807:, granting tribes more power as sovereign nations. Earlier they had been required to demonstrate political continuity as a community from the colonial or settlement period of European contact. Numerous tribes seeking federal recognition had protested that disruption by European-American colonists and settlers were the very factors that caused losses of historic lands and continuity, but that their people could demonstrate continued identification as tribal peoples. In 2014, the Houma were informed by the BIA that their review was in active status under these new guidelines.
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168:
404:
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539:), European wars played out in North America. Numerous Native American tribes formed protective alliances with Europeans to deal with the conflicts. As early as 1739, the French reported that the Houma, Bayougoula, and Acolapissa were merging into one tribe. Though the tribe remained predominantly Houma, the last remnants of many tribal nations joined them for refuge.
459:
Members of the tribe maintained contact with other
Choctaw communities after settling in present-day lower Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes. They used the waterways to harvest fish and crawfish, and to supply their water needs and for traveling. It is not certain how the Houma settled near the mouth
896:
has suffered severe erosion; scientists estimate that the island will be lost by 2030 if no restoration takes place. The Houma tribe is looking for land in the area to buy in order to resettle all of the community together. Coastal erosion has adversely affected the quality of fishing. The tribe has
786:
Records of these people are among regular civil parish and church records, and reflect differing jurisdictional designations, rather than lack of stability as a people in this area. Since the mid-20th century, the people identifying as Houma have organized politically, created a government, and have
794:
The Houma have been highly decentralized, with communities scattered over a wide area. The Pointe-Au-Chien Indian Tribe in southern
Louisiana and the Biloxi-Chitimacha Confederation of Muskogee have organized and left the United Houma Nation because of feeling too separated from other peoples. They
496:
were, like the Houma, thought to be related to the
Choctaw people of Mississippi. In historic times, several bands of Choctaw people migrated into the Louisiana area. Those descendants today are known as the Jena, Clifton, and Bayou Lacombe bands. Though, the Houma people, Bayougoula people, and
980:
In the beginning days of the organization of the Tribe, many Native people of other ethnicities thought they had to enroll with the Houma in order to be classified by the state as Indian. Houma means red in
Choctaw, Choctaw being the language from which Mobile Trade Jargon derived. The research
888:
and loss of wetlands. Different factors associated with industrialization have contributed to such losses, including dredging of navigation canals by shipping and oil companies, which increased water movement and erosion, increasing salt water intrusion and causing loss of wetlands plants. In
976:
The Houma people, like many other Native
American Tribes within the state and surrounding states, spent many years migrating and shifting. This has left a scattering of ethnic Houma people among many other Native American populations and considerable intermarriage. Over time, the Houma were
977:
encouraged to adopt
European-style names; in addition, there was considerable marriage by European men and native women. Today most Houma have surnames of European origin, such as Billiot, Verdin, Dardar, Naquin, Gregoire, Parfait, Chaisson, Courteau, Solet, Verret, Fitch, Creppel, etc.
901:
has destroyed many of the old fishing holes. The introduction of the nutria, a South
American rodent, caused massive erosion of the wetlands. The muskrat would feed on plants but leave the roots. The nutria eats the vegetation and the roots allowing the soil to be washed away.
773:
in state records. This was related to the approach of United States slavery states to classify all children born to slave mothers as slaves (and therefore black) regardless of paternity and proportion of other ancestry. During the French colonial period in
Louisiana, the term
491:
When
Europeans arrived in greater number in the area, they struggled with the language differences among the Native Americans. They thought each Native American settlement represented a different tribe and made errors in their designations of the peoples as a result. The
760:
The Houma were granted land by the 1790s on Bayou
Terrebonne under the Spanish colonial administration, which had prohibited Indian slavery in 1764. They were never removed to a reservation and, as a small tribe, were overlooked by the federal government during the
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The United States promise to execute such treaties and articles as may have been agreed between Spain and the tribes and nations of Indians, until, by mutual consent of the United States and the said tribes of nations, other suitable articles shall have been agreed
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By the end of the 19th century, the Houma had developed a creole language based on the French language of the former colony. The Houma-French language which the Houma people speak today is a mix between the French spoken by early explorers and Houma words, such as
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as US Indian agent for the region. He acknowledged 60 Houma people in the Opelousa area Due to their dispersion and lack of organization, many Houma people living in other regions were not counted, and thus the people were considered extinct by the United States.
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The Houma people established a government that includes a council consisting of elected representatives for each tribal district and elect a principal chief as well as a vice principal chief. The current position of principal chief is held by Lora Ann Chaisson.
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type economy, which he documented, depending on the bayous and swamps for fish and game. They also cultivate small subsistence gardens. Houma members R.J. Molinere, Jr. and his son Jay Paul Molinere are featured hunting alligators on the television program,
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offered proposed rule changes as it was facing continued criticism of its tribal recognition process as being too stringent in view of US historical issues. Tribes would be required to demonstrate historical continuity since 1934, when Congress passed the
791:. In 1994, their petition for recognition was rejected, on the basis that the tribe had lived in disparate settlements. The tribe submitted a response in 1996. The Houma tribe waits for their application to be reviewed again for final determination.
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necessary for Federal Recognition has helped many find their ancestral tribal identity. The process of documentation of ancestors has given honor to those Houma and other Native Americans who faced much discrimination in the generations before.
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had applied primarily to people of African-European descent. After US annexation of the territory, its administrators applied this term to all non-whites, including those who identified as Indian. In the early 20th century, the state adopted a
691:(shrimp). The accent of the Houma Nation French-speaker is comparable to the difference between an English-speaker from the United States and an English-speaker from England; every linguistic group develops many different accents.
768:
In addition, since 1808, following United States purchase of Louisiana, state policy required classification of all residents according to a binary system of white and non-white: all Indians in Louisiana were to be classified as
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Because of increasing conflicts among the British, French, and Spanish, the Houma migrated south by the beginning of the 19th century to their current locations in Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes. The modern city of
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and required them to send their children to schools established for the children of freedmen, when available. The state was slow to construct any public schools in Houma settlements. It was not until 1964 after the
683:("raccoon"). Yet, Houma-French language is still a French language, because it can be understood by French speakers from Canada, France, Rwanda or Louisiana. There are some differences in vocabulary, for example,
783:" that was even more stringent, classifying anyone with any known African ancestry as black. Many Houma people may have mixed ancestry but identify culturally and ethnically as Houma rather than African American.
729:
After white Democrats regained power in Louisiana following the Reconstruction era, they passed laws establishing racial segregation. They had previously classified the Houma and other Native Americans as
704:
and the waterways; the state did not build roads connecting the settlements until the 1940s. Like the other Native American populations, the Houma were often subjected to discrimination and isolation.
500:
By 1699–1700, the Houma tribe and the Bayougoula tribe had established a border for their hunting grounds by placing a tall red pole marked by sacred animal carcasses and feathers in the ground. Named
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As many of tribal communities are in coastal areas and depend on the swamps and bayous as a source of food and economic resource, they have been severely and adversely affected by the continuing
488:, give a fuller description of the early Houma. Iberville reported the Houma village to be six to eight miles inland from the east bank of the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Red River.
1003:
Houma Recognition Act: Hearing Before the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session on S. 2423 ... August 7, 1990, Washington, DC
1900:
391:, and use it as an astringent, as well as drink it to clear phlegm from lungs and throat. They also eat the plant's tender, white heart raw. A decoction of the aerial parts of the
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In 1706, the Houma migrated south from the Red River region to other areas. One account said they wanted to move closer to their new French allies, concentrated in the
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1941:
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settlements. The population of the Houma at this time was divided among six other Native American settlements. Travel between settlements was made by
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of the Red River (formerly called the River of the Houma). By the time of French exploration, the Houma were settled at the site of present-day
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period of the 1830s. As a people without recognized communal land, in the 20th century, they were considered to have lost their tribal status.
1936:
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was passed and ended segregation that Houma children were allowed to attend public schools. Before this time, Houma children attended only
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have each achieved state recognition and are independently seeking federal recognition as tribes but have not succeeded as of 2014.
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Dan Frosch, "Tribes Seek Speedier Federal Recognition Proposed Changes May Benefit Native Groups Denied Health, Other Benefits"
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1390:(1994), a one-hour documentary video on the Houma by Barbara Sillery & Oak Lea, Keepsake Productions (New Orleans).
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Guevin, Bryan L (1987). "Grand Houmas Village: An Historic Houma Indian Site (16AN35) Ascension Parish, Louisiana".
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575:. This doubled the land area of the new republic. On April 30, 1803, the two nations signed a treaty confirming the
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Miller, Mark Edwin. "A Matter of Visibility: The United Houma Nation's Struggle for Federal Acknowledgment," in
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sought federal recognition as a tribe. In 1979 the Houma tribe filed its letter of intent to petition with the
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According to the tribe, as of 2023 they have more than 17,000 enrolled tribal citizens residing within a six-
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As southern Louisiana became more urban and industrialized, the Houma remained relatively isolated in their
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480:. This brief mention marks the entry of the Houma into written recorded history. Later explorers, such as
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PBS-WGBH, features a current look at the Houma and issues of environmental damage to their habitat.
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Speck, Frank G., 1941, "A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana",
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addition, oil companies have buried piping under the ground but not covered it sufficiently.
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on the Mississippi's east bank. The area developed as a trading post and the modern city of
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signed the treaty, they failed to uphold the policy. Dr. John Sibley was appointed by
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ended his North American ambitions and agreed to sell the Louisiana colony to the
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Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process.
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area, and away from British-allied tribes to the north. From the 1730s to the
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The state of Louisiana officially recognized the United Houma Tribe in 1972.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs (1990).
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area that encompasses 4,750 square miles (12,300 km). The parishes are
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420:-speaking like other Choctaw tribes, was recorded by the French explorer
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Women-Chiefs and Crawfish Warriors: A Brief History of the Houma People
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Jordan Blum, "La. tribes look to change in federal recognition rules"
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1113:(Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946) p. 139
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547:, was later developed at this site. The tribe moved further south.
1901:
List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
1329:, Translated by Clint Bruce. New Orleans: United Houma Nation and
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Brown, Cecil H.; & Hardy, Heather K. (2000). What is Houma?.
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Native American: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Peoples,
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noted in his journal that he had passed near the village of the
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Linezo Hong, director and co-writer, "My Louisiana Love" (2012)
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Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary
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since 1972, but are not recognized by the federal government.
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Tribal territory of Houma during the 18th century highlighted
289:, who identify as descendants of the Houma people, have been
1407:"Proposal may allow Houma tribe to win federal recognition"
265:
259:
579:. With respect to native inhabitants, article six of the
125:
Native American tribe located in Louisiana, United States
1339:. (2005). "The indigenous languages of the Southeast",
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Acolapissa people, were documented as separate tribes.
262:
256:
253:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1422:Greg English, "History of the United Houma Nation"
1227:HISTORICAL REPORT ON THE UNITED HOUMA NATION, INC.
715:, visited the Houma. The Houma continue to have a
381:. They make an infusion of the leaves and root of
444:speculated that the Houma are an offshoot of the
424:, Sieur de La Salle, in 1682 as living along the
395:vine was used for impotency by the Houma people.
1927:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
1913:
1262:"List of state and federally recognized tribes"
164:
1006:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 38.
1603:
1443:
1316:International Journal of American Linguistics
1018:"Our Citizen Enrollment Process and Services"
995:
993:
516:, this marker was at a site five miles above
1942:State-recognized tribes in the United States
1721:Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory
1367:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
1617:
1061:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.
944:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
852:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
646:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1848:Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
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1111:Indians of the Southeastern United States
964:Learn how and when to remove this message
872:Learn how and when to remove this message
743:schools established by religious groups.
666:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1302:, 10 July 2014, accessed 19 October 2014
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1914:
1833:Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians
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1932:Native American tribes in Mississippi
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1431:
897:suffered from a decrease in fish, as
1937:French-American culture in Louisiana
1798:Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation
1741:Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation
1661:Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation
1193:"Election Board Certifies New Chief"
1072:
1058:A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language
942:adding citations to reliable sources
909:
850:adding citations to reliable sources
817:
644:adding citations to reliable sources
611:
159:Regions with significant populations
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1922:Native American tribes in Louisiana
1883:Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
1868:Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe
1636:Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama
1289:
335:were both named after this people.
154:10,837 registered (2010, US Census)
13:
1771:Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc.
1716:Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland
1308:
1251:5 Oct 2008 (retrieved 19 Jun 2014)
813:
432:. Because their war emblem is the
291:recognized by the state as a tribe
14:
1953:
1878:Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia
1394:
1641:Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama
914:
822:
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249:
179:
166:
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118:For the former sports team, see
20:
1686:Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana
1273:
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1231:
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905:
535:(1754–1763) (also known as the
452:tribe, whose name derives from
416:The Houma tribe, thought to be
143:Flag of the United Houma Nation
31:needs additional citations for
1786:Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina
1331:Centenary College of Louisiana
1151:"A Name with Multiple Origins"
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1116:
1103:
1088:
1055:Byington, Cyrus (1915-01-01).
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1:
1691:Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb
1417:Lee Sultzman, "Houma History"
1195:. 7 June 2022. Archived from
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711:, an anthropologist from the
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472:In 1682, the French explorer
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1761:Unkechague Poosepatuck Tribe
1656:Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation
1646:MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians
1325:Dardar, T. Mayheart (2000).
7:
1341:Anthropological Linguistics
514:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
486:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
353:Western Muskogean languages
10:
1958:
1823:Santee Indian Organization
1776:Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe
1746:Ramapough Mountain Indians
1676:Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe
1666:Schaghticoke Tribal Nation
798:In 2013 the United States
411:
398:
117:
1893:
1818:Beaver Creek Indian Tribe
1625:
1465:
805:Indian Reorganization Act
331:(meaning "red"), and the
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198:
193:
163:
158:
153:
148:
136:
1858:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
1711:Accohannock Indian Tribe
1371:
1095:Moerman, Daniel (2009).
800:Bureau of Indian Affairs
789:Bureau of Indian Affairs
559:with the success of the
367:The Houma people take a
281:on the east side of the
1808:Waccamaw Siouan Indians
1619:State-recognized tribes
1022:The United Houma Nation
713:Smithsonian Institution
551:Early United States era
1828:Waccamaw Indian People
1751:Powhatan Renape Nation
1459:Ethnicity in Louisiana
590:
522:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
408:
283:Red River of the South
1793:Meherrin Indian Tribe
1696:Pointe-au-Chien Tribe
1507:Hispanics and Latinos
1353:Louisiana Archaeology
1238:"Federal Recognition"
1223:"Summary of Evidence"
585:
440:, the anthropologist
406:
222:Related ethnic groups
1853:Koasek Abenaki Tribe
1249:United Houma Nation.
938:improve this section
894:Isle de Jean Charles
846:improve this section
776:free people of color
771:free people of color
732:free people of color
640:improve this section
512:by French colonizer
508:by those tribes and
428:on the east side of
422:René-Robert Cavelier
40:improve this article
1731:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
1701:United Houma Nation
1401:United Houma Nation
1300:Wall Street Journal
1260:State of Louisiana
1165:"Untitled Document"
1122:Pritzker, Barry M.
899:saltwater intrusion
756:Federal recognition
474:Nicolas de la Salle
374:Gamochaeta purpurea
287:United Houma Nation
236:French Louisianians
133:
1843:Elnu Abenaki Tribe
1403:, official website
1267:2011-07-19 at the
1243:2014-07-31 at the
1153:. 6 December 2018.
581:Louisiana Purchase
577:Louisiana Purchase
409:
393:Berchemia scandens
384:Cirsium horridulum
232:Muscogeean peoples
131:
1909:
1908:
1585:
1584:
1526:Native Americans
1470:African Americans
1382:America Reframed,
1109:Swanton, John R.
1085:14:49-75, page 64
1042:"About Our Tribe"
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892:The community of
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533:French-Indian war
462:Angola, Louisiana
430:Mississippi River
339:shares a similar
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709:John R. Swanton
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561:slave revolt
555:Having lost
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38:Please help
33:verification
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1737:New Jersey
954:August 2022
862:August 2022
656:August 2022
529:New Orleans
510:Baton Rouge
446:Yazoo River
363:Ethnobotany
322:St. Bernard
318:Plaquemines
214:; formerly
96:August 2022
1916:Categories
1682:Louisiana
1572:Vietnamese
1530:Chitimacha
1347:(1), 1-60.
1027:2023-03-22
985:References
747:Government
741:missionary
608:Modern era
468:French era
450:Chakchiuma
306:Terrebonne
277:people of
230:and other
66:newspapers
1873:Mattaponi
1864:Virginia
1757:New York
1707:Maryland
1545:Coushatta
1512:Hondurans
925:does not
833:does not
707:In 1907,
685:chevrette
627:does not
598:President
448:region's
426:Red River
418:Muskogean
379:influenza
371:of dried
369:decoction
341:etymology
333:Red River
314:Jefferson
310:Lafourche
279:Louisiana
194:Languages
187:Louisiana
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689:crevette
569:Napoleon
506:Ete' Uma
502:Istrouma
337:Oklahoma
302:St. Mary
1894:Related
1803:Sappony
1567:Spanish
1535:Choctaw
1517:Isleños
1502:Germans
1485:Colored
1480:Creoles
1203:23 June
1179:"Houma"
1137:"Houma"
946:removed
931:sources
854:removed
839:sources
687:to say
648:removed
633:sources
412:Origins
399:History
389:whiskey
349:Choctaw
228:Choctaw
200:English
80:scholar
1781:Lumbee
1626:Groups
1497:French
1492:Cajuns
1475:Asians
320:, and
298:parish
285:. The
204:French
184:
171:
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75:
68:
61:
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1550:Houma
1372:Media
1067:huma.
696:bayou
681:shaui
588:upon.
565:Haiti
478:Oumas
436:, or
357:Houma
345:humma
329:Houma
245:Houma
132:Houma
87:JSTOR
73:books
1205:2022
929:any
927:cite
837:any
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631:any
629:cite
484:and
243:The
59:news
1063:170
940:by
848:by
642:by
504:or
387:in
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