317:, (2005), pages 344–353. According to Elkins, much of the story of the British and Colonial administration was covered-up during the transition to independence in Kenya, and many official documents had been intentionally destroyed during the transition. Elkins, by carefully tracing available original documents and interviews with surviving Kenyans and colonial staff, indicates that part of Hola Prison was used as a remote punishment camp for 'hard core' Mau Mau insurgents who refused to recant their oaths or affiliation to the movement. Physical and psychological abuse were used to 'break' detainees, so they could be 'rehabilitated' and moved out of the concentration camp pipeline and back to Kikuyu reservations.
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51:
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of force were made, to join in the colonial "rehabilitation process" or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders. The camp commandant outlined a plan that would force 88 of the detainees to bend to work. On 3 March 1959, the camp commandant put this plan into action – as a result of which 11 of the detainees were clubbed to death by guards. All the 77 surviving detainees sustained serious permanent injuries.
58:
292:. The front-page article reported that ten died at the Hola detention camp. The paper quoted the "official statement" from the colonial authorities: "The men were in a group of about 100 who were working on digging furrows. The deaths occurred after they had drunk water from a water cart which was used by all members of the working party and the guards."
296:
congestion or shock and hemorrhage following multiple bruises and other injuries." The coroner reported, "The injuries of a number of Mau Maus apparently were consistent with their allegations that uncooperative prisoners had been beaten by guards, apparently with the consent of the commandant." A report in the June 1959 edition of
303:
entitled "The Hola
Scandal" described the events. The report stated that, on 3 March 1959, 85 prisoners were marched outside and ordered to work but "dozens of the prisoners fell to the ground, refusing to work" and were beaten by the guards. When the assault had concluded, according to the magazine,
345:
The negative publicity put pressure on the
British parliament to take action to salvage Britain's deteriorating image. Colonial detention camps were closed throughout Kenya, and the prisoners were freed soon after. Attempts were then made to find a solution to maintaining British interests in Africa
295:
More information about the incident emerged in the weeks that followed the initial reports. An investigation into the deaths ensued and it was discovered that the 11 detainees did not die of drinking foul water, but as a result of violence. The medical examiner said, "They had died from either lung
277:
Hola camp was established to house detainees classified as "hard-core." By
January 1959 the camp had a population of 506 detainees of whom 127 were held in a secluded "closed camp." This more remote camp was reserved for the most uncooperative of the detainees. They often refused, even when threats
320:
Once the inquiry findings were made public, the opposition members in the House of
Commons called for a debate. Increasing adverse publicity and calls for further investigations of human rights abuses in the camps led to a reduction in UK governmental support for the Kenya Colony's administration,
328:
Some of the early accounts do not even mention this incident, partly because many of the early accounts are either
British government- or colonial-supported publications or secondary texts. Most of the secondary texts published during first decade or so after the Emergency were sympathetic to the
324:
After the Hola massacre the name of Hola was changed to Galole by the
Colonial Government in order to cover up the massacre. In 1971, in a bid to revive memory of the massacre, President Kenyatta ordered that Galole revert to its original name. Kenyatta gave this order after he met with a large
321:
and resulted in accelerated moves towards Kenyan independence. As recently as 2016, Kenyans were seeking restitution from the
British government for torture during the Mau Mau Uprising.
472:
313:
432:
The warders claimed that they had died 'after drinking water', and although clear evidence was found that they had been beaten to death, no individuals were ever prosecuted.
410:
399:
East
African Standard, 5 March 1959, p.1. This first report indicates that only 10 detainees died, but as other later reports said it was actually 11 who perished.
633:
136:
510:
765:
455:
750:
542:
129:
650:
645:
371:
Maloba, Wunyabari O. Mau Mau and Kenya: An
Analysis of a Peasant Revolt.(Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN: 1993) p.142-143.
82:
715:
563:
383:
122:
653:" Publisher: Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute. Vol. 8, Issue 3.
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without the use of force, indirectly leading to a hastening of independence across
British colonies in Africa.
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579:'Macmillan and the winds of change in Africa, 1957–60', Ritchie Ovendale, Historical Journal 38,2 (1995)
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755:
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8:
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229:
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How Britain crushed the ‘Mau Mau rebellion’; Channel Four TV's Secret History—Mau Mau.
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536:
146:
727:
611:
Counter Insurgency in Kenya: A Study of the Military Operations against the Mau Mau.
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311:' tells the story of the 'Hola Massacre' in her Pulitzer Prize-winning book,
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The Devlin Commission (1959): Colonialism, Emergencies, and the Rule of Law.
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733:"Macmillan and the winds of change in Africa, 1957–60", Ritchie Ovendale,
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419:
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This statue honours the 11 Mau Mau who were clubbed to death at Hola
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683:
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delegation from Tana River. Since then it is again known as Hola.
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11 prisoners lay dying and another 23 needed hospital treatment.
689:
Slaughter, Barbara. (15 September 1999) Hartford Web Publishing
473:
Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya
314:
Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya
484:
Kimathi & Ors -v- The Foreign & Commonwealth Office
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The first report to surface about this incident was in the
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362:
Mark Curtis, Web of Deceit (Vintage, 2003), p. 327.
742:
496:, 24 August 1971 and Ojwando Abuor, C. (1972),
16:Massacre committed during the Mau Mau Uprising
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19:For other massacres with similar names, see
332:
137:
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766:Massacres committed by the United Kingdom
646:Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
329:British/Colonist/Loyalist point of view.
651:Mau Mau and the decolonisation of Kenya.
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282:Attempted cover-up by colonial officials
631:How detention was used to break people.
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541:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
592:Kabukuru, Wanjohi. (1 December 2003)
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728:The road to blood bath at Hola Camp.
663:Preston, Peter. (16 January 2005)
462:(8 June 1959). Retrieved 2010-07-24.
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660:. Nairobi: Pan African Researchers
14:
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751:20th-century mass murder in Kenya
676:Simpson, Brian. (Spring, 2002)
623:Mburu, Stephen. (30 April 2000)
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265:at a colonial detention camp in
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716:Horrors of Hola detention camp.
679:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
573:
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415:on the Mau Mau deaths cover-up"
643:Nissimi, Hilda. (Spring 2006)
500:. Pan Africa Researchers: 226.
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381:Horrors of Hola detention camp
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1:
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561:Kikuyu hammered on the Anvil.
257:was a massacre committed by
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409:Wild, Rose (4 April 2011).
261:colonial forces during the
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656:Ojwando Abuor, C. (1972),
613:" Transafrica Publishers.
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771:British military scandals
605:Clayton, Anthony. (1976)
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636:18 February 2007 at the
600:Kenya: The Hola massacre
566:24 December 2004 at the
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164:Assassination of Waruhiu
658:White Highlands No More
498:White Highlands No More
475:',(2005), pages 344-353
456:KENYA: The Hola Scandal
411:"No redeeming feature:
386:21 October 2004 at the
333:Reactions and aftermath
704:Galole Reverts to Hola
342:
776:1959 murders in Kenya
446:. 23 March 1959. p.2.
340:
289:East African Standard
201:Christmas Eve Battle
181:Ruck Family massacre
169:Operation Jock Scott
307:American historian
94: /
761:Massacres in Kenya
735:Historical Journal
702:(24 August 1971),
471:Caroline Elkins, '
444:The New York Times
343:
230:Capture of Kimathi
196:Operation Mushroom
786:Massacres in 1959
714:(22 April 2004) "
250:
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148:Mau Mau rebellion
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70:Location in Kenya
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756:Mau Mau Uprising
726:(8 April 2004) "
723:The Daily Nation
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737:38, 2 (1995)
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686:" Page. 17.
595:New African
267:Hola, Kenya
101: /
745:Categories
602:" Page 34.
587:References
796:Cover-ups
420:The Times
413:The Times
253:The 1959
634:Archived
564:Archived
537:cite web
384:Archived
301:magazine
259:British
89:40°02′E
617:
527:16 May
426:30 May
86:1°40′S
521:(PDF)
514:(PDF)
350:Notes
273:Event
32:Place
615:ISBN
543:link
529:2010
460:Time
428:2012
299:Time
236:1959
224:1956
207:1954
175:1953
159:1952
23:and
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629:, "
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535:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
