2432:
4272:
3442:
2700:
3456:
3032:. Together with his son, Hector, he joined them in a conspiracy to revolt against Spain and formed a revolutionary committee code named: "Capá Prieto" (a tree known as Spanish Elm, Ecuador Laurel, cypre or salmwood and used for its wood to build ships, among other things). On September 23, 1868, Brugman and his son participated in the short-lived revolt against Spanish rule known as El "
3199:
2981:
The
Spanish government, believing that the independence movements would lose their popularity, granted land and initially gave settlers "Letters of Domicile". However, those Europeans who were of the Jewish and Protestant faith were excluded from direct acquisition of state land since it was expected
3232:
in the island's west coast, is called "Centro
Hasidico Puertorriqueno Toiras Jesed". The Sha'are Zedeck, which has been designated by the Puerto Rican government as a National Historic Monument., and Reform congregations are located in San Juan and the Chabad Center is located in Isla Verde, in the
3043:
After the failed revolution, the
Spanish Courts passed the "Acta de Culto Condicionado" (Conditional Cult Act) in 1870. The law was an attempt to attract more settlers who would be faithful to the Spanish Crown by granting the right of religious freedom to all who wished to worship a religion other
3056:
in 1898. In the late 1800s during the
Spanish–American War many Jewish American servicemen gathered together with local Puerto Rican Jews at the Old Telegraph building in Ponce to hold religious services. Rabbi Adolph Spiegel, was among the serviceman who stayed in Puerto Rico.He led services from
2925:
When the Crypto Jews arrived on the island of Puerto Rico, they were hoping to avoid religious scrutiny, but the
Inquisition followed the colonists. The Inquisition maintained no rota or religious court in Puerto Rico. However, heretics were written up and if necessary remanded to regional
3131:, the first appointment that a Puerto Rican governor made to the court, addressing the nomination to "A. Cecilio Snyder". Snyder actually used the name "Cecilio" when sworn in as Chief Justice. After his departure from the court, Snyder practiced law in San Juan until his death in 1959.
3252:
Puerto Rican Jews have made many contributions to the Puerto Rican way of life. Their contributions can be found, but are not limited to, the fields of education, commerce and entertainment. Among the many successful businesses which they have established are
Supermercados Pueblo
3294:
is a salsa singer who in 2002 won two Latin Grammy Awards, one for "Best Salsa Album", for "Temptation" and the other in the category "Best Salsa Single" for "Por Ese Hombre". In 2006, the
Billboard Latin Music Awards nominated her for a "Best Salsa Single" award for "Tu Eres".
3227:
languages in their teachings, the
Conservative congregation also uses English, Hebrew and Spanish. On November 30, 2005, the Puerto Rican Jewish community established their first synagogue outside of the Metropolitan San Juan area. The synagogue, which is located in the City of
3351:"; and author Stephen Earley Jordan II's short story "The Jew of Condado" (2014). In July 2003, members and friends of Temple Beth Shalom published "What's Cooking/ Que se Cocina en Puerto Rico", a Spanish/English cookbook which includes Jewish recipes and Jewish holidays.
3206:
Puerto Rico is home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in the
Caribbean with almost 3,000 Jewish inhabitants. Some Puerto Ricans have converted to Judaism, not only as individuals but as entire families. Puerto Rico is the only Caribbean island in which the
2986:. The opening of new lands to Catholics resulted in some sales of existing cultivated lands to others. This, however, did not keep people of Jewish descent from settling in Puerto Rico. Among the Puerto Rican Jews who lived in Puerto Rico in the 19th century was
3429:
On
October 31, 2005, the Senate of Puerto Rico approved Senate Resolution 1480, recognizing the contributions which the Jewish community has made to the way of life of Puerto Rico and the friendship which exists between the peoples of Puerto Rico and Israel.
3219:
movements are represented. Sha'are Zedeck, established in 1953, represents Conservative Judaism; Temple Beth Shalom, established in 1967, represents Reform Judaism; and Chabad Center, established in 1997, represents Orthodox Judaism.
3189:
and gave Luis Muñoz Marin and his administrators legal advice whenever called upon. According to Abe Fortas's biographer Laura Kalman, "Puerto Rico engaged Fortas. It became the one cause to which he was unconditionally committed."
3139:
In 1952, Puerto Rico achieved U.S. commonwealth status and officially became the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico"). That same year a handful of American Jews established the island's first
3107:
located in the southern region of the island and worked in the agricultural industry. Operation Bootstrap also attracted clothing manufacturers from New York and many of the people in the industry who came to the island were Jews.
4686:
4561:
4681:
3099:, the last non-Puerto Rican Governor of Puerto Rico appointed by an American president, helped advance legislation geared towards agricultural reform, economic recovery and industrialization. This program became known as
3070:
Jewish-American soldiers were assigned to the military bases in Puerto Rico and many choose to stay and live on the island. Large numbers of Jewish immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico in the 1930s as refugees from
4611:
3021:. Like many other residents of Puerto Rico at the time, he resented the political injustices practiced by Spain on the island. This led him to become a believer in the cause of the Puerto Rican independence movement.
4661:
3185:, and the son of Orthodox Jews, was a friend of Luis Muñoz Marin and frequented Puerto Rico often during Roosevelt's, Kennedy's, and Lyndon B. Johnson's administrations. He participated in the drafting of the
4551:
4461:
4616:
2926:
Inquisitional tribunals in Spain or elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. As a result, many secret Jews settled the island's remote mountainous interior far from the concentrated centers of power in
2887:
among other languages and who accompanied Columbus as his interpreter, was the first "converso" Jew to set foot in Puerto Rico. The Jews who arrived and settled in Puerto Rico were referred to as "
4556:
3278:". He selected the band's repertoire from songs with a particular, positive social message and philosophy, and arranged his new band's sound to be as raw and powerful as the typical all-
2431:
4641:
4636:
4631:
2942:. Still, since Jews were not permitted to worship, the Crypto Jews eventually intermarried with Catholics and therefore, Puerto Rico virtually had no Jewish history of which to speak.
2832:, but a sizable portion chose to establish and integrate themselves on the neighboring island because of Puerto Rico's cultural, linguistic, racial, and historic similarities to Cuba.
4626:
4496:
2951:
4601:
4511:
3421:) is of the Jewish faith. In one scene of the film, the family discusses the fact that there are many Jewish Puerto Ricans and that in San Juan there is a large Jewish community.
4476:
4039:
3249:
The municipality of Yauco has a street with the word "Judio" (Jewish) in it. It is the “Calle Cuesta de los Judios” which in the English language means "Jewish Slope Street"
1070:
4216:
Puerto Rico Senate Resolution 1480, Estado Libre Associado de Puerto Rico, Senado de Puerto Rico, R del S 1480, October 31, 2005, Presented by Senator Garriga Pico.
4656:
3521:
2836:
2461:
1648:
1303:
998:
4064:
3127:. Snyder became the first Jew and the last non-Puerto Rican appointed to that court. In 1953, Governor Luis Muñoz MarĂn appointed him Chief Justice of the
2835:
Puerto Rican Jews have made many contributions in multiple fields, including business, commerce, education, and entertainment. Puerto Rico has the largest
1190:
2398:
162:
3725:
1185:
4260:
1433:
4729:
4724:
4501:
4440:
4369:
1687:
4238:
4080:
3926:
2688:
2978:) which was originated August 10, 1815, with the intention of attracting European settlers who were not of Spanish origin to the islands.
672:
635:
4566:
2607:
4651:
1611:
4043:
4719:
4571:
1634:
4002:"The New York Times", Sunday May 29, 1949 "Puerto Rico Chorus Has Grown in Few Years Under Direction of Harvard-Trained Conductor"
3708:
2728:
984:
4081:
Work hard and improve constantly. (Israel Kopel, president of Almacenes Pitusa) (Top 10 Business Leaders of Puerto Rico: 1991),
4714:
3657:
3057:
1899 to 1905 in Ponce. Rabbi Spiegel played an instrumental role in the establishment of the first Jewish Synagogue in Ponce.
2391:
1561:
1496:
1378:
4199:
3776:
4734:
4671:
3968:
3888:
3691:
682:
4012:
3241:, founder of the Choir of the University of Puerto Rico, founded the Hebrew Festival Chorus of San Juan's Jewish Community.
4666:
3516:
2829:
1120:
4156:
4709:
4676:
4331:
4253:
3484:
2502:
1388:
1205:
1195:
435:
4506:
4466:
4308:
3479:
2492:
2456:
1784:
1699:
1393:
1258:
1125:
4486:
4433:
4402:
4353:
4338:
4326:
4176:
4128:
3880:
3860:
3644:
3623:
3572:
3494:
3489:
3474:
3145:
2529:
2509:
2497:
2384:
1476:
1438:
1413:
1333:
1318:
1165:
1105:
1060:
4621:
4541:
4516:
4343:
3728:[General Archive of Puerto Rico: Documents] (in Spanish). Institute of Puerto Rican Culture. Archived from
3499:
2625:
2514:
1769:
1751:
1657:
1551:
1403:
1398:
1323:
1288:
1155:
4591:
4526:
4471:
2287:
2186:
1741:
1724:
1677:
1576:
1486:
1423:
1373:
1353:
1348:
1268:
1242:
1217:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1055:
1050:
36:
3871:
Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo"; by
3238:
3009:
where Brugman was born, raised and educated. The Brugman family moved to Puerto Rico and settled in the City of
4606:
4531:
4246:
3550:
3504:
3272:
organized a band with an original sound and style that became one of Puerto Rico's greatest salsa orchestras, "
2971:
2658:
2466:
1760:
1746:
1714:
1694:
1662:
1606:
1581:
1556:
1536:
1526:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1443:
1358:
1343:
1263:
1222:
1175:
1170:
1090:
1035:
4095:
2970:, both of which were demanding more autonomy and had pro-independence movements. The Spanish Crown issued the
4546:
4536:
4481:
4268:
2471:
2181:
1719:
1704:
1667:
1629:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1571:
1566:
1546:
1531:
1516:
1491:
1457:
1428:
1328:
1313:
1237:
1227:
1145:
1115:
1040:
1026:
4596:
4521:
4426:
3824:
3399:, which originally aired on the ABC network from September 9, 1975, to June 8, 1979, had a character named
3128:
3124:
2630:
1789:
1709:
1672:
1596:
1541:
1408:
1383:
1308:
1283:
1273:
1212:
1135:
1130:
1110:
1100:
1080:
1065:
958:
662:
426:
421:
4491:
4397:
3729:
3186:
3182:
3017:(grocery store) and became rather successful, only to lose a good part of his fortune attempting to grow
2821:
2721:
2616:
1779:
1774:
1729:
1682:
1368:
1338:
1298:
1293:
1150:
456:
2840:
2817:
2253:
2098:
1806:
1200:
396:
386:
122:
3539:
3052:
was not established until after Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain to the United States at the end of the
3025:
2801:
It would be hundreds of years before an open Jewish community was established on the island. Very few
3409:
3040:). Brugman and his son refused to surrender to the Spanish authorities and eventually were executed.
2367:
2060:
1911:
1852:
743:
3799:
2839:, with over 3,000 Jewish inhabitants. It is also the only Caribbean island in which all three major
3311:
3053:
2810:
2649:
2572:
2451:
2070:
2050:
1160:
640:
181:
3010:
4407:
3900:
2597:
2587:
2446:
2211:
2201:
2166:
2045:
2035:
1818:
989:
931:
765:
444:
401:
116:
3930:
3299:
3006:
2899:
2805:
settled in Puerto Rico after it was ceded by Spain to the United States under the terms of the
2714:
2664:
2543:
2330:
2065:
1979:
1045:
597:
216:
186:
4348:
3469:
3336:
3234:
3112:
3092:
3088:
3076:
2983:
2939:
2927:
2903:
2868:
2787:
2602:
2557:
2519:
2221:
2216:
2161:
1949:
864:
592:
579:
474:
191:
3835:
3815:
El Vocero, Suplemento: 40 Aniversario del Estado de Israel, seccion: Judios de PR, 1988 pg.6
3395:
2872:
2848:
2806:
2786:. However, many migrated to mountainous parts of the island, far from the central power of
2775:
2683:
2640:
2592:
2582:
2567:
2562:
2415:
2292:
2244:
1984:
1842:
655:
520:
509:
467:
32:
8:
4318:
4300:
3872:
3417:
plays the role of Mauricio Rodriguez, a Puerto Rican whose wife Sarah (played by actress
3324:
3254:
3120:
3100:
3029:
2907:
2783:
2577:
2345:
2040:
718:
585:
488:
481:
411:
299:
174:
3274:
4418:
4392:
4290:
4145:
4016:
3447:
3104:
2704:
2487:
2196:
2146:
2093:
2088:
2002:
1872:
1140:
969:
728:
648:
502:
68:
3407:. According to script Epstein was a fiercely proud Puerto Rican Jew. In the 2008 film
2778:
on his second voyage. An open Jewish community did not flourish in the colony because
4172:
3964:
3957:
3884:
3876:
3856:
3855:, pp. 212 - 215, Fundacion Historica del Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico, (Spanish),
3687:
3640:
3619:
3208:
3153:
2919:
2895:
2340:
2282:
2262:
2079:
1639:
1278:
738:
609:
539:
416:
329:
196:
4203:
3661:
3601:
3773:
3303:
3160:
3079:, where in 1942 they established the first Jewish Community Center of Puerto Rico.
2959:
2844:
2674:
2552:
2310:
2191:
2151:
2115:
1813:
1363:
874:
630:
534:
449:
339:
131:
3780:
3383:
3367:
3307:
3291:
3224:
3175:; however, Puerto Rico also received a large influx of Jewish emigres from Cuba.
3116:
3096:
2987:
2911:
2884:
2272:
2231:
2226:
2206:
2128:
2122:
2055:
2007:
1847:
1828:
979:
708:
620:
603:
147:
40:
3283:
3509:
3461:
3414:
3375:
3355:
3320:
3172:
3033:
2931:
2880:
2852:
2820:
in the 1930s and 1940s. The second influx came in the 1950s, when thousands of
2795:
2372:
2171:
2026:
1906:
1885:
1862:
1857:
1835:
1823:
1418:
899:
833:
798:
776:
713:
551:
529:
391:
370:
346:
112:
94:
44:
4233:
4111:
3990:
3005:
ancestry and Isabel Duliebre from Puerto Rico. His parents met and married in
4703:
4276:
3418:
3404:
3269:
3258:
3216:
2816:
The first large group of Jews to settle in Puerto Rico were refugees fleeing
2802:
2423:
2320:
2315:
1521:
1448:
974:
823:
818:
813:
803:
781:
733:
495:
334:
239:
201:
152:
4187:
3756:
3575:[The Jews in Puerto Rico] (in Spanish). prfrogui.com. Archived from
2982:
of the settlers to swear loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the
3927:"Puerto Rico's Jews planting roots on an island with little Jewish history"
3400:
3379:
3359:
3164:
3149:
2825:
2350:
2176:
2017:
2012:
1970:
1923:
1017:
884:
869:
828:
793:
406:
248:
3576:
4271:
3387:
3344:
3212:
3045:
2998:
2888:
2879:", arriving in Puerto Rico on November 19, 1493. Historians believe that
2744:
2335:
2277:
1942:
848:
843:
838:
808:
3341:
Remedios: Stories of Earth and Iron from the History of Puertorriqueñas
3268:
They have also made an impact in Puerto Rico's music industry. In 1970,
3229:
4129:"Eisa Davis and Quiara Alegria Hudes finalists for 2007 Pulitzer Prize"
3763:, MayagĂĽez Campus, XIII, 1/2. 1993, p. 41, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3363:
3323:
finalist in 2007.; author (history based fiction writer) the Ethiopian
3262:
3244:
3178:
3156:. The synagogue, called Sha'are Zedeck, hired its first rabbi in 1954.
1993:
1007:
936:
894:
723:
703:
262:
169:
89:
2994:
2918:
destroyed. One of the consequences of these disturbances was the mass
2863:
According to historians, the first Jews to arrive in Puerto Rico were
4132:
3371:
3144:
in the former residence of William Korber, a wealthy Puerto Rican of
3141:
3049:
2915:
2914:
orthodoxy in their kingdoms. Hundreds of Jews were killed, and their
2876:
2156:
2141:
1231:
1179:
941:
889:
879:
560:
556:
546:
461:
221:
909:
3279:
2963:
2756:
2325:
1935:
1867:
698:
206:
157:
4379:
2950:
2534:
3354:
Among the notable people with Puerto Rican and Jewish roots are:
3298:
Puerto Rican literature has also been enriched with the works of
3287:
3282:
salsa sound in vogue at the time. This genre was made popular by
2935:
2779:
2770:
2301:
2267:
2136:
1930:
919:
914:
786:
677:
572:
568:
564:
313:
308:
285:
267:
142:
137:
127:
105:
80:
56:
3198:
3103:. As a result of the program, many Jews migrated to the city of
3075:
occupied Europe. The majority settled in the island's capital,
3018:
3002:
2993:
Mathias Brugman (1811–1868) was the son of Pierre Brugman from
2750:
1961:
1956:
1916:
1901:
1012:
904:
324:
290:
276:
211:
3171:'s 15,000 Jews went into exile. The majority of them fled to
3013:
where Brugman met and married Ana Maria Laborde. He opened a
924:
353:
257:
226:
4228:
3223:
The Reform congregation utilizes the English, Spanish, and
3168:
3072:
2967:
2791:
76:
3658:"Crypto Jews in Puerto Rico Welcomed by Reform Community"
4448:
3333:
His Family and Africa: Mother of Major Western Religions
2966:. Two of its remaining possessions were Puerto Rico and
3522:
History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
3193:
2906:, established an ecclesiastical tribunal known as the
2858:
3774:"Carlism's Defense of the Church in Spain, 1833-1936"
3437:
3245:
Jewish influence in Puerto Rican and popular culture
1940:
1921:
344:
2875:'s crew during his second voyage to the so-called "
4040:"H. Toppel, 84, supermarket mogul, philanthropist"
3956:
2748:began in the 15th century with the arrival of the
4701:
3265:, Pitusa and Me Salve, founded by Israel Kopel.
3684:Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews
2824:(most of Eastern-European descent) fled after
4434:
4254:
3950:
3948:
2722:
2392:
4169:What's Cooking/ Que se Cocina en Puerto Rico
3726:"Archivo General de Puerto Rico: Documentos"
4116:Fundacion de Cultura Popular de Puerto Rico
3800:The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico
3757:"Puerto Rico y Curazao: The Brugman Family"
3261:(clothing store), founded by Jorge Artime,
636:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4441:
4427:
4261:
4247:
4100:FundaciĂłn Nacional para la Cultura Popular
3945:
3286:, but La Selecta featured the addition of
3237:. In the 1950s, the Puerto Rican musician
2828:came to power. The majority immigrated to
2729:
2715:
2430:
2399:
2385:
4118:, (Spanish), Retrieved November 12, 2008.
4102:, (Spanish), Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3148:descent, which was designed and built by
2934:which meant that they secretly practiced
3616:The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614
3197:
2962:had lost most of its possessions in the
2949:
4038:Denardo, Christina (October 18, 2008).
4037:
3655:
3570:
3551:Puerto Rico Virtual Jewish History Tour
3257:) founded by George and Harold Toppel,
3024:Brugman admired independence advocates
4702:
4131:. hedgebrook.org. 2007. Archived from
3954:
3924:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
2930:and lived quiet lives. They practiced
4449:History of the Jews in North America
4422:
4242:
3920:
3918:
3571:Vazquez, Larizza (December 8, 2000).
3290:to lighten up the sound melodically.
3181:, who was an associate judge for the
2867:, Jews who were forced to convert to
4730:Jewish-American history by territory
4725:History of the Jews in the Caribbean
3838:, Center for History and New Media,
3751:
3749:
3747:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3596:
3594:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3517:History of the Jews in Latin America
3089:President of the Puerto Rican Senate
2790:, and continued to self-identify as
3786:
3649:
3485:Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
3325:Yosef Alfredo Antonio Ben-Jochannan
3194:Establishment of a Jewish community
2859:First Jews to arrive in Puerto Rico
13:
4202:. movies.yahoo.com. Archived from
4200:"Nothing Like the Holidays (2008)"
3915:
3865:
3686:, University of California Press,
3480:Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico
3424:
3327:whose two better known works are "
14:
4746:
4403:Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
4222:
4042:. Palm Beach Post. Archived from
3744:
3697:
3591:
3555:
3495:German immigration to Puerto Rico
3490:French immigration to Puerto Rico
3475:Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
2837:Jewish community in the Caribbean
427:Historical population comparisons
4562:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4270:
3925:Luxner, Larry (August 3, 2004).
3825:The Jewish Traveler: Puerto Rico
3660:. Cryptojews.com. Archived from
3639:, p. 17, Yale University Press,
3618:; Page xxv, Hackett Publishing,
3500:Irish immigration to Puerto Rico
3454:
3440:
2938:while publicly professing to be
2698:
1071:Democratic Republic of the Congo
985:Historical population by country
4720:Jews and Judaism in Puerto Rico
4210:
4192:
4181:
4161:
4150:
4139:
4121:
4105:
4089:
4074:
4058:
4031:
4005:
3996:
3984:
3893:
3875:; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto;
3845:
3829:
3818:
3809:
3766:
3718:
3393:The American television sitcom
3060:
2945:
3993:, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3842:, Retrieved December 11, 2008.
3806:, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3783:, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3715:, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3676:
3629:
3608:
3544:
3533:
3505:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
3349:Emily Goldberg Learns to Salsa
3134:
2910:. It was intended to maintain
2659:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
1:
4715:Social history of Puerto Rico
4071:, Retrieved January 10, 2009.
3527:
642:Christianity and Judaism
4735:Ethnic groups in Puerto Rico
4687:United States Virgin Islands
3929:. luxner.com. Archived from
3851:Rivera, Luis Rafael (2007).
3129:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
3125:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
3123:as Associate Justice of the
7:
4398:Demographics of Puerto Rico
4086:, Retrieved January 9, 2009
4015:. Prpop.org. Archived from
3903:. Prairieschooltraveler.com
3836:Puerto Rican Labor Movement
3573:"Los JudĂos en Puerto Rico"
3433:
3187:Constitution of Puerto Rico
3183:United States Supreme Court
1941:
1922:
1649:Latin America and Caribbean
345:
10:
4751:
4710:Immigration to Puerto Rico
2254:Jewish political movements
1951:Conversion to Judaism
4662:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4580:
4454:
4388:
4362:
4317:
4299:
4283:
4234:Synagogues in Puerto Rico
4167:Esratty, Barbara (1994).
4013:"Calle Cuesta Los Judios"
3991:Synagogues in Puerto Rico
3963:. Yale University Press.
3779:February 1, 2009, at the
3761:University of Puerto Rico
3540:Destination the New World
3410:Nothing Like the Holidays
3317:Elliot, a Soldier's Fugue
3159:After the success of the
2958:By the 19th century, the
2855:—are represented.
657:Hinduism and Judaism
55:
50:
31:
26:
4682:Turks and Caicos Islands
4188:Internet Movie Data Base
3853:La Justicia en sus Manos
3082:
3065:
483:Temple in Jerusalem
176:Bar and bat mitzvah
4408:Stateside Puerto Ricans
3959:Abe Fortas: a Biography
3840:George Mason University
3772:Wilhelmsen, Alexandra.
3656:Ezratty, Harry (2006).
3637:The Spanish Inquisition
3604:. globalpuertorico.com.
3302:who wrote the book for
3167:in 1959, almost all of
3095:together with Governor
3026:RamĂłn Emeterio Betances
445:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4612:British Virgin Islands
3955:Kalman, Laura (1990).
3804:Jewish Virtual Library
3614:Homza, Lu Ann (2006).
3203:
3007:New Orleans, Louisiana
2976:Real CĂ©dula de Gracias
2972:Royal Decree of Graces
2955:
2900:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2818:German–occupied Europe
2782:was prohibited by the
2743:Jewish immigration to
2705:Puerto Rico portal
2462:Holyoke, Massachusetts
4552:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4229:Chabad of Puerto Rico
4065:Puerto Rico Companies
3635:Kamen, Henry (1999).
3470:List of Puerto Ricans
3337:Aurora Levins Morales
3329:Black Man of the Nile
3202:Inside Sha'are Zedeck
3201:
3119:(1907–1959), born in
3113:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3048:. Even so, the first
2984:Roman Catholic Church
2953:
2904:Isabella I of Castile
1191:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1186:Republic of the Congo
580:Second Temple Judaism
451:Kingdom of Judah
422:Modern historiography
4135:on October 25, 2007.
3709:Jewish Life Emerging
3396:Welcome Back, Kotter
3300:Quiara AlegrĂa Hudes
3054:Spanish–American War
2891:" or "secret Jews".
2873:Christopher Columbus
2871:and were members of
2841:Jewish denominations
2811:Spanish–American War
2807:1898 Treaty of Paris
2776:Christopher Columbus
2439:By region or country
2293:World Agudath Israel
1434:United Arab Emirates
521:Second Temple period
511:Babylonian captivity
4567:Trinidad and Tobago
4462:Antigua and Barbuda
4157:Studio in the Woods
4019:on October 26, 2013
3933:on November 7, 2005
3873:Delma S. Arrigoitia
3732:on October 18, 2007
3682:Jacobs, J. (2002).
3579:on October 31, 2005
3335:"; author and poet
3255:Pueblo Supermarkets
3121:Baltimore, Maryland
3111:In 1942, President
3101:Operation Bootstrap
3030:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2908:Spanish Inquisition
2784:Spanish Inquisition
2684:Spanish (Castilian)
586:Hellenistic Judaism
164:Land of Israel
123:Principles of faith
23:
4502:Dominican Republic
4393:Portal:Puerto Rico
4083:Caribbean Business
3602:"Jewish Community"
3448:Puerto Rico portal
3204:
3117:Aaron Cecil Snyder
2956:
2809:, which ended the
2774:) who accompanied
2754:(variously called
2665:Jones–Shafroth Act
2147:Jewish Koine Greek
1689:Dominican Republic
970:Judaism by country
649:Jews and Christmas
504:Assyrian captivity
21:
4695:
4694:
4584:other territories
4416:
4415:
4206:on June 29, 2011.
3970:978-0-300-17369-7
3889:978-0-942347-52-4
3692:978-0-520-23517-5
3664:on April 30, 2008
3239:Augusto RodrĂguez
3154:Antonin Nechodoma
2920:forced conversion
2896:Catholic Monarchs
2739:
2738:
2626:Roman Catholicism
2409:
2408:
2358:
2357:
2106:
2105:
1853:Reconstructionist
1797:
1796:
949:
948:
756:
755:
593:Jewish–Roman wars
541:Hasmonean dynasty
457:Kingdom of Israel
361:
360:
62:
61:
22:Puerto Rican Jews
4742:
4652:Saint Barthélemy
4582:Dependencies and
4455:Sovereign states
4443:
4436:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4275:
4274:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4217:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4196:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4165:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4125:
4119:
4109:
4103:
4093:
4087:
4078:
4072:
4069:Right Management
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4046:on March 5, 2010
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3962:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3897:
3891:
3869:
3863:
3849:
3843:
3833:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3797:
3784:
3770:
3764:
3755:Acosta, Ursula.
3753:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3722:
3716:
3706:
3695:
3694:, OCLC 48920842.
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3653:
3647:
3633:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3568:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3161:Cuban Revolution
3093:Luis Muñoz MarĂn
2731:
2724:
2717:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2434:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2250:
2249:
2131:
1952:
1946:
1927:
1891:
1890:
1838:
1785:New Zealand
1737:
1700:El Salvador
1690:
1622:Northern America
1614:
1208:
964:
963:
875:Crimean Karaites
771:
770:
749:
747:
668:
666:
658:
652:
643:
631:Rabbinic Judaism
612:
606:
600:
588:
576:
542:
535:Maccabean Revolt
512:
505:
499:
491:
484:
478:
470:
452:
376:
375:
350:
245:
244:
177:
165:
64:
63:
24:
20:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4585:
4583:
4576:
4450:
4447:
4417:
4412:
4384:
4358:
4313:
4295:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4182:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4140:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4112:Brenda K. Starr
4110:
4106:
4094:
4090:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3953:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3923:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3870:
3866:
3850:
3846:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3798:
3787:
3781:Wayback Machine
3771:
3767:
3754:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3707:
3698:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3654:
3650:
3634:
3630:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3569:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3427:
3425:Resolution 1480
3384:Joaquin Phoenix
3368:Benjamin Agosto
3339:with her work "
3292:Brenda K. Starr
3259:Almacenes Kress
3247:
3217:Orthodox Jewish
3196:
3137:
3097:Rexford Tugwell
3085:
3068:
3063:
2988:Mathias Brugman
2954:Mathias Brugman
2948:
2861:
2735:
2699:
2697:
2405:
2360:
2359:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2227:Judeo-Malayalam
2207:Judaeo-Georgian
2127:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2008:Yiddish theatre
1950:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1836:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1735:
1688:
1612:
1206:
990:Genetic studies
961:
951:
950:
768:
758:
757:
745:
744:
664:
663:
656:
646:
641:
623:and Middle Ages
621:Rabbinic period
608:
602:
595:
583:
554:
540:
510:
503:
494:
486:
482:
473:
468:in Judaism
465:
450:
373:
363:
362:
242:
232:
231:
175:
163:
108:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4672:Sint Eustatius
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Cayman Islands
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4223:External links
4221:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4191:
4180:
4160:
4149:
4138:
4120:
4104:
4088:
4073:
4057:
4030:
4004:
3995:
3983:
3969:
3944:
3914:
3901:"Korber House"
3892:
3864:
3844:
3828:
3817:
3808:
3785:
3765:
3743:
3717:
3696:
3675:
3648:
3628:
3607:
3590:
3554:
3543:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3510:Crypto-Judaism
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3462:Judaism portal
3451:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3415:John Leguizamo
3376:Leslie Kritzer
3356:Geraldo Rivera
3321:Pulitzer Prize
3312:In the Heights
3246:
3243:
3195:
3192:
3173:Miami, Florida
3136:
3133:
3084:
3081:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3034:Grito de Lares
2947:
2944:
2940:Roman Catholic
2932:Crypto-Judaism
2881:Luis de Torres
2860:
2857:
2830:Miami, Florida
2796:Crypto-Judaism
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:Territorialism
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Judaeo-Spanish
2169:
2167:Judaeo-Iranian
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:United Kingdom
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:Bilad-el-Sudan
1043:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1001:
999:Land of Israel
995:
994:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
962:
957:
956:
953:
952:
947:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
859:
858:
857:Related groups
854:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
790:
789:
784:
769:
764:
763:
760:
759:
754:
753:
752:
751:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
714:Jewish atheism
711:
706:
701:
693:
692:
688:
687:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:Islamic–Jewish
660:
653:
638:
633:
625:
624:
617:
616:
615:
614:
590:
577:
549:
544:
537:
532:
530:Yehud Medinata
524:
523:
517:
516:
515:
514:
507:
500:
492:
479:
471:
459:
454:
447:
439:
438:
436:Ancient Israel
432:
431:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
392:Land of Israel
389:
381:
380:
374:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
347:Shulchan Aruch
342:
337:
332:
327:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
303:
302:
296:
295:
294:
293:
288:
280:
279:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
252:
251:
243:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
172:
167:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
125:
120:
113:God in Judaism
109:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
84:
83:
73:
72:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
29:
28:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4747:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4698:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4579:
4573:
4572:United States
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4277:Puerto Ricans
4273:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4177:0-942929-06-3
4174:
4171:, Omni Arts,
4170:
4164:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4096:Raphy Leavitt
4092:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4023:September 12,
4018:
4014:
4008:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3907:September 12,
3902:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3881:0-942347-52-8
3878:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3861:1-57581-884-1
3858:
3854:
3848:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3645:0-300-07880-3
3642:
3638:
3632:
3625:
3624:0-87220-795-1
3621:
3617:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3419:Debra Messing
3416:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:Robert Hegyes
3402:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3370:, Hila Levy,
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3347:, author of "
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3270:Raphy Leavitt
3266:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:Spanish Crown
2952:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:In 1478, the
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:American Jews
2799:
2797:
2794:and practice
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Protestantism
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:New York City
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:United States
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:Puerto Ricans
2422:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Judeo-Aramaic
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Judeo-Italian
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:Denominations
1803:
1802:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:United States
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Guinea-Bissau
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:Lists of Jews
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
960:
955:
954:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
860:
856:
855:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
774:
773:
772:
767:
762:
761:
750:
742:
740:
737:
735:
734:The Holocaust
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
694:
690:
689:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
661:
659:
654:
650:
644:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
622:
619:
618:
611:
605:
599:
594:
591:
587:
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
525:
522:
519:
518:
513:
508:
506:
501:
497:
493:
490:
485:
480:
476:
472:
469:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
437:
434:
433:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
378:
377:
372:
367:
366:
355:
352:
349:
348:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Mishneh Torah
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
304:
301:
298:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
278:
275:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
253:
250:
247:
246:
241:
236:
235:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
173:
171:
168:
166:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
102:
101:
96:
95:Who is a Jew?
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
58:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
16:
4697:
4677:Sint Maarten
4657:Saint Martin
4646:
4374:
4212:
4204:the original
4194:
4183:
4168:
4163:
4152:
4141:
4133:the original
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4082:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4044:the original
4033:
4021:. Retrieved
4017:the original
4007:
3998:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3958:
3937:November 12,
3935:. Retrieved
3931:the original
3905:. Retrieved
3895:
3867:
3852:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3820:
3811:
3803:
3768:
3760:
3736:November 12,
3734:. Retrieved
3730:the original
3720:
3712:
3683:
3678:
3668:November 12,
3666:. Retrieved
3662:the original
3651:
3636:
3631:
3615:
3610:
3583:November 12,
3581:. Retrieved
3577:the original
3546:
3535:
3428:
3408:
3403:, played by
3401:Juan Epstein
3394:
3392:
3380:Julio Kaplan
3360:David Blaine
3353:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3316:
3315:. Her play,
3310:
3297:
3284:Willie ColĂłn
3273:
3267:
3251:
3248:
3222:
3209:Conservative
3205:
3177:
3165:Fidel Castro
3158:
3138:
3110:
3086:
3069:
3061:20th century
3042:
3038:Cry of Lares
3037:
3036:" (English:
3023:
3014:
2992:
2980:
2975:
2957:
2946:19th century
2924:
2893:
2883:, who spoke
2864:
2862:
2849:Conservative
2834:
2826:Fidel Castro
2815:
2800:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2663:
2635:
2524:
2472:Philadelphia
2351:Post-Zionism
2222:Judeo-Berber
2217:Judeo-Arabic
2177:Judeo-Gascon
1924:Pidyon haben
1843:Conservative
1734:
1389:Saudi Arabia
1207:South Africa
1196:Sierra Leone
1018:Israeli Jews
932:Mosaic Arabs
885:Kaifeng Jews
746:Arab–Israeli
719:Emancipation
598:Great Revolt
407:Anti-Judaism
402:Antisemitism
397:Name "Judea"
192:Baal teshuva
18:Ethnic group
15:
4647:Puerto Rico
4557:Saint Lucia
4507:El Salvador
3713:Jewish News
3388:Jenna Wolfe
3345:Micol Ostow
3135:1950s-1960s
3046:Catholicism
2889:Crypto-Jews
2869:Catholicism
2766:Secret Jews
2762:Crypto-Jews
2745:Puerto Rico
2346:Revisionist
2336:Neo-Zionism
1943:Zeved habat
1736:Puerto Rico
1562:Netherlands
1394:South Korea
1379:Philippines
1259:Afghanistan
1126:Ivory Coast
900:Crypto-Jews
865:Bnei Anusim
844:Bene Israel
809:Beta Israel
766:Communities
673:Middle Ages
412:Persecution
187:Bereavement
4704:Categories
4642:Montserrat
4637:Martinique
4632:Guadeloupe
4487:Costa Rica
4050:January 9,
3528:References
3364:Bruno Mars
3275:La Selecta
3263:Doral Bank
3179:Abe Fortas
3152:architect
3115:appointed
2916:synagogues
2898:of Spain,
2822:Cuban Jews
2689:Vocabulary
2608:Television
2588:Literature
2331:Maximalism
2283:Secularism
2263:Autonomism
2080:Literature
1873:Humanistic
1477:Azerbaijan
1439:Uzbekistan
1414:Tajikistan
1334:Kyrgyzstan
1319:Kazakhstan
1166:Mozambique
1141:Madagascar
1061:Cape Verde
1013:New Yishuv
1008:Old Yishuv
959:Population
937:Subbotniks
895:Samaritans
834:Romanyotim
777:Ashkenazim
724:Old Yishuv
704:Sabbateans
691:Modern era
683:Golden Age
610:Bar Kokhba
330:Beit Yosef
197:Philosophy
4627:Greenland
4542:Nicaragua
4517:Guatemala
4370:Dominican
3372:Ian Gomez
3163:, led by
3142:synagogue
3050:synagogue
2922:of Jews.
2877:New World
2865:conversos
2757:conversos
2573:Education
2480:Subgroups
2341:Religious
2197:Zarphatic
2187:Bukharian
2157:Judeo-Tat
2142:Yeshivish
2116:Languages
2071:Sephardic
2061:Israelite
2051:Ethiopian
2041:Ashkenazi
1980:Religious
1770:Australia
1752:Venezuela
1658:Argentina
1640:Greenland
1552:Lithuania
1404:Sri Lanka
1399:Singapore
1324:Kurdistan
1289:Indonesia
1279:Hong Kong
1232:Abayudaya
1156:Mauritius
890:Igbo Jews
880:Krymchaks
799:Sephardim
667:relations
561:Sadducees
557:Pharisees
547:Sanhedrin
462:Jerusalem
222:Synagogue
90:Etymology
27:Languages
4592:Anguilla
4527:Honduras
4497:Dominica
4472:Barbados
4332:Corsican
4319:European
3976:April 4,
3777:Archived
3434:See also
3413:, actor
3319:, was a
3304:Broadway
3288:trumpets
3280:trombone
3235:Carolina
3233:city of
3230:MayagĂĽez
3077:San Juan
3011:MayagĂĽez
2964:Americas
2928:San Juan
2912:Catholic
2845:Orthodox
2788:San Juan
2771:marranos
2675:Language
2617:Religion
2598:Politics
2583:Language
2503:Corsican
2416:a series
2414:Part of
2368:Category
2326:Kahanism
2273:Feminism
2245:Politics
2129:Biblical
2099:American
2046:Bukharan
2036:American
1936:Shidduch
1912:Clothing
1868:Haymanot
1814:Orthodox
1742:Suriname
1725:Paraguay
1678:Colombia
1577:Portugal
1487:Bulgaria
1424:Thailand
1374:Pakistan
1354:Mongolia
1349:Malaysia
1269:Cambodia
1243:Zimbabwe
1218:Tanzania
1096:Eswatini
1086:Ethiopia
1076:Djibouti
1056:Cameroon
1051:Botswana
980:Diaspora
942:Noahides
915:Marranos
839:Cochinim
824:Bukharim
814:Gruzinim
804:Teimanim
794:Mizrahim
782:Galician
748:conflict
709:Hasidism
699:Haskalah
604:Diaspora
475:timeline
387:Timeline
300:Rabbinic
207:Kabbalah
182:Marriage
158:Tzedakah
148:Holidays
106:Religion
69:a series
67:Part of
51:Religion
4622:Curaçao
4607:Bonaire
4602:Bermuda
4532:Jamaica
4512:Grenada
4467:Bahamas
4354:Spanish
4349:Italian
4309:Chinese
4291:African
4284:African
3331:" and "
3308:musical
3015:colmado
2995:Curaçao
2936:Judaism
2843:—
2780:Judaism
2650:History
2636:Judaism
2563:Cuisine
2544:Culture
2530:Spanish
2520:Italian
2493:Chinese
2488:African
2452:Chicago
2311:General
2302:Zionism
2278:Leftism
2268:Bundism
2192:Knaanic
2152:Yevanic
2137:Yiddish
2094:Yiddish
2089:Israeli
2066:Mizrahi
2056:Israeli
2027:Cuisine
2003:Ancient
1985:Secular
1931:Kashrut
1907:Wedding
1894:Customs
1886:Culture
1863:Science
1858:Renewal
1848:Karaite
1829:Hasidic
1761:Oceania
1747:Uruguay
1715:Jamaica
1695:Ecuador
1663:Bolivia
1607:Ukraine
1582:Romania
1557:Moldova
1537:Hungary
1527:Germany
1522:Georgia
1512:Finland
1507:Estonia
1502:Denmark
1497:Czechia
1482:Belarus
1472:Austria
1467:Armenia
1444:Vietnam
1359:Myanmar
1344:Lebanon
1264:Bahrain
1223:Tunisia
1201:Somalia
1176:Nigeria
1171:Namibia
1161:Morocco
1091:Eritrea
1036:Algeria
920:Neofiti
829:Italkim
819:Juhurim
729:Zionism
678:Khazars
573:Sicarii
569:Zealots
565:Essenes
552:Schisms
417:Leaders
379:General
371:History
314:Tosefta
309:Midrash
286:Mishnah
268:Ketuvim
263:Nevi'im
212:Customs
143:Shabbat
138:Halakha
130: (
128:Mitzvot
115: (
81:Judaism
57:Judaism
37:English
33:Spanish
4547:Panama
4537:Mexico
4482:Canada
4477:Belize
4375:Jewish
4339:German
4327:French
4175:
3967:
3887:
3879:
3859:
3690:
3643:
3622:
3386:, and
3343:" and
3225:Hebrew
3213:Reform
3146:German
3019:coffee
3003:Jewish
2885:Hebrew
2853:Reform
2851:, and
2751:anusim
2603:Sports
2558:Cinema
2525:Jewish
2510:German
2498:French
2457:Hawaii
2373:Portal
2232:Domari
2162:Shassi
2123:Hebrew
2018:Humour
1962:Hiloni
1957:Aliyah
1917:Niddah
1902:Minyan
1837:Reform
1824:Haredi
1819:Modern
1720:Mexico
1705:Guyana
1668:Brazil
1630:Canada
1602:Sweden
1592:Serbia
1587:Russia
1572:Poland
1567:Norway
1547:Latvia
1532:Greece
1517:France
1492:Cyprus
1458:Europe
1429:Turkey
1419:Taiwan
1329:Kuwait
1314:Jordan
1304:Israel
1238:Zambia
1228:Uganda
1146:Malawi
1116:Guinea
1106:Gambia
1041:Angola
1027:Africa
910:Dönmeh
905:Anusim
849:Berber
787:Litvak
739:Israel
645:
582:
496:Second
464:
325:Targum
291:Gemara
277:Talmud
249:Tanakh
202:Ethics
153:Prayer
45:Ladino
41:Hebrew
4597:Aruba
4522:Haiti
4380:TaĂno
4363:Other
4344:Irish
4301:Asian
4146:Komix
3150:Czech
3105:Ponce
3083:1940s
3066:1930s
3044:than
2999:Dutch
2641:Islam
2593:Music
2568:Dance
2535:TaĂno
2515:Irish
2321:Labor
2316:Green
2013:Dance
1971:Music
1790:Palau
1710:Haiti
1673:Chile
1597:Spain
1542:Italy
1449:Yemen
1409:Syria
1384:Qatar
1364:Nepal
1309:Japan
1284:India
1274:China
1213:Sudan
1136:Libya
1131:Kenya
1111:Ghana
1101:Gabon
1081:Egypt
1066:Benin
925:Xueta
870:Lemba
489:First
354:Zohar
258:Torah
240:Texts
227:Rabbi
217:Rites
117:names
4667:Saba
4492:Cuba
4173:ISBN
4052:2009
4025:2015
3978:2017
3965:ISBN
3939:2008
3909:2015
3885:ISBN
3877:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3738:2008
3688:ISBN
3670:2008
3641:ISBN
3620:ISBN
3585:2008
3215:and
3169:Cuba
3087:The
3073:Nazi
3028:and
2968:Cuba
2902:and
2792:Jews
2741:The
2578:Flag
1780:Guam
1775:Fiji
1730:Peru
1683:Cuba
1369:Oman
1339:Laos
1299:Iraq
1294:Iran
1251:Asia
1180:Igbo
1151:Mali
170:Brit
79:and
77:Jews
3306:'s
2997:of
2768:or
2553:Art
1994:Art
340:Tur
132:613
4706::
4114:,
4098:,
4067:,
3947:^
3917:^
3883:;
3802:,
3788:^
3759:,
3746:^
3711:,
3699:^
3593:^
3557:^
3390:.
3382:,
3378:,
3374:,
3366:,
3362:,
3358:,
3211:,
3091:,
2990:.
2847:,
2813:.
2798:.
2764:,
2760:,
2418:on
607:,
601:,
571:,
567:,
563:,
559:,
71:on
43:,
39:,
35:,
4442:e
4435:t
4428:v
4262:e
4255:t
4248:v
4054:.
4027:.
3980:.
3941:.
3911:.
3740:.
3672:.
3626:.
3587:.
3253:(
3001:-
2974:(
2730:e
2723:t
2716:v
2400:e
2393:t
2386:v
1234:)
1230:(
1182:)
1178:(
651:)
647:(
613:)
596:(
589:)
584:(
575:)
555:(
498:)
487:(
477:)
466:(
134:)
119:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.