History of the Jews in Norway

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missing. Their estates were held in probate pending a declaration of death and charged for administrative expenses. So, by the time all these factors had their effect on the valuation of the confiscated assets, very little was left. In total, 7.8 million kr was awarded to principals and heirs of Jewish property confiscated by the Nazis. This was less than the administrative fees charged by governmental agencies for probate. It did not include assets seized by the government that belonged to non-Norwegian citizens, and that of citizens that left no legal heirs. This last category was formidable, as 230 entire Jewish households were killed during the course of the Holocaust.

25: 3917: 3801: 3461: 4241: 3301: 4210: 4468: 2976: 4313:. In 1942, before deportations started, there were at least 2,173 Jews in Norway. Of these, 1,643 were Norwegian citizens, 240 were foreign citizens, and 290 were stateless. At least 765 Jews died in German hands; more than half of the Norwegians who died. Only between 28 and 34 of those deported survived their continued imprisonment in camps (following their deportation) – and around 25 (of these) returned to Norway after the war. 3315: 3329: 3287: 4739: 3864: 3343: 2912: 2505: 4725: 6659: 4648:

anything wrong other than settling on persons of Jewish background." Jespersen also presented a satirical monologue on antisemitism that ended with, "Finally, I would like to wish all Norwegian Jews a Merry Christmas – no, what am I saying! You don't celebrate Christmas, do you!? It was you who crucified Jesus," on 4 December. Jespersen has received criticism for several of his attacks on social and ethnic groups as well as

3357: 6647: 3788:, one of the proponents of the ban against Jews at the constitutional assembly about the meaning of the prohibition, asking whether he should be embarrassed by his ancestors or his homeland when relating his legacy to his children. Falsen responded by asserting that Judaism "carries nothing but ridicule and contempt toward the person that does not profess to it...making it a duty for each Jew to destroy ." 3731:, who wrote that "The Jewish nation's history proves, that this people always has been rebellious and deceitful, and their religious teachings, the hope of again arising as a nation, so often they have acquired some remarkable fortune, led them to intrigues and to create a state within a state. It is of vital importance to the security of the state that an absolute exception be made about them." 3792:

approach caused consternation, and the chief of police in Bergen was ordered to personally pay for the costs of the deportation. There were also deportation proceedings against suspected Jews who could not produce a baptismal certificate, among them the singer Carl Friedrich Coppello (alias Meyer Marcus Koppel), opticians Martin Blumenbach and Henri Leia, Moritz Lichtenheim, and others.

4340:. A few also survived in camps in Norway or in hospitals, or in hiding. All Jews in Norway were either deported and murdered, were imprisoned, had fled to Sweden, or were in hiding by 27 November 1942. Many of the Jews who fled during the War did not return and, in 1946, there were only 559 Jews left in Norway. Between 1947 and 1949, the Norwegian government gave permission for 500 4382: 4257: 4712:

telephone survey of 501 people, 15% (+/-4.4%) of the adult population in Norway harbor antisemitic attitudes and 40% of the population agree with the statement, "Jews are more loyal to Israel than to Norway", and 31% think that, "Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust."

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stated that antisemitism in Norway comes mainly from the leadership – politicians, organization leaders, church leaders, and senior journalists. Despite dissenting opinions, it claims that antisemitism in Europe originated in Muslim immigration, this essay blames the European-Christian leadership for

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who mocked the Holocaust, but fellow comics and his TV station backed the performer. Jespersen joked on national television in his weekly routine that "I would like to take the opportunity to remember all the billions of fleas and lice that lost their lives in German gas chambers, without having done

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The individual part was estimated to total not more than 200 million kr, as compensation to individuals and their survivors, with a maximum of 200,000 kr each. By 31 November 1999, the last date for individuals to apply for compensation, 980 people had received 200,000 kr (≈US$ 26,000) each, totaling

4430:

Support for development, outside Norway, of the traditions and culture which the Nazis wished to exterminate, to be distributed by a foundation where the executive committee members are to be appointed one each by the Norwegian Government, the Norwegian Parliament, the Jewish community in Norway, and

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for his killing of Jews", that "Jew-hate is legitimate within vast groups of Muslim students" and that "Muslims laugh or command to stop when trying to educate about the Holocaust". One Jewish father also told how his child had been taken after school by a Muslim mob, "to be taken out to the forest

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In spite of fears that Norway would be overwhelmed by Jewish immigration following the repeal, only about 25 Jews immigrated to Norway before 1870. Because of pogroms in Czarist Russia, however, the immigration accelerated somewhat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By 1910, there were about

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In 1848, the motion to repeal earned 59 to 43 votes, still falling short of the 2/3 required. In 1851, finally, the clause was repealed with 93 votes to 10. On September 10, all remaining legislation related to the ban was repealed by the passage of "Lov om Ophævelse af det hidtil bestaaende Forbud

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Henrik Wergeland was the son of Nikolai Wergeland, one of the members at the constitutional assembly who had most strongly objected to admitting Jews to the country. The younger Wergeland had long harbored prejudice against Jews, but travels in Europe had changed his mind. He published the pamphlet

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in the spring of 1814. Although Denmark had only a few months earlier completely lifted all restrictions on Jews, the Norwegian assembly, after some debate, went the other way, and Jews were to "continue" to be excluded from the realm, as part of the clause that made Lutheranism the official state

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In this condition, the existence of anti-Semitism can be considered negligible because the traditional Jewish prejudice often stemmed from the perception that the Jews controlled the economic, political and social spheres of a specific European society. However, this argument's attempt to downplay

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Wergeland had submitted a new proposal to parliament later on the same day that the first repeal had failed. He died on July 12, 1845. The constitution committee referred their recommendation to repeal exactly a month after his death, on August 12. Several versions were put to vote, but the most

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However, there are sources that dispute anti-Semitism in Norway in the Middle Ages for the simple reason that there was no evidence of the presence of Jews in the country. A comprehensive study of contemporaneous documents, for instance, such as testaments, contracts, and legal cases among other

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on August 26, 1841, arguing passionately for a repeal of the clause. On February 19, 1842, his efforts to put the matter to a vote in the Norwegian parliament was successful, when the proposition was referred to the Constitution Committee. On September 9, 1842, the motion to repeal won a simple

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imposes estate tax on inheritance passing from the deceased to his/her heirs depending on the relationship between the two. This tax was compounded at each step of inheritance. As no death certificates had been issued for Jews murdered in German concentration camps, the deceased were listed as

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caricatures have been published in the Norwegian media. But a comparison of those depictions with antisemitic caricatures from the Nazi-era show some similarities. Common motifs such as 'Jews are evil and inhuman', 'Jews rule and exploit the world' and 'Jews hate peace and propagate wars' are

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Indeed, a number of Jews who found themselves in Norway were fined and deported. A ship bound for England foundered off the west coast of Norway in 1817, and one of those who washed ashore was Michael Jonas, a Polish Jew. He was escorted out of the country under heavy guard. This heavy-handed

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origins, were given letters of passage to visit places in Denmark and Norway; but there were also several incidents of Jews who were arrested, imprisoned, fined, and deported for violating the general ban against their presence, even when they claimed the exemption granted to Sephardim.

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This number does not include Jewish Soviet or Polish prisoners of war that died in captivity as a result of murder or mistreatment in Norwegian camps, nor Allied Jewish soldiers killed in action in Norway. Prisoners of war who were found to be Jewish were singled out and abused.

4137:, argued that antisemitism is one motive for the bans: "I won't say this is the only motivation, but it's certainly no coincidence that one of the first things Nazi Germany forbade was kosher slaughter. I also know that during the original debate on this issue in Norway, where 3534:

primary data did not mention Jews or a Jewish community in Norway. Scholars cited that those mentioned in Church documents can be considered "virtual Jews" in the sense that the citations were indirect and that these mentions were probably symbols of non-Christian behavior.

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led to moderate easing of restrictions for Jews in Denmark-Norway, especially in Denmark's southern areas and cities. Some Jewish families that had converted to Christianity settled in Norway. Writers of the time increased their interest in the Jewish people, including

5133:§ 2. Den evangelisk-lutterske Religion forbliver Statens offentlige Religion. De Indvaanere, der bekjende sig til den, ere forpligtede til at opdrage sine Børn i samme. Jesuitter og Munkeordener maae ikke taales. Jøder ere fremdeles udelukkede fra Adgang til Riget. 4519:. Other Jewish organizations in Norway include B'nai B'rith, WIZO, B’nei Akiva, Keren Kayemet, Help the Jews Home (Hjelp Jødene Hjem), a Kosher Meals on Wheels, Jewish study circles, and a home for the elderly. There is also a Jewish community center in Trondheim. 3761:§ 2. The evangelical-Lutheran religion remains the State's public religion. Those inhabitants who profess to it, are obliged to raise their children in the same. Jesuits and monastic orders may not be tolerated. Jews remain excluded from admission to the kingdom. 4676:

because he was a Jew". (The child escaped.) In February 2015, however, a group of young Muslims organised 1,500 people to form two 'rings of peace' around the synagogues in Oslo and Bergen in response to recent terror attacks against Jewish centers in Europe.

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As of 1 January 2012, there were about 1,500 Jewish people living in the country as a whole. The number of registered members in religious Jewish communities has been declining in recent years, and was 747 in 2015. Most of these were based in Oslo.

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There was a blanket ban on Jewish presence in Norway since 1687, except with a special dispensation, and Jews found in the kingdom were jailed and expelled. The ban persisted until 1851. Based on short-lived hopes that Denmark's concessions at the

4423:, proposed 450 million kr, covering both a 'collective' and an 'individual' restitution. On 11 March 1999, the Stortinget voted to accept the proposition for 450 million kr. The collective part, totaling 250 million kr, was divided into three: 3672:

Consequently, as stereotypes against Jews started entering the awareness of the general public during the Enlightenment, there were also those who rose in opposition to some, if not all, of the underlying hostility. Lutheran minister

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No forms of religious slaughter are named as being banned in the Norwegian legislation. Norwegian law requires that animals be stunned before being slaughtered, without exception for religious practices, which is incompatible with

4320:) in many cases helped the German occupiers to arrest those Jews who failed to escape in time. In the middle of the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, there were at least 2,173 Jews in Norway. Records show that during the 4148:

and kosher slaughtering methods lead to unnecessary animal suffering. Norway's acceptance of hunting, whaling and sealing were also raised as proof of the alleged hypocrisy of the Norwegian position. Minister of Agriculture,

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dates back to the 1400s. Although there were very likely Jewish merchants, sailors and others who entered Norway during the Middle Ages, no efforts were made to establish a Jewish community. Through the early modern period,

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of benefit to the economy of Denmark-Norway on the one hand, while seeking to restrict their movements, residence, and presence in public life. Several Jews, particularly in the Sephardic Teixeira family, but also some of

5886:"Summary of the views of the minority of the Committee of Inquiry – Report from the committee that has identified what happened to Jewish property in Norway during the 2nd World War and post-war settlement NOU 1997 22" 5028:

Ludvig Holbergs antisemittisme lar seg like lite fornekte som hans aksjer i den dansk-norske slavehandelen, og Immanuel Kant går Holberg en høy gang med sine pinlige raseteorier og antisemittiske utfall mot jødene som

4609:. The Oslo city court judge could not find sufficient evidence that the shots fired at the synagogue amounted to a terrorist act. The synagogue in Oslo is now under continuous surveillance and protected by barriers. 4396:

In March 1996, the Norwegian government appointed a Committee "to establish what happened to Jewish property during World War II … and to determine to what extent seized assets/property was restored after the War."

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rescinded these privileges in 1687, specifically banning Jews from Norway, unless they were given a special dispensation. Jews found in the kingdom were jailed and expelled, and this ban persisted until 1851.

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claimed that animals in Judaism had "no moral status... pure objects for ... archaic, religious needs", and wondered whether the EU, in allowing for such slaughter had become "purely a bank, without values".

4054:

put well-intended humane society activists in league with antisemitic individuals. In particular, Jonas Søhr, a senior police official, took a particular interest and eventually rose to the leadership of the

3932:

Though the minority was small and widely dispersed, several stereotypes of Jews gained currency in the Norwegian press and popular literature in the early 20th century. In books by the widely read authors

4176:

To get around the ban, kosher meat has had to be imported into the country. In June 2019, it was proposed to extend the ban to imports of kosher meat. The proposal has also been described as antisemitic.

4056: 7390: 4692:, the day after the premiere of a Jewish puppet theater performance. In October 2014, a Jewish cemetery was vandalized in Trondheim, with sprayed marks and the word 'Führer' scribbled on the chapel. 3426:

rescinded all Jewish privileges, specifically banning Jews from Norway, except with a special dispensation. Jews found in the kingdom were jailed and expelled, and this ban persisted until 1851.

4059:, while also opposing admission of Jewish refugees during World War I. The animal rights cause was used as a means to attack not just the method of slaughter, but also the community itself. 5397:(3rd ed.). Nationalt Tidsskrift. 1939. pp. "Det eneste norske blad som indgaaende utreder jødernes sande forhold til begivenheterne i verden og også herhjemme" back of front cover. 4700:

antisemitism that began around 1000 CE, centuries before Jews came to Norway. Another issue arising from the article is the publishing of antisemitic caricatures. Since the 1970s, many pro-

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prohibited celebrating a day of rest on Saturday, lest Christians replicate the "way of Jews," and this prohibition was reinforced through several subsequent ordinances, including those in

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was one of those most appalled by the antisemitic invective, noting that "where animal rights are protected to an exaggerated extent, it usually is done with the help of human sacrifice".

5912:"Et historisk og moralsk oppgjør med behandlingen i Norge av den økonomiske likvidasjon av den jødiske minoritet under den 2. verdenskrig / 5 Den økonomiske gjennomføringen av oppgjøret" 3742:

felt that it would be incompatible with Judaism to deal honestly with Christians, writing that "no person of the Jewish faith may come within Norway's borders, far less reside there."

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established a permanent presence in Oslo, also organising activities in other parts of Norway. Oslo also has a Jewish renewal rabbi who organises services and activities. There was a

4443: 7415: 7385: 5699: 5789:"Summary of the majority – Report from the committee that has identified what happened to Jewish property in Norway during the 2nd World War and post-war settlement NOU 1997 22" 3837:("The Jewish issue in the Norwegian parliament"), which in addition to arguing for the cause also provides interesting insights into the workings of the parliament at the time. 3808:

The deportation of Jews who had either come to Norway by accident or in good faith caused some embarrassment among Norwegians. The first who advocated for a repeal was the poet

6834: 4328:. In addition, at least 775 Jews were arrested, detained, and/or deported. Most of the Jews who survived did so by fleeing the country, mostly to Sweden, but some also to the 4012:

was printed four editions starting 1925. This pamphlet contained a list of Jews and presumed Jews in Norway, sorted by occupation. Housewives and children were listed under

3553:

The first known settlement of Jews on Norway territory was based on a royal dispensation. The first known mention of Jews in public documents relates to the admissibility of

5937:"Innstilling fra justiskomiteen om et historisk og moralsk oppgjør med behandlingen i Norge av den økonomiske likvidasjon av den jødiske minoritet under den 2. Verdenskrig" 5561: 6700: 4828: 1141: 4081:

A committee commissioned on 11 February 1927 consulted numerous experts and visited a slaughterhouse in Copenhagen. Its majority favored a ban and found support in the

4305:. Many Jews who could, fled the country. "Nearly two-thirds of the Jews in Norway fled from Norway". Of these, around 900 Jews were smuggled out of the country by the 3746:

also supported the ban, but on the slightly different basis that the Jewish identity was too strong to allow for full citizenship. Other prominent framers, such as

4356:. About 800 Norwegian Jews who had fled to Sweden returned. By the mid-1950s, about 1,000 Jews resided in Norway, of whom 700 lived in Oslo and 150 in Trondheim. 4291:

in 1936 to provide safe haven and assistance in Norway for Jewish refugees from areas in Europe under Nazi control. The sanctuary in Norway was only short lived.

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was one of those who wrote against Norwegian prejudice, ultimately influencing the later votes on the constitutional amendment to allow Jews to settle in Norway.

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Jacobsen (2006)" …, ok ær theth løgurdax helg, som Juda oc hædhninga plega at halda, æn æy cristne, …" citing Bolt's statutes on Saturday holidays and prayer.

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The first mention of Jews in Norse literature is found in Postola sögur in Iceland in the 13th century, where they are mentioned along with the more general

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In 1814, when Norway gained independence from Denmark, the general ban against Jews entering the country was "continued" in the new Norwegian Constitution.

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on 9 April 1940, and a number of Norwegians were immediately arrested, and two months later the occupying force established the first prisoners' camp at

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noted that Jespersen attacks in all directions, and that "if you should take seriously, there are more than just the Jews that should feel offended".

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Mine Børn ere norske, hvad skal jeg sige dem, idet jeg forelegger dem deres Fædrenelands Grundlov? Skal jeg beskæmme mine Forældre eller Grundloven?

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entering the country. Sephardim were exempt from the ban, but it appears that few applied for a letter of free passage. On 4 November 1844, the

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antisemitism is internally contradictory, since that perception of Jews is itself one of the most prominent and enduring signs of antisemitism.

7170: 4624:. It was highly critical of Israel, as well as Judaism as a religion. Allegations of antisemitism and an intense public debate resulted in the 3881: 3669:, presenting Jews to some extent in conventional, unfavorable stereotypes, but also raising the question about mistreatment of Jews in Europe. 7100: 6755: 6749: 5642: 4038:, the Jewish practice of ritual slaughter. The issue had originally been raised in the 1890s, but a municipal ban on the practice in 1913 in 3626:

Public policy toward Jews varied over the next several hundred years. The kings generally tolerated Jewish merchants, investors, and bankers

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mot at Jøder indfinde sig i Riget m.v." ("Law regarding the repeal of the hitherto permanent prohibition against Jews in the realm, etc.")

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Those who opposed admission of Jews prevailed decisively when the matter was put to a vote, and the second paragraph of constitution read:

6739: 4078:, on the grounds that it was cruel to animals. The Jewish community responded to these objections by stating that the method was humane. 2942: 743: 706: 6121: 6103: 6085: 6067: 6049: 5838: 6914: 5911: 4713:

However, this survey has been criticized for being unreasonably simplistic in its classification of "harboring antisemitic attitudes".

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Meanwhile, a small number of Jewish converts to Christianity had settled in Norway, some of them rising to prominence. Among them were

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has been banned since 1930, one of the parliamentarians said straight out, 'If they don't like it, let them go live somewhere else.'"

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repeated in more recently published drawings, as well as in antisemitic sketches from the beginning of the twentieth century.

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Antisemitic graffiti on a Jewish-owned tailor shop in Oslo, 1942, reading "Palestine calls, Jews are not tolerated in Norway."

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banned the practice of slaughtering animals which have not been first stunned or paralyzed. The ban remains in force today.

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to a Jew (Albert Dionis) in 1619, and on June 19, 1630, general amnesty was granted to all Jews permanently in residence in

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Nikolai Wergeland's son was Henrik Wergeland, the poet who later would play a decisive role in reversing his father's views

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were exempt from the ban, but it appears that few applied for a letter of free passage. After tireless efforts by the poet

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Representatives of both Muslim and Jewish communities, citing scientific studies, dispute the assertion that traditional

3970: 3751: 1459: 1276: 1266: 506: 5323: 4287:, Poland, where they boarded ships bound for Norway. Nansenhjelpen was a Norwegian humanitarian organization founded by 7292: 4660: 4085:

and the parliamentary agriculture committee. Those who opposed a ban spoke of religious tolerance, and also found that

3804:

Every year the Jewish community of Norway commemorates Henrik Wergeland, the driving force behind the repeal of the ban

1855: 1805: 1770: 1464: 1329: 1196: 6167: 7441: 7262: 7222: 7202: 7182: 7085: 6804: 6559: 6540: 6511: 6470: 5767: 5464: 5350: 4963: 4896: 4190: 3903: 3480:. It was bolstered by refugees in the late 1930s and peaked at about 2,100. The population was devastated during the 3155: 2455: 1547: 1509: 1484: 1404: 1389: 1236: 1176: 1131: 4221: 3765:

This effectively maintained the legal status quo from about 1813 but put Norway sharply at odds with trends in both

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Two public documents about the 1997–1999 discussion regarding restitution of assets seized from Jews during WW II

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The earliest recorded direct mention of Jews occurred in documents published in the 17th century when a group of

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was no more inhumane than other slaughter methods. Ingvar Svanberg writes that many of the arguments against

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The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism: Continuities and Discontinuities from the Middle Ages to the Present Day

7327: 7282: 7207: 7177: 6929: 3773:, where laws and decrees in the early 19th century were granting Jews greater, not more limited liberties. 3048: 2722: 2560: 1860: 1780: 1743: 1667: 1612: 1479: 1454: 1379: 1354: 1344: 1283: 1206: 1201: 1181: 1171: 1151: 1136: 1029: 733: 497: 492: 6924: 6855: 6744: 5309: 5121: 4667:. Teachers at schools with large shares of Muslims reported that Muslim students often "praise or admire 4625: 4364: 4017: 3588:

ordered that all foreigners in Denmark had to affirm their commitment to 25 articles of faith central to

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Unconnected with Norwegian Muslims, antisemitic graffiti was sprayed on a school and sports facility in

4118: 3723:'s §2, entitled to dwell in this country, which is also, to knowledge, what has hitherto been assumed." 6992: 6266: 5578: 3265: 2928: 2776: 2324: 2169: 1877: 1271: 467: 457: 193: 6585: 5592: 5247: 4605:

was convicted for the shooting attack and given an eight-year preventive custody sentence for serious

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only Norwegian journal that studies in depth Jewish true ties to events in the world and here at home

3381: 2896: 2664: 2438: 2131: 1982: 1923: 814: 5515:"Forskrift om dyrevern i slakterier, Kapittel IV Fiksering, bedøving, avliving og avblødning av dyr" 3734:

Those who supported the continued ban did so for several reasons, among them theological prejudice.

7009: 6934: 4512: 4491:. The Oslo Synagogue runs a full cradle-to-grave range of facilities, including a kindergarten and 4298: 3547: 3245: 2786: 2727: 2577: 2535: 2141: 2121: 1231: 711: 252: 5650: 5217: 4795: 3727:

Several of the framers had formulated views on Jews before the convention had started, among them

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religion, though with free exercise of religion as the general rule. The ban was against Jews and

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European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter, Explanatory Report, article 1726

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In June 1997, the Committee delivered a divided report, split into a majority and a minority:

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were based "on the distrust of 'foreign' habits" and "often contained anti-Semitic elements".

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http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728269544&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull

6118: 6100: 6082: 6064: 6046: 5366: 4757: 4516: 4432: 4275:. In the spring of 1939, Ditleff set up a transit station in Warsaw for Jewish refugees from 4067: 3438: 3270: 3073: 2692: 2650: 2614: 2545: 2292: 2287: 2232: 2020: 935: 663: 650: 545: 262: 5714: 3938: 3916: 3580:

from 1536 to 1814, Denmark introduced a number of religious restrictions both to uphold the

6965: 6227:"1,300 people formed "Ring of Peace" outside Oslo synagogue after young Muslims initiative" 4593:, only days after it was made public that the building had been the planned target for the 4420: 4333: 3985: 3921: 3657: 3374: 3305: 3106: 3058: 2959: 2834: 2804: 2749: 2363: 2315: 2055: 1913: 726: 591: 580: 538: 4689: 4578:

There have been episodes of vandalization of the Oslo Synagogue. In July 2006, during the

4531: 4066:, but the division on the issue crossed party lines in all mainstream parties, except the 24: 8: 6975: 6919: 6894: 6788: 6683: 5954: 4752: 4602: 4522:

Norwegian Jews are well integrated into Norwegian society, and prominent among them were

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Kronikk: Frontingen av «Den største forbrytelsen» gir en Holocaust-historie uten nyanser

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were conscious for "several minutes" after they were slaughtered, and writer and farmer

4074:. During the 1890s, protests were raised in the Norwegian press against the practice of 3038: 6987: 6960: 6878: 6614: 5623: 5272: 4568: 4294: 3219: 3145: 3063: 3053: 3043: 2771: 2744: 2674: 2572: 2267: 2217: 2164: 2159: 2073: 1943: 1211: 1040: 799: 719: 573: 139: 83: 6032: 5016: 7004: 6597: 6555: 6536: 6507: 6488: 6466: 5983: 5936: 5763: 5680: 5615: 5460: 5439: 5346: 4959: 4892: 4283:. Ditleff arranged for the refugees to receive food, clothing, and transportation to 4240: 4032:

Prejudice against Jews became a focal point in the controversy about the legality of

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that had been plotting a bombing campaign in the Norwegian capital. On 2 June 2008,

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rules, provided that the animal's heart is still beating at the time of slaughter.

6909: 6480: 6458: 5755: 5607: 5268: 5109: 4590: 4579: 4504: 4150: 4134: 3846:

popular version won 52 votes to repeal, only 47 to keep; worse than the last vote.

3813: 3701: 3484:, in which a significant portion of the Norwegian Jewish community was murdered by 3469: 3434: 3255: 3113: 3096: 2839: 2702: 2525: 2381: 2262: 2222: 2186: 1884: 1434: 945: 701: 605: 520: 410: 202: 91: 6520: 4511:

in Oslo, which no longer exists. The Jewish community in Norway is represented by

6970: 6592: 6350: 6125: 6107: 6089: 6071: 6053: 6021: 5842: 5663: 4664: 4613: 4405: 4063: 3674: 3604: 3596: 2850: 2829: 2821: 2811: 2754: 2602: 2486: 2343: 2302: 2297: 2277: 2199: 2193: 2126: 2078: 1918: 1899: 1050: 779: 691: 674: 218: 87: 7020: 6398: 4495:. They both also have an outreach program to gather still functioning groups in 3527: 6783: 5434:

Ingvarg Svanber, "The Nordic Countries", in David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg.

5012: 4762: 4730: 4484: 4472: 4329: 4310: 4276: 3942: 3777: 3743: 3739: 3697: 3693: 3662: 3645: 3641: 3600: 3577: 3333: 3319: 3291: 3160: 3140: 2886: 2443: 2242: 2097: 1977: 1956: 1933: 1928: 1906: 1894: 1489: 970: 904: 869: 847: 784: 622: 600: 462: 441: 417: 183: 165: 127: 3963:. Saxlund sued for libel and lost, but earned the admiration of the newspaper 3667:

The Jewish History From the Beginning of the World, Continued till Present Day

7430: 6552:

Du skal fortelle det til dine barn: Det mosaiske trossamfund i Oslo 1892–1992

4744: 4653: 4544: 4353: 4337: 4280: 4256: 4200: 3809: 3665:, who figured Jews as comical figures in most of his plays and in 1742 wrote 3361: 3347: 2916: 2797: 2391: 2386: 1592: 1519: 1045: 894: 889: 884: 874: 852: 804: 566: 405: 310: 272: 223: 6083:

Aftenposten Newspaper: "Synagogue shooting spurs calls for tighter security"

4956:

Encouraging and Supporting Student Inquiry: Researching Controversial Issues

3924:

listing Jews and presumed Jews in Norway. First edition was printed in 1925.

3616: 6432: 6423: 6178: 5619: 4701: 4668: 4572: 4527: 4455: 3993: 3981: 3830:

majority: 51 to 43, but, falling short of a supermajority (2/3) it failed.

3612: 3608: 3485: 3477: 3442: 3250: 3213: 3135: 2567: 2421: 2247: 2088: 2083: 2041: 1994: 1088: 955: 940: 899: 864: 477: 319: 119: 115: 5611: 3719:"…it is assumed that the so-called Portuguese Jews are, regardless of the 4617: 4550: 4411:

the minority view of uncovered losses was estimated to be 330 million kr.

3954: 3934: 3589: 3411: 2967: 2406: 2348: 2013: 919: 914: 909: 879: 123: 6150:"Forst elig at dere f r fantomsmerter i forhuden –Kultur – Dagbladet.no" 4586:

or other identifying items in public for fear of harassment or assault.

4209: 3573:

in 1497. Some of these were given special dispensation to enter Norway.

5846: 5243: 5117: 5060: 4632: 4553:, an actress and singer. Of these, only the last two are still living. 4436: 4360: 4288: 4106: 3941:, Jews are described as sadistic and obsessed with money. The attorney 3888: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3686: 3627: 3543: 3522:. Jews were also mentioned in unfavorable terms in subsequent literary 3450: 3446: 3189: 3118: 2632: 2540: 2064: 1078: 1007: 965: 794: 774: 333: 240: 160: 4404:

the majority view of uncovered losses was estimated to be 108 million

4248:

in 1941. The graffiti at the forefront reads "The Jew parasite got us

3853: 6847: 5741: 4606: 4523: 4500: 4467: 4442:

The formation of a national museum for tolerance, established as the

4390: 4325: 4321: 4070:(today, the Centre Party), which was consistent in its opposition to 3959: 3632: 3481: 3454: 3430: 3194: 2975: 2227: 2212: 1302: 1250: 1012: 960: 950: 631: 627: 617: 532: 292: 71: 4408:(kr), based on the value of the krone in May 1997 (≈US$ 15 million). 3920:

Who's Who in the Jewish World. An attache to antisemitic periodical

3863: 3644:

gave Jews limited rights to travel within the kingdom and, in 1641,

980: 5980:"Religious communities and life stance communities, 1 January 2013" 5814: 5279:(in Norwegian). Universities in Oslo, Trondheim, Bergen, and Tromsø 4685: 4673: 4644: 4034: 3989: 3965: 3754:

expressed in more muted terms the backwardness of the proposition.

3705: 3570: 3554: 3123: 2396: 2006: 1938: 769: 277: 228: 5507: 4444:

Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities

6658: 4594: 4427:

Funds to sustain the Jewish community in Norway (150 million kr).

3840: 3710: 3592:, on pain of deportation, forfeiture of all property, and death. 3492:

remain one of Norway's smallest ethnic and religious minorities.

3415: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2504: 2372: 2338: 2207: 2001: 990: 985: 857: 748: 643: 639: 635: 384: 379: 356: 338: 213: 208: 198: 176: 151: 103: 6646: 5979: 4332:. The Jews fleeing to Sweden were in many cases assisted by the 4121:, on the other hand, has found that sedation is compatible with 4772: 4652:, politicians and celebrities, and in defence of the monologue 4583: 4582:, the congregation issued an advisory warning Jews not to wear 4575:. However, individuals often privately hold antisemitic views. 4496: 4492: 4349: 4345: 4302: 4284: 4272: 4268: 4016:. Sylten was tried for his collaboration with the Nazis during 3997: 3619:, including the right to travel freely throughout the kingdom. 3599:

were allowed to settle in Norway. Restrictions were lifted for

3453:

and they were awarded religious rights on a par with Christian

3419: 3407: 3014: 3009: 2032: 2027: 1987: 1972: 1083: 975: 395: 361: 347: 282: 33: 29: 5866:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Norway Ministry of Justice. 19 June 1997 4589:

On 17 September 2006, the Oslo Synagogue was attacked with an

4439:

was suggested to lead the executive committee (60 million kr).

4160:

Proponents of the continued ban, including officials from the

5760:

I slik en natt; historien om deportasjonen av jøder fra Norge

5290: 4681: 4367:, as well as the Norwegian resistance movement collectively. 4267:

was a Norwegian diplomat who in the late 1930s was posted to

3950: 3566: 3501: 995: 424: 328: 297: 6701:

Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities

5562:"Islamsk Råd Norge - Viktige tjenester for muslimer i Norge" 4324:, 758 Norwegian Jews were murdered by the Nazis — mostly in 3969:, who praised Saxlund for fighting "our race war." In 1920, 3953:") in 1910, which was characterized in 1922 as "antisemitic 5216:(in Norwegian). National Archives of Norway. Archived from 5182: 5170: 5090: 5034: 4984: 4972: 4433:

World Jewish Congress/World Jewish Restitution Organization

4245: 4039: 3489: 3473: 147: 67: 6586:

Antisemitism in Norway 2012, The European Wergeland Centre

6581:

Religious communities, Norway Central Bureau of Statistics

6575: 5677:

A Stand Against Tyranny: Norway's Physicians and the Nazis

5459:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. p. 63. 4935: 4381: 6485:

Jødenes historie i Norge gjennom 300 år: Bind 2 1940–1985

6463:

Jødenes historie i Norge gjennom 300 år: Bind 1 1660–1940

6172: 6119:

Bhatti acquitted of terrorism, convicted on other charges

5715:

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005460

5679:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 63–82. 5455:

Johansen, Per Ola (1984). "Korstoget mot schächtningen".

5418: 5416: 5401: 4868: 6644: 6201:"Muslims form 'ring of peace' to protect Oslo synagogue" 5194: 3816:

who became the leading champion for the Jews in Norway.

6554:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Det mosaiske trossamfund i Oslo. 6065:

Aftenposten Newspaper: "Jews warned against harassment"

6015:

Stephen Roth Institute report on antisemitism in Norway

4914: 4798:. Norway Central Bureau of Statistics. 25 November 2016 4790: 4788: 5860:"Confiscation of Jewish property in Norway during WW2" 5413: 5150:

Mulighetenes land? Innvandring til Norge fra 1500–2002

4556: 3784:, and Heinrich Glogau. In 1817, Glogau had challenged 6504:

Jewish Life and Culture in Norway: Wergeland's legacy

5579:

Even After EU Vote, European Shechita Still in Danger

4515:(The Mosaic Community), which is affiliated with the 4344:

to live in the country, although many later left for

3750:

spoke "beautifully" in defense of the Jews, and also

6101:

Aftenposten Newspaper: "Synagogue was terror target"

5918:(in Norwegian). Oslo: The Norwegian government. 1998 5343:

Jødehat på norsk – Fra Eidsvollmennene til Boot Boys

4785: 4720: 4279:

that had been sent there through the sponsorship of

3611:

took over the town. Christian also issued the first

3584:

in general and against Jews in particular. In 1569,

2011: 1992: 415: 6535:(in Norwegian). Trondheim: Tapir akademisk forlag. 6487:(in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Universitetsforlaget. 6465:(in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Universitetsforlaget. 5817:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 5762:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 334–360. 4958:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing. p. 189. 4829:"Norway opened the gates to the Jews first in 1851" 3854:

Early 20th century media, public opinion and policy

3819: 6374:"Jew-Hatred in Contemporary Norwegian Caricatures" 6297:The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism 5381:"Jew-Hatred in Contemporary Norwegian Caricatures" 4538:, the pianist; writer, actress and theater critic 4370: 3833:On October 26, 1842, Wergeland published his book 3504:. The literature of this time referred to Jews as 3445:and others, in 1851 the Norwegian parliament (the 7050: 5713:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Norway, 5152:(in Norwegian). Norsk Folkemuseum. Archived from 5114:"Grunnloven undertegnet på Eidsvoll 17. mai 1814" 3795: 7428: 5267: 5108: 3537: 5852: 5330:. 1971 – via geschichteinchronologie.com. 5002: 4316:During the War, the civilian Norwegian police ( 4153:of the Centre Party (which has always rejected 4105:The controversy continued until 1929, when the 3511: 3505: 6527:. 2002. (The story behind the 1997 commission) 5640: 5530: 5345:(in Norwegian). Skjetten: Hermon. p. 33. 4164:claimed that animals slaughtered according to 3841:Parliamentary sessions in 1845, 1848, and 1851 7036: 6863: 6756:The Jewish community of Oslo et al. v. Norway 6630: 6549: 6047:Aftenposten Newspaper: "Synagogue vandalized" 5892:. Oslo: Norway Ministry of Justice. June 1997 5795:. Oslo: Norway Ministry of Justice. June 1997 5491:"Behind the humanitarian mask in Scandinavia" 4571:has strongly adopted a platform that rejects 4359:Forty-one Norwegians have been recognized by 3382: 2936: 2463: 6416: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5664:Kosher and cows – Religious strife in Norway 4848: 4846: 4663:reported that antisemitism was common among 5709: 5707: 5645:[Ritual slaughter flowing freely]. 5554: 5428: 5146:"Er det en jøde tilladt at handle i Norge…" 4953: 4483:There are two synagogues in Norway, one in 3984:published an antisemitic periodical called 3517: 707:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 7043: 7029: 6870: 6856: 6637: 6623: 6479: 6457: 5973: 5971: 5727: 5296: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5096: 5040: 4990: 4978: 4941: 4920: 4874: 4377:The Holocaust in Norway § Restitution 4057:Norwegian Federation for Animal Protection 4042:brought the matter to national attention. 3700:would allow for Norwegian independence, a 3389: 3375: 2943: 2929: 2470: 2456: 6035:Antisemitism in Norway – Background paper 5878: 5807: 5776: 5526: 5524: 4843: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4462: 4004:. The periodical declared itself as the " 3904:Learn how and when to remove this message 3476:in 1892. The community grew slowly until 6501: 6267:"Young Muslims held a marking in Bergen" 5739: 5704: 5482: 5454: 5422: 5407: 4886: 4526:, a former president of the Stortinget; 4466: 4380: 4309:, mostly to Sweden but some also to the 4255: 4244:Antisemitic graffiti on shop windows in 4239: 4022:legal purge in Norway after World War II 3973:was published in Norway under the title 3915: 3799: 3459: 23: 6608:Summary in English of the minority view 6603:Summary in English of the majority view 6428:"The ADL's Flawed Anti-Semitism Survey" 5968: 5754: 5748: 5531:Stackpole Dahl, Miriam (May 15, 2009). 5340: 4887:Adams, Jonathan; Heß, Cordelia (2018). 4688:was carved into the glass doors of the 4157:, see above), rejected the comparison. 4027: 7429: 6877: 6530: 6422: 5733: 5593:"Physiological insights into Shechita" 5521: 4810: 3542:In 1436 and again in 1438, Archbishop 7024: 6851: 6618: 5977: 5836:Norwegian Righteous among the Nations 5740:Michelet, Marte (November 15, 2014). 5674: 5590: 4637:Norwegian Press Complaints Commission 3680: 6343:"Jewish cemetery prone to vandalism" 5438:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1999. p. 395. 5310:"Norway Virtual Jewish History Tour" 5003:Holm, Helge Vidar; Torgeir Skorgen. 4204: 3992:as its symbol, several years before 3886:adding citations to reliable sources 3857: 3603:already established as merchants in 62:Regions with significant populations 6378:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 6318:"Swastika carved into theater door" 5488: 4697:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 4684:in August 2014. Later that year, a 4563:Antisemitism in contemporary Norway 4557:Antisemitism in contemporary Norway 4128: 4045: 3971:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 3752:Johan Caspar Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg 3464:Jewish cemetery in Sofienberg, Oslo 13: 6740:Norwegian people of Jewish descent 6371: 5978:Moafi, Hossein (4 December 2013). 5591:Rosen, Stuart D. (June 12, 2004). 5568: 5273:"Jødesagen i det norske Storthing" 4661:Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 4451:196 million kr (≈US$ 25 million). 4133:The former chief rabbi of Norway, 14: 7453: 6569: 6349:. 26 October 2014. Archived from 5489:Kay, Barbara (January 14, 2009). 5367:"Protocols of the Elders of Zion" 5240:"Jødeparagrafen – Kronologi 1842" 5214:"Henrik Wergeland og "Jødesaken"" 5054:"Jødeparagrafen – Kronologi 1814" 498:Historical population comparisons 6915:Evangelical Lutheran Free Church 6689:2008–2009 Oslo anti-Israel riots 6657: 6645: 5641:Tore Stubberud (July 25, 2009). 4737: 4723: 4208: 4062:Those opposing the ban included 3862: 3835:Jødesagen i det norske Storthing 3820:10th parliamentary session, 1842 3355: 3341: 3327: 3313: 3299: 3285: 2974: 2910: 2713:Evangelical Lutheran Free Church 2503: 1142:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1056:Historical population by country 6815:Norwegian Centre Against Racism 6525:Oppgjør: I skyggen av holocaust 6451: 6391: 6365: 6335: 6310: 6285: 6259: 6233: 6219: 6193: 6177:. 13 March 2010. Archived from 6160: 6142: 6131: 6112: 6094: 6076: 6058: 6040: 6026: 6008: 5997: 5943: 5929: 5904: 5829: 5719: 5693: 5668: 5657: 5634: 5584: 5473: 5448: 5387: 5373: 5359: 5334: 5316: 5302: 5261: 5232: 5206: 5138: 5102: 5081: 5046: 4996: 4947: 4569:Norwegian political environment 4509:Society for Progressive Judaism 4371:1990s: World War II restitution 4162:Norwegian Food Safety Authority 4002:Antisemitic conspiracy theories 3988:. In 1917 he started using the 3873:needs additional citations for 7052:History of the Jews in Europe 6805:Jewish Children's Home in Oslo 6004:World Jewish Congress – Norway 5815:"The Jewish Community of Oslo" 5649:(in Norwegian). Archived from 5246:. May 15, 2001. Archived from 5063:. May 15, 2001. Archived from 4954:Selverstone, Harriett (2007). 4926: 4905: 4880: 4854:"The first Jewish immigration" 4534:, both notable psychiatrists; 4191:Jewish Children's Home in Oslo 3796:Repeal and initial immigration 3748:Hans Christian Ulrik Midelfart 3648:were given equivalent rights. 3495: 3418:from 1536 to 1814 and then by 1: 5643:"Rituell slakting i fri flyt" 5533:"Kjemper mot kosher og halal" 4778: 4307:Norwegian resistance movement 4010:Who's Who in the Jewish World 3715:Norwegian Ministry of Justice 3538:Reformation and Enlightenment 3472:in Norway was established in 2608:Norwegian government-in-exile 713:Christianity and Judaism 6706:Jewish deportees during WWII 6576:The Jewish community in Oslo 6506:. New York: Abel Abrahmsen. 5951:"Innst.S.nr.108 (1998-1999)" 5436:Islam Outside the Arab World 4695:An article published by the 4180: 2561:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 2556:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 7: 6550:Reisel, Micha, ed. (1992). 6273:. Bergen. February 21, 2015 6247:. Bergen. February 21, 2015 6207:. London. February 22, 2015 4716: 4626:Jostein Gaarder controversy 4612:In August 2006, the writer 4365:Righteous Among the Nations 4295:Nazi Germany invaded Norway 4100: 3977:("The New World Emperor"). 3957:literature' by a writer in 3559:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 2012: 1993: 1720:Latin America and Caribbean 416: 10: 7458: 7437:Jews and Judaism in Norway 6998:Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost 6653:Jews and Judaism in Norway 6128:, Aftenposten, 3 June 2008 5675:Cohen, Maynard M. (1997). 4560: 4374: 4194: 4184: 3996:. The periodical was of a 3684: 3578:part of the Danish kingdom 3410:, still devastated by the 2325:Jewish political movements 2022:Conversion to Judaism 17: 7376: 7338: 7058: 6948: 6885: 6823: 6797: 6772: 6716: 6666: 5395:Hvem er Hvem i Jødeverden 5341:Selbekk, Vebjørn (2001). 4635:filed a complaint to the 4119:Norwegian Islamic Council 4083:Department of Agriculture 3980:In 1916 Norwegian writer 3403:history of Jews in Norway 728:Hinduism and Judaism 114: 109: 102: 97: 82: 77: 66: 61: 56: 51: 7442:Jewish Norwegian history 6930:Oriental Orthodox Church 6399:"ADL Global 100: Norway" 5916:St.prp. nr. 82 (1997–98) 5277:Dokumentasjonsprosjektet 4513:Det Mosaiske Trossamfund 4475:, note concrete barriers 4417:Prime Minister of Norway 3548:Diplomatarium Norvegicum 2723:Oriental Orthodox Church 2578:Kingdom of Norway (1814) 554:Temple in Jerusalem 247:Bar and bat mitzvah 6925:Eastern Orthodox Church 6745:Norway–Israel relations 5005:"Blind på det ene øyet" 4796:"Religious communities" 4768:The Holocaust in Norway 4265:Niels Christian Ditleff 4197:Niels Christian Ditleff 3786:Christian Magnus Falsen 3516:, or in the Latin form 2708:Eastern Orthodox Church 516:Twelve Tribes of Israel 7101:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6829:List of Norwegian Jews 6502:Saa, Ann, ed. (2003). 6293:"Antisemitic graffiti" 6241:"Peace Ring in Bergen" 4911:Adams & Heß, 2018. 4616:published an op-ed in 4476: 4463:Contemporary situation 4393: 4261: 4253: 4008:" . An attache called 3929:1,000 Jews in Norway. 3925: 3805: 3763: 3658:European Enlightenment 3613:letter of safe passage 3582:Protestant Reformation 3518: 3512: 3506: 3465: 36: 6940:Roman Catholic Church 6810:Jewish Museum in Oslo 6762:With Israel for Peace 6168:"Jødiske blir hetset" 5758:(1994). "Vedlegg 1". 5612:10.1136/vr.154.24.759 5600:The Veterinary Record 5328:Encyclopaedia Judaica 4891:. London: Routledge. 4758:Jewish Museum in Oslo 4517:World Jewish Congress 4470: 4384: 4259: 4243: 4018:the German occupation 4014:Different Occupations 4000:nature and published 3975:Den nye verdenskeiser 3945:published a pamphlet 3919: 3803: 3759: 3463: 3439:Peder Jensen Fauchald 3422:until 1905. In 1687, 3271:Scandinavian Airlines 3086:Chronological history 2733:Roman Catholic Church 1262:São Tomé and Príncipe 1257:Republic of the Congo 651:Second Temple Judaism 522:Kingdom of Judah 493:Modern historiography 110:Related ethnic groups 27: 6533:Jødene fra Trondheim 6531:Reitan, Jon (2005). 5271:(October 26, 1842). 5250:on February 17, 2005 5244:Norwegian parliament 5061:Norwegian parliament 4421:Kjell Magne Bondevik 4415:On 15 May 1998, the 4336:, but sometimes had 4334:Norwegian resistance 4107:Norwegian parliament 4028:Shechita controversy 3986:Nationalt Tidsskrift 3922:Nationalt Tidsskrift 3882:improve this article 3812:in 1836. But it was 3702:constituent assembly 3530:(Saga of the Jews). 3451:the ban against Jews 2867:World Heritage Sites 2364:World Agudath Israel 1505:United Arab Emirates 592:Second Temple period 582:Babylonian captivity 7339:States with limited 6798:Other organizations 6353:on 24 December 2014 6229:. 21 February 2015. 6205:The Daily Telegraph 5299:, pp. 218–275. 5059:(in Danish). Oslo: 4753:Trondheim Synagogue 4622:God's Chosen People 4603:Arfan Qadeer Bhatti 4454:However, Norwegian 4187:Holocaust in Norway 3628:whose contributions 3441:, school principal 657:Hellenistic Judaism 235:Land of Israel 194:Principles of faith 48: 6935:Pentecostal Church 6879:Religion in Norway 6836:List of synagogues 6591:2014-08-26 at the 6124:2011-06-29 at the 6106:2011-06-29 at the 6088:2011-06-29 at the 6070:2006-09-22 at the 6052:2011-06-29 at the 6020:2006-09-11 at the 5841:2016-03-22 at the 4631:In December 2008, 4477: 4394: 4262: 4254: 4220:. You can help by 3939:Øvre Richter Frich 3926: 3827:Indlæg i Jødesagen 3806: 3782:Edvard Isak Hambro 3681:Constitutional ban 3466: 3034:History by country 2728:Pentecostal Church 2598:Reichskommissariat 2218:Jewish Koine Greek 1760:Dominican Republic 1041:Judaism by country 720:Jews and Christmas 575:Assyrian captivity 42: 37: 7424: 7423: 7018: 7017: 6845: 6844: 6750:Friends of Israel 6481:Mendelsohn, Oskar 6459:Mendelsohn, Oskar 5984:Statistics Norway 5756:Ottosen, Kristian 5653:on June 29, 2011. 5444:978-0-312-22691-6 5410:, pp. 64–68. 5220:on March 25, 2008 5191:, pp. 56–57. 5179:, pp. 54–56. 5099:, pp. 43–44. 5043:, pp. 38–40. 4993:, pp. 34–38. 4981:, pp. 16–31. 4944:, pp. 11–13. 4690:Trøndelag Theater 4665:Norwegian Muslims 4532:Berthold Grünfeld 4473:synagogue in Oslo 4342:displaced persons 4238: 4237: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3736:Nicolai Wergeland 3729:Lauritz Weidemann 3576:While Norway was 3569:in 1492 and from 3399: 3398: 2953: 2952: 2917:Norway portal 2496:Culture of Norway 2480: 2479: 2429: 2428: 2177: 2176: 1924:Reconstructionist 1868: 1867: 1020: 1019: 827: 826: 664:Jewish–Roman wars 612:Hasmonean dynasty 528:Kingdom of Israel 432: 431: 133: 132: 20:History of Norway 7449: 7377:Dependencies and 7318:Northern Ireland 7059:Sovereign states 7045: 7038: 7031: 7022: 7021: 6910:Church of Norway 6895:Adventist Church 6872: 6865: 6858: 6849: 6848: 6837: 6830: 6776: 6720: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6565: 6546: 6517: 6498: 6494:978-82-0002524-5 6476: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6426:(May 14, 2014). 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6181:on 19 April 2010 6164: 6158: 6157: 6152:. Archived from 6146: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6116: 6110: 6098: 6092: 6080: 6074: 6062: 6056: 6044: 6038: 6033:Odd Bjørn Fure: 6030: 6024: 6012: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5975: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5953:. Archived from 5947: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5856: 5850: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5774: 5773: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5742:"Bare en detalj" 5737: 5731: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5672: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5597: 5588: 5582: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543:on July 17, 2011 5539:. Archived from 5528: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5457:Oss selv nærmest 5452: 5446: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5324:"Jews in Norway" 5320: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5269:Henrik Wergeland 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5242:(in Norwegian). 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5124:on March 5, 2008 5120:. Archived from 5112:(May 17, 1814). 5110:Riksforsamlingen 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5069: 5058: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5015:. Archived from 5011:(in Norwegian). 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4884: 4878: 4877:, pp. 9–10. 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4825: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4792: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4708:According to an 4591:automatic weapon 4580:2006 Lebanon War 4548: 4505:Chabad-Lubavitch 4503:. In June 2004, 4471:Exterior of the 4446:(40 million kr). 4233: 4230: 4212: 4205: 4151:Lars Peder Brekk 4135:Michael Melchior 4129:Continued debate 4046:Early opposition 3909: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3866: 3858: 3814:Henrik Wergeland 3704:was convened in 3521: 3515: 3509: 3470:Jewish community 3435:Henrik Wergeland 3391: 3384: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3256:Nordic countries 3129:Christianization 3114:Migration Period 2978: 2955: 2954: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2703:Church of Norway 2688:Adventist Church 2588:End of the union 2551:High Middle Ages 2507: 2498: 2482: 2481: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2321: 2320: 2202: 2023: 2017: 1998: 1962: 1961: 1909: 1856:New Zealand 1808: 1771:El Salvador 1761: 1693:Northern America 1685: 1279: 1035: 1034: 946:Crimean Karaites 842: 841: 820: 818: 739: 737: 729: 723: 714: 702:Rabbinic Judaism 683: 677: 671: 659: 647: 613: 606:Maccabean Revolt 583: 576: 570: 562: 555: 549: 541: 523: 447: 446: 421: 316: 315: 248: 236: 135: 134: 52:Total population 49: 41: 32:(dark green) in 28:The location of 7457: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7378: 7372: 7358:Northern Cyprus 7340: 7334: 7233:North Macedonia 7054: 7049: 7019: 7014: 6944: 6900:Anglican Church 6881: 6876: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6828: 6819: 6793: 6774: 6768: 6718: 6712: 6662: 6652: 6643: 6593:Wayback Machine 6572: 6562: 6543: 6514: 6495: 6473: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6439: 6437: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6132: 6126:Wayback Machine 6117: 6113: 6108:Wayback Machine 6099: 6095: 6090:Wayback Machine 6081: 6077: 6072:Wayback Machine 6063: 6059: 6054:Wayback Machine 6045: 6041: 6031: 6027: 6022:Wayback Machine 6013: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5976: 5969: 5960: 5958: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5939:. 4 March 1999. 5935: 5934: 5930: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5843:Wayback Machine 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5777: 5770: 5753: 5749: 5738: 5734: 5728:Mendelsohn 1986 5724: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5639: 5635: 5606:(24): 759–765. 5595: 5589: 5585: 5573: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5546: 5544: 5529: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5499: 5497: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5453: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5339: 5335: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5297:Mendelsohn 1969 5295: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5201:Mendelsohn 1969 5199: 5195: 5189:Mendelsohn 1969 5187: 5183: 5177:Mendelsohn 1969 5175: 5171: 5159: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5127: 5125: 5107: 5103: 5097:Mendelsohn 1969 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5071: 5070:on June 9, 2011 5067: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5041:Mendelsohn 1969 5039: 5035: 5022: 5020: 5009:Bergens Tidende 5001: 4997: 4991:Mendelsohn 1969 4989: 4985: 4979:Mendelsohn 1969 4977: 4973: 4966: 4952: 4948: 4942:Mendelsohn 1969 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4921:Mendelsohn 1969 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4885: 4881: 4875:Mendelsohn 1969 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4614:Jostein Gaarder 4567:The mainstream 4565: 4559: 4542: 4465: 4406:Norwegian krone 4379: 4373: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4218:needs expansion 4203: 4193: 4185:Main articles: 4183: 4131: 4103: 4064:Fridtjof Nansen 4050:Efforts to ban 4048: 4030: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3879: 3867: 3856: 3843: 3822: 3798: 3689: 3683: 3675:Niels Hertzberg 3597:Portuguese Jews 3540: 3524:Icelandic sagas 3498: 3414:, was ruled by 3395: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3275: 3241: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3175: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3156:Denmark–Iceland 3083: 3031: 3021: 3020: 3019: 2986: 2949: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2901: 2897:National anthem 2882: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2845: 2844: 2825: 2824: 2792: 2791: 2693:Anglican Church 2678: 2677: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2603:Quisling regime 2519: 2518: 2494: 2476: 2431: 2430: 2318: 2308: 2307: 2298:Judeo-Malayalam 2278:Judaeo-Georgian 2198: 2189: 2179: 2178: 2079:Yiddish theatre 2021: 1959: 1949: 1948: 1907: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1806: 1759: 1683: 1277: 1061:Genetic studies 1032: 1022: 1021: 839: 829: 828: 816: 815: 735: 734: 727: 717: 712: 694:and Middle Ages 692:Rabbinic period 679: 673: 666: 654: 625: 611: 581: 574: 565: 557: 553: 544: 539:in Judaism 536: 521: 444: 434: 433: 313: 303: 302: 246: 234: 179: 46: 44: 43:Norwegian Jews 40: 22: 12: 11: 5: 7455: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7379:other entities 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7308:United Kingdom 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7121:Czech Republic 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6905:Baptist Church 6902: 6897: 6891: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6832: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6728:Norwegian Jews 6724: 6722: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6595: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6570:External links 6568: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6547: 6541: 6528: 6521:Westlie, Bjørn 6518: 6512: 6499: 6493: 6477: 6471: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6415: 6403:ADL Global 100 6390: 6372:Uriely, Erez. 6364: 6334: 6309: 6284: 6258: 6232: 6218: 6192: 6159: 6156:on 2008-12-05. 6141: 6130: 6111: 6093: 6075: 6057: 6039: 6025: 6007: 5996: 5967: 5942: 5928: 5903: 5890:regjeringen.no 5877: 5864:regjeringen.no 5851: 5828: 5806: 5793:regjeringen.no 5775: 5768: 5747: 5732: 5718: 5703: 5692: 5685: 5667: 5656: 5633: 5583: 5581:, May 8, 2009. 5567: 5553: 5520: 5506: 5481: 5472: 5465: 5447: 5427: 5412: 5400: 5386: 5372: 5358: 5351: 5333: 5315: 5301: 5289: 5260: 5231: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5137: 5101: 5089: 5080: 5045: 5033: 5013:Bergen, Norway 4995: 4983: 4971: 4964: 4946: 4934: 4925: 4913: 4904: 4897: 4879: 4867: 4856:(in Norwegian) 4842: 4831:(in Norwegian) 4809: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763:Oslo Synagogue 4760: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4734: 4731:Judaism portal 4718: 4715: 4641:Otto Jespersen 4561:Main article: 4558: 4555: 4464: 4461: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4428: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4375:Main article: 4372: 4369: 4330:United Kingdom 4311:United Kingdom 4277:Czechoslovakia 4236: 4235: 4215: 4213: 4182: 4179: 4170:Tore Stubberud 4130: 4127: 4102: 4099: 4068:Agrarian Party 4047: 4044: 4029: 4026: 3947:Jøder og Gojim 3943:Eivind Saxlund 3912: 3911: 3870: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3842: 3839: 3821: 3818: 3797: 3794: 3778:Ludvig Mariboe 3744:Peter Motzfeld 3740:Georg Sverdrup 3694:Treaty of Kiel 3685:Main article: 3682: 3679: 3663:Ludvig Holberg 3646:Ashkenazi Jews 3642:Denmark-Norway 3601:Sephardic Jews 3539: 3536: 3497: 3494: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3351: 3337: 3323: 3309: 3295: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3261:Monetary Union 3258: 3253: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3161:Nordic Council 3158: 3153: 3148: 3146:Denmark–Norway 3143: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2698:Baptist Church 2695: 2690: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2573:Denmark–Norway 2570: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2536:Petty kingdoms 2533: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2490: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2359:Territorialism 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2243:Judaeo-Spanish 2240: 2238:Judaeo-Iranian 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1684:United Kingdom 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1117:Bilad-el-Sudan 1114: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1070:Land of Israel 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 930: 929: 928:Related groups 925: 924: 923: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 861: 860: 855: 840: 835: 834: 831: 830: 825: 824: 823: 822: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 785:Jewish atheism 782: 777: 772: 764: 763: 759: 758: 757: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736:Islamic–Jewish 731: 724: 709: 704: 696: 695: 688: 687: 686: 685: 661: 648: 620: 615: 608: 603: 601:Yehud Medinata 595: 594: 588: 587: 586: 585: 578: 571: 563: 550: 542: 530: 525: 518: 510: 509: 507:Ancient Israel 503: 502: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 463:Land of Israel 460: 452: 451: 445: 440: 439: 436: 435: 430: 429: 428: 427: 422: 418:Shulchan Aruch 413: 408: 403: 398: 390: 389: 388: 387: 382: 374: 373: 367: 366: 365: 364: 359: 351: 350: 344: 343: 342: 341: 336: 331: 323: 322: 314: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 243: 238: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 196: 191: 184:God in Judaism 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 169: 168: 163: 155: 154: 144: 143: 131: 130: 128:Ashkenazi Jews 112: 111: 107: 106: 100: 99: 95: 94: 80: 79: 75: 74: 64: 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 47:יהודים נורבגים 38: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7454: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7391:Faroe Islands 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7363:South Ossetia 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7337: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Liechtenstein 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7039: 7034: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6938: 6936: 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6424:Singal, Jesse 6419: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6175:Lørdagsrevyen 6174: 6169: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5957:on 2007-03-23 5956: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5932: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5816: 5810: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5769:82-03-26049-7 5765: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5563: 5557: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5510: 5496: 5495:National Post 5492: 5485: 5476: 5468: 5466:82-05-15062-1 5462: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5425:, p. 69. 5424: 5423:Johansen 1984 5419: 5417: 5409: 5408:Johansen 1984 5404: 5396: 5390: 5382: 5376: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5352:82-7341-936-3 5348: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5203:, p. 60. 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5156:on 2011-07-04 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5123: 5119: 5116:(in Danish). 5115: 5111: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5084: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5019:on 2011-06-10 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4967: 4965:9780313096839 4961: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4929: 4923:, p. 10. 4922: 4917: 4908: 4900: 4898:9781351120807 4894: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4745:Norway portal 4735: 4732: 4721: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659:In 2010, the 4657: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4597:terror group 4596: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4387:the synagogue 4385:Sanctuary of 4383: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4354:United States 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338:to pay guides 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281:Nansenhjelpen 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4216:This section 4214: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4201:Nansenhjelpen 4198: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3908: 3905: 3897: 3894:December 2013 3887: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3871:This section 3869: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3810:Andreas Munch 3802: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3561:who had been 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437:, politician 3436: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3363: 3352: 3349: 3338: 3335: 3324: 3321: 3310: 3307: 3306:Faroe Islands 3296: 3293: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3266:Defence Union 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151:Sweden–Norway 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3049:Faroe Islands 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2583:Sweden–Norway 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2283:Judeo-Aramaic 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2273:Judeo-Italian 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2253:Ghardaïa Sign 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878:Denominations 1874: 1873: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706:United States 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 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1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192:Guinea-Bissau 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1046:Lists of Jews 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 931: 927: 926: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 849: 846: 845: 844: 843: 838: 833: 832: 821: 813: 811: 808: 806: 805:The Holocaust 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 766: 765: 761: 760: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 732: 730: 725: 721: 715: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 698: 697: 693: 690: 689: 682: 676: 670: 665: 662: 658: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 597: 596: 593: 590: 589: 584: 579: 577: 572: 568: 564: 561: 556: 551: 547: 543: 540: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 511: 508: 505: 504: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 453: 449: 448: 443: 438: 437: 426: 423: 420: 419: 414: 412: 409: 407: 406:Mishneh Torah 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 392: 391: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 376: 375: 372: 369: 368: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 353: 352: 349: 346: 345: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 325: 324: 321: 318: 317: 312: 307: 306: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 244: 242: 239: 237: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 204: 200: 197: 195: 192: 189: 185: 182: 181: 178: 173: 172: 167: 166:Who is a Jew? 164: 162: 159: 158: 157: 156: 153: 149: 146: 145: 141: 137: 136: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 105: 101: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 73: 69: 65: 60: 55: 50: 35: 31: 26: 21: 16: 7368:Transnistria 7237: 6982: 6956:Bahá'í Faith 6887:Christianity 6754: 6679:Antisemitism 6673: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6551: 6532: 6524: 6503: 6484: 6462: 6452:Bibliography 6438:. Retrieved 6433:New York Mag 6431: 6418: 6406:. Retrieved 6402: 6393: 6383:29 September 6381:. Retrieved 6367: 6355:. Retrieved 6351:the original 6347:Norway Today 6346: 6337: 6327:28 September 6325:. Retrieved 6321: 6312: 6300:. Retrieved 6296: 6287: 6275:. Retrieved 6270: 6261: 6249:. Retrieved 6244: 6235: 6221: 6209:. Retrieved 6204: 6195: 6183:. Retrieved 6179:the original 6171: 6162: 6154:the original 6144: 6133: 6114: 6096: 6078: 6060: 6042: 6034: 6028: 6010: 5999: 5987:. Retrieved 5959:. Retrieved 5955:the original 5945: 5931: 5920:. Retrieved 5915: 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5889: 5880: 5868:. Retrieved 5863: 5854: 5831: 5819:. Retrieved 5809: 5797:. Retrieved 5792: 5759: 5750: 5735: 5721: 5695: 5676: 5670: 5659: 5651:the original 5646: 5636: 5603: 5599: 5586: 5574: 5570: 5556: 5545:. Retrieved 5541:the original 5536: 5509: 5498:. Retrieved 5494: 5484: 5475: 5456: 5450: 5435: 5430: 5403: 5394: 5389: 5375: 5361: 5342: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5304: 5292: 5281:. Retrieved 5276: 5263: 5252:. Retrieved 5248:the original 5234: 5222:. Retrieved 5218:the original 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5164: 5158:. Retrieved 5154:the original 5149: 5140: 5132: 5126:. Retrieved 5122:the original 5104: 5092: 5083: 5072:. Retrieved 5065:the original 5048: 5036: 5027: 5021:. Retrieved 5017:the original 5008: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4955: 4949: 4937: 4928: 4916: 4907: 4888: 4882: 4870: 4860:14 September 4858:. Retrieved 4835:14 September 4833:. Retrieved 4800:. Retrieved 4707: 4694: 4679: 4669:Adolf Hitler 4658: 4630: 4621: 4611: 4588: 4577: 4573:antisemitism 4566: 4536:Robert Levin 4528:Leo Eitinger 4521: 4489:in Trondheim 4482: 4478: 4453: 4449: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4358: 4317: 4315: 4293: 4263: 4226: 4222:adding to it 4217: 4175: 4165: 4159: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4122: 4114: 4111: 4104: 4095:C. J. Hambro 4090: 4086: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4033: 4031: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3994:Adolf Hitler 3982:Mikal Sylten 3979: 3974: 3964: 3958: 3946: 3931: 3927: 3900: 3891: 3880:Please help 3875:verification 3872: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3807: 3790: 3775: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3733: 3726: 3721:Constitution 3718: 3690: 3671: 3666: 3655: 3638:Christian IV 3625: 3621: 3609:Christian IV 3594: 3575: 3552: 3541: 3532: 3528:Gyðinga saga 3499: 3486:Nazi Germany 3478:World War II 3467: 3443:Hans Holmboe 3428: 3402: 3400: 3251:Scandinavism 3214:Nordic model 3136:Kalmar Union 3085: 3084: 3033: 3002: 2995: 2892:Coat of arms 2766: 2740:Bahá'í Faith 2683:Christianity 2620:21st century 2593:World War II 2568:Kalmar Union 2422:Post-Zionism 2293:Judeo-Berber 2288:Judeo-Arabic 2248:Judeo-Gascon 1995:Pidyon haben 1914:Conservative 1637: 1460:Saudi Arabia 1278:South Africa 1267:Sierra Leone 1089:Israeli Jews 1003:Mosaic Arabs 956:Kaifeng Jews 817:Arab–Israeli 790:Emancipation 669:Great Revolt 478:Anti-Judaism 473:Antisemitism 468:Name "Judea" 263:Baal teshuva 120:Finnish Jews 116:Swedish Jews 45:Norske Jøder 39:Ethnic group 15: 7406:Isle of Man 7341:recognition 7293:Switzerland 7228:Netherlands 6993:Neopaganism 6949:Other types 5647:Aftenposten 5575:Arutz Sheva 4702:Palestinian 4618:Aftenposten 4551:Bente Kahan 4543: [ 4229:August 2013 3949:("Jews and 3935:Rudolf Muus 3650:Christian V 3590:Lutheranism 3496:Middle Ages 3424:Christian V 3412:Black Death 2968:Scandinavia 2777:Neopaganism 2546:Unification 2417:Revisionist 2407:Neo-Zionism 2014:Zeved habat 1807:Puerto Rico 1633:Netherlands 1465:South Korea 1450:Philippines 1330:Afghanistan 1197:Ivory Coast 971:Crypto-Jews 936:Bnei Anusim 915:Bene Israel 880:Beta Israel 837:Communities 744:Middle Ages 483:Persecution 258:Bereavement 124:Danish Jews 7431:Categories 7263:San Marino 7223:Montenegro 7203:Luxembourg 7183:Kazakhstan 7086:Azerbaijan 6966:Irreligion 6920:LDS Church 6775:Synagogues 6684:Jew Clause 6440:2017-09-18 6357:28 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775:Sabbateans 762:Modern era 754:Golden Age 681:Bar Kokhba 401:Beit Yosef 268:Philosophy 18:See also: 7396:Gibraltar 7198:Lithuania 7010:Theosophy 6976:Ahmadiyya 6789:Trondheim 6696:Holocaust 6211:March 26, 5989:26 August 5896:26 August 5870:26 August 5799:26 August 5224:March 31, 4620:, titled 4607:vandalism 4524:Jo Benkow 4501:Stavanger 4391:Trondheim 4363:as being 4352:, or the 4326:Auschwitz 4322:Holocaust 4181:Holocaust 4139:shechitah 4087:schechita 4072:schechita 3960:Dagbladet 3633:Ashkenazi 3555:Sephardim 3482:Holocaust 3449:) lifted 3431:Sephardim 3246:Languages 3195:North Sea 3185:Peninsula 3180:Mountains 3174:Geography 3097:Stone Age 3059:Greenland 2985:Countries 2860:Monuments 2787:Theosophy 2760:Ahmadiyya 2665:Festivals 2647:Mythology 2640:Languages 2615:1945–2000 2526:Stone Age 2412:Religious 2268:Zarphatic 2258:Bukharian 2228:Judeo-Tat 2213:Yeshivish 2187:Languages 2142:Sephardic 2132:Israelite 2122:Ethiopian 2112:Ashkenazi 2051:Religious 1841:Australia 1823:Venezuela 1729:Argentina 1711:Greenland 1623:Lithuania 1475:Sri Lanka 1470:Singapore 1395:Kurdistan 1360:Indonesia 1350:Hong Kong 1303:Abayudaya 1227:Mauritius 961:Igbo Jews 951:Krymchaks 870:Sephardim 738:relations 632:Sadducees 628:Pharisees 618:Sanhedrin 533:Jerusalem 293:Synagogue 161:Etymology 84:Norwegian 78:Languages 72:Trondheim 7416:Svalbard 7401:Guernsey 7348:Abkhazia 7323:Scotland 7278:Slovenia 7273:Slovakia 7248:Portugal 7106:Bulgaria 6988:Hinduism 6961:Buddhism 6589:Archived 6483:(1986). 6461:(1969). 6408:30 March 6277:June 18, 6251:June 18, 6122:Archived 6104:Archived 6086:Archived 6068:Archived 6050:Archived 6018:Archived 5839:Archived 5628:14345257 5620:15224598 4717:See also 4686:swastika 4645:comedian 4639:against 4595:Algerian 4487:and one 4318:politiet 4166:shechita 4155:shechita 4115:shechita 4101:1929 ban 4091:shechita 4076:shechita 4052:shechita 4035:shechita 3990:Swastika 3966:Nationen 3706:Eidsvoll 3571:Portugal 3563:expelled 3507:gyðingar 3124:Norsemen 3107:Iron Age 3074:Scotland 2960:a series 2958:Part of 2772:Hinduism 2745:Buddhism 2675:Religion 2651:folklore 2487:a series 2485:Part of 2439:Category 2397:Kahanism 2344:Feminism 2316:Politics 2200:Biblical 2170:American 2117:Bukharan 2107:American 2007:Shidduch 1983:Clothing 1939:Haymanot 1885:Orthodox 1813:Suriname 1796:Paraguay 1749:Colombia 1648:Portugal 1558:Bulgaria 1495:Thailand 1445:Pakistan 1425:Mongolia 1420:Malaysia 1340:Cambodia 1314:Zimbabwe 1289:Tanzania 1167:Eswatini 1157:Ethiopia 1147:Djibouti 1127:Cameroon 1122:Botswana 1051:Diaspora 1013:Noahides 986:Marranos 910:Cochinim 895:Bukharim 885:Gruzinim 875:Teimanim 865:Mizrahim 853:Galician 819:conflict 780:Hasidism 770:Haskalah 675:Diaspora 546:timeline 458:Timeline 371:Rabbinic 278:Kabbalah 253:Marriage 229:Tzedakah 219:Holidays 177:Religion 140:a series 138:Part of 126:, other 98:Religion 7313:England 7303:Ukraine 7253:Romania 7213:Moldova 7171:Ireland 7166:Iceland 7161:Hungary 7151:Germany 7146:Georgia 7136:Finland 7131:Estonia 7126:Denmark 7111:Croatia 7096:Belgium 7091:Belarus 7081:Austria 7076:Armenia 7071:Andorra 7066:Albania 7005:Sikhism 6983:Judaism 6667:History 6302:29 June 6185:5 April 5849:website 5821:24 June 5029:nasjon. 4650:royalty 4250:9 April 4020:in the 3767:Denmark 3711:Jesuits 3416:Denmark 3334:Iceland 3320:Finland 3292:Denmark 3240:Related 3220:Finland 3208:Economy 3064:Iceland 3054:Finland 3044:Denmark 3029:History 3004:Iceland 2997:Finland 2991:Denmark 2880:Symbols 2782:Sikhism 2767:Judaism 2658:Cuisine 2516:History 2382:General 2373:Zionism 2349:Leftism 2339:Bundism 2263:Knaanic 2223:Yevanic 2208:Yiddish 2165:Yiddish 2160:Israeli 2137:Mizrahi 2127:Israeli 2098:Cuisine 2074:Ancient 2056:Secular 2002:Kashrut 1978:Wedding 1965:Customs 1957:Culture 1934:Science 1929:Renewal 1919:Karaite 1900:Hasidic 1832:Oceania 1818:Uruguay 1786:Jamaica 1766:Ecuador 1734:Bolivia 1678:Ukraine 1653:Romania 1628:Moldova 1608:Hungary 1598:Germany 1593:Georgia 1583:Finland 1578:Estonia 1573:Denmark 1568:Czechia 1553:Belarus 1543:Austria 1538:Armenia 1515:Vietnam 1430:Myanmar 1415:Lebanon 1335:Bahrain 1294:Tunisia 1272:Somalia 1247:Nigeria 1242:Namibia 1232:Morocco 1162:Eritrea 1107:Algeria 991:Neofiti 900:Italkim 890:Juhurim 800:Zionism 749:Khazars 644:Sicarii 640:Zealots 636:Essenes 623:Schisms 488:Leaders 450:General 442:History 385:Tosefta 380:Midrash 357:Mishnah 339:Ketuvim 334:Nevi'im 283:Customs 214:Shabbat 209:Halakha 201: ( 199:Mitzvot 186: ( 152:Judaism 104:Judaism 92:Yiddish 7411:Jersey 7353:Kosovo 7298:Turkey 7288:Sweden 7268:Serbia 7258:Russia 7243:Poland 7238:Norway 7218:Monaco 7188:Latvia 7156:Greece 7141:France 7116:Cyprus 6733:Rabbis 6719:Groups 6674:Norway 6558: 6539: 6510: 6491: 6469: 5766: 5683: 5626: 5618: 5537:Ny Tid 5463: 5442: 5349: 4962: 4895: 4802:4 June 4773:Chabad 4674:hanged 4584:kippot 4497:Bergen 4493:cheder 4350:Canada 4346:Israel 4303:Bergen 4285:Gdynia 4273:Poland 4269:Warsaw 4117:. 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Knowledge

History of the Jews in Norway

Index