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119:, Limburg's capital, was the only city with more than 10,000 citizens, but the city refused since it preferred having a municipal rather than a government-run school, which allowed it control over the hiring and firing of teachers. Thorbecke, however, wanted a HBS in Limburg, since that would also strengthen the bonds between the (new) province and the central government: the HBS was to train the new national elite, and could thus aid in nation building. When Maastricht turned the HBS down,
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was proposed, where the local clergy feared that a HBS would damage enrollment at the local
Catholic college, and the city council hastened to adjudicate the intended buildings to that college. A private letter from Thorbecke demanding the buildings be offered to the HBS was made public, leading to
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public outcry: at its heart, the conflict touched the special status of denominational education, and an additional source of anger was the government's raising of taxes in the province to bring it in line with taxes in other provinces. The HBS was founded in
Roermond in 1864; the following year,
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Part of the innovative character of the HBS was that it offered a higher level of education without training in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). Graduating from the HBS did not officially grant access to the university system until 1917, and universities still required a "gymnasium"
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preparatory training for the humanities; still, the HBS facilitated access to universities in sciences and technology, even if illegally—universities had in fact accepted HBS grads with additional examinations. It was an "illegitimate but tolerated type of pre-university education".
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in each city of more than 10,000 inhabitants, the HBS was intended as a practically oriented education for higher functions in industry and trade. It was explicitly not intended as a sufficient education to enter university. According to historian Hans
Verhage the form
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The law called for at least fifteen such (non-denominational) schools; where those would be placed soon became a matter of contention. The most famous of controversies (the
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104:, "citizen") is linguistically correct, since it was a schooling system geared toward higher-ranked citizens, and not a higher school for all citizens.
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17:
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Science
Cultivating Practice: A History of Agricultural Science in the Netherlands and Its Colonies, 1863-1986
435:
247:
357:
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63:) (Dutch: Higher Civic School) was a secondary school type that existed between 1863 and 1974 in the
87:, and resulted from the law on secondary education enacted in May 1863. Along with the creation of
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Van standspolitiek naar partijloyaliteit: verkiezingen voor de Tweede Kamer 1848-1887
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71:. These schools, with a five- or sometimes six-year program, continued in 1968 as
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The
Indonesian Presidency: The Shift from Personal Toward Constitutional Rule
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Katholieken, kerk en wereld: Roermond en
Helmond in de lange negentiende eeuw
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Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of
Creolisation and Empire, 1500-1920
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The HBS is a mid-19th-century creation by the liberal politician
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The King
William III HBS in Batavia (now Jakarta) in 1910–1932
115:, which had only been part of the Netherlands since 1839.
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164:; the latter is where the later Indonesian president
148:had a number of HBS institutions. There was one in
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75:. The last HBS diplomas were given out in 1974.
168:received his education and his introduction to
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338:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 81.
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27:Defunct Dutch secondary school type
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305:Bosma, Ulbe; Raben, Remco (2008).
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154:William III of the Netherlands
96:" (the hyphen indicating that
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431:Education in the Netherlands
152:(founded in 1864, named for
111:) concerned the province of
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246:Baars, A. (19 March 2010).
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311:. NSU. pp. 131, 209.
198:. Verloren. p. 68ff.
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36:A former HBS for girls in
225:. Verloren. p. 139.
332:McIntyre, Angus (2005).
281:. Springer. p. 88.
140:In the Dutch East Indies
426:Dutch words and phrases
85:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
253:Reformatorisch Dagblad
219:De Jonge, Ron (1999).
192:Verhage, Hans (2003).
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100:, "higher", modifies
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248:"Een klassiek drama"
126:Jan Augustus Paredis
436:Secondary education
94:hogere-burgerschool
54:Hogere Burgerschool
130:bishop of Roermond
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18:Hogereburgerschool
275:Maat, H. (2001).
146:Dutch East Indies
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69:Dutch Empire
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372:Netherlands
65:Netherlands
420:Categories
260:20 October
256:(in Dutch)
176:References
156:), one in
117:Maastricht
408:Indonesia
38:Rotterdam
162:Surabaya
158:Semarang
121:Roermond
67:and the
384:Schools
358:Portals
170:Marxism
166:Sukarno
150:Batavia
113:Limburg
79:History
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229:
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102:burger
98:hogere
340:ISBN
313:ISBN
283:ISBN
262:2013
227:ISBN
200:ISBN
144:The
51:The
73:VWO
60:HBS
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