402:
143:
19:
66:
239:
466:
1116:
724:- Ptah Neb, dating back to the 25th dynasty. According to archaeologist Essam Nagy, the material remains from the area contained clay pots, the lower part of a sitting statue and part of a stone panel showing an offering table filled with a sheep and a goose which werethe symbols of the god Amun.
549:, but we only retain fragments of their works, though none of these authors relates more than rudimentary information about the complex. Strabo states that Thebes at the time of his visit is nothing more than a collection of smaller villages, though its once grandness could still be imagined.
182:
laid out a
Festival Courtyard at the front of the temple, removed by later construction, but block of which have been recovered from the fill in the Third Pylon. Under Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, another enclosure wall fortified with towers was erected, and the nearby Sacred Lake was either
82:
Theban kings had become rulers of all Egypt, the area of Karnak was already considered holy ground, some form of structure for the worship of Amun probably existed before the reunification, and it seems to have been located somewhere within the Karnak area. The unification of Egypt brought
384:
seem to have planned to layout the area to the of the Second Pylon with a colonnade and a new gateway (which has since been replaced by the First Pylon). This new construction surrounded the barque shrines of Seti II and
Ramesses III. Between this later temple and the Second Pylon
412:
is the only king that made additions to the complex, building the
Edifice of Tarhaqa to the forecourt between the First and Second Pylons. This meant that the Avenue of Sphinxes was moved to the sides of the court, where they are still located. He also added a colonnade to the
707:
describes the complex in rather great detail in his work of 1785; especially in light of the fact that it is a fictional account of a pretend journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit
656:. He had travelled in Egypt between 1699 and 1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of
571:, had been circulating in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of the 15th and 16th century, who visited only
336:
After this, the later kings of the period added little to the overall complex, and concentrated on the Temple of Khonsu. The fading power of the dynasty is illustrated by the depiction of the
329:, and a large barque station was added in front of the Second pylon. This construction is large enough to be a major temple elsewhere, and is similar to the mortuary temple of Ramesses III at
294:
added 2 small obelisks in front of the Second Pylon, and a triple bark-shrine to the north of the processional avenue in the same area. This was constructed of sandstone, with a chapel to
453:
with a red-granite shrine. It comprises 2 rooms, aligned with the main axis of the temple. The Opet temple was the last important cult building to be constructed in the Karnak complex.
508:
temples throughout the empire. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and
Christian churches were founded amongst the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the
360:
ruling in Thebes. The northern kings seem to have constructed nothing and added little to the complex, but the High
Priests continued to decorate the Temple of Khonsu, especially
187:. This is normally translated as "the most glorious of monuments", but there is an alternative translation. According to Gardiner's Egyptian Grammar, the word akh can mean either
429:
The last major change to the temple's layout was the addition of the First pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the whole Karnak complex, both constructed by
317:
As the power of the
Egyptian Empire declined, construction declined in all of Thebes, and this is reflected in the building work carried out during this time. The
927:
166:
erected an enclosure wall around the Middle
Kingdom temple, connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing
672:
590:
The Karnak temple complex is first described by an unknown
Venetian in 1589, though his account relates no name for the complex. This account, housed in the
282:(which has now lost about a third of its content) shows the king's campaigns and eventual return with booty and prisoners. Next to this inscription is the
357:
46:. The earliest artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided column from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. The tomb of
692:
183:
constructed or enlarged. During the reign of
Thutmose III, the main temple itself was extended by 50% with the addition of a building called the
1043:
557:
Thebes' exact placement was unknown in medieval Europe, though both
Herodotus and Strabo gave the exact location of Thebes and how long up the
902:
42:, and any temple building here would have been relatively small and unimportant, with any shrines being dedicated to the early god of Thebes,
629:
missionary brothers, Protais and Charles François d'Orléans, travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by
210:, shows Thutmose III with some of the earlier kings that built parts of the temple complex. After a brief period of interruption during the
594:, is unique, in that it is the first known European mention, since the ancient Greek and Roman writers, of a whole range of monuments in
199:
is often translated as "living spirit of Aten"). So an alternative translation is "monument to living spirit". It is now known as the
50:
mentions a 'house of Amun', which implies some structure, whether a shrine or a small temple is unknown. The ancient name for Karnak,
591:
1072:
476:
401:
271:
1164:
1027:
1008:
989:
966:
648:
The first drawing of Karnak, rather inaccurate and frequently confusing when viewed with modern eyes, is found in
1260:
626:
377:
108:
1159:
509:
200:
58:, and was in use as early as the 11th Dynasty, again implying the presence of some form of temple before the
247:
1065:
155:
54:(usually translated as 'most select of places') only really refers to the central core structures of the
630:
353:
337:
79:
39:
1229:
279:
704:
625:
Karnak ("Carnac") as a village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two
1144:
720:
In April 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the shrine of god
203:, which is seemingly decorated to echo a huge tent shrine, complete with awnings and tent poles.
59:
1208:
1115:
1100:
1058:
680:
649:
638:
130:
saw the relatively modest temple expanded into a huge state religious centre, as the wealth of
696:
664:, and the massive 113m long, 43m high and 15m thick, first Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re.
661:
657:
330:
142:
1139:
676:
567:
127:
8:
1131:
542:
389:
commemorated his conquests and military campaigns in Syria-Palestine by constructing the
55:
1037:
699:(1792–93), and finally by a number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including
251:
1174:
1023:
1004:
985:
962:
603:
576:
446:
414:
875:
356:, a fragmentation of Egypt took place, with the pharaoh ruling in the north and the
1234:
1154:
1149:
534:
318:
207:
118:
The major construction of this era was the laying out of the Middle Kingdom court.
1003:. Rev. by William Kelly Simpson (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
561:
one must travel to reach it. In addition, maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century
290:, which was found on the West Bank funerary complex of Merenptah. Merenptah's son
1186:
978:
684:
513:
390:
22:
Photograph of the Karnak Temple complex taken in 1914, Cornell University Library
580:
1224:
584:
147:
18:
226:. The Ninth pylon was erected along the southern axis using material known as
1254:
1105:
668:
599:
501:
238:
211:
131:
35:
29:
1239:
700:
450:
381:
322:
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are the earliest remains of buildings within the temple area. Close to the
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88:
38:. The city does not appear to have been of any significance before the
87:(the tribal god of the region) increased power and wealth, and he was
530:
504:
recognised the Christian religion, and in 356 ordered the closing of
263:
215:
196:
309:
The last rulers of this dynasty added little to the temple complex.
615:
223:
47:
1020:
Thebes in Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of Ancient Luxor
433:, completing the layout started by the kings of the 22nd Dynasty.
876:"Archaeologists find bust of Roman emperor in Egypt dig in Aswan"
562:
546:
409:
361:
291:
227:
903:"Archeologists find Roman emperor bust, ancient shrine in Egypt"
170:. They contain fourteen papyrus columns and the two obelisks of
1081:
721:
619:
538:
303:
255:
505:
43:
154:
Major expansion of the temple complex took place during the
928:"Shrine to Osiris and bust of Roman emperor found in Egypt"
611:
607:
558:
295:
96:
84:
321:
was also built and then expanded during this period under
1050:
512:'s central hall, where painted decorations of saints and
299:
174:, which were later hidden from view by walls set up by
92:
998:
977:
712:in 1777–78, and published a work about that, too.
667:Karnak was visited and described in succession by
115:, excavations have located a planned settlement.
1252:
693:Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt
1066:
834:
832:
830:
828:
286:, which is largely a copy of the more famous
274:, the start of the processional route to the
782:
780:
778:
347:
254:, though most building was undertaken under
524:
162:constructed a barque shrine and a gateway.
1073:
1059:
1042:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
825:
575:and published their travel accounts, like
1017:
1001:The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt
816:
775:
214:, when the Egyptian capital was moved to
980:Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization
741:
739:
737:
592:Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze
400:
371:
237:
141:
64:
17:
901:DPA, Daily Sabah with (22 April 2018).
552:
529:References to the complex are found in
396:
218:, construction resumed at Karnak under
1253:
838:Strudwick & Strudwick (1999), p.63
822:Strudwick & Strudwick (1999), p.61
786:Strudwick & Strudwick (1999), p.51
602:, including Karnak, Luxor temple, the
1054:
1018:Strudwick, Nigel & Helen (1999).
956:
847:Strudwick & Strudwick, 1999, p.64
748:
734:
715:
436:
233:
137:
975:
654:Voyage du Sieur paul Lucas au Levant
460:
424:
312:
266:commemorated his victories over the
900:
635:Relations de divers voyages curieux
230:from the now demolished Akhetaten.
13:
14:
1272:
340:being shown in the same scale as
73:
1165:Botanical garden of Thutmose III
1114:
516:inscriptions can still be seen.
495:
464:
950:
920:
894:
868:
859:
850:
841:
456:
250:may have also begun during the
807:
798:
789:
766:
757:
519:
419:
121:
1:
1160:Festival Hall of Thutmose III
959:Karnak: Evolution of a Temple
727:
510:Festival Hall of Thutmose III
201:Festival Hall of Thutmose III
999:Smith, W. Stevenson (1998).
583:, put Thebes in or close to
441:
69:Map of Karnak Temple complex
7:
637:, 1670s–1696 editions) and
10:
1277:
1080:
652:' travel account of 1704,
643:The Present State of Egypt
146:Stele of Karnak, taken by
34:is largely the history of
1217:
1201:
1185:
1173:
1130:
1123:
1112:
1088:
957:Blyth, Elizabeth (2006).
671:and his travel companion
354:Third Intermediate Period
348:Third Intermediate Period
1230:Great Karnak Inscription
525:Greek and Roman accounts
449:replaced the shrine of
242:Seti II's barque shrine
1209:Temple of Amenhotep IV
681:Frederick Louis Norden
639:Johann Michael Vansleb
473:This section is empty.
406:
405:The Avenue of Sphinxes
243:
151:
70:
23:
1261:Karnak temple complex
984:. Oxford: Routledge.
961:. Oxford: Routledge.
705:Claude-Étienne Savary
697:William George Browne
673:Pierre Laurent Pincia
662:Ptolemy IV Philopator
658:Ptolemy III Euergetes
631:Melchisédech Thévenot
502:Constantine the Great
404:
372:Twenty second Dynasty
338:High Priest Amenhotep
241:
193:blessed/living spirit
145:
68:
21:
1140:Great Hypostyle Hall
1022:. Ithaca, New York.
976:Kemp, Barry (1989).
795:Simpson, pp. 128–131
703:, during 1798–1799.
675:(1718 and 1720–21),
553:European rediscovery
397:Twenty-fifth Dynasty
358:High Priests of Amun
298:flanked by those of
270:on the walls of the
248:Great Hypostyle Hall
246:Construction of the
206:In this temple, the
109:Middle Kingdom court
563:Claudius Ptolemaeus
543:Hecataeus of Abdera
56:Precinct of Amun-Re
932:digitaljournal.com
865:Blyth, 2006, p.234
856:Blyth, 2006, p.226
813:Blyth, 2007, p.164
716:Modern archaeology
437:Final developments
407:
252:Eighteenth Dynasty
244:
234:Nineteenth Dynasty
156:Eighteenth Dynasty
152:
138:Eighteenth Dynasty
71:
24:
1248:
1247:
1197:
1196:
804:Kemp, 1989, p.202
772:Kemp, 1989, p.188
763:Blyth, 1996, p.10
604:Colossi of Memnon
577:Joos van Ghistele
493:
492:
447:Philip Arrhidaeus
425:Thirtieth Dynasty
415:Precinct of Montu
313:Twentieth Dynasty
280:Great Inscription
91:with the sun god
1268:
1235:Karnak king list
1155:Bubastite Portal
1150:Temple of Khonsu
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1127:
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754:Blyth, 1996, p.9
752:
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745:Blyth, 1996, p.7
743:
535:Diodorus Siculus
488:
485:
475:You can help by
468:
461:
319:Temple of Khonsu
208:Karnak king list
89:gradually merged
80:Eleventh Dynasty
78:By the time the
40:Eleventh Dynasty
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1101:Open Air Museum
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934:. 22 April 2018
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882:. 22 April 2018
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685:Richard Pococke
565:' mammoth work
555:
541:and presumably
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439:
427:
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399:
391:Bubastis Portal
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195:(For instance,
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28:history of the
12:
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272:Cachette Court
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148:Maxime Du Camp
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60:Middle Kingdom
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1106:Opet Festival
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1029:0-8014-8616-5
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991:0-415-06346-9
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669:Claude Sicard
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496:Christian era
487:
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416:
411:
403:
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380:kings of the
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284:Victory Stela
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212:Amarna Period
209:
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150:, around 1850
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49:
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37:
33:
31:
30:Karnak Temple
20:
16:
1240:White Chapel
1095:
1019:
1000:
979:
958:
951:Bibliography
936:. Retrieved
931:
922:
910:. Retrieved
906:
896:
884:. Retrieved
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
818:
809:
800:
791:
768:
759:
750:
719:
701:Vivant Denon
666:
653:
647:
642:
634:
624:
622:and others.
589:
581:André Thevet
566:
556:
528:
499:
484:January 2011
481:
477:adding to it
472:
457:Roman period
451:Thutmose III
445:
428:
408:
382:22nd Dynasty
375:
351:
335:
331:Medinet Habu
323:Ramesses III
316:
308:
288:Israel Stela
283:
276:Luxor Temple
245:
205:
192:
188:
184:
176:Thutmose III
167:
153:
125:
117:
101:White Chapel
95:, to become
77:
51:
27:
25:
15:
1202:Aten Temple
907:Daily Sabah
710:Lower Egypt
689:James Bruce
683:(1737–38),
596:Upper Egypt
573:Lower Egypt
520:Rediscovery
500:In 323 AD,
431:Nectanebo I
420:Late Period
342:Ramesses IX
268:Sea Peoples
260:Ramesses II
220:Tutankhamun
180:Thutmose II
160:Amenhotep I
134:increased.
128:New Kingdom
122:New Kingdom
113:Sacred Lake
62:expansion.
938:16 January
912:16 January
886:16 January
728:References
650:Paul Lucas
568:Geographia
387:Shoshenq I
366:Pinedjem I
172:Hatshepsut
164:Thutmose I
105:Senusret I
1124:Precincts
1038:cite book
880:Arab News
645:, 1678).
531:Herodotus
442:Ptolemaic
264:Merenptah
216:Akhetaten
197:Akhenaten
52:Ipet-Isut
1255:Category
695:(1777),
691:(1769),
687:(1738),
679:(1731),
627:Capuchin
616:Kom Ombo
224:Horemheb
185:Akh-menu
107:and the
48:Intef II
1218:Related
1132:Amun-Re
1096:History
1089:General
677:Granger
585:Memphis
547:Manetho
410:Taharqa
362:Herihor
352:In the
292:Seti II
278:. This
228:talatat
168:in situ
97:Amun-Ra
32:complex
1192:
1180:
1082:Karnak
1026:
1007:
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