was enacted when Ireland merged with Great Britain in 1801 to form the

1767: 6458: 1241:

carried another article by Sudeley entitled "Why Reform or Abolish the House of Lords?". In 1990 he wrote a further booklet for the Monday Club entitled "The Preservation of the House of Lords".

4473: 3102:

necessary, but such advice is merely informal, rather than official and binding. A Deputy Leader is also appointed by the Prime Minister, and takes the place of an absent or unavailable leader.

9648: 3961:

The appointments process, which has often been described as undemocratic. The current process means the House of Lords remains fully unelected and allows peers to hold their seats until death.

3786: 9730: 9450: 1539:

The proposals were considered by a Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform made up of both MPs and Peers, which issued its final report on 23 April 2012, making the following suggestions:

2753:). Such hereditary dignities can be created by the Crown; in modern times this is done on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day (except in the case of members of the Royal Family). 6131: 5160: 3170:, seated on the Throne in the Lords Chamber and in the presence of both Houses of Parliament, delivers a speech outlining the Government's agenda for the upcoming parliamentary session. 3968:

The House of Lords is often criticised for being too large, and thus too expensive. With almost 800 members it is the second-largest legislative house in the world, second only to the

9274: 2804: 1992:

as well as several Junior Whips. Where a government department is not represented by a minister in the Lords or one is not available, government whips will act as spokesmen for them.

733: 8966: 7090: 1743: 5682: 906:) that advised the king during medieval times, dating back to the early 11th century. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, and representatives of the 3178:

the noble Lord be no longer heard". It is also possible for the House to end the debate entirely, by approving a motion "that the Question be now put". This procedure is known as

1083:

Moreover, the power of the House as a whole decreased, whilst that of the House of Commons grew. Particularly notable in the development of the Lower House's superiority was the

7412: 2912:

Several different qualifications apply for membership of the House of Lords. No person may sit in the House of Lords if under the age of 21. Furthermore, only United Kingdom,

2690:

By custom at least one of the archbishops or bishops reads prayers in each legislative day (a role taken by the chaplain in the Commons). They often speak in debates; in 2004

2353: 2866:

The number of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (excluding those who were no longer able to hear cases because of age restrictions) was limited to twelve, but could be changed by

1562:

on 27 June 2012 which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011. However, this Bill was abandoned by the Government on 6 August 2012, following opposition from within the

979:(1485–1509) clearly established the supremacy of the monarch, symbolised by the "Crown Imperial". The domination of the Sovereign continued to grow during the reigns of the 3972:

of China, and is much larger than Upper Houses in comparable countries. The physical capacity of the chamber is only about 400 seats, which has led to "jostling for space".

1188:

reduced the delaying power of the House of Lords further to two sessions or one year. In 1958, the predominantly hereditary nature of the House of Lords was changed by the

1019:

met in 1660 and the monarchy was restored. It returned to its former position as the more powerful chamber of Parliament—a position it would occupy until the 19th century.

10655: 3812: 2687:

Former Archbishops of Canterbury, having reverted to the status of a regular bishop but no longer diocesans, are invariably given life peerages and sit as Lords Temporal.

1076:

The 19th century was marked by several changes to the House of Lords. The House, once a body of only about 50 members, had been greatly enlarged by the liberality of

1832:

The House of Lords does not control the term of the prime minister or of the government. Only the lower house may force the prime minister to resign or call elections by

1370:

options were defeated, although the 80% elected option fell by just three votes in the Commons. Socialist MPs favouring outright abolition voted against all the options.

9075: 1843:

Most Cabinet ministers are from the House of Commons rather than the House of Lords. In particular, all prime ministers since 1902 have been members of the lower house (

674:

is not fixed. This figure (correct as of 10 September 2024) excludes 26 peers who are on leave of absence or otherwise disqualified or suspended from sitting.

9513: 9488: 3098:

originally remained members of their respective parties, and were permitted to participate in debate; however, this is no longer true of the new role of Lord Speaker.

1754:

removed the bulk of the hereditary peers from their seats; it is well above the proposed 600-member cap, and is still larger than the House of Commons's 650 members.

3976:

These criticisms have led some to question whether there is a need for a second house at all, and whether the bicameral system in British politics is still useful.

3366:

The House of Lords Act 1999 allocated 75 of the 92 hereditary peers to the parties based on the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that party in 1999:

9470: 8196: 5847:

This major change had the effect of reducing the total membership of the House from 1,330 in October 1999 – the highest figure ever recorded – to 669 in March 2000

4202: 2439: 5743: 9518: 8851: 2579: 1870: 3075: 1693:

The chamber's membership again expanded in the following decades, increasing to above eight hundred active members in 2014 and prompting further reforms in the

9546: 9267: 6598:"Is There a Market for Peerages? Can Donations Buy You a British Peerage? A Study in the Link Between Party Political Funding and Peerage Nominations, 2005–14" 4240: 3647: 3187: 1937: 1635: 1526:

Twenty Independent Members (a third) shall take their seats within the reformed house at the same time as elected members do so, and for the same 15-year term.

963:. Much of the nobility was killed on the battlefield or executed for participation in the war, and many aristocratic estates were lost to the Crown. Moreover, 5313: 1192:, which authorised the creation of life baronies, with no numerical limits. The number of life peers then gradually increased, though not at a constant rate. 3917: 4364: 3232:

By contrast with the House of Commons, the House of Lords has not until recently had an established procedure for imposing sanctions on its members. When a

3029:

was created, a position to which a peer is elected by the House and subsequently appointed by the Crown. The first Lord Speaker, elected on 4 May 2006, was

1184:

comprehensive reforms were planned. Neither party, however, pursued reforms with much enthusiasm, and the House of Lords remained primarily hereditary. The

3469: 3405:

A report in 2007 stated that many members of the Lords (particularly the life peers) do not attend regularly; the average daily attendance was around 408.

1989: 266: 10037: 10002: 9992: 9302: 8841: 7059: 3616: 3610: 1678:. From about 220 peers in the eighteenth century, the house saw continued expansion. From about 850 peers in 1951/52, the numbers rose further with more 10495: 10047: 9568: 7640: 4042: 3894: 3621: 3584: 3261: 2999: 1610: 8136: 2535:, as these lie entirely outside the United Kingdom). Following a change to the law in 2014 to allow women to be ordained archbishops and bishops, the 2046:

performs such a function. The jurisdiction of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom, however, is relatively restricted; it encompasses appeals from

10395: 9710: 9503: 9260: 8204: 6733: 4001: 3775: 3631: 2729:. Originally, the Lords Temporal included several hundred hereditary peers (that is, those whose peerages may be inherited), who ranked variously as 8806: 3132: 1700:

In April 2011, a cross-party group of former leading politicians, including many senior members of the House of Lords, called on the Prime Minister

524: 9997: 9558: 9122: 8088: 3260:

now provides that any member of the House of Lords convicted of a crime and sentenced to imprisonment for more than one year loses their seat. The

3091: 1915: 1710: 5064: 4417: 2661:

ready, but ultimately did not accept a peerage. Future appointments of Catholic clergy to the Lords is unlikely, as since the promulgation of the

1653:

in the House of Lords due to the Act. As of 2023, six women bishops sit as Lords Spiritual, five of them having been accelerated due to this Act.

1159:", which proposed a land tax targeting wealthy landowners. The popular measure, however, was defeated in the heavily Conservative House of Lords. 565: 9987: 9415: 9068: 8445: 8238: 8093: 5341: 1964: 1946: 1738:

defenders of the Lords say that it does a vital job scrutinising legislation, a lot of which has come its way from the Commons in recent years".

661:

parties are not represented. The Scottish Greens are nationalist and republican and so do not sit in the House of Lords as a matter of principle.

17: 5149: 5005: 3363:). An additional 26 Lords are ineligible to participate, including two peers who are constitutionally disqualified as members of the Judiciary. 10283: 10094: 9610: 7727: 6115: 2891: 1833: 1212:

When Foot became leader of the Labour Party in 1980, abolition of the House of Lords became a part of the party's agenda; under his successor,

2838:

The number of hereditary peers to be chosen by a political group reflects the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that group (see

1721:, enabling life peers to retire or resign their seats in the House, which had previously only been possible for hereditary peers and bishops. 1535:

The current powers of the House of Lords would not change and the House of Commons shall retain its status as the primary House of Parliament.

10059: 9705: 9483: 9333: 4753: 2110: 1457: 1171: 7749:'Lordy Me!' Can donations buy you a British peerage? A study in the link between party political funding and peerage nominations, 2005–2014" 6613:'Lordy Me!' Can donations buy you a British peerage? A study in the link between party political funding and peerage nominations, 2005–2014" 1529:

Independent Members will be appointed by the King after being proposed by the Prime Minister acting on advice of an Appointments Commission.

929:

The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined. For example, during much of the reign of

10919: 10390: 10169: 9773: 8141: 8103: 7187: 3759: 3384: 2978:

Traditionally there was no mechanism by which members could resign or be removed from the House of Lords (compare the situation as regards

2432: 1813: 1163: 857: 462: 7859: 7328: 6384: 5038: 3359:

There are currently 805 sitting members of the House of Lords, of which 667 are life peers (as of 2 October 2023) and 228 are women (see:

3303:

Unlike in the House of Commons, when the term committee is used to describe a stage of a bill, this committee does not take the form of a

10335: 10146: 9297: 5690: 3928: 3568: 3033:, a former Labour peer. As the Speaker is expected to be an impartial presiding officer, Hayman resigned from the Labour Party. In 2011, 1893: 1393:) published a report proposing that 70% of members of the House of Lords should be elected – each member for a single long term – by the 1311:

is to abolish the House of Lords, and to replace it with an elected second chamber, albeit not in the first term of a Labour government.

210: 6846: 5860: 2042:

is the highest court in criminal matters. The House of Lords was not the United Kingdom's only court of last resort; in some cases, the

10345: 10288: 9820: 9763: 9061: 8786: 8287: 3859: 3653: 2051: 1251: 7443: 3182:, and is extremely rare. Six closure motions were passed on 4 April 2019 to significant media attention as part of consideration of a 3009:

retired from the House of Lords, having seen a Lords Conduct Committee report recommending he be expelled. In December the same year,

2488:

had just disposed of and suppressed the positions of abbot and prior. In 1642, during the few gatherings of the Lords convened during

10959: 10684: 9578: 8460: 7881: 4650: 2558: 1901: 1461: 826: 450: 5668:

Farrington, Conor. "Does It Matter If the House of Lords isn't Reformed? Perspectives from a Symposium at Trinity Hall, Cambridge".

5528: 1988:

The House of Lords remains a source for junior ministers and members of government. Like the House of Commons, the Lords also has a

10330: 10189: 10141: 9283: 9206: 9150: 3436: 2611: 2001: 755: 235: 3394:

Fifteen hereditary peers are elected by the whole House, and the remaining hereditary peers are the two royal office-holders, the

9911: 9720: 9551: 8740: 3996: 3871: 3464: 3221: 3034: 2961: 2567: 2425: 2043: 1224: 273: 217: 7621:

Close, David H. "The Collapse of Resistance to Democracy: Conservatives, Adult Suffrage, and Second Chamber Reform, 1911–1928."

2657:, a personal appointment of Queen Elizabeth II, shortly before his death. Cardinal Murphy O'Connor for his part said he had his 10672: 10246: 9975: 9943: 9783: 9768: 9758: 9583: 9573: 9563: 9536: 9100: 8720: 8161: 8036: 7931: 6665: 6641: 6583: 6534: 6510: 6486: 6437: 5092: 3770: 3681: 3579: 3452: 3238: 2884: 2702:

of the Church of England) must be put before the Lords, and the Lords Spiritual have a role in ensuring that this takes place.

2359: 2114: 1982: 1382: 1092: 702: 359: 8901: 4447: 1112:

originally balked at the proposal, which effectively threatened the opposition of the House of Lords, but at length relented.

926:" (held in 1295), which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs. 10365: 9938: 9234: 9192: 7781: 7712: 7689: 7612: 7290: 7021: 5307: 4839: 4582: 3685: 3347: 3250: 3046: 2979: 2949: 2349: 1866: 1330: 889: 818: 109: 6311: 5588: 3295:£171 per day instead, or none at all. Prior to 2010, peers from outside London could claim an overnight allowance of £174. 3193:

Once all speeches on a motion have concluded, or Closure invoked, the motion may be put to a vote. The House first votes by

2006:

Historically, the House of Lords held several judicial functions. Most notably, until 2009 the House of Lords served as the

1415: 10232: 10054: 9715: 9688: 4901: 4523: 3822: 3594: 3493: 3241:, the committee decided that the House "possessed an inherent power" to suspend errant members, although not to withhold a 3067: 2552:

in the traditional sense of the word, and that Church has never sent members to sit in the Westminster House of Lords. The

1403: 1325:

There were no women sitting in the House of Lords until 1958, when a small number came into the chamber as a result of the

1135:

1911 cartoon shows Asquith and Lloyd George preparing coronets for 500 new peers to threaten takeover of the House of Lords

1108:

advised the King to overwhelm opposition to the bill in the House of Lords by creating about 80 new pro-Reform peers.

81: 8936: 8891: 1166:. The Liberals had lost most of their support in the Lords, which was routinely rejecting Liberals' bills. Prime Minister 10405: 10350: 10293: 10212: 10156: 10124: 9958: 9643: 9408: 9382: 9359: 8231: 8123: 7836: 6277: 3749: 3556: 2091: 2075: 2011: 849: 247: 8083: 4210: 769:

As the upper house of Parliament, the House of Lords has many similar functions to the House of Commons. It scrutinises

10380: 10360: 10303: 10268: 9916: 9884: 9848: 8976: 8113: 7890: 6048: 4870: 3744: 3480: 3475: 2843: 2828: 2695: 1349:

a commitment to remove the hereditary peerage from the House of Lords. Their subsequent election victory in 1997 under

1060: 737: 713:, England. One of the oldest institutions in the world, its origins lie in the early 11th century and the emergence of 4394: 3002:, the House's Standing Orders may provide for the expulsion or suspension of a member upon a resolution of the House. 88: 10375: 10273: 9928: 9921: 9788: 9753: 9738: 9638: 9317: 9312: 9307: 8821: 8410: 7380: 6359: 6098: 5919: 5805: 3936: 3882: 3848: 3319: 2673: 2549: 2086: 1897: 919: 128: 5655: 4232: 1594:

All peers can retire or resign from the chamber (prior to this only hereditary peers could disclaim their peerages).

10460: 10012: 9970: 9894: 9889: 9793: 9671: 9085: 8475: 8098: 7948: 7926: 7249: 6945: 6794: 6737: 6552: 6462: 6405: 6228: 6224: 6075: 6034: 5983: 5835: 5632: 5539: 5290: 4688: 3796: 2824: 2816: 2536: 2500: 1924: 1820:, which means that the House of Lords does not oppose legislation promised in the Government's election manifesto. 1675: 1622: 1484: 774: 694: 426: 338: 178: 3315:

public. Such committees are rare and do not replace any of the usual stages of a bill, including committee stage.

10523: 10340: 10278: 10204: 9899: 9748: 9695: 9658: 9623: 9597: 9498: 9042: 8991: 8921: 8856: 8725: 8655: 8515: 8362: 8352: 8322: 8131: 6026: 5382:

Lord Sudeley, "Lords Reform – Why Tamper with the House of Lords?", Monday Club publication, December 1979 (P/B).

4624: 4188: 4112: 3723: 3233: 2027: 1970: 1941: 1905: 1884: 1559: 1236: 721: 62: 31: 6206: 3063: 1162:

Having made the powers of the House of Lords a primary campaign issue, the Liberals were narrowly re-elected in

95: 10964: 10470: 10258: 10184: 10079: 10032: 9948: 9868: 9828: 9618: 9401: 9136: 9037: 8956: 8926: 8758: 8575: 8525: 8465: 8400: 8224: 7209: 7165: 7121: 5234: 4161: 3257: 3246: 3149:

The royal thrones, c. 1902. The Sovereign's throne (on left) is raised slightly higher than the consort's.

3030: 3025:

presiding officer was the Lord Chancellor. With the passage of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the post of

2994: 2920:

citizens may sit in the House of Lords. The nationality restrictions were previously more stringent: under the

2722: 2603: 2532: 2485: 2334: 2178: 2139: 2071: 1950: 1862: 1718: 1694: 1583: 1434: 1080:

and his successors in creating peerages. The individual influence of a Lord of Parliament was thus diminished.

938: 802: 782: 763: 66: 7143: 6893: 6879: 4862: 4599: 4548: 1015:

Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England." The House of Lords did not assemble again until the

10912: 10679: 10485: 10415: 10385: 10355: 10320: 10222: 10194: 10112: 10020: 9904: 9683: 9433: 9164: 8811: 8766: 8645: 8425: 7874: 6815: 4312: 4011: 3969: 3697: 3509: 3037:

was elected as the second Lord Speaker, replacing Hayman in September 2011. D'Souza was in turn succeeded by

2302: 1729: 1386: 1366: 830: 798: 671: 8395: 7850: 7646: 2760:

and Irish peerages were not always permitted to sit in the Lords. When Scotland united with England to form

888:. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 10798: 10722: 10694: 10640: 10443: 10433: 10370: 10325: 10298: 10151: 10136: 9833: 9808: 9743: 9633: 9200: 8748: 8665: 8470: 8390: 8071: 8061: 8048: 7902: 7889: 5975: 5355: 4122: 4069: 4037: 3952: 3676: 3605: 3535: 3457: 3441: 3070:

as Lord Chancellor. The lord chancellor wore black-and-gold robes whilst presiding over the House of Lords.

2925: 2795:

Of the 92, two remain in the House of Lords because they hold royal offices connected with Parliament: the

2765: 2344: 1880: 1848: 1734: 1682:

after the Life Peerages Act 1958 and the inclusion of all Scottish peers and the first female peers in the

1661: 1290: 1223:

Whilst some hereditary peers were at best apathetic, the Labour Party's clear commitments were not lost on

1026: 1016: 907: 814: 658: 228: 77: 7231: 6741: 6179: 3082:

lord speaker except for state occasions outside of the chamber. The speaker or deputy speaker sits on the

2602:

is the senior rabbi to the West London Synagogue. In recognition of his work at reconciliation and in the

2523:(who sit by right regardless of seniority), and the 21 longest-serving archbishops and bishops from other 848:, acted as the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom judicial system until the establishment of the 10689: 10667: 10635: 10630: 10612: 10553: 10475: 10465: 10400: 10263: 10227: 10025: 9803: 9442: 9354: 8640: 8342: 7845: 7773: 7037: 3360: 3163: 3038: 3021:

Traditionally the House of Lords did not elect its own speaker, unlike the House of Commons; rather, the

2907: 2860: 2832: 2820: 2023: 1671: 1628: 1414:. During 2006, a cross-party committee discussed Lords reform, with the aim of reaching a consensus: its 1320: 1278: 1144: 1105: 953: 881: 841: 837: 199: 8056: 7980: 7468: 1516:

Elections to the reformed Lords should take place at the same time as elections to the House of Commons.

10749: 10650: 10490: 8931: 8585: 8485: 8200: 7753: 6617: 6345: 5627: 5613: 3042: 2650: 1303:. Many attempts to reform it have been made, and some have succeeded, most notably the removal of most 1022: 911: 8951: 8199:

for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha exist, they are purely consultative. Legislation is enacted by the

6992: 6790: 5331: 3481:

Deputy Chief Whip of the House of Lords and Captain of the King's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard

2776:, who were to retain office for life. Elections for Irish representatives ended in 1922, when most of 2503:, and by later Acts. The Lords Spiritual can now number no more than 26: these are the Archbishops of 2159: 10885: 10645: 10450: 10423: 9933: 9813: 9364: 8615: 8590: 8420: 8357: 8327: 8277: 8118: 7956: 4262: 4117: 3665: 2773: 2642: 2063: 1954: 402: 8535: 7722: 5715: 3141:

Benches in the chamber are coloured red. In contrast, the benches in the House of Commons are green.

2890:

In 2000 the government announced that it would set up an Independent Appointments Commission, under

1492:

would reflect the shares of the vote secured by the political parties in the last general election.

10783: 10313: 9953: 9700: 9228: 9220: 9053: 8791: 8771: 8127: 7867: 7473: 7273: 6968: 6958:

See Lords Journal vol. CIII p. 629, vol. CIV p. 381, vol. 182 p. 90, and vol. 231 p. 644 and 648–9.

6924: 5831: 5392: 4156: 4127: 4027: 3707: 3692: 3519: 3331: 3183: 3106: 3006: 2966: 2504: 2329: 2292: 2039: 1960: 1933: 1575: 1520: 1460:

in the Commons was at its highest pitch only six months before, and the Labourite leadership under

1394: 1228: 1205:), and Labour members who continued to advocate the outright abolition of the Upper House (such as 1152: 5208: 4831: 4498: 3242: 2492:

which saw periodic war, the Lords Spiritual were excluded altogether, but they returned under the

2034:

Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and their deputy, the Second Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary.

10954: 10928: 10841: 10662: 10597: 10308: 9965: 8981: 8946: 8776: 8600: 8292: 7704: 6401: 5947: 4815: 4683: 4287: 4151: 2594:, who acted on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher), as was his successor Chief Rabbi 2543:

The current Lords Spiritual represent only the Church of England. Archbishops and bishops of the

2369: 1751: 1687: 1674:. A further 28 Irish members to represent the peerage of Ireland were added in 1801 to the first 1563: 1453:

was agreed by them. Certain amendments were agreed by them on 30 March 2010 and on 12 June 2014.

1355: 1258: 1000: 729: 641: 371: 55: 6938: 6273: 4023:

List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted without the House of Lords' consent

1985:

was a member of the House of Lords; as of July 2024, the Attorney General is once again a peer.

1686:. It reached a record size of 1,330 in October 1999, immediately before the major Lords reform ( 1365:

proposed introducing a 20% elected element to the Lords, but this plan was widely criticised. A

959:

The power of the nobility declined during the civil wars of the late 15th century, known as the

754:. No members directly inherit their seats any longer. The House of Lords also includes up to 26 10778: 9843: 8971: 8906: 8896: 6907:

Sparrow, Andrew (21 May 2009). "'Sullied' members suspend two peers in first case since 1642".

4138: 4032: 4006: 3991: 3657: – Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety 3399: 2945: 2921: 2800: 2662: 2473: 1889: 1786: 1326: 1189: 885: 745: 390: 10933: 10773: 10729: 10592: 10178: 8730: 8710: 8685: 8635: 8385: 8066: 7282: 5299: 4629:

A smaller House of Lords: The report of the Lord Speaker's committee on the size of the House

3304: 2913: 2680:

and bishops have been completely prohibited from it (excepting only political offices of the

2412: 1402:" was set up to make the case for a predominantly elected Upper Chamber in the run up to the 1139:

The status of the House of Lords returned to the forefront of debate after the election of a

1040:

An early 19th-century illustration showing the east wall of the House of Lords in the centre.

915: 869: 706: 558: 414: 1532:

There will no longer be a link between the peerage system and membership of the upper house.

1503:

The upper chamber shall continue to be known as the House of Lords for legislative purposes.

1358:(see below for its provisions), making the House of Lords predominantly an appointed house. 102: 10793: 10734: 10699: 10587: 10560: 10071: 9252: 8916: 8886: 8831: 8680: 8595: 8550: 8540: 8530: 8367: 8108: 5720: 4106: 3839:

Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Patient Safety, Women's Health and Mental Health

2917: 2867: 2764:

in 1707, it was provided that the Scottish hereditary peers would only be able to elect 16

2520: 2339: 2007: 1817: 1646: 1281:

would be conducted in the event of a move. The idea was received negatively by many peers.

1170:

then proposed that the powers of the House of Lords be severely curtailed. After a further

1100:", and therefore controlled a considerable part of the membership of the House of Commons. 996: 976: 822: 810: 631:

The Lords Spiritual sit on the Government benches and are so depicted in the diagram above.

5500: 5472: 5445: 5416: 4658: 3417:

Lords today, men would still outnumber women by nearly two to one. The report singled out

3041:

in September 2016, who served as Lord Speaker until his resignation in April 2021. He was

1587: 720:

In contrast to the House of Commons, membership of the Lords is not generally acquired by

8: 10870: 10788: 10766: 10761: 10744: 10739: 10717: 10607: 10565: 9001: 8996: 8700: 8570: 8302: 7961: 6274:"Explanatory Notes to The House of Commons (Removal of Clergy Disqualification) Act 2001" 5262: 5155: 3470:

Chief Whip of the House of Lords and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms

3166:, held at the beginning of each new parliamentary session. During the State Opening, the 3162:

The Lords Chamber is the site of many formal ceremonies, the most famous of which is the

3074:

The lord speaker may be replaced as presiding officer by one of his or her deputies. The

2851:

belonging to that political group (whether elected by that group or by the whole house).

2757: 2750: 2699: 2637:

There have been no Roman Catholic clergy appointed, though it was rumoured that Cardinal

2575: 2489: 2481: 2287: 2260: 2144: 2081:

A distinct judicial function—one in which the whole House used to participate—is that of

1725: 1185: 1180: 1117: 1065: 877: 8216: 7329:"Sunak's record on appointing female peers from party worst since Major, analysis finds" 7245: 3137: 2117:, in 1935. An illustrative dramatisation circa 1928 of a trial of a peer (the fictional 10865: 10821: 10602: 10580: 10575: 10543: 10455: 9628: 8781: 8690: 8660: 8610: 8490: 8455: 8405: 8337: 8009: 7997: 7989: 7898: 7435: 7386: 7312:

taking the 2005–2006 session, the average attendance was around 408, or 56% of members.

6660: 6636: 6578: 6529: 6505: 6481: 6432: 6427: 4906: 4896: 4132: 4092: 3057: 2987: 2681: 2591: 2544: 2508: 2297: 2282: 2227: 2121:) on a charge of murder (a felony) is portrayed in the 1972 BBC Television adaption of 2067: 1362: 1227:, who for decades was considered an expert on the House of Lords. In December 1979 the 1156: 1148: 1140: 1084: 1053: 1049: 8986: 7827: 3145: 2574:

Other ecclesiastics have sat in the House of Lords as Lords Temporal in recent times:

10880: 10826: 10428: 8941: 8871: 8836: 8715: 8675: 8625: 8565: 8560: 8440: 8435: 8347: 8332: 8272: 8076: 7777: 7708: 7685: 7608: 7514: 7439: 7390: 7376: 7336: 7296: 7286: 7017: 6969:"Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the proceedings of the House of Lords" 6925:"Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the proceedings of the House of Lords" 6854: 6153: 6123: 6094: 5570: 5303: 5013: 4835: 4578: 2553: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2106: 2082: 1974: 1844: 1308: 1217: 1036: 992: 960: 853: 749: 350: 8520: 3256:

Recent changes have expanded the disciplinary powers of the House. Section 3 of the

2484:'s high point in 1539, only the archbishops and bishops continued to attend, as the 2097:

Similarly, the House of Lords was once the court that tried peers charged with high

1299:

from 1832 to 1928, the aristocratic House of Lords was increasingly perceived as an

30:

This article is about the House of Lords of the United Kingdom. For other uses, see

10875: 10858: 10853: 10836: 10816: 10622: 9475: 8961: 8816: 8796: 8620: 8505: 8430: 8307: 8297: 8282: 8267: 7642:

Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords

7427: 7368: 6181:

Companion to the standing orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords

5562: 4827: 4086: 4080: 3642: 3167: 3119: 2895: 2847: 2796: 2785: 2781: 2677: 2631: 2607: 2590:

congregations in Britain) was appointed to the House of Lords (with the consent of

2583: 2516: 2512: 2324: 2169: 1683: 1334: 1262: 949: 923: 902: 8181:"Bailiwick-wide" legislation passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in 7495: 6763: 6680: 5997: 5120: 4780: 983:

in the 16th century. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of

10548: 10438: 10129: 10089: 9349: 9032: 8911: 8650: 8630: 8605: 8580: 8555: 8545: 8500: 8495: 8450: 8415: 8021: 7840: 7731: 7565: 7431: 7361:

Kippin, Sean; Campion, Sonali (2018). "How undemocratic is the House of Lords?".

6605: 6337: 6315: 4017: 3445: 3253:

for their role in the scandal, they were the first to meet this fate since 1642.

3198: 2812: 2646: 2599: 2587: 2563: 2493: 2458: 2400: 2250: 1858: 1713: 1438: 1399: 1304: 1295:

With the advent of democratic politics in the United Kingdom, beginning with the

1097: 1030: 1004: 873: 868:

Today's Parliament of the United Kingdom largely descends, in practice, from the

759: 654: 324: 312: 7091:"Peer claims £300 a day in expenses to walk 200 yards to work at House of Lords" 6707: 5888: 5182: 4982: 4711: 4337: 3940:– Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Faith, Communities and Resettlement 2010:

for most instances of UK law. Since 1 October 2009 this role is now held by the

1091:

had not even one representative in the House of Commons, while the 11 voters of

813:, they are typically only selected to serve as junior ministers, except for the 10161: 10042: 9541: 9424: 8881: 8876: 8861: 8846: 8510: 8480: 7910: 7894: 7800: 7670: 4060: 3986: 3833: 3807: 2769: 2711: 2691: 2654: 2595: 2118: 2074:

if the House of Lords did not provide a satisfactory remedy in cases where the

2047: 1967:

as an MP, but retained the office when she was appointed to the House of Lords.

1929: 1876: 1837: 1650: 1642: 1374: 1008: 333: 7833: 6071: 3056:

The overlap of the legislative and executive roles is a characteristic of the

2883:

created by the Sovereign, who acts on the advice of the Prime Minister or the

844:. In addition to its role as the upper house, the House of Lords, through the 10948: 10217: 9778: 9676: 9666: 9465: 9460: 9170: 9128: 9027: 9022: 8377: 8031: 7569: 7550:

The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled

7340: 6858: 6127: 5574: 5017: 3781: 3504: 3264:

allows the House to set up procedures to suspend, and to expel, its members.

3010: 2805:

remaining ninety peers sitting in the Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage

2761: 2694:, the Archbishop of Canterbury, opened a debate into sentencing legislation. 2658: 2528: 1911: 1701: 1197: 1167: 980: 778: 580: 567: 298: 254: 7300: 6655: 6631: 6573: 6524: 6500: 6476: 5566: 2566:

ceased to be a part of the Church of England in 1920 and was simultaneously

10084: 9455: 9186: 9017: 8866: 8801: 8317: 6909: 5924: 5748: 5336: 5069: 4758: 4074: 4064: 3530: 3395: 3118:

disorder or disturbance in the Chamber. Black Rod also holds the office of

3026: 2933: 2726: 2669: 2627: 1804: 1479: 1213: 1206: 1202: 741: 714: 500: 481: 192: 152: 9393: 7672:

Liberalism and the House of Lords: The Story of the Veto Battle, 1832–1911

4083:, modeled after the House of Lords and composed of 105 appointed senators. 2105:. The House would be presided over not by the Lord Chancellor, but by the 1128: 1044: 1003:

was declared, but the nation was effectively under the overall control of

10570: 10500: 9156: 9142: 8826: 8312: 8251: 8247: 4418:"Launch of new report: 'House of Lords reform: navigating the obstacles'" 3932:– Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Housing and Local Government 3733: 3718: 3545: 3418: 3352: 3245:

nor to expel a member permanently. When the House subsequently suspended

3086:, a large red seat stuffed with wool, at the front of the Lords Chamber. 2808: 2619: 2364: 2018: 1920: 1840:. Therefore, the House of Lords' oversight of the government is limited. 1796: 1792: 1717:

peers were due to be created and several months after the passage of the

1550:

Up to 12 Lords Spiritual should be retained in a reformed House of Lords.

1513:

Elected Members will serve a single, non-renewable term of 15 years.

1467: 1442: 1300: 1296: 786: 770: 698: 690: 438: 173: 7413:"'A More Representative Chamber': Representation and the House of Lords" 5039:"'Toxic' behaviour towards House of Lords staff revealed in QC's report" 4678: 4676: 2395: 918:

as well). The first English Parliament is often considered to be either

8259: 8014: 7626: 7515:"Legitimacy and Bicameral Strength: A Case Study of the House of Lords" 6402:"The Standing Orders of the House of Lords relating to Public Business" 5150:"Peers attack Boris Johnson's 'ridiculous idea' to move House of Lords" 3905: 3194: 2784:; elections for Scottish representatives ended with the passage of the 2638: 2623: 2465: 2055: 1679: 1555: 1430: 1390: 1378: 1350: 1270: 1109: 1088: 1077: 984: 945: 794: 7680:

Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007).

6847:"House of Lords to conduct some duties online when parliament reopens" 4820: 4203:"Public petitions to the House of Lords – Erskine May – UK Parliament" 4143: 3787:

Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Latin America and Caribbean

2058:

were transferred from the Privy Council to the Supreme Court in 2009.

2017:

The Lords' judicial functions originated from the ancient role of the

1799:, may be introduced in either the House of Lords or House of Commons. 1600:

Peers can be removed for receiving prison sentences of a year or more.

548: 10848: 10756: 9214: 7372: 6608:. University of Oxford, pp. 8, 13, 17, 22; Radford, Mell and Thevoz, 5952: 5553:

Russell, Meg (July 2003). "Is the House of Lords Already Reformed?".

5097: 4673: 3114: 2983: 2255: 1604: 1579: 1361:

Since 1999, however, no further reform has taken place. In 2000, the

1346: 964: 930: 845: 790: 725: 9083: 6049:"Find Members of the House of Lords – MPs and Lords – UK Parliament" 2788:, under which all Scottish peers obtained seats in the Upper House. 1354:

complete. Thus, all but 92 hereditary peers were expelled under the

941:

weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless.

44: 10709: 8186: 8182: 7561: 7362: 6768: 6708:"Ken Maginnis banned from Lords for 18 months over bullying claims" 6685: 6314:. London, United Kingdom: Office of the Chief Rabbi. Archived from 6002: 5893: 5865: 5744:"Rachel Treweek becomes first woman bishop to enter House of Lords" 5505: 5477: 5450: 5421: 5360: 5267: 5239: 5183:"House of Lords: What is it and what could Labour replace it with?" 5121:"House of Lords 'could move to York or Birmingham' – Tory chairman" 3155: 3083: 2742: 2734: 2223: 2214: 2204: 1274: 1254:, of Lords using their position to sexually harass or abuse women. 1175: 934: 880:

that implemented and executed the Treaty in 1707 and created a new

8203:, although this power is normally exercised on their behalf by an 7821: 7734:

Oxford University Department of Economics discussion paper, No.744

5065:"House of Lords may move out of London to 'reconnect' with public" 3383:

Of the initial 42 hereditary peers elected as Conservatives, one,

603: 10535: 8167: 8026: 7762:

The contemporary House of Lords: Westminster bicameralism revived

6927:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. October 2006. paragraph 4.58. 6385:"People's Peers: the strange case of the missing lollipop ladies" 4822:

The Contemporary House of Lords: Westminster Bicameralism Revived

3179: 2777: 2615: 2524: 2098: 1744:

Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee

1120:; the Commons gradually became the stronger House of Parliament. 537:

No annual salary, but tax-free daily allowance and expenses paid.

7645:(21st ed.). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from 4442: 4440: 4438: 4089:, composed of 22 hereditary tribal chiefs and 11 King's nominees 3424: 3133:

Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom § Stages of a bill

1277:, in an attempt to "reconnect" the area. It was unclear how the 10831: 7966: 7854: 5648: 3957:

There are several criticisms of the House of Lords, including:

2649:, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair respectively, but declined. 2102: 1709:

parliamentary chamber in any democracy. In August 2014, former

1411: 968: 710: 6900: 5006:"House of Lords staff too scared to complain about harassment" 3863: – Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Legislation 1261:

considered moving the House of Lords from London to a city in

10808: 7792:

The House of Lords in British politics and society, 1815–1911

7744:

Radford, Simon; Mell, Andrew; Thevoz, Seth Alexander (2019).

7721:

Mell, Andrew; Radford, Simon; Thevoz, Seth Alexander (2015).

6993:"House of Lords – Reform and Proposals for Reform since 1900" 6116:"David Cameron returns to UK government as foreign secretary" 4435: 2746: 2477: 2469: 2219: 2026:, who were specifically appointed for this purpose under the 995:

during the 1640s. In 1649, after the defeat and execution of

972: 9282: 7519:

PSA Parliaments and Legislatures Specialist Group Conference

6894:"The Powers of the House of Lords in respect of its Members" 6880:"The Powers of the House of Lords in respect of its Members" 6816:"House of Lords briefing paper, A Guide to Business, page 3" 3813:

Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Work and Pensions

2557:

lasted about one year). The Church of Ireland, however, was

2499:

The number of Lords Spiritual was further restricted by the

801:, except in certain limited circumstances, it may delay the 8190: 7799: 7188:"Ad-Hoc Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change" 4863:"March 1649: An Act for the Abolishing the House of Peers." 4754:"Major Tory donor among 13 new peers named in honours list" 3388: 2738: 2730: 2209: 2199: 1266: 825:

in the world to be larger than its lower house, and is the

7038:"Parliament of the United Kingdom, Official Website – FAQ" 6975: 6681:"Lord Ahmed retires from Parliament days before expulsion" 8246: 6835:

HL Deb, 4 April 2019, c241, c251, c271, c286, c296, c312.

5710: 5708: 5125: 4716: 3267: 3213:

presiding officer, who then announces them to the House.

1665:

Number of members of the House of Lords from 1998 to 2021

7210:"Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords" 7166:"Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords" 7144:"Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords" 7122:"Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords" 6896:. House of Lords, Committee for Privileges. paragraph 8. 6882:. House of Lords, Committee for Privileges. paragraph 2. 5861:"Stop making new lords, political big-wigs urge Cameron" 4575:

The House of Lords: Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles

2842:

below) in 1999. When an elected hereditary peer dies, a

860:

must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual.

7701:

Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Human Rights

6872: 5990: 5832:"House of Lords – Annual Report and Accounts 1999–2000" 5683:"Dan Byles: House of Lords Reform Private Members Bill" 1871:

Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

1724:

In August 2015, when 45 more peers were created in the

1690:) reduced it to 669, mostly life peers, by March 2000. 1345:

The Labour Party included in its 1997 general election

900:

The House of Lords developed from the "Great Council" (

7364:

The UK's Changing Democracy: The 2018 Democratic Audit

5705: 4943:

Alfred L.P. Dennis, "The Parliament Act of 1911, II".

3648:

Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation

2944:

Women were excluded from the House of Lords until the

1938:

Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills

1464:

determined that something sympathetic should be done.

840:

is delivered in the House of Lords chamber during the

7597:

The House of Lords 1911–2011: A Century of Non-reform

6886: 4958:

The House of Lords 1911–2011: a century of non-reform

3918:

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government

3886:– Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Gambling 1746:

approving the progress achieved without legislation.

764:

voluntarily relinquished or terminated upon expulsion

7663:

Peers, Politics and Power: House of Lords, 1603–1911

7633:

House of Lords reform since 1911: Must the Lords go?

6656:"House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015" 5330:

White, Michael; Wintour, Patrick (4 February 2003).

2527:

in the Church of England (excluding the dioceses of

1543:

The reformed House of Lords should have 450 members.

821:. The House of Lords is the only upper house of any 10522: 7081: 6952: 6917: 6396: 6394: 5656:"Proposals for a reformed House of Lords published" 5529:"Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Lords" 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 3611:

Minister of State for Prisons, Parole and Probation

3204:Members of the House enter one of two lobbies (the 3188:

United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union

2054:, and a few other minor matters. Issues related to 1827: 1616: 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7089: 6931: 5148: 4819: 4043:Relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom 3895:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 3622:Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice 3585:Minister of State for Energy Security and Net Zero 3262:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 3000:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 1613:authorised the House to expel or suspend members. 1611:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 1605:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 1233:Lords Reform – Why tamper with the House of Lords? 7224: 6027:"Size of the House of Lords: Recent Developments" 5093:"Boris Johnson sends the House of Lords up north" 4867:Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660 4572: 4002:History of the constitution of the United Kingdom 3776:Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Africa 3632:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology 2859:Until 2009, the Lords Temporal also included the 1569: 1451:Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Lords 1056:(above), precipitated a political crisis in 1909. 948:, Parliament clearly separated into two distinct 728:, on either a political or non-political basis. 10946: 6961: 6391: 6091:A History of Modern Britain: 1714 to the Present 6066: 6064: 6062: 4518: 4516: 4384: 4174: 4095:, with 18 of 80 seats reserved for tribal chiefs 2973: 1916:Secretary of State for International Development 1029:addressing the House of Lords, c. 1708–1714, by 944:During the reign of King Edward II's successor, 756:archbishops and bishops of the Church of England 7261:Willoughby de Broke, Lord UK Independence Party 7212:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. p. 214 7168:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. p. 128 7124:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. p. 138 5887:Lansdale, James; Bishop, Emma (5 August 2014). 5672:, vol. 83, no. 3 (July–September 2012), p. 599. 5594:(Report). HM Government. May 2011. pp. 7–9 5209:"Labour delays plans to abolish House of Lords" 3224:to allow some duties to be carried out online. 3220:Special arrangements were made during the 2020 1965:Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport 1009:Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland 827:second-largest legislative chamber in the world 7146:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. p. 40 6428:"British Nationality Act 1981: Schedule 7" 6177: 5886: 5772:"Current Female Bishops in the House of Lords" 4742:, University of Toronto Press 2013, chapter 6. 2854: 2674:discouraged from holding secular public office 1252:Anthony Lester, Lord Lester of Herne Hill 884:to replace the Parliament of England and the 9409: 9268: 9069: 8232: 7875: 7581:Life peerage announced but not yet conferred. 7512: 7360: 6387:. Open University. 2001 – via BBC News. 6059: 5948:"Betty Boothroyd urges older peers to retire" 4983:"House of Lords staff 'bullied and harassed'" 4513: 3425:Government leaders and ministers in the Lords 2892:Dennis Stevenson, Lord Stevenson of Coddenham 2433: 1597:Peers can be disqualified for non-attendance. 8137:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 7834:Official House of Lords publications website 6187:(23 ed.). London: The Stationery Office 5920:"Crowded house – why we have too many lords" 5806:"The size of the House of Lords: what next?" 5689:(Press release). 4 June 2013. Archived from 5329: 4751: 4189:"Lords by party, type of peerage and gender" 3760:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 3013:was suspended from the House for 18 months. 1578:to introduce some reforms was introduced by 1519:Elected Members should be elected using the 1373:In 2005, a cross-party group of senior MPs ( 9423: 7410: 7016:. The Stationery Office. 2007. p. 12. 6939:"The Standing Orders of the House of Lords" 6107: 4625:"The role and reform of the House of Lords" 3569:Department for Energy Security and Net Zero 3385:David Verney, 21st Lord Willoughby de Broke 2772:; the Irish peers were allowed to elect 28 1977:and a member of the House of Lords in 2023. 1314: 777:to account, and considers and reports upon 653:Green Party of England and Wales only. The 9416: 9402: 9275: 9261: 9076: 9062: 8239: 8225: 7882: 7868: 7826: 7232:"Ineligible members of the House of Lords" 4873:. 1911 – via British History Online. 4549:"Legislation affecting the House of Lords" 4387:"A Brief History of House of Lords Reform" 4362: 3429: 2440: 2426: 2052:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 892:(MPs) and 16 Peers to represent Scotland. 8193:, with the consent of their governments. 7322: 7320: 7087: 6971:. October 2006. paragraphs 4.59 and 4.60. 6574:"Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925" 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6171: 5235:"Labour's 1997 pledges: The constitution" 4832:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671564.001.0001 4816:"2 A Brief History of the House of Lords" 4795: 4573:Carmichael, Paul; Dickson, Brice (1999). 4338:"Timeline: The House of Lords and reform" 2990:), who had campaigned for such a change. 2780:became an independent state known as the 1902:Secretary of State for Trade and Industry 1869:briefly for two months in early 1974 and 1462:Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 9284:Judicial functions of the House of Lords 7246:"Lists of Members of the House of Lords" 7060:"Guide to Financial Support for Members" 6621:– first published online, 14 March 2019. 5913: 5911: 5889:"Peers fight for space in crowded House" 5880: 5443: 5356:"Election issues: Constitutional Reform" 4448:"Joining and leaving the House of Lords" 4049: 3909:– Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State 3351: 3144: 3136: 3115:Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Black Rod 3062: 2928:, only natural-born subjects qualified. 2839: 2002:Judicial functions of the House of Lords 1953:before resigning to take up the post of 1780: 1776:Brief introduction of the House of Lords 1761: 1660: 1478: 1127: 1059: 1043: 1035: 1021: 799:unable to prevent bills passing into law 7807:(2nd ed.). London: ENGLAND OFFICE. 7661:Jones, Clyve, and David L. Jones, eds. 6906: 6764:"Baroness D'Souza elected Lord Speaker" 6338:"THE OBLIGATIONS AND RIGHTS OF CLERICS" 5552: 5546: 4813: 4123:Chamber of Most Worthy Peers (Portugal) 3997:History of reform of the House of Lords 3872:Department for Culture, Media and Sport 3289: 2962:Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 2815:) and all other royal peers, including 2044:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1995: 1973:, former Prime Minister, was appointed 1307:in 1999. As of 2024, the policy of the 1231:published his extensive paper entitled 1225:Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley 1174:, and with a reluctant promise by King 852:in 2009. The House of Lords also has a 14: 10947: 8162:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 7317: 6678: 6235: 6113: 6088: 6082: 6024: 5945: 3906:The Baroness Baroness Hayman of Ullock 3682:Attorney General for England and Wales 3341: 3268:Regulation of behaviour in the chamber 3239:James Mackay, Lord Mackay of Clashfern 3227: 2885:House of Lords Appointments Commission 2115:Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford 1983:Attorney General for England and Wales 1523:system of proportional representation. 10521: 9397: 9256: 9057: 8220: 7863: 7797: 7668: 7605:Constitutional and Administrative Law 7564:. Within the House of Commons, it is 7326: 6134:from the original on 15 November 2023 5973: 5917: 5908: 5858: 5658:. Deputy Prime Minister. 17 May 2011. 5344:from the original on 27 October 2023. 5319:from the original on 27 October 2023. 4288:"Role and work of the House of Lords" 3686:Advocate General for Northern Ireland 3348:List of members of the House of Lords 3049:, who is the incumbent Lord Speaker. 2980:resignation from the House of Commons 2950:Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar 2070:, and a case could be brought at the 1949:was briefly a peer whilst serving as 1649:, became the first woman to sit as a 1331:Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale 647: 7102:from the original on 10 January 2022 6844: 6679:Watson, Richard (17 November 2020). 5393:"The House of Lords: Reform Cm 7027" 5163:from the original on 10 January 2022 5003: 4902:The Strange Death of Liberal England 3823:Department of Health and Social Care 3391:, though he left the party in 2018. 3251:Tom Taylor, Lord Taylor of Blackburn 3047:John McFall, Lord McFall of Alcluith 2955: 914:(afterwards, representatives of the 67:adding citations to reliable sources 38: 9383:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 7684:(6th ed.). Pearson Education. 7631:Dorey, Peter, and Alexandra Kelso. 7496:"House of Lords: Does size matter?" 7234:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 7088:Wilkinson, Michael (29 July 2015). 6278:Office of Public Sector Information 6025:Taylor, Russell (29 January 2019). 5998:"House of Lords: Does size matter?" 5791:Cook, C. and Stevenson, J. (1980). 4597: 4415: 4365:"The History of the House of Lords" 4191:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 3750:Financial Secretary to the Treasury 3458:Deputy Leader of the House of Lords 3411: 3280: 2716: 2614:(the senior Anglican archbishop in 2092:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville 2076:European Convention on Human Rights 2012:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1483:The House of Lords paid tribute to 24: 7575: 7420:The Journal of Legislative Studies 7190:. Parliament of the United Kingdom 7040:. Parliament of the United Kingdom 6114:Stacey, Kiran (13 November 2023). 6072:"Lords membership – MPs and Lords" 5793:British Historical Facts 1760–1830 5501:"Straw unveils elected Lords plan" 5332:"MPs reject all options for Lords" 4783:. Parliament of the United Kingdom 4712:"What is a vote of no confidence?" 4600:"What does the House of Lords do?" 4501:. Parliament of the United Kingdom 4466: 4409: 3782:The Baroness Chapman of Darlington 3486: 2829:Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester 2825:Prince Edward, then Earl of Wessex 2452: 1730:Chinese National People's Congress 1499:The details of the proposal were: 1064:The House of Lords voting for the 25: 10976: 7813: 7802:The House of Lords and the Nation 7607:(4th ed.). Pearson Longman. 6734:"Interview with the Lord Speaker" 5946:Savage, Michael (4 August 2014). 5473:"Peers reject Lords reform plans" 5417:"MPs back all-elected Lords plan" 4945:American Political Science Review 4631:. Parliament UK. 19 November 2018 4385:politicsteaching (5 April 2022). 4243:from the original on 8 March 2023 3849:Department for Business and Trade 3035:Frances D'Souza, Baroness D'Souza 2901: 2705: 2626:. Other clergy appointed include 2550:bishops in the Church of Scotland 2066:in cases involving an element of 1898:Secretary of State for Employment 1834:passing a motion of no-confidence 1340: 1172:general election in December 1910 730:Hereditary membership was limited 523:Lords Spiritual: for tenure as a 10960:Parliament of the United Kingdom 9087:Parliament of the United Kingdom 8461:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7927:Parliament of the United Kingdom 7552:. It is also referred to as the 7513:Russell, M.; Sciara, M. (2006). 7506: 7488: 7461: 7404: 7354: 7266: 7250:Parliament of the United Kingdom 7238: 7202: 7180: 7158: 7136: 7114: 7052: 7030: 7006: 6985: 6946:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6838: 6829: 6808: 6795:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6783: 6756: 6738:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6726: 6700: 6672: 6648: 6632:"House of Lords Reform Act 2014" 6624: 6590: 6566: 6553:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6541: 6517: 6493: 6469: 6463:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6406:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6229:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6089:Wasson, Ellis (31 August 2009). 6076:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6035:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6031:Parliamentary Research Briefings 5984:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5980:Parliamentary Research Briefings 5976:"House of Lords Reform Act 2014" 5859:Crick, Michael (19 April 2011). 5836:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5716:"House of Lords Reform Act 2014" 5633:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5589:House of Lords Reform Draft Bill 5540:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5444:Assinder, Nick (14 March 2007). 4885:The reform of the House of Lords 4752:Peter Walker (9 February 2024). 4689:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3929:The Baroness Taylor of Stevenage 3860:The Baroness Jones of Whitchurch 3797:Department for Work and Pensions 3654:The Baroness Jones of Whitchurch 2817:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 2622:, was appointed to the Lords by 2537:Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 2501:Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847 2406: 2394: 2158: 1925:Secretary of State for Transport 1851:) to have been filled by peers. 1828:Relationship with the government 1676:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1623:Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 1617:Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 1485:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 1143:Government in 1906. In 1909 the 895: 762:. Since 2014, membership may be 695:Parliament of the United Kingdom 547: 297: 179:Parliament of the United Kingdom 151: 43: 27:Upper house of the UK Parliament 10524:Countries of the United Kingdom 9624:Countries of the United Kingdom 9043:List of legislatures by country 7724:Is there a market for peerages? 7588: 6451: 6420: 6377: 6352: 6330: 6304: 6292: 6266: 6254: 6217: 6199: 6146: 6041: 6018: 5967: 5939: 5852: 5824: 5798: 5785: 5764: 5736: 5675: 5662: 5620: 5606: 5581: 5521: 5493: 5465: 5437: 5409: 5385: 5376: 5348: 5323: 5283: 5263:"Lords report fails to satisfy" 5255: 5227: 5201: 5175: 5141: 5113: 5085: 5057: 5031: 4997: 4975: 4963: 4950: 4937: 4924: 4911: 4890: 4877: 4871:His Majesty's Stationery Office 4855: 4807: 4773: 4745: 4732: 4704: 4643: 4617: 4591: 4577:. Hart Publishing. p. 16. 4566: 4541: 4491: 4378: 4356: 4330: 4305: 4280: 4113:New Zealand Legislative Council 3719:The Lord Hendy of Richmond Hill 3318:The House of Lords also has 15 3092:Speaker of the House of Commons 2894:, to select fifteen so-called " 2846:is held, with a variant of the 2028:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 1971:Lord Cameron of Chipping Norton 1942:President of the Board of Trade 1906:President of the Board of Trade 1885:President of the Board of Trade 1711:Speaker of the House of Commons 1560:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 1474: 1284: 1244: 1123: 1071: 54:needs additional citations for 32:House of Lords (disambiguation) 18:House of Lords (United Kingdom) 9619:Counties of the United Kingdom 9207:The Baroness Smith of Basildon 9038:List of abolished upper houses 8089:British Indian Ocean Territory 7846:Archives of the House of Lords 7542: 7411:Bochel, H.; Defty, A. (2012). 7327:Mason, Rowena (8 March 2024). 6364:Courts and Tribunals Judiciary 6312:"Biography of the Chief Rabbi" 6225:"Lords Spiritual and Temporal" 5974:Kelly, Richard (1 July 2016). 5918:Ghose, Katie (1 August 2013). 4474:"The House and its membership" 4255: 4233:"Lords Spiritual and Temporal" 4225: 4195: 4162:Senate of the Kingdom of Italy 3617:The Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede 3437:The Baroness Smith of Basildon 3258:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 3031:Helene Hayman, Baroness Hayman 2995:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 2723:Dissolution of the Monasteries 2486:Dissolution of the Monasteries 2140:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 2072:European Court of Human Rights 1951:Secretary of State for Defence 1863:Secretary of State for Defence 1719:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1584:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1570:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1435:Secretary of State for Justice 1418:were published in early 2007. 920:Simon de Montfort's Parliament 809:While peers may also serve as 664: 634: 625: 236:The Baroness Smith of Basildon 13: 1: 7851:British House of Lords people 7798:Smith, Philip Vernon (1884). 7698: 7285:. February 2007. p. 44. 6845:Syal, Rajeev (9 April 2020). 6342:Code of Canon Law – IntraText 5446:"Where now for Lords reform?" 5004:Syal, Rajeev (10 July 2019). 4801: 4168: 4012:Introduction (House of Lords) 3946: 3698:Advocate General for Scotland 3531:The Baroness Smith of Malvern 3510:Minister of State for Defence 3465:The Lord Kennedy of Southwark 3446:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 3298: 3247:Peter Truscott, Lord Truscott 2974:Removal from House membership 2877: 2809:Charles, then Prince of Wales 2766:Scottish representative peers 2668:, all Catholic clergy of the 2634:, and some Scottish clerics. 2586:(the largest organisation of 2150: 1867:Secretary of State for Energy 1367:parliamentary Joint Committee 672:members of the House of Lords 274:The Lord Kennedy of Southwark 10391:Universal basic income (UBI) 7903:British Overseas Territories 7739:Reform of the House of Lords 7602: 7558:Lords Spiritual and Temporal 7469:"Replace the House of Lords" 7432:10.1080/13572334.2012.646714 4070:House of Elders (Somaliland) 4038:Reform of the House of Lords 3953:Reform of the House of Lords 3771:The Lord Collins of Highbury 3580:The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath 3536:Minister of State for Skills 3453:The Lord Collins of Highbury 3442:Leader of the House of Lords 3370:Conservative Party: 42 peers 3126: 2941:automatically disqualified. 2926:British Nationality Act 1948 2476:who were entitled to wear a 1881:Secretary of State for Trade 1849:Leader of the House of Lords 1757: 1750:after implementation of the 1590:in 2014. Under the new law: 1291:Reform of the House of Lords 815:Leader of the House of Lords 7: 10396:Water supply and sanitation 10095:Weapons of mass destruction 10080:His Majesty's Naval Service 9193:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 8084:British Antarctic Territory 7774:Manchester University Press 7638: 6549:"Peeresses or women peers?" 6207:"Criminal Justice Act 1948" 5795:. London: Macmillan., p.50. 4826:. Oxford University Press. 4781:"Parliamentary sovereignty" 4740:Comparing Political Regimes 4684:"Parliament and government" 3979: 3643:The Lord Vallance of Balham 3361:Women in the House of Lords 3164:State Opening of Parliament 3016: 2908:Women in the House of Lords 2861:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 2855:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 2833:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent 2821:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 2641:and his successor Cardinal 2050:courts, disputes under the 2024:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 1672:Parliament of Great Britain 1629:Women in the House of Lords 1321:Women in the House of Lords 1145:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1106:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 882:Parliament of Great Britain 842:State Opening of Parliament 785:may also seek to introduce 218:The Lord Gardiner of Kimble 200:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 10: 10981: 10491:Stereotypes of the British 7767: 7679: 7275:The House of Lords: Reform 7014:The House of Lords: Reform 6596:Mell, Radford and Thevoz. 6346:Libreria Editrice Vaticana 6298: 6276:. London, United Kingdom: 6260: 6248: 6154:"The Rt Hon David Cameron" 5292:The House of Lords: Reform 4499:"What individual Lords do" 4099: 3970:National People's Congress 3950: 3724:Minister of State for Rail 3376:Liberal Democrats: 3 peers 3345: 3234:cash for influence scandal 3130: 3039:Norman Fowler, Lord Fowler 2905: 2774:Irish representative peers 2709: 2456: 1999: 1894:Minister without Portfolio 1784: 1626: 1620: 1318: 1288: 863: 831:National People's Congress 248:Shadow Leader of the House 157:Logo of the House of Lords 29: 10906: 10807: 10708: 10656:First Minister and deputy 10621: 10534: 10530: 10517: 10513: 10414: 10254: 10245: 10203: 10120: 10111: 10070: 10011: 9880: 9876: 9867: 9729: 9657: 9609: 9605: 9596: 9529: 9441: 9432: 9375: 9342: 9326: 9290: 9094: 9010: 8757: 8739: 8699: 8376: 8258: 8177: 8154: 8047: 7988: 7979: 7947: 7919: 7909: 6525:"House of Lords Act 1999" 6440:, 1981 c. 61 (sch. 7) 6093:. John Wiley & Sons. 4313:"House of Lords Building" 4118:Chamber of Peers (France) 4054: 3666:Law officers of the Crown 3560: – Minister of State 3043:succeeded as Lord Speaker 2932:Individuals convicted of 2645:were offered peerages by 2413:United Kingdom portal 2228:Lord / Lady of Parliament 2064:European Court of Justice 1955:Secretary General of NATO 1814:constitutional convention 1812:further restriction is a 1735:Supreme People's Assembly 1695:House of Lords Reform Act 971:armies controlled by the 734:excepted hereditary peers 621: 616: 601: 596: 555: 546: 541: 533: 511: 403:Democratic Unionist Party 305: 296: 288: 283: 264: 245: 226: 208: 190: 185: 167: 162: 150: 143: 10284:Environmental inequality 9229:Clerk of the Parliaments 8726:Northern Mariana Islands 8142:Turks and Caicos Islands 7535: 7474:Electoral Reform Society 6604:26 December 2018 at the 6477:"Life Peerages Act 1958" 6459:"1701 Act of Settlement" 5302:. 2007. pp. 15–17. 4452:Institute for Government 4207:erskinemay.parliament.uk 4157:House of Lords (Austria) 4128:Chamber of Peers (Spain) 4028:Parliament in the Making 3937:The Lord Khan of Burnley 3708:Department for Transport 3557:The Lord Hanson of Flint 3520:Department for Education 3332:European Union Committee 3107:Clerk of the Parliaments 2967:Cash for Honours scandal 2653:Hume later accepted the 2040:High Court of Justiciary 1961:Baroness Morgan of Cotes 1934:First Secretary of State 1795:, with the exception of 1521:Single Transferable Vote 1395:single transferable vote 1315:First admission of women 1229:Conservative Monday Club 520:Lords Temporal: for life 360:HM Most Loyal Opposition 7790:Smith, Ernest Anthony. 7705:Oxford University Press 7572:" or "the other place". 6178:House of Lords (2013). 5670:The Political Quarterly 5614:"House of Lords reform" 5567:10.1111/1467-923X.00540 5555:The Political Quarterly 4972:, no. 57, p. 27–34 4598:UCL (8 November 2021). 4152:Prussian House of Lords 3430:Leaders and chief whips 3379:Crossbenchers: 28 peers 3322:. Typically, these are 3007:Nazir Ahmed, Lord Ahmed 2370:Territorial designation 1752:House of Lords Act 1999 1688:House of Lords Act 1999 1656: 1636:ordain women as bishops 1449:On 30 November 2009, a 1356:House of Lords Act 1999 1001:Commonwealth of England 922:(held in 1265) or the " 642:Labour and Co-operative 10170:Science and technology 8288:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8094:British Virgin Islands 7768:Shell, Donald (2007). 7741:(Manchester UP, 2020). 7699:Loveland, Ian (2009). 7665:(A&C Black, 1986). 7625:20.4 (1977): 893–918. 7603:Carroll, Alex (2007). 5542:. May 2015. p. 2. 4139:House of Peers (Japan) 4033:Parliamentary Archives 4007:House of Lords Library 3992:Constitution Committee 3400:Lord Great Chamberlain 3356: 3150: 3142: 3076:chairman of committees 3071: 2946:Life Peerages Act 1958 2922:Act of Settlement 1701 2801:Lord Great Chamberlain 2643:Cormac Murphy O'Connor 2468:, (diocesan) bishops, 2215:Viscount / Viscountess 2205:Marquess / Marchioness 1981:From 1999 to 2010 the 1890:Lord Young of Graffham 1787:Act of Parliament (UK) 1777: 1666: 1554:Deputy Prime Minister 1488: 1327:Life Peerages Act 1958 1190:Life Peerages Act 1958 1151:, introduced into the 1136: 1068: 1057: 1041: 1033: 991:ultimately led to the 886:Parliament of Scotland 746:Lord Great Chamberlain 581:51.498806°N 0.124861°W 556:House of Lords Chamber 10965:National upper houses 10147:Free trade agreements 9137:Leader of the Commons 8466:Republic of the Congo 8057:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 7981:Dependent territories 7669:Jones, Harry (1912). 7639:Hayter, Paul (2007). 7283:The Stationery Office 6666:The National Archives 6642:The National Archives 6584:The National Archives 6535:The National Archives 6511:The National Archives 6487:The National Archives 6438:The National Archives 6053:members.parliament.uk 5300:The Stationery Office 4814:Russell, Meg (2013). 4604:The Constitution Unit 4524:"What the Lords does" 4422:The Constitution Unit 4050:Overseas counterparts 3883:The Baroness Twycross 3808:The Baroness Sherlock 3373:Labour Party: 2 peers 3355: 3305:public bill committee 3184:private member's bill 3148: 3140: 3066: 2986:(formerly the second 2749:(as well as Scottish 1990:Government Chief Whip 1873:between 1979 and 1982 1785:Further information: 1781:Legislative functions 1775: 1664: 1576:private member's bill 1482: 1458:scandal over expenses 1404:2005 general election 1131: 1063: 1048:The rejection of the 1047: 1039: 1025: 1017:Convention Parliament 890:Members of Parliament 870:Parliament of England 738:internal by-elections 736:: 90 elected through 717:in the 13th century. 707:Palace of Westminster 559:Palace of Westminster 415:Ulster Unionist Party 267:Government Chief Whip 211:Senior Deputy Speaker 10496:World Heritage Sites 10289:Environmental issues 9993:Female party leaders 9634:Overseas territories 8049:Overseas Territories 7839:3 March 2013 at the 7730:2 April 2015 at the 5721:Parliament of the UK 4921:(1984) pp. 113, 121. 4416:UCL (2 March 2023). 4213:on 24 September 2021 4107:Irish House of Lords 3476:The Baroness Wheeler 3324:sessional committees 3290:Attendance allowance 2868:statutory instrument 2612:Archbishop of Armagh 2008:court of last resort 1996:Former judicial role 1854:Exceptions include: 1818:Salisbury Convention 1647:Bishop of Gloucester 823:bicameral parliament 811:government ministers 586:51.498806; -0.124861 63:improve this article 9201:Leader of the Lords 8666:Trinidad and Tobago 8391:Antigua and Barbuda 8037:Legislative Council 7649:on 19 December 2005 7599:(Bloomsbury, 2014). 7449:on 25 November 2023 7096:The Daily Telegraph 5628:"Order of Business" 5159:. 19 January 2020. 4985:. BBC. 10 July 2019 4960:(Bloomsbury, 2014). 4934:(1936), p. 430–432. 4720:. 30 September 2019 4655:Parallel Parliament 4109:(existed 1297–1800) 3834:The Baroness Merron 3595:Ministry of Justice 3494:Ministry of Defence 3342:Current composition 3228:Disciplinary powers 2924:, and prior to the 2840:current composition 2751:Lords of Parliament 2576:Immanuel Jakobovits 2533:Gibraltar in Europe 2490:English Interregnum 2482:English Reformation 2401:Politics portal 2145:Middlesex Guildhall 2083:trying impeachments 1865:from 1970 to 1974, 1726:Dissolution Honours 1329:. One of these was 1186:Parliament Act 1949 1181:Parliament Act 1911 1118:Parliament Act 1911 1066:Parliament Act 1911 967:was dying, and the 908:counties of England 819:805 sitting members 724:. Most members are 577: / 278:since 10 July 2024 257:, Conservative 229:Leader of the House 10190:Telecommunications 10142:Economic geography 9998:Political scandals 9629:Crown Dependencies 9165:Clerk of the House 8887:Kingdom of Ireland 8832:Dominican Republic 8476:Dominican Republic 7990:Crown Dependencies 7899:Crown Dependencies 7770:The House of Lords 7764:(Oxford UP, 2013). 7675:. London: Methuen. 7623:Historical Journal 7595:Ballinger, Chris. 6744:on 26 January 2009 6661:legislation.gov.uk 6637:legislation.gov.uk 6579:legislation.gov.uk 6530:legislation.gov.uk 6506:legislation.gov.uk 6501:"Peerage Act 1963" 6482:legislation.gov.uk 6433:legislation.gov.uk 6360:"UK Supreme Court" 6211:legislation.gov.uk 5812:. 22 December 2017 5189:. 19 December 2023 4897:George Dangerfield 4397:on 9 December 2023 4133:Chamber of Princes 4093:Senate of Zimbabwe 3745:The Lord Livermore 3357: 3151: 3143: 3072: 3058:Westminster system 3005:In November 2020, 2988:Viscount Stansgate 2682:Vatican City State 2592:Queen Elizabeth II 2545:Church of Scotland 2068:European Union law 1838:withdrawing supply 1778: 1667: 1564:Conservative Party 1510:"Lords Spiritual". 1489: 1363:Wakeham Commission 1259:Johnson government 1149:David Lloyd George 1137: 1085:Reform Act of 1832 1069: 1058: 1054:David Lloyd George 1042: 1034: 726:appointed for life 705:, it meets in the 372:Conservative Party 259:since 8 July 2024 240:since 5 July 2024 221:since 11 May 2021 10942: 10941: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10509: 10508: 10241: 10240: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10102: 9988:Political parties 9912:Foreign relations 9863: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9592: 9591: 9569:Mass surveillance 9547:Foreign relations 9480:Second World War 9391: 9390: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9176: 9175: 9129:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 9051: 9050: 8703:other territories 8541:Japan (post-1947) 8486:Equatorial Guinea 8214: 8213: 8209: 8150: 8149: 8072:House of Assembly 7975: 7974: 7783:978-0-7190-5443-3 7714:978-0-19-921974-2 7691:978-1-4058-2411-8 7635:(Springer, 2011). 7614:978-1-4058-1231-3 7502:. 28 August 2015. 7292:978-0-10-170272-0 7023:978-0-10-170272-0 6791:"Deputy Speakers" 6714:. 7 December 2020 6318:on 1 October 2009 5810:Constitution Unit 5752:. 26 October 2015 5693:on 27 August 2014 5309:978-0-10-170272-0 5271:. 20 January 2000 5215:. 4 February 2024 5129:. 20 January 2020 5101:. 19 January 2020 5073:. 19 January 2020 4956:Chris Ballinger, 4932:England 1870–1914 4841:978-0-19-967156-4 4584:978-1-84113-020-0 4391:Politics Teaching 3688:(attends Cabinet) 3328:ad-hoc committees 3320:Select committees 3222:COVID-19 pandemic 2956:Cash for peerages 2792:still in effect. 2665:Code of Canon Law 2554:Church of Ireland 2511:, the Bishops of 2450: 2449: 2132:Clouds of Witness 2127:Lord Peter Wimsey 2123:Dorothy L. Sayers 2107:Lord High Steward 1975:Foreign Secretary 1963:was appointed as 1908:from 1984 to 1989 1845:Alec Douglas-Home 1773: 1235:and in July 1980 1218:Margaret Thatcher 993:English Civil War 975:became obsolete. 961:Wars of the Roses 937:was supreme, the 933:(1307–1327), the 854:Church of England 683: 682: 490:Presiding officer 391:Liberal Democrats 203:since 1 May 2021 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 10972: 10922: 10915: 10623:Northern Ireland 10532: 10531: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10252: 10251: 10165: 10118: 10117: 9976:House of Commons 9944:Local government 9878: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9784:Renewable energy 9769:hydroelectricity 9607: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9439: 9438: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9395: 9394: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9182: 9181: 9151:Serjeant at Arms 9118: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9102:House of Commons 9097: 9096: 9088: 9084:Officers of the 9078: 9071: 9064: 9055: 9054: 8932:Northern Ireland 8897:Japan (pre-1947) 8892:Irish Free State 8241: 8234: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8179: 8132:Tristan da Cunha 8119:Pitcairn Islands 8104:Falkland Islands 7986: 7985: 7957:Northern Ireland 7932:House of Commons 7917: 7916: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7830: 7825: 7824: 7822:Official website 7808: 7806: 7794:(Longman, 1992). 7787: 7772:(3rd ed.). 7754:British Politics 7748: 7737:Norton, Philip. 7718: 7703:(5th ed.). 7695: 7676: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7618: 7582: 7579: 7573: 7546: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7448: 7442:. Archived from 7417: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7373:10.31389/book1.m 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7324: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7280: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7093: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7064: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6948:. 23 April 2015. 6943: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6740:. Archived from 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6628: 6622: 6618:British Politics 6612: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6398: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6233: 6232: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6186: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6068: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6006:. 28 August 2015 5994: 5988: 5987: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5915: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5712: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5679: 5673: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5538:(4th ed.). 5533: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5297: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4947:(1912): 386–408. 4941: 4935: 4930:R. C. K. Ensor, 4928: 4922: 4915: 4909: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4825: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4657:. Archived from 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4393:. Archived from 4382: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4363:House of Lords. 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4209:. Archived from 4199: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4087:Senate (Lesotho) 4081:Senate of Canada 3606:The Lord Timpson 3448:(Cabinet member) 3412:Gender imbalance 3281:Leave of absence 3120:Serjeant-at-Arms 2848:Alternative Vote 2786:Peerage Act 1963 2782:Irish Free State 2717:Hereditary peers 2678:diocesan priests 2632:Timothy Beaumont 2608:Northern Ireland 2584:United Synagogue 2442: 2435: 2428: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2398: 2384: 2360:Forms of address 2220:Baron / Baroness 2183: 2162: 2155: 2154: 1947:George Robertson 1932:, who served as 1923:, who served as 1914:, who served as 1879:, who served as 1774: 1684:Peerage Act 1963 1335:Peerage Act 1963 1305:hereditary peers 1263:Northern England 1153:House of Commons 954:House of Commons 924:Model Parliament 903:Magnum Concilium 876:of 1706 and the 703:House of Commons 675: 668: 662: 651: 645: 638: 632: 629: 612: 609: 607: 605: 592: 591: 589: 588: 587: 582: 578: 575: 574: 573: 570: 551: 503: 498: 484: 479: 465: 460: 453: 448: 441: 436: 429: 424: 417: 412: 405: 400: 393: 388: 374: 369: 353: 348: 327: 322: 307:Political groups 301: 155: 141: 140: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 78:"House of Lords" 71: 47: 39: 21: 10980: 10979: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10890: 10803: 10704: 10617: 10526: 10505: 10410: 10366:Public holidays 10346:Life expectancy 10237: 10199: 10179:London Exchange 10175:Stock exchanges 10163: 10162:Pound sterling 10130:Bank of England 10099: 10090:Royal Air Force 10066: 10007: 9939:Law enforcement 9855: 9764:hydraulic frac. 9725: 9706:Lakes and lochs 9653: 9649:Former colonies 9588: 9584:Women's history 9559:Law enforcement 9525: 9471:First World War 9428: 9422: 9392: 9387: 9371: 9350:Lord Chancellor 9338: 9334:Trials of Peers 9322: 9286: 9281: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9177: 9108: 9101: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9052: 9047: 9033:Multicameralism 9006: 8753: 8735: 8702: 8695: 8372: 8254: 8245: 8215: 8210: 8197:Island Councils 8194: 8173: 8146: 8043: 7971: 7943: 7905: 7891:Legislatures of 7888: 7841:Wayback Machine 7820: 7819: 7816: 7811: 7784: 7746: 7732:Wayback Machine 7715: 7692: 7652: 7650: 7615: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7566:euphemistically 7547: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7511: 7507: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7415: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7383: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7325: 7318: 7305: 7303: 7293: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7149: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7086: 7082: 7072: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6905: 6901: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6799: 6797: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6715: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6677: 6673: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6610: 6606:Wayback Machine 6595: 6591: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6555: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6443: 6441: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6236: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6087: 6083: 6070: 6069: 6060: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5916: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5857: 5853: 5840: 5838: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5714: 5713: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5551: 5547: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5481:. 14 March 2007 5471: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5213:Financial Times 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4951: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4925: 4916: 4912: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4750: 4746: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4692:. 21 April 2010 4682: 4681: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4661:on 10 June 2023 4649: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4383: 4379: 4372:Washington Post 4367: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4263:"Another place" 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4135:(British India) 4102: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4018:Lord-in-waiting 3982: 3955: 3949: 3693:Catherine Smith 3684: 3677:The Lord Hermer 3505:The Lord Coaker 3489: 3487:Other ministers 3432: 3427: 3414: 3350: 3344: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3270: 3243:writ of summons 3230: 3186:concerning the 3135: 3129: 3019: 2976: 2958: 2910: 2904: 2880: 2857: 2813:Earl of Chester 2719: 2714: 2708: 2647:James Callaghan 2600:Julia Neuberger 2588:Orthodox Jewish 2564:Church in Wales 2494:Clergy Act 1661 2461: 2459:Lords Spiritual 2455: 2453:Lords Spiritual 2446: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2393: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2350:Courtesy titles 2319: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2277: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2210:Earl / Countess 2194: 2193: 2181: 2180:Peerages in the 2179: 2153: 2004: 1998: 1859:Lord Carrington 1830: 1789: 1783: 1762: 1760: 1714:Betty Boothroyd 1659: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1607: 1572: 1558:introduced the 1487:, 12 April 2021 1477: 1441:, introduced a 1439:Lord Chancellor 1400:Elect the Lords 1343: 1323: 1317: 1293: 1287: 1247: 1157:People's Budget 1126: 1098:pocket boroughs 1074: 1050:People's Budget 1031:Peter Tillemans 1005:Oliver Cromwell 898: 874:Treaty of Union 866: 858:Church Measures 760:Lords Spiritual 679: 678: 669: 665: 652: 648: 639: 635: 630: 626: 602: 585: 583: 579: 576: 571: 568: 566: 564: 563: 562: 557: 529: 525:diocesan bishop 514: 507: 496: 495: 488: 477: 476: 469: 458: 457: 446: 445: 434: 433: 422: 421: 410: 409: 398: 397: 386: 385: 378: 367: 366: 357: 346: 345: 336: 331: 320: 319: 315: 313:Lords Spiritual 308: 279: 277: 269: 260: 258: 250: 241: 239: 231: 222: 220: 213: 204: 202: 195: 181: 176: 158: 146: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10978: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10955:House of Lords 10940: 10939: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10924: 10923: 10916: 10908: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10851: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10842:First Minister 10839: 10834: 10824: 10819: 10813: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10750:First Minister 10747: 10742: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10714: 10712: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10665: 10660: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10638: 10633: 10627: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10540: 10538: 10528: 10527: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10420: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10233:Rail transport 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10209: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10172: 10167: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10076: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10055:Prime Minister 10052: 10051: 10050: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10017: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10005: 10003:Shadow Cabinet 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9981:House of Lords 9978: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9881: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9823: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9663: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9615: 9613: 9611:Administrative 9600: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9544: 9539: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9486: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9447: 9445: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: articles 9425:United Kingdom 9421: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9398: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9385: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9352: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9287: 9280: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9109:House of Lords 9105: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9081: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9058: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 9002:Weimar Germany 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8957:Russian Empire 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8822:Czechoslovakia 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8777:British Guiana 8774: 8769: 8763: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8711:American Samoa 8707: 8705: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8671:United Kingdom 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8471:Czech Republic 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8244: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8221: 8212: 8211: 8185:, but also in 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8099:Cayman Islands 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8012: 7994: 7992: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7937:House of Lords 7934: 7923: 7921: 7914: 7911:United Kingdom 7907: 7906: 7895:United Kingdom 7887: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7848: 7843: 7831: 7815: 7814:External links 7812: 7810: 7809: 7795: 7788: 7782: 7765: 7760:Russell, Meg. 7758: 7742: 7735: 7719: 7713: 7696: 7690: 7677: 7666: 7659: 7636: 7629: 7619: 7613: 7600: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7574: 7554:House of Peers 7540: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7505: 7487: 7460: 7403: 7381: 7353: 7316: 7291: 7265: 7237: 7223: 7201: 7179: 7157: 7135: 7113: 7080: 7051: 7029: 7022: 7005: 6984: 6974: 6960: 6951: 6930: 6916: 6899: 6885: 6871: 6837: 6828: 6807: 6782: 6755: 6725: 6699: 6671: 6647: 6623: 6589: 6565: 6540: 6516: 6492: 6468: 6450: 6419: 6408:. 8 April 2010 6390: 6376: 6351: 6329: 6303: 6301:(2007), p. 55. 6291: 6265: 6263:(2007), p. 53. 6253: 6251:(2007), p. 54. 6234: 6216: 6198: 6170: 6145: 6106: 6099: 6081: 6058: 6040: 6017: 5989: 5966: 5938: 5907: 5879: 5851: 5823: 5797: 5784: 5763: 5735: 5704: 5674: 5661: 5647: 5636:. 27 June 2012 5619: 5605: 5580: 5561:(3): 311‒318. 5545: 5520: 5509:. 14 July 2008 5492: 5464: 5436: 5425:. 7 March 2007 5408: 5384: 5375: 5364:. 5 April 2005 5347: 5322: 5308: 5282: 5254: 5226: 5200: 5174: 5140: 5112: 5084: 5056: 5045:. 11 July 2019 5030: 4996: 4974: 4970:The Monarchist 4962: 4949: 4936: 4923: 4917:Kenneth Rose, 4910: 4889: 4876: 4854: 4840: 4806: 4794: 4772: 4744: 4738:Alan Siaroff, 4731: 4703: 4672: 4642: 4616: 4590: 4583: 4565: 4540: 4512: 4490: 4465: 4454:. 1 April 2022 4434: 4408: 4377: 4355: 4344:. 27 June 2012 4329: 4304: 4279: 4254: 4224: 4194: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4136: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4067: 4061:House of Ariki 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3987:Gunpowder Plot 3983: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3951:Main article: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3922: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3899: 3898: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3827: 3826: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3778: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3689: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3613: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3573: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3498: 3497: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3472: 3461: 3449: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3413: 3410: 3387:, defected to 3381: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3346:Main article: 3343: 3340: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3269: 3266: 3229: 3226: 3128: 3125: 3018: 3015: 2975: 2972: 2957: 2954: 2903: 2902:Qualifications 2900: 2896:people's peers 2879: 2876: 2856: 2853: 2811:(who was also 2770:United Kingdom 2718: 2715: 2712:Lords Temporal 2710:Main article: 2707: 2706:Lords Temporal 2704: 2692:Rowan Williams 2655:Order of Merit 2596:Jonathan Sacks 2568:disestablished 2559:disestablished 2457:Main article: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2403: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2383:House of Lords 2378: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2303:United Kingdom 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2261:Representative 2258: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2226:, replaced by 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200:Duke / Duchess 2196: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2182:United Kingdom 2175: 2174: 2164: 2163: 2152: 2149: 2119:Duke of Denver 2078:was relevant. 2048:ecclesiastical 2000:Main article: 1997: 1994: 1979: 1978: 1968: 1958: 1944: 1930:Lord Mandelson 1927: 1918: 1909: 1887: 1877:Lord Cockfield 1874: 1861:, who was the 1829: 1826: 1782: 1779: 1759: 1756: 1658: 1655: 1651:Lord Spiritual 1643:Rachel Treweek 1621:Main article: 1618: 1615: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1571: 1568: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1504: 1476: 1473: 1429:In July 2008, 1375:Kenneth Clarke 1342: 1341:New Labour era 1339: 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1289:Main article: 1286: 1283: 1246: 1243: 1238:The Monarchist 1220:in the 1980s. 1125: 1122: 1073: 1070: 1052:, proposed by 997:King Charles I 981:Tudor monarchs 897: 894: 872:, through the 865: 862: 856:role, in that 797:. While it is 775:the government 732:in 1999 to 92 687:House of Lords 681: 680: 677: 676: 670:The number of 663: 659:Northern Irish 646: 633: 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 599: 598: 594: 593: 553: 552: 544: 543: 539: 538: 535: 531: 530: 528: 527: 521: 517: 515: 513:Length of term 512: 509: 508: 506: 505: 492: 487: 486: 473: 468: 467: 463:Non-affiliated 455: 443: 431: 419: 407: 395: 382: 377: 376: 363: 356: 355: 342: 334:Lords Temporal 332: 330: 329: 316: 311: 309: 306: 303: 302: 294: 293: 290: 286: 285: 281: 280: 272: 270: 265: 262: 261: 253: 251: 246: 243: 242: 234: 232: 227: 224: 223: 216: 214: 209: 206: 205: 198: 196: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 172: 171: 169: 165: 164: 160: 159: 156: 148: 147: 145:House of Lords 144: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10977: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10707: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10406:Welfare state 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10351:Mental health 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10294:Ethnic groups 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10218:Bus transport 10216: 10214: 10213:Air transport 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10160: 10158: 10157:Manufacturing 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10033:Civil service 10031: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9959:republicanism 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9779:North Sea oil 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9677:Great Britain 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9667:British Isles 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9466:Edwardian era 9464: 9462: 9461:Victorian era 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9426: 9419: 9414: 9412: 9407: 9405: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9273: 9271: 9266: 9264: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9179: 9172: 9171:Tom Goldsmith 9169: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9106: 9104: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9089: 9079: 9074: 9072: 9067: 9065: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9028:Tricameralism 9026: 9024: 9023:Unicameralism 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8741:Non-UN states 8738: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8701:Dependent and 8698: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8368:United States 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8208: 8206: 8205:Administrator 8202: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155:Miscellaneous 8153: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8032:House of Keys 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999:Bailiwick of 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7805: 7803: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7578: 7571: 7570:another place 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7541: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7464: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7382:9781909890442 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7357: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7321: 7313: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7233: 7227: 7211: 7205: 7189: 7183: 7167: 7161: 7145: 7139: 7123: 7117: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7084: 7068: 7067:UK Parliament 7061: 7055: 7039: 7033: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7009: 6994: 6988: 6978: 6970: 6964: 6955: 6947: 6940: 6934: 6926: 6920: 6912: 6911: 6903: 6895: 6889: 6881: 6875: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6832: 6817: 6811: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6380: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6280:. 21 May 2001 6279: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6230: 6226: 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5156:The Telegraph 5151: 5144: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4920: 4919:King George V 4914: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4804:(2009) p. 158 4803: 4798: 4782: 4776: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4735: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4554: 4553:Parliament UK 4550: 4544: 4529: 4528:Parliament UK 4525: 4519: 4517: 4500: 4494: 4479: 4478:Parliament UK 4475: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4318: 4317:Parliament UK 4314: 4308: 4293: 4292:Parliament UK 4289: 4283: 4268: 4267:UK Parliament 4264: 4258: 4242: 4238: 4237:Parliament UK 4234: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4190: 4184: 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or the 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3147: 3139: 3134: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3069: 3068:Charles Pepys 3065: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3011:Lord Maginnis 3008: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:Great Britain 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727:crossbenchers 2724: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2700:proposed laws 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2660: 2659:maiden speech 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:peace process 2601: 2597: 2593: 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1991: 1986: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1912:Baroness Amos 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1816:known as the 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1755: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1702:David Cameron 1698: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1582:in 2013. The 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1481: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1279:King's Speech 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257:In 2020, the 1255: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1198:Harold Wilson 1193: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:H. H. Asquith 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1067: 1062: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 988: 987:(1509–1547). 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 904: 896:Early history 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:Acts of Union 875: 871: 861: 859: 855: 851: 850:Supreme Court 847: 843: 839: 838:King's Speech 834: 832: 829:, behind the 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779:public policy 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 673: 667: 660: 656: 650: 643: 640:Including 14 637: 628: 624: 620: 615: 611: 600: 595: 590: 560: 554: 550: 545: 542:Meeting place 540: 536: 532: 526: 522: 519: 518: 516: 510: 502: 494: 493: 491: 483: 482:Crossbenchers 475: 474: 472: 464: 456: 452: 444: 440: 432: 428: 420: 416: 408: 404: 396: 392: 384: 383: 381: 373: 365: 364: 362: 361: 352: 344: 343: 341: 340: 339:HM Government 335: 326: 318: 317: 314: 310: 304: 300: 295: 291: 287: 282: 276:, Labour 275: 271: 268: 263: 256: 255:The Lord True 252: 249: 244: 238:, Labour 237: 233: 230: 225: 219: 215: 212: 207: 201: 197: 194: 189: 184: 180: 175: 170: 166: 161: 154: 149: 142: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10784:Homelessness 10598:Homelessness 10381:Social class 10361:Prostitution 10304:Homelessness 10085:British Army 9980: 9917:Human rights 9905:By-elections 9885:Constitution 9456:Georgian era 9235:Simon Burton 9227: 9221:Sarah Clarke 9213: 9199: 9187:Lord Speaker 9185: 9163: 9149: 9135: 9121: 9107: 9018:Bicameralism 8982:Soviet Union 8972:South Africa 8837:East Germany 8787:Burkina Faso 8670: 8646:South Africa 8252:legislatures 8250:of national 8248:Upper houses 8180: 8166: 8124:Saint Helena 8006:dependencies 8005: 7998: 7936: 7801: 7791: 7769: 7761: 7752: 7738: 7723: 7700: 7681: 7671: 7662: 7651:. 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After the 2472:, and those 2462: 2381: 2167: 2137: 2130: 2096: 2087:Impeachments 2080: 2060: 2036: 2032: 2016: 2005: 1987: 1980: 1853: 1842: 1831: 1822: 1810: 1805:Royal Assent 1801: 1790: 1748: 1740: 1723: 1707: 1699: 1692: 1668: 1640: 1632: 1608: 1588:Royal Assent 1573: 1553: 1538: 1507: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1475:2010–present 1466: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1408: 1387:George Young 1372: 1360: 1344: 1324: 1309:Labour Party 1294: 1285:Lords reform 1256: 1248: 1245:21st century 1237: 1232: 1222: 1214:Neil Kinnock 1211: 1207:Michael Foot 1203:Enoch Powell 1194: 1164:January 1910 1161: 1138: 1132: 1124:20th century 1114: 1102: 1082: 1075: 1072:19th century 1013: 989: 958: 943: 928: 901: 899: 867: 835: 808: 768: 750: 742:Earl Marshal 719: 715:bicameralism 686: 684: 666: 649: 636: 627: 569:51°29′55.7″N 501:Lord Speaker 489: 470: 451:Independents 380:Other groups 379: 358: 351:Labour Party 337: 193:Lord Speaker 125: 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 73: 61:Please help 56:verification 53: 36: 10871:Health care 10779:Health care 10685:Health care 10593:Health care 10501:Anglosphere 10376:Social care 10331:Immigration 10274:Drug policy 10038:Departments 9966:Nationality 9739:Agriculture 9672:terminology 9639:City status 9510:Since 1979 9157:Ugbana Oyet 9143:Lucy Powell 8977:South Korea 8922:New Zealand 8852:El Salvador 8782:British Raj 8767:Afghanistan 8731:Puerto Rico 8721:Isle of Man 8636:Saint Lucia 8616:Philippines 8596:Netherlands 8531:Ivory Coast 8363:Switzerland 8353:South Sudan 8027:Isle of Man 7682:Politics UK 7653:19 November 6322:16 November 6284:5 September 6163:13 November 6138:13 November 5900:23 November 5728:23 November 5697:23 November 4907:online free 4883:McKechnie, 4765:10 February 4651:"Ministers" 3734:HM Treasury 3546:Home Office 3419:Rishi Sunak 3210:not-content 2844:by-election 2756:Holders of 2620:Robin Eames 2580:Chief Rabbi 2466:archbishops 2365:Family seat 2111:such trials 2094:, in 1806. 2019:Curia Regis 1921:Lord Adonis 1797:money bills 1793:legislation 1697:that year. 1468:Meg Russell 1443:white paper 1383:Tony Wright 1301:anachronism 1297:Reform Acts 789:or propose 787:legislation 771:legislation 758:, known as 748:as members 740:, plus the 699:lower house 697:. 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