120:
437:
in the system." The task force recommended that future threats be more narrowly targeted by "specific region and sector under threat", rather than "elevating the alert status of the nation as a whole", and that the number of levels be reduced from five to three to acknowledge that "the new baseline for the United States is guarded." The task force was divided on whether to recommend abandonment of color-coding in the system, but asserted that if such a coding remains in use, "substantial reform is required."
446:
22:
612:
312:, cannot be the day liberty perished in this country. Furthermore, a system that gave the federal government the power to determine the range of constitutionally permissible searches simply by raising or lowering the nation's threat advisory system would allow the restrictions of the Fourth Amendment to be circumvented too easily. Consequently, the "elevated" alert status does not aid the City's case.
404:(DHS) found that the list of terrorist target sites contained in the DHS "National Asset Database", the sites that are supposed to receive extra security in response to heightened terror alerts, included many sites “whose criticality is not readily apparent” and should not be included on the list. For example, the list included a beach at the end of a street, a
436:
A September 2009 report from the HSAS Task Force found that the "current system had functioned reasonably well" for institutional audiences, but that the "system's ability to communicate useful information in a credible manner to the public is poor", and that "there is a disturbing lack of confidence
340:
There were no published criteria for the threat levels, and thus no independent way to tell whether the current threat level was accurate. The threat levels Green (low risk) and Blue (general risk) were never used. The evidence cited to justify changes in threat levels had been stated vaguely (see
303:
We ... reject the notion that the
Department of Homeland Security's threat advisory level somehow justifies these searches. Although the threat level was "elevated" at the time of the protest, "o date, the threat level has stood at yellow (elevated) for the majority of its time in existence. It has
478:
to blow up aircraft, DHS raised the threat level for commercial flights from the United
Kingdom to the United States to Severe. The alert was extended into mid-September 2006 to coincide with the 5th Anniversary of the September 11 Attacks. Other noticeable recent attacks are the targeting of U.S.
326:
The published terror alert notices urged
American citizens, especially those traveling in the transportation systems, to "be vigilant, take notice of their surroundings, and report suspicious items or activities to local authorities immediately." In addition, DHS advised the public to prepare an
344:
Some critics worried that the absence of clearly defined, objective criteria had allowed the baseline threat level to be established as elevated (yellow), thus precluding the system from ever dropping down to low (green) or general (blue). That limited the communicative value and options of the
227:
The specific government actions triggered by different threat levels were not always revealed to the public, although the government had provided general guidance for civilians and federal agencies. Actions previously included increasing police and other security presence at landmarks and other
598:
The threat level was never lowered to Low (Green) or
Guarded (Blue). It was recommended in a September 2009 Task Force report to remove the Low and Guarded conditions from the Alert System altogether and set Yellow (Elevated) to "Guarded" as the new baseline of the system, without changing the
379:
voted to review the color-coded system. One panel member suggested that it had outlived its usefulness. In a public forum, Ridge conceded the system had invited "questions and even occasional derision." Ridge also said that he had not always agreed when others pushed to raise the threat level.
304:
been raised to orange (high) six times." Given that we have been on "yellow alert" for over two and a half years now, we cannot consider this a particularly exceptional condition that warrants curtailment of constitutional rights. We cannot simply suspend or restrict civil liberties until the
380:"Sometimes we disagreed with the intelligence assessment," Ridge said. "Sometimes we thought even if the intelligence was good, you don't necessarily put the country on . ... There were times when some people were really aggressive about raising it, and we said, 'For that?'"
97:(DHS) began administering the system. The decision to publicly announce threat conditions is made by the Secretary of Homeland Security in consultation with the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security, according to Homeland Security Presidential Directive-5.
387:
found that the mentally ill, the disabled, African
Americans, Latinos, Chinese Americans, Korean Americans, and non-U.S. citizens were likelier to think that the HSAS alert level was higher than it was, and to worry more and change their behavior due to those fears.
528:
December 21, 2003 – January 9, 2004, citing intelligence information suggesting large-scale attacks around the holiday season. Since New York City's level was already at High, NYPD commissioner Ray Kelly characterized this increased threat level as "Orange
372:) pressured him to raise the alert level on the eve of the November 2004 presidential election. Ridge refused. "After that episode, I knew I had to follow through with my plans to leave the federal government for the private sector," he said.
58:. The different levels triggered specific actions by federal agencies and state and local governments, and they affected the level of security at some airports and other public facilities. It was often called the "terror alert level" by the
341:
below) and its sources were seldom revealed. Supporters of the system defended this by stating that providing detailed, current intelligence about terror organizations would endanger the ability to gather similar information in the future.
537:
August 1 – November 10, 2004, for specific financial institutions in northern New Jersey, New York, and
Washington, D.C., citing intelligence pointing to the possibility of a car or truck bomb attack, naming specific buildings as possible
78:. It was meant to provide a "comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to federal, state, and local authorities and to the American people." It was unveiled March 12, 2002, by
556:
August 10, 2006 – April 27, 2011, for all domestic and international flights to or from the United States, with the exception of flights from the United
Kingdom to the United States, which had been under a Severe alert due to the
111:, said the color-coded system often presented "little practical information" to the public and that the new system will provide alerts "specific to the threat" and that "they will have a specified end date."
130:
Inspired by the success of the forest fire color system, the scale consists of five color-coded threat levels, which were intended to reflect the probability of a terrorist attack and its potential gravity.
811:
461:
The HSAS threat level changed 17 times as of
September 2009. In August 2004, DHS began identifying specific sectors under possible threat, including aviation, financial services, and mass transit.
228:
high-profile targets, a closer monitoring of international borders and other points of entry, ensuring that emergency response personnel were ready, and, in some cases, deployment of members of the
428:, which had only 3,212, even though New York and California are larger than Indiana and include more prominent American landmarks. DHS officials denied that there was anything wrong with the list.
838:
383:
On its terror alert page, DHS made clear that "Raising the threat condition has economic, physical, and psychological effects on the nation." A study published in the
January 2009 issue of the
353:
The lack of disclosure made the system vulnerable to manipulation by government officials. These attributes had been criticized by cartoonists, journalists, entertainers, and security experts.
345:
system to the three highest values. As persons become habituated to the threat level being perpetually elevated, they were increasingly likely to pay less attention to warnings issued.
107:
announced that the
Homeland Security Advisory System would be replaced by a new two-level National Terrorism Advisory System in April 2011. Napolitano, who made the announcement at
1138:
1589:
397:
525:: "The U.S. Intelligence Community believes that Al Qaeda has entered an operational period worldwide, and this may include terrorist attacks in the United States."
815:
288:
1681:
1429:
1218:
741:
1696:
842:
493:
503:. Intelligence reports suggested the possibility of terrorist attacks against "apartment buildings, hotels, and other soft or lightly secured targets."
244:
1022:
710:
864:
653:
July 12, 2007, reports that Al Qaeda is stepping up efforts to sneak terrorists into the United States and has rebuilt capability to strike there.
868:
1508:
94:
35:
416:. By July 2006, the list included 77,069 target sites. The inspector general's report found other wild discrepancies, for example, that the
1309:
882:
1317:
299:
in its arguments at the trial court level. Even if the city did in fact rely on the alert system at the time it acted, said the court,
1191:
914:
589:
August 12, 2005 – April 27, 2011 (Replaced by the National Terrorism Advisory System, but excludes domestic and international flights)
1142:
1530:
1266:
488:
New York City's threat level was High from the system's introduction. On a nationwide level, it was raised to High five times:
1657:
1562:
124:
619:
1381:
1676:
663:
376:
63:
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558:
475:
401:
284:
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The threat level was raised to Severe only once, which applied only to flights coming from the United Kingdom:
357:
101:
87:
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July 11, 2007, reports that Al Qaeda has rebuilt operating capability, strength to level not seen before the
272:
283:, the city justified the metal detector searches in part because of the "yellow" threat level. However, the
623:
361:
308:
is over, because the War on Terror is unlikely ever to be truly over. September 11, 2001, already a day of
268:
239:
Some of the actions taken as a result of the threat levels have been challenged as being illegal under the
229:
108:
74:
The system was created by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3 on March 11, 2002, in response to the
51:
1026:
718:
1691:
546:
83:
1165:
1401:
1535:
1430:"U.S. raises airline threat level to highest level, first time ever, in response to British threat"
518:
514:
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August 10–September 14, 2006, in response to British law enforcement announcing it had disrupted a
368:
that top aides to President Bush (including defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld and attorney general
1516:
970:
945:
364:
used them for political rather than strictly security reasons. In 2009, Ridge alleged in his book
279:
the mass searches, but the court refused and simply dismissed the complaint. When the protestors
1074:
918:
86:. However, responsibility for developing, implementing and managing the system was given to the
1342:
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889:
260:
256:
1614:
1368:
796:
507:
119:
1686:
768:
647:
450:
309:
252:
233:
75:
55:
642:
Other official terrorism warnings issued without raising the threat level above Elevated:
549:
despite the absence of "specific, credible information suggesting imminent attack" in the
8:
1638:
1486:
425:
296:
1654:
784:
454:
319:, 387 F.3d 1303, 1312 (11th Cir. 2004) Incidentally, this was also the first time that
1097:
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858:
248:
240:
533:
In addition, the alert was raised to High on a select or partial basis three times:
685:
417:
104:
1459:
915:"Homeland Security Advisory System--Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies"
1661:
1655:
New Report on Homeland Security Threat Advisory System Highlights Need for Reform
1645:
White House press release: Gov. Ridge Announces Homeland Security Advisory System
1566:
162:
47:
445:
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in August 2004 following the discovery of evidence of a terrorist threat to it.
421:
264:
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1382:
Terrorized by 'War on Terror': How a three-word Mantra has Undermined America
550:
369:
305:
30:
1355:
295:
justification for the searches, because the city had not even mentioned the
669:
542:
366:
The Test of Our Times: America Under Siege ... and How We Can Be Safe Again
1116:
839:"The Associated Press: Color-coded terror warnings to be gone by April 27"
62:. The system was replaced on April 27, 2011, with a new system called the
1460:"CNN.com - U.S. raises threat level at key financial sites - Aug 1, 2004"
1402:"Homeland Security Advisory System Task Force Report and Recommendations"
1049:"Homeland Security Advisory Council HSAS Task Force Stakeholder Feedback"
997:"A Jester's Promenade: Citations to Knowledge in Law Reviews, 2002- 2008"
413:
21:
1356:
Disabled and Other Vulnerable Groups More Susceptible to Terrorism Fears
690:
276:
59:
41:
506:
March 17 – April 16, 2003, around the beginning of U.S. and Coalition
1650:
White House press release: Homeland Security Presidential Directive-3
522:
320:
79:
44:
599:
baseline conditions issued when under Yellow in the current system.
409:
499:
February 7–27, 2003, near the end of the Muslim religious holiday
1246:"Ridge comes to San Diego and defends color-coded warning system"
405:
1615:"Government report: Al Qaeda strongest since September 11, 2001"
1487:"Chronology of Changes to the Homeland Security Advisory System"
680:
675:
323:
was quoted in a published decision of a federal appeals court.
280:
236:
were sent to assist local law enforcement on security details.
179:
545:
systems only. The DHS secretary announced the level after the
1531:"Gov't Warns of Threats Against Buildings (archived version)"
996:
739:
420:
had 8,591 potential terrorist targets, 50% more targets than
213:
391:
883:"Citizen Guidance on the Homeland Security Advisory System"
500:
196:
145:
327:
emergency preparedness kit and a family emergency plan.
424:
with 5,687 targets, and more than twice as many as the
812:"AFP: New US terror alert system replaces color code"
940:
938:
936:
717:. Associated Press. January 26, 2011. Archived from
711:"Color-coded terror warnings to be gone by April 27"
1219:"Former Bush aide cites politics in 'terror alert'"
769:"U.S. replaces color-coded terror alerts - CNN.com"
740:Office of the Press Secretary (February 28, 2003).
494:
first anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks
766:
1565:. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from
1117:"A Frank Guide to Homeland Security Alert Levels"
1072:
933:
917:. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from
888:. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from
742:"Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD-5"
593:
561:, but were downgraded to High on August 13, 2006.
360:year, leading some critics to speculate that the
1668:
1369:Come One, Come All, Join the Terror Target List
1166:"Will Terror Alert Level Show Its True Colors?"
50:advisory scale created in March 2002 under the
1073:Kirkeby, Cynthia; Sarah Lane (July 13, 2004).
247:. For example, in November 2002, the city of
1682:United States Department of Homeland Security
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
25:Homeland Security Advisory System color chart
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
863:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
836:
356:The alert level was raised once in 2004, an
1697:2011 disestablishments in the United States
1590:"U.S. Raises Threat Level for Mass Transit"
994:
1470:
1423:
1421:
1194:. FOX News. August 4, 2004. Archived from
867:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
330:
82:, then the Assistant to the President for
1387:
1243:
767:the CNN Wire Staff (September 11, 2001).
392:Finding of flawed and bloated target list
348:
1358:Newswise, Retrieved on January 21, 2008.
1136:
602:
444:
118:
20:
1418:
1244:Sifuentes, Edward (December 15, 2004).
1098:"Terror-alert system: how it's working"
1017:
1015:
1013:
975:, 387 F.3d 1303, 1323 (11th Cir. 2004)"
950:, 387 F.3d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir. 2004)"
440:
1669:
1641:- Explanation and current threat level
1427:
1192:"Dems Question Timing of Terror Alert"
1095:
1587:
1509:"NYC Seeing 'Orange Plus' | Fox News"
1163:
574:September 25, 2002 – February 6, 2003
335:
1216:
1025:. September 27, 2007. Archived from
1010:
606:
565:
541:July 7, 2005 – August 12, 2005, for
125:Raleigh-Durham International Airport
1563:"Homeland Security Advisory System"
1023:"Homeland Security Advisory System"
13:
1380:Washington Post, March 25, 2007, "
1114:
1096:Miller, Sara B. (August 4, 2004).
809:
664:National Terrorism Advisory System
377:Homeland Security Advisory Council
64:National Terrorism Advisory System
14:
1708:
1639:Homeland Security Advisory System
1632:
1221:. Wayback Machine. Archived from
1217:Knox, Olivier (August 20, 2009).
744:. The White House. Archived from
650:; strongest since summer of 2001.
385:American Journal of Public Health
1428:Jordan, Lara (August 10, 2006).
1137:Schneier, Bruce (October 2004).
610:
586:November 10, 2004 – July 8, 2005
559:2006 transatlantic aircraft plot
483:
1607:
1581:
1555:
1523:
1501:
1452:
1374:
1367:New York Times, 12 July 2006, "
1361:
1349:
1302:
1259:
1237:
1210:
1184:
1157:
1130:
1108:
1089:
1066:
1041:
988:
479:military and Frankfurt Airport.
465:
402:Department of Homeland Security
255:, forced all people wishing to
95:Department of Homeland Security
1164:Kamen, Al (October 13, 2004).
963:
907:
875:
830:
803:
760:
733:
703:
594:Guarded (Blue) and Low (Green)
449:Homeland Security secured the
172:
155:
114:
102:Secretary of Homeland Security
16:Terrorism alert warning system
1:
1588:Stout, David (July 7, 2005).
1102:The Christian Science Monitor
697:
583:May 31, 2003 – August 1, 2004
571:March 12 – September 10, 2002
431:
291:found that this was merely a
206:
1075:"Pinning the Tail on Terror"
577:February 28 – March 16, 2003
269:School of the Americas Watch
189:
109:George Washington University
7:
657:
547:7 July 2005 London bombings
513:May 20–30, 2003, after the
492:September 10–24, 2002, the
267:search. The advocacy group
138:
10:
1713:
1115:J., Frank (May 22, 2003).
69:
1677:Alert measurement systems
1341:Cite uses generic title (
1294:Cite uses generic title (
93:In January 2003, the new
1139:"Do Terror Alerts Work?"
837:(AP) – 1 day ago.
515:Riyadh compound bombings
1660:August 3, 2004, at the
1434:San Diego Union-Tribune
580:April 17 – May 20, 2003
508:military action in Iraq
331:Criticism of the system
123:Threat level Orange at
458:
375:In December 2004, the
349:Political manipulation
314:
261:School of the Americas
127:
26:
1440:on September 21, 2009
666:(Current U.S. system)
603:Other terror warnings
448:
301:
285:U.S. Court of Appeals
263:to first submit to a
122:
100:On January 27, 2011,
88:U.S. Attorney General
24:
1617:. CNN. July 12, 2007
818:on February 19, 2014
648:September 11 attacks
624:adding missing items
451:Prudential Financial
441:Threat level changes
310:immeasurable tragedy
76:September 11 attacks
56:September 11 attacks
973:Bourgeois v. Peters
948:Bourgeois v. Peters
895:on January 12, 2012
845:on January 28, 2011
721:on January 31, 2011
519:Casablanca bombings
426:State of California
362:Bush administration
317:Bourgeois v. Peters
297:terror alert system
273:federal trial court
54:in response to the
52:Bush administration
1692:2002 introductions
1519:on August 9, 2014.
921:on January 5, 2011
795:has generic name (
622:; you can help by
459:
455:Newark, New Jersey
336:Objective criteria
128:
27:
1543:on August 4, 2004
1225:on April 19, 2013
995:Daniel J. Baker.
810:Mathes, Michael.
771:. Edition.cnn.com
640:
639:
566:Elevated (Yellow)
476:major terror plot
398:inspector general
241:U.S. Constitution
223:
222:
185:significant risk
84:Homeland Security
36:Homeland Security
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1539:. Archived from
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1515:. Archived from
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1077:. Classbrain.com
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1029:on June 26, 2007
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686:UK Threat Levels
672:(United Kingdom)
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418:State of Indiana
289:Eleventh Circuit
245:Fourth Amendment
136:
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105:Janet Napolitano
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38:Advisory System
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1464:www.cnn.com
1410:January 27,
1310:"404 error"
1267:"404 error"
1229:January 27,
849:January 27,
822:January 27,
775:January 27,
725:January 26,
715:Yahoo! News
414:petting zoo
408:factory, a
234:State Guard
115:Description
42:color-coded
1671:Categories
1444:August 10,
1058:January 3,
698:References
691:Vigipirate
620:incomplete
432:Task force
168:high risk
60:U.S. media
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925:April 23,
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785:cite news
631:July 2014
523:Tom Ridge
321:Knowledge
219:low risk
80:Tom Ridge
45:terrorism
1658:Archived
1621:July 11,
1536:ABC News
1287:cite web
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693:(France)
658:See also
538:targets.
517:and the
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358:election
293:post hoc
287:for the
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271:asked a
249:Columbus
176:Elevated
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1573:May 16,
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406:popcorn
400:of the
259:at the
257:protest
253:Georgia
193:Guarded
70:History
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681:MARSEC
676:DEFCON
529:Plus".
277:enjoin
180:yellow
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