460:
influence on the professionalism of its industry members and on the builders/pilots of its products. With concern over fuel prices, we might see a trend toward lower-powered aircraft intended more for pure sport flying rather than the trend toward cross-country aircraft, which has been the norm over the past 30 years. I would expect that toward the end of that period, there might be some design ventures into electric-powered aircraft, but only if battery technology improves significantly. We might see more motorglider-type homebuilts, tied both to high fuel prices and emerging electric-propulsion technology.
412:, cruising at 24,000 feet (7,300 m) and 370 knots (425 mph, 685 km/h). Although aircraft such as this are considered "home-built" for legal reasons, they are typically built in the factory with the assistance of the buyer. This allows the company which sells the kit to avoid the long and expensive process of certification, because they remain owner-built according to the regulations. One of the terms applied to this concept is commonly referred to as "The 51% Rule", which requires that builders perform the majority of the fabrication and assembly to be issued a
779:
640:
497:
350:
33:
625:
110:
141:'s transatlantic flight brought a peak of interest between 1929 and 1933. During this period many aircraft designers, builders and pilots were self-taught and the high accident rate brought public condemnation and increasing regulation to amateur building. The resulting federal standards on design, engineering, stress analysis, use of aircraft-quality hardware and testing of aircraft brought an end to amateur building except in some specialized areas, such as racing. In 1946
485:
767:
420:
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608:
821:
The advantages of this type of construction include smooth surfaces (without the drag of rivets), the ability to construct compound curves, and the ability to place fiberglass or carbon fiber in optimal positions, orientations, and quantities. Drawbacks include the need to work with chemical products
580:
A recent trend is toward wood-composite aircraft. The basic load carrying material is still wood, but it is combined with foam (for instance, to increase buckling resistance of load carrying plywood skins) and other synthetic materials like fiberglass and carbon fiber (to locally increase the modulus
91:
or similar local regulations. With some limitations, the builder(s) of the aircraft must have done it for their own education and recreation rather than for profit. In the U.S., the primary builder can also apply for a repairman's certificate for that airframe. The repairman's certificate allows the
145:
restarted the
National Air Races, including a class for aircraft powered by 200 cubic inch and smaller engines. The midget racer class spread nationally in the U.S. and this led to calls for acceptable standards to allow recreational use of amateur-built aircraft. By the mid-1950s both the U.S. and
392:
during the 1970s and 1980s caused stagnation in the small aircraft market, forcing the surviving companies to retain older, proven designs. In recent years, the less restrictive regulations for homebuilts allowed a number of manufacturers to develop new and innovative designs; many can outperform
929:
fleet. Almost 10% of accidents involving homebuilt aircraft occurred on the craft's first flight. A further 9% of accidents occurred on their first flight after being sold, due to the new owner's unfamiliarity with the craft. The study also identified that powerplant failures and loss of control
459:
I don't expect to see dramatic changes in the industry within the next five years. Ten years; who knows – it’s too dependent on fuel prices, FAA policy, etc. Overall, I think our industry will continue to mature, particularly as AKIA is successful in growing and having a positive
463:
What we do at Van's could mirror some of the above thinking. Unfortunately, I don't see the growth potential that there was in the 1980s and 1990s. There seems to be a shrinking pilot base from which to draw people to build kits. Plus, with demographic changes, there is possibly a diminishing
933:
Most nations' aviation regulations require amateur-built aircraft to be physically marked as such (for example in the U.K. "Occupant
Warning – This aircraft ... is amateur built." must be displayed), and extra flight testing is usually required before passengers (who are not
822:
as well as low strength in directions perpendicular to fiber. Composites provide superb strength to their weight. Material stiffness dependent upon direction (as opposed to equal in all directions, as with metals) allows for advanced "elastic tailoring" of composite parts.
817:
The two primary types of composite planes are moulded composite, where major structures like wing skins and fuselage halves are prepared and cured in moulds, and mouldless, where shapes are carved out of foam and then covered with fiberglass or carbon fiber.
659:
if building from plans. "Quick-build" kits are available which have the cutting, shaping, and hole-drilling mostly done, requiring only finishing and assembly. Such kits are also available for the other types of aircraft construction, especially composite.
361:
Until the late 1950s, builders had mainly kept to wood-and-cloth and steel tube-and-cloth design. Without the regulatory restrictions faced by production aircraft manufacturers, homebuilders introduced innovative designs and construction techniques.
813:
is used in some aircraft). The fabric is saturated with the structural plastic in a liquid form; when the plastic cures and hardens, the part will hold its shape while possessing the strength characteristics of the fabric.
898:
aircraft. In the United States, in 2003, amateur-built aircraft experienced a rate of 21.6 accidents per 100,000 flight hours; the overall general aviation accident rate for that year was 6.75 per 100,000 flight hours.
341:, which brought "homebuilding" into high school industrial arts classes throughout the US. Poberezny's Mechanix Illustrated articles gained worldwide acclaim and the concept of aircraft homebuilding took off.
512:
This is the oldest construction, seen in the first aircraft and hence the best known. For that reason, amateur-built aircraft associations will have more specialists for this type of craft than other kinds.
1530:
137:. These races required aircraft with useful loads of 150 lb (68 kg) and engines of 80 cubic inches or less and as a consequence of the class limitations most were amateur-built. The years after
464:
interest in, or ability to undertake, aircraft building as a pastime. Hopefully, EAA and AOPA initiatives to interest more people in learning to fly will help create a larger market for our airplanes.
288:
In 1936, an association of amateur aviation enthusiasts was created in France. Many types of amateur aircraft began to make an appearance, and in 1938 legislation was amended to provide for a
1265:
547:). The advantage of this type of construction is that it does not require complex tools and equipment, instead employing commonplace items such as saw, planer, file, sandpaper, and clamps.
337:
where he explained how a person could buy a set of plans and build their own aircraft at home. In 1955, Poberezny co-founded, with Robert D. Blacker, EAA's first youth outreach program,
914:
said that homebuilts "account for 10 percent of the GA fleet, but 27 percent of accidents. It's not the builders , but the second owners. We need better transition training." In the US,
1123:
227:, especially in the mid-1980s era, discouraged general aviation manufacturers from introducing new designs and led to homebuilts outselling factory built aircraft by five to one.
467:
Emerging markets such as China and India could also boost demand for our products, but entire infrastructures will need to be formed before small players like us could benefit.
262:
Many U.S. aircraft designed and registered in the 1920s onward were considered "experimental" by the (then) CAA, the same registration under which modern homebuilts are issued
655:
Planes built from metal use similar techniques to more conventional factory-built aircraft. They can be more challenging to build, requiring metal-cutting, metal-shaping, and
259:. In the post-war period, manufacturers needed to find new markets and introduced models designed for tourism. However, these machines were affordable only by the very rich.
1403:
317:
1484:
55:, are constructed by persons for whom this is not a professional activity. These aircraft may be constructed from "scratch", from plans, or from assembly kits.
476:
Homebuilt aircraft can be constructed out of any material that is light and strong enough for flight. Several common construction methods are detailed below.
1242:
149:
Homebuilt aircraft are generally small, one to four-seat sportsplanes which employ simple methods of construction. Fabric-covered wood or metal frames and
1269:
1316:
370:
design to the homebuilding world and pioneered the use of composite construction. Metal construction in kitplanes was taken to a new level by
918:, including primary flight training, can be received in the owner's homebuilt aircraft from any instructor willing to provide such training.
102:
in the June 1910 edition of
Popular Mechanics. The first aircraft to be offered for sale as plans, rather than a completed airframe, was the
1220:
165:
as far back as the late World War I era. Engines are most often the same as, or similar to, the engines used in certified aircraft (such as
1119:
1433:
1399:
1373:
455:
was asked about the future of the kit aircraft industry in a wide-ranging interview in KitPlanes magazine in
December 2012:
1358:
922:
1426:"Can I be instructed in my own aircraft for the Sport Pilot certificate if it is registered as an experimental homebuilt?"
1200:
539:. Joints are designed to be stronger than the members. After the structure has been completed, the aircraft is covered in
982:
there for the duration. Both events last a week. Takeoffs and landings at these shows typically number in the thousands.
528:. Unlike the wood construction techniques used in other applications, virtually all wooden joints in aircraft are simple
17:
1476:
1506:
1429:
1107:
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1006:
947:
448:
309:
285:. Pietenpol later constructed a factory, and in 1933 began creating and selling partially constructed aircraft kits.
263:
142:
118:
1238:
903:
88:
1145:
524:, which offer excellent strength-to-weight ratios. Wooden structural members are joined with adhesive, usually
1291:
1507:"CAP 659: Amateur Built Aircraft: A Guide to Approval, Construction, and Operation of Amateur Built Aircraft"
1570:
212:, which are perceived to have better performance and reliability. Other engines that have been used include
413:
208:
being most common. The use of automotive engines helps to reduce costs, but many builders prefer dedicated
205:
925:
concluded that homebuilt aircraft in the U.S. have an accident rate 3–4 times higher than the rest of the
1585:
247:
objectives in mind, the first aircraft were constructed by passionate enthusiasts whose goal was to fly.
170:
991:
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as many people fly their homebuilts and other aircraft into the airport hosting the show, often
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holder to perform and sign off on most of the maintenance, repairs, and inspections themselves.
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709:
632:
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as well as full aluminum construction techniques are being used, techniques first pioneered by
1425:
235:
The history of amateur-built aircraft can be traced to the beginning of aviation. Even if the
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8:
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Canada once again allowed amateur-built aircraft to specified standards and limitations.
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854:
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300:"). 1946 saw the birth of the Ultralight Aircraft Association which in 1952 became the
275:
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126:
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The accident rate for homebuilt aircraft in the U.S. has long been a concern to the
429:
A small number of jet kitplanes have been built since the 1970s, including the tiny
1571:
FAA Advisory
Circular 20-27G: Certification and Operation of Amateur-Built Aircraft
1458:, Kitplanes, Volume 29, Number 12, December 2012, pp. 36–41. Belvoir Publications.
1341:, Kitplanes, Volume 29, Number 12, December 2012, pp. 28–29. Belvoir Publications.
1120:"Experimental Category Operating Amateur-built, Kit-built, or Light-sport Aircraft"
926:
895:
892:
847:
517:
452:
409:
383:
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166:
400:, which has developed a number of high-performance kits. The most powerful is the
125:
Homebuilt aircraft gained in popularity in the U.S. in 1924 with the start of the
1362:
1224:
1204:
930:
in-flight accidents were much higher than the same rates for certified aircraft.
915:
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under construction, showing the wooden frame structure that will be covered with
489:
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236:
209:
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958:, which takes place in late July and early August. Other annual events are the
759:
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was the first to offer for free construction plans, publishing drawings of his
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109:
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32:
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1171:
1172:"experimental aircraft builder – Eligibility, privileges and limitations"
1053:
Choosing Your
Homebuilt - the one you will finish and fly! Second Edition
879:
612:
588:
521:
327:
The term "homebuilding" became popular in the mid-1950s when EAA founder
270:'s first 1923 design were some of the first homebuilt aircraft. In 1928,
256:
255:
Aviation took a leap forward with the industrialization that accompanied
76:
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has conventional wings, fuselage, and empennage, but the cockpit is a
484:
1567:, the representative body in the United Kingdom for amateur aircraft.
871:
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766:
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544:
379:
321:
72:
1357:
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structures are made of cloth with a high tensile strength (usually
754:
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213:
778:
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979:
935:
837:
833:
533:
397:
378:. As the sophistication of the kits improved, components such as
150:
975:
825:
Examples of amateur craft made of composite materials include:
802:
600:
536:
194:
190:
130:
68:
882:
series of high-performance homebuilts designed by Tom
Hamilton
806:
668:
565:, a low-wing monoplane which has been popular since the 1960s
525:
198:
174:
550:
Examples of amateur-built wood and fabric designs include:
134:
488:
A typical wood and fabric construction amateur-built, the
1512:. Civil Aviation Authority. November 2005. Archived from
607:
663:
There are three main types of metal construction: sheet
357:
set new standards for speed in kit-built aircraft design
153:
are common in the aircraft structure, but increasingly,
1257:
591:
experimental aircraft project, designed by Roger Junqua
1531:"AirVenture 2019: Facts and Figures for a Record Year"
1558:
266:. Many of these were prototypes, but designs such as
774:, one of the largest homebuilt aircraft of its time.
611:A non-typical wood construction amateur-built, the
1146:"Repairman Certificate for Amateur-Built Aircraft"
891:The safety record of homebuilts is not as good as
678:Examples of metal-based amateur aircraft include:
1448:
558:, a homebuilt that has been built since the 1920s
1577:
1331:
581:of load carrying structures such as spar caps).
1400:"FAA Administrator Babbitt Takes In Sun 'n Fun"
1263:
1236:
1227:". Disciples of Flight. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
786:. Materials consist of carbon fiber and Kevlar.
720:, are the most popular metal homebuilt aircraft
1266:"Paul Poberezny's Three Great Accomplishments"
805:) combined with a structural plastic (usually
393:certified production aircraft in their class.
290:Certificat de navigabilité restreint d'aéronef
298:restricted operating certificate for aircraft
1468:
1391:
1339:Q&A with AKIA President Dick VanGrunsven
1047:
962:Fly-In, which occurs in the early spring in
584:Examples of wood-composite designs include:
344:
331:wrote a series of articles for the magazine
1363:"U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 2003"
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
396:An example of high-end homebuilt design is
647:under construction, showing the all-metal
181:). A minority of homebuilts use converted
1207:" EAA Newsletter. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
1102:. TAB Books, Blue Ridge Summit PA, 1984.
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
671:tube. The tube structures are covered in
635:are the most common metal homebuilt type.
575:
117:CF-RAD, first flown in 1955, seen in the
1284:
1198:European Designers of Homebuilt Aircraft
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
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1024:
946:The largest airshow in the world is the
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638:
623:
606:
495:
483:
418:
348:
108:
31:
1477:"NTSB Completes Homebuilt Safety Study"
1370:Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data
1351:
1218:History of the Experimental Certificate
14:
1578:
1055:, pp. 39–52. Butterfield Press, 1993.
206:Chevrolet Corvair six-cylinder engines
1474:
1397:
1319:from the original on 30 November 2010
1126:from the original on 11 February 2012
1065:
921:A study released in 2012 by the U.S.
471:
83:, homebuilt aircraft may be licensed
1436:from the original on 13 October 2011
1359:National Transportation Safety Board
923:National Transportation Safety Board
1456:Amateur-Built Aircraft Safety Study
1379:from the original on 24 August 2007
1337:Bernard, Mary and Suzanne B. Bopp:
1315:. Federal Aviation Administration.
1100:Guide to Homebuilts - Ninth Edition
113:Canada's first homebuilt aircraft,
24:
1245:from the original on 18 March 2015
597:of homebuilts designed by Ken Rand
479:
264:Special Airworthiness Certificates
25:
1597:
1559:Experimental Aircraft Association
1552:
1430:Experimental Aircraft Association
1406:from the original on 11 June 2011
1216:Clark, Anders (5 October 2014). "
1007:Special Airworthiness Certificate
948:Experimental Aircraft Association
516:The most commonly used woods are
449:Aircraft Kit Industry Association
310:Experimental Aircraft Association
1487:from the original on 26 May 2012
439:
119:Canada Aviation and Space Museum
27:Aircraft constructed by amateurs
1523:
1499:
1418:
1305:
1196:Misegades, Kent (March 2013). "
1150:Federal Aviation Administration
904:Federal Aviation Administration
853:designed by Jeff Viken and the
1230:
1210:
1190:
1164:
1138:
1112:
416:as an Amateur Built aircraft.
250:
197:-based liquid-cooled engines,
13:
1:
1017:
731:family of two-seat kit planes
716:and other models produced by
675:, much like wooden aircraft.
643:Inside of the tail cone of a
938:themselves) can be carried.
863:family of British two-place
749:
667:, tube aluminum, and welded
414:Certificate of Airworthiness
40:homebuilt in 1984 in England
7:
1475:Grady, Mary (22 May 2012).
985:
281:, as did Pietenpol for his
243:, and their successors had
58:
10:
1602:
1565:Light Aircraft Association
1398:Grady, Mary (April 2010).
1239:"How to Build an Airplane"
992:Index of aviation articles
974:. These events are called
941:
784:Aero Dynamics Sparrow Hawk
318:Sport Aircraft Association
308:, followed in 1953 by the
302:Popular Flying Association
230:
223:A combination of cost and
886:
770:A composite construction
345:Technology and innovation
1313:"Amateur-Built Aircraft"
1264:David Gustafson (2012).
1237:David Gustafson (2012).
910:2010, FAA administrator
619:
543:(usually aircraft-grade
404:, a four-place kit with
274:published plans for his
1292:"51 Heroes of Aviation"
997:Aircraft design process
952:EAA AirVenture Oshkosh
787:
775:
763:
652:
636:
616:
603:designed by Kai Mellen
576:Wood/composite mixture
509:
493:
469:
426:
384:navigation instruments
358:
122:
49:amateur-built aircraft
41:
972:Arlington, Washington
867:designed by Ivan Shaw
782:A mixed-construction
781:
769:
757:
642:
627:
610:
499:
487:
457:
422:
352:
112:
96:Alberto Santos-Dumont
35:
1051:Armstrong, Kenneth:
968:Northwest EAA Fly-In
832:designs such as the
556:Pietenpol Air Camper
502:Pietenpol Air Camper
406:cabin pressurization
339:Project Schoolflight
334:Mechanix Illustrated
115:Stitts SA-3A Playboy
725:Zenith CH601 Zodiac
372:Richard VanGrunsven
106:in the late 1920s.
18:Home-built aircraft
1586:Homebuilt aircraft
1223:2015-02-07 at the
1203:2015-07-25 at the
956:Oshkosh, Wisconsin
916:flight instruction
855:Klapmeier brothers
801:, or occasionally
791:Composite material
788:
776:
764:
758:A fiberglass/foam
744:superplastic alloy
653:
637:
617:
510:
494:
472:Building materials
427:
382:and more advanced
359:
127:National Air Races
123:
45:Homebuilt aircraft
42:
1272:on 21 August 2014
964:Lakeland, Florida
729:Zenith STOL CH701
451:(AKIA) President
424:Swearingen SX-300
268:Bernard Pietenpol
139:Charles Lindbergh
16:(Redirected from
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1268:. Archived from
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1214:
1208:
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1187:
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1152:. 18 August 2020
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1098:Peter M Bowers:
1096:
1063:
1049:
927:general aviation
896:general aviation
848:pusher propeller
453:Dick VanGrunsven
410:turboprop engine
355:Questair Venture
210:aircraft engines
47:, also known as
21:
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1600:
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1519:on 16 May 2004.
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1454:Wanttaja, Ron:
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1225:Wayback Machine
1215:
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1205:Wayback Machine
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1178:. 9 August 1979
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723:Chris Heintz's
700:Murphy Aircraft
673:aircraft fabric
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578:
563:Bowers Fly Baby
541:aircraft fabric
506:aircraft fabric
490:Bowers Fly Baby
482:
480:Wood and fabric
474:
442:
402:Lancair Propjet
386:became common.
366:introduced the
347:
253:
237:Wright brothers
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1553:External links
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306:United Kingdom
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431:Bede Aircraft
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65:United States
56:
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39:
38:Rutan Long-EZ
34:
30:
19:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1514:the original
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1480:
1470:
1455:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1369:
1353:
1338:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1232:
1212:
1192:
1182:12 September
1180:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1156:12 September
1154:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1114:
1099:
1052:
945:
932:
920:
901:
890:
851:Cirrus VK-30
840:designed by
824:
820:
816:
799:carbon fiber
789:
772:Cirrus VK-30
742:of "Supral"
684:Murphy Moose
677:
662:
654:
645:Murphy Moose
583:
579:
570:Ison miniMAX
554:The classic
549:
518:Sitka spruce
515:
511:
475:
466:
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458:
443:
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395:
388:
360:
332:
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293:
289:
287:
278:
272:Henri Mignet
261:
254:
241:Clément Ader
234:
222:
163:Hugo Junkers
148:
124:
94:
85:Experimental
81:South Africa
62:
52:
48:
44:
43:
29:
1440:13 February
1323:21 November
1297:23 February
1276:24 February
1249:24 February
954:airshow in
809:, although
692:Super Rebel
530:butt joints
522:Douglas fir
279:Pou-du-Ciel
257:World War I
251:Early years
189:air-cooled
171:Continental
77:New Zealand
1540:7 February
1018:References
1002:Ultralight
966:, and the
960:Sun N' Fun
950:'s annual
908:Sun 'n Fun
865:monoplanes
842:Burt Rutan
811:vinylester
795:fiberglass
760:Quickie Q2
740:monococque
736:ARV Super2
631:like this
390:Litigation
380:autopilots
364:Burt Rutan
283:Air Camper
245:commercial
225:litigation
218:motorcycle
187:Volkswagen
183:automobile
159:composites
157:and other
155:fiberglass
129:, held in
100:Demoiselle
53:kit planes
1464:0891-1851
1347:0891-1851
893:certified
872:Glasair I
861:Europa XS
750:Composite
706:Vans RV-4
613:IBIS RJ03
595:KR series
545:polyester
376:RV series
322:Australia
220:engines.
73:Australia
1580:Category
1485:Archived
1434:Archived
1410:17 April
1404:Archived
1374:Archived
1361:(2007).
1317:Archived
1243:Archived
1221:Archived
1201:Archived
1130:19 March
1124:Archived
986:See also
696:Maverick
665:aluminum
657:riveting
316:and the
214:chainsaw
167:Lycoming
143:Goodyear
104:Baby Ace
59:Overview
1012:Kit car
980:camping
976:fly-ins
942:Culture
838:Long EZ
834:VariEze
537:gussets
534:plywood
532:, with
398:Lancair
374:in his
304:in the
231:History
191:flat-4s
151:plywood
63:In the
1491:24 May
1462:
1383:1 June
1345:
1106:
1059:
936:pilots
887:Safety
830:Canard
803:Kevlar
651:design
601:PIK-26
408:and a
368:canard
202:Wankel
195:Subaru
179:Jabiru
177:, and
131:Dayton
87:under
69:Brazil
1561:(EAA)
1517:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1481:AVweb
1377:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
906:. At
807:epoxy
714:RV-10
688:Rebel
669:steel
620:Metal
526:epoxy
434:BD-5J
199:Mazda
175:Rotax
1542:2021
1535:EAAA
1493:2012
1460:ISSN
1442:2012
1412:2010
1385:2008
1343:ISSN
1325:2010
1299:2015
1278:2015
1251:2015
1184:2020
1176:eCFR
1158:2020
1132:2012
1104:ISBN
1057:ISBN
878:and
870:The
859:The
846:The
836:and
734:The
727:and
710:RV-8
704:The
694:and
682:The
633:RV-4
589:Ibis
568:The
561:The
520:and
447:and
353:The
294:CNRA
276:HM-8
216:and
204:and
135:Ohio
79:and
970:in
880:III
797:or
320:in
296:, "
89:FAA
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292:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
