545:
592:
137:
568:. Major Leo Skurnik, a district medical officer in the Finnish Army, organized an evacuation of a German field hospital when it came under Soviet shelling. More than 600 patients, including SS soldiers, were evacuated. Captain Salomon Klass, also of the Finnish Army, led a Finnish unit that rescued a German company from encirclement by the Soviets. Dina Poljakoff, a member of Lotta Svärd, the Finnish women's auxiliary service, was a nursing assistant who helped tend to German wounded and came to be greatly admired by her patients. All three refused the award.
471:, these eight were: Georg Kollman; Frans Olof Kollman; Frans Kollman's mother; Hans Eduard Szubilski; Henrich Huppert; Kurt Huppert; Hans Robert Martin Korn, who had been a volunteer in the Winter War; and an unknown individual. When Finnish media reported the news, it caused a national scandal, and ministers resigned in protest. After protests by Lutheran ministers, an Archbishop, and the Social Democratic Party, no more foreign Jewish refugees were deported from Finland. In 2000, Finnish Prime Minister
335:
300:
394:
2882:
2448:
24:
1779:
2894:
1767:
758:
prepared a report titled âExperiences and Views of
Antisemitism in Finland â A Report on Discrimination and Hate Crime Targeting Jews" to investigate the rising levels of antisemitism in Finland. The survey respondents consisted of persons over the age of 16 who live in Finland and identify as
451:
As
Finland's wartime operations were supported by substantial numbers of German forces, the Finnish front had a field synagogue operating in the presence of Nazi troops. Jewish soldiers were granted leave on Saturdays and Jewish holidays. Finnish Jewish soldiers later participated in the
736:, the first Finnish Jewish parliamentarian, was assaulted by a man shouting antisemitic slurs. Four years later, a few campaign advertisements containing Zyskowicz's picture were sprayed with swastikas in Helsinki. In 2023, Zyskowicz was attacked by a man who shouted insults about
522:. Among the rest, there were about 500 people (mainly Soviet political officers) who were considered politically dangerous in Finland. This latter group most likely perished in concentration camps or were executed following guidelines set by the
354:
were forced into the
Russian army in childhood and were required to serve at least 25 years. After their term expired, however, they gained the right to remain in Finland regardless of Finnish bans on Jewish settlement. It was only after Finland
751:. The semi-frequent report covers religiously motivated hate crimes, including antisemitic crimes. The most recently-documented data is from 2013, when most of the incidents (six out of eleven) concerned verbal threats or harassments.
767:. According to the report, over 80% of respondents believed that antisemitism has increased in the past 5 years, while over 70% of respondents stated that Finnish people blame Jewish people for the actions of the Israeli government.
482:
arrived in
Finland during World War II, although about 350 moved on to other countries, including about 160 who were transferred to neutral Sweden for safety reasons on the direct orders of Finnish Army commander Marshal
676:
Tampere previously had an organized Jewish community, but it stopped functioning in 1981. The other two cities continue to run their community organizations. There are also some Reform Jewish movements in
Finland today.
290:
have been on the rise in
Finland. The number of incidents are likely under-reported, as Finland does not have a systematic method for recording specific forms of hate speech that incite violence or hatred.
250:) who stayed in Finland after their military service ended. The two synagogues in active use today in Finland were built by Jewish congregations in Helsinki and Turku in 1906 and 1912, respectively. The
2269:
651:
717:
hate crimes have been rare, and the Jewish community has been relatively safe. However, there have been some antisemitic crimes reported in the last decade; the most common types include
1155:
951:
2294:
2264:
518:
nationalities (Finnish, Karelian, Ingrian, or
Estonian) held by Germany, who might have volunteered in the Finnish army. About 2,000 of the POWs handed over by Finland joined the
1886:
2782:
1111:
2753:
616:"), which led to a shrinking Jewish population. The community was partly revitalized when some Soviet Jews immigrated to Finland following the collapse of the Soviet Union.
514:(POWs) took place between Finland and Germany. Approximately 2,600â2,800 Soviet POWs of various nationalities then held by Finland were exchanged for 2,100 Soviet POWs of
1586:
370:, one of the foremost disciples of Rabbi Yisrael Salanter and the Mussar Movement, served as chief rabbi of Helsinki under Rabbi Yisrael's instruction from 1867 to 1875.
2765:
1856:
627:. Jews are well integrated into Finnish society and are represented in nearly all sectors. Most Finnish Jews are corporate employees or self-employed professionals.
2741:
350:
established themselves in the country as tradesmen and craftsmen. The Jews who inhabited
Finland were mostly former soldiers from the Imperial Russian army. These
702:
1756:
1921:
2794:
319:, which only allowed Jews to reside in three towns â all of which fell outside the boundaries of modern-day Finland. In 1809, Finland became part of the
1729:
1208:
1331:
2327:
544:
41:
2049:
924:
2676:
1979:
88:
650:
are also spoken in the community. The Jews, like
Finland's other traditional minorities as well as immigrant groups, are represented on the
60:
1497:
European Union Agency for
Fundamental Rights: Antisemitism â Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001â2011, p. 26.
67:
2186:
1999:
1749:
1496:
303:
Graves of the Jewish soldiers who served in the army of the Russian Empire, located next to the Eastern Orthodox cemetery in Hamina.
2617:
2024:
1914:
1612:
747:
published its annual overview of data on antisemitism available in the European Union, including information from a report by the
2196:
467:
after the head of the Finnish police agreed to turn them over. Seven of the Jews were murdered immediately. According to author
74:
2729:
2724:
2284:
2236:
2111:
2106:
1314:
1094:
1063:
979:
1724:
1719:
1270:
2919:
2320:
2241:
2071:
1742:
1472:
56:
2579:
2246:
1907:
1533:
356:
1656:
1180:
246:
goes back to the late 18th century. Many of the first Jews to arrive were nineteenth-century Russian soldiers (known as
2799:
2602:
2171:
2669:
2350:
2141:
2101:
2081:
2061:
1964:
1696:
1677:
1253:
107:
1388:
448:. In total, 15 Finnish Jews were killed in action in the Winter War, and eight were killed in the Continuation War.
2274:
2076:
1805:
1082:
Strangers in a Stranger Land: How One Country's Jews Fought an Unwinnable War alongside Nazi Troops... and Survived
422:
1156:"For the Jews who fought for Hitler, discomfort still â despite rejecting Nazi Iron Cross for saving German lives"
507:
visited Finland twice to try to persuade the authorities to hand over the Jewish population, he was unsuccessful.
2914:
2607:
2313:
2279:
2226:
2201:
2156:
2151:
2126:
1984:
1024:
619:
As of 2020, the number of Jews in Finland was approximately 1,800, of whom 1,400 lived in Helsinki, about 200 in
526:. 47 Jews appear on the list of those extradited, although religion was not a determining factor in extradition.
311:
said to have settled on Finnish soil was Jacob Weikam (later Veikkanen), who in 1782 began living in the town of
2816:
2787:
2612:
2191:
2181:
2131:
2091:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2009:
2004:
1989:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1815:
1661:
1417:
1185:
385:) in 1906, making it the oldest still-operating Jewish sports club in the world with an uninterrupted history.
45:
2289:
2231:
2176:
2166:
2146:
2136:
2121:
2116:
2096:
2066:
2034:
2019:
1994:
1930:
414:
880:
81:
2662:
2622:
2535:
2206:
2161:
2086:
2056:
1339:
1135:
781:
902:
2770:
2704:
2551:
1212:
764:
484:
1613:"Venäjänkielisten Juutalaisten kertomuksia antisemitismistä ja syrjinnästä Neuvostoliitossa Ja Suomessa"
669:, which serves about 110 students (many of whom are the children of Israelis working in Finland); and a
2872:
2777:
2719:
2709:
1006:
2427:
440:
Germany. 327 Finnish Jews fought for Finland during the war, including 242 rank-and-file soldiers, 52
2758:
2515:
1508:
1362:
748:
744:
603:
928:
760:
2859:
2643:
2405:
1295:
Jukka Lindstedt: Juutalaisten sotavankien luovutukset. Historiallinen aikakauskirja 2/2004: 144â165
755:
441:
338:
An 1897 cartoon warning against a flood of Jewish immigration if discriminatory laws were repealed.
254:(built 1910â1911) was destroyed by Russian air bombings on 30 November 1939, the first day of the
2699:
2638:
2530:
2355:
1086:
34:
2336:
737:
324:
1245:
1236:
1080:
855:
591:
2854:
2746:
2525:
2437:
2400:
2390:
2370:
1866:
1688:
952:"'The Golden Chain of Pious Rabbis': the origin and development of Finnish Jewish Orthodoxy"
759:
Jewish. The report was prepared by researchers at the Polin Institute in collaboration with
610:. After Israel's establishment, Finland had a high rate of immigration to Israel (known as "
534:
2556:
2479:
2417:
2360:
1879:
776:
722:
433:
881:"Antisemitism: Overview of antisemitic incidents recorded in the European Union 2011â2021"
8:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2714:
2685:
2584:
2422:
2395:
2375:
530:
487:. About 40 of the remaining Jewish refugees were forced into compulsory labor service in
1734:
331:
laws remained in effect, meaning Jews were still unable to settle in Finnish territory.
2561:
2520:
2510:
2472:
2365:
1825:
658:
580:
576:
136:
1332:"Juutalaiset sotilaat taistelivat saksalaisten rinnalla Suomen itsenäisyyden puolesta"
1112:"The Jews who fought for Hitler: 'We did not help the Germans. We had a common enemy'"
533:
were protected during the war. Late in the conflict, Germany's ambassador to Helsinki
2467:
1692:
1673:
1310:
1249:
1090:
1059:
975:
666:
492:
367:
2806:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2462:
1843:
1627:
796:
670:
635:
631:
504:
429:
418:
398:
382:
315:, then under Russian rule. During that time, most of Finland was controlled by the
279:
271:
267:
259:
251:
202:
194:
190:
1587:"Finnish government presents report about the rise of antisemitism in the country"
1447:
1830:
1730:âWhile Jews serve in my army I will not allow their deportationâ Jewish Quarterly
1683:
Cohen, William B. & JĂźrgen Svensson (2001). Finland. In Walter Laqueur, ed.,
969:
786:
726:
662:
548:
Memorial ceremony for Jewish soldiers who fell in World War II, Helsinki, Finland
541:
that Finns would not endanger their citizens of Jewish origin in any situation.
523:
511:
460:
360:
328:
283:
198:
1899:
444:, 18 officers, and 15 medical officers. 21 Jews served in the women's auxiliary
2898:
2886:
2432:
1274:
565:
472:
468:
334:
320:
316:
299:
233:
225:
145:
1273:. University of Tampere (Finnish Institutions Research Papers). Archived from
445:
378:
2908:
2734:
2385:
733:
639:
561:
475:
issued an official apology for the extradition of the eight Jewish refugees.
308:
275:
1056:
The Impossible War: When Finnish Jews Fought Alongside with the Nazi Germany
2847:
2410:
1392:
714:
538:
515:
464:
410:
347:
287:
229:
829:
496:
432:(1941 â 1944), whose onset was timed to coincide with Germany's launch of
258:. Today, Finland is home to around 1,800 Jews, of which 1,400 live in the
2305:
1559:"Finland's longest-serving MP, Ben Zyskowicz, attacked while campaigning"
1473:"Antisemitism Overview of data available in the European Union 2004â2014"
557:
453:
393:
1425:
1798:
1631:
791:
718:
553:
406:
255:
247:
2654:
1058:] (in Finnish). Translated by Antero Helasvuo. Helsinki: Siltala.
1052:
Mahdoton sota: Kun suomenjuutalaiset taistelivat natsi-Saksan rinnalla
1028:
606:, about 28 Finnish Jews, mostly Finnish Army veterans, fought for the
519:
500:
351:
23:
1027:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from
374:
343:
169:
2447:
1778:
643:
624:
572:
479:
177:
141:
1766:
1558:
1389:"A Short but Convoluted History for Finland's Jewish Community"
883:. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 3 November 2022
647:
612:
607:
579:, attended the memorial service for fallen Finnish Jews at the
342:
Despite these legal difficulties, during the period of Finnish
312:
700:
620:
596:
488:
263:
173:
1709:
1153:
905:. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 8 June 2022
437:
1714:
1764:
1563:
1670:
Finland and the Holocaust. The Rescue of Finland's Jews
1611:
Czimbalmos, MercĂŠdesz; Pataricza, DĂłra (7 March 2024).
405:
Finland's involvement in World War II began during the
1509:"Man tries to punch Jewish Finnish parliament speaker"
2870:
1136:
Suomen juutalaiset sotaveteraanit saivat muistopaaden
971:
Makkabi. Helsingin juutalaisen urheiluseuran historia
657:
There are two synagogues still standing in Finland:
286:. Since data collection began in 2008, incidents of
2795:
Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia
1610:
895:
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1534:"Swastikas appeared on Zyskowicz election posters"
1235:
1929:
463:refugees (along with 19 others) were deported to
428:Finland resumed fighting the Soviet Union in the
2906:
1138:MTV3. 28 April 2002. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
1149:
1147:
397:A Finnish field synagogue with soldiers at the
1720:What's in it for non-Christians, thisisFINLAND
1655:Cohen, William B. and JĂśrgen Svensson (1995).
1478:. European Union agency for fundamental rights
1179:Cohen, William B. and JĂśrgen Svensson (1995).
436:. This resulted in Finland fighting alongside
359:in 1917 that Jews were granted full rights as
2670:
2321:
1915:
1750:
1271:"Jews in Finland During the Second World War"
1262:
1154:Paul Kendall, The Telegraph (11 March 2014).
956:Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1144:
875:
873:
1725:Jews in Finland During the Second World War
1103:
1049:
1004:
849:
847:
294:
2677:
2663:
2335:
2328:
2314:
1922:
1908:
1757:
1743:
974:. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. 2016.
903:"Fundamental Rights Report 2022, p. 87-88"
809:
495:in March 1942. The refugees were moved to
135:
1304:
1298:
1268:
1192:
949:
870:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1017:
856:"About language and the Jews of Finland"
844:
590:
543:
503:Island in the Gulf of Finland. Although
409:(30 November 1939 â 13 March 1940), the
392:
333:
298:
278:of Jews in Finland, and many also speak
2684:
1233:
1109:
693:Antisemitic incident figures, 2008â2013
172:(80% of the Finnish Jewish community),
2907:
2725:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
1452:progressivejudaismfinland.blogspot.com
950:Muir, Simo; Tuori, Riikka (May 2019).
425:within the first few days of the war.
2658:
2309:
1903:
1738:
1412:
1410:
1078:
1000:
998:
413:'s invasion of Finland. Finnish Jews
144:(dark green) and its location in the
853:
552:Three Finnish Jews were offered the
164:Regions with significant populations
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
652:Advisory Board for Ethnic Relations
13:
2800:Russian Orthodox Church in Finland
1649:
1407:
1386:
1329:
995:
925:"Jewish Heritage Europe â Finland"
14:
2931:
1703:
2892:
2880:
2446:
1777:
1765:
1448:"Progressive Judaism in Finland"
1360:
830:"Short History of Finnish Jewry"
57:"History of the Jews in Finland"
22:
1672:. N.Y.:Holocaust Publications.
1604:
1579:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1490:
1465:
1440:
1380:
1354:
1338:. Verkkouutiset. Archived from
1323:
1289:
1227:
1173:
1129:
1072:
1043:
680:
510:In 1942, an exchange of Soviet
388:
377:founded the sports association
33:needs additional citations for
1931:History of the Jews in Europe
1662:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1513:The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com
1186:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1110:Kendall, Paul (9 March 2014).
1005:Hannu Reime (8 October 2010).
962:
943:
917:
832:. Jewish Community of Helsinki
244:history of the Jews in Finland
1:
854:ArnĂś, Kaj (2 November 2020).
802:
1710:Jewish Community of Helsinki
1591:The European Jewish Congress
1422:Jewish Community of Helsinki
1269:Vuonokari, Tuulikki (2003).
697:
690:
673:rabbi is based in the city.
417:alongside other locals. The
7:
2920:Jews and Judaism in Finland
2603:Citizens of foreign descent
1773:Jews and Judaism in Finland
1715:Chabad Lubavitch of Finland
770:
765:Finnish Ministry of Justice
556:for their wartime service:
485:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
10:
2936:
2778:Orthodox Church of Finland
2720:Catholic Church in Finland
2710:Anglican Church in Finland
1685:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
1668:Rautkallio, Hannu (1988).
1305:Meinander, Henrik (2009).
499:in June and eventually to
2825:
2692:
2631:
2595:
2572:
2544:
2503:
2455:
2444:
2343:
2255:
2217:
1937:
1875:
1855:
1814:
1786:
1657:Finland and the Holocaust
1363:"Mannerheim Synagoogassa"
1181:Finland and the Holocaust
749:Police College of Finland
745:Fundamental Rights Agency
537:concluded in a report to
478:Approximately 500 Jewish
442:non-commissioned officers
415:evacuated Finnish Karelia
224:
219:
214:
209:
189:
184:
168:
163:
158:
153:
134:
2644:Ethnic groups in Finland
1620:Teologinen Aikakauskirja
1234:Gilbert, Martin (1985).
1087:Rowman & Littlefield
782:FinlandâIsrael relations
756:European Jewish Congress
630:Most Finnish Jews speak
586:
459:In November 1942, eight
295:Early history, 1700â1917
2639:Demographics of Finland
1309:. Siltala. p. 17.
1079:Simon, John B. (2019).
740:, Jews and immigrants.
646:, German, Russian, and
2915:Jewish Finnish history
2337:Immigration to Finland
1980:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1209:"The Jewish Quarterly"
858:. Projekt Fredrika r.f
761:Ă
bo Akademi University
665:. Helsinki also has a
599:
571:The then-President of
549:
402:
339:
325:autonomous Grand Duchy
304:
2504:South & East Asia
1689:Yale University Press
1418:"About Our Community"
1025:"The Jews of Finland"
1007:"Un-Finnish business"
604:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
594:
547:
396:
368:Naftali Zvi Amsterdam
357:declared independence
337:
302:
282:, German, Russian or
220:Related ethnic groups
2783:Pentecostal Movement
2618:Naturalized citizens
1881:List of Finnish Jews
1691:. pp. 204â206.
1050:Simon, John (2017).
777:List of Finnish Jews
583:on 6 December 1944.
434:Operation Barbarossa
274:are the most common
42:improve this article
2686:Religion in Finland
2218:States with limited
531:Finnish citizenship
346:from 1809 to 1917,
131:
1888:List of synagogues
1632:10.62442/ta.143533
1428:on 1 November 2015
1342:on 19 January 2005
1215:on 7 November 2017
727:damage to property
623:, and about 50 in
600:
581:Helsinki Synagogue
577:Marshal Mannerheim
550:
535:Wipert von BlĂźcher
403:
340:
327:, but the Swedish
305:
126:Suomen juutalaiset
123:
2868:
2867:
2652:
2651:
2303:
2302:
1897:
1896:
1687:. New Haven, CT:
1316:978-952-234-003-0
1096:978-951-44-7702-7
1065:978-952-234-473-1
981:978-952-222-705-8
931:on 10 August 2011
754:In May 2024, the
711:
710:
707:
706:
667:Jewish day school
595:The synagogue of
456:against Germany.
421:was destroyed by
373:Jewish youths in
317:Kingdom of Sweden
240:
239:
205:, German, Russian
118:
117:
110:
92:
2927:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2791:
2774:
2762:
2754:Methodist Church
2750:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2450:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2256:Dependencies and
2197:Northern Ireland
1938:Sovereign states
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1882:
1859:
1818:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1424:. Archived from
1414:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1391:. Archived from
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1244:. Holt. p.
1243:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1211:. Archived from
1205:
1190:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1002:
993:
992:
990:
988:
966:
960:
959:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
927:. Archived from
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
877:
868:
867:
865:
863:
851:
842:
841:
839:
837:
826:
797:Vyborg Synagogue
689:
688:
685:
684:
671:Chabad Lubavitch
512:prisoners of war
505:Heinrich Himmler
430:Continuation War
419:Vyborg Synagogue
399:Continuation War
383:Makkabi Helsinki
361:Finnish citizens
262:area and 200 in
260:Greater Helsinki
252:Vyborg Synagogue
154:Total population
139:
132:
128:Finländska judar
122:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
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148:(light green)
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130:×××××× ×¤×× ×××
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53:Find sources:
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31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2848:Karhun kansa
2811:
2700:Christianity
2380:
2247:Transnistria
2014:
1867:Finnish Jews
1842:
1837:
1806:Antisemitism
1793:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1684:
1669:
1660:
1635:. Retrieved
1626:(1): 36â55.
1623:
1619:
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1594:. Retrieved
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1569:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1503:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1421:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:the original
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1335:
1325:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:the original
1264:
1240:
1237:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1184:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1140:(in Finnish)
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:
1105:
1081:
1074:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1019:
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985:. Retrieved
970:
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955:
945:
935:10 September
933:. Retrieved
929:the original
919:
907:. Retrieved
897:
885:. Retrieved
860:. Retrieved
834:. Retrieved
753:
743:In 2015 the
742:
731:
712:
692:
681:Antisemitism
675:
663:one in Turku
656:
629:
618:
611:
601:
570:
551:
528:
509:
477:
465:Nazi Germany
458:
450:
427:
423:air bombings
411:Soviet Union
404:
389:World War II
372:
365:
348:Russian Jews
341:
306:
288:antisemitism
243:
241:
230:Russian Jews
124:Finnish Jews
120:Ethnic group
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2843:Neopaganism
2786: [
2769: [
2757: [
2745: [
2742:Free Church
2608:Expatriates
2456:Middle East
2285:Isle of Man
2220:recognition
2172:Switzerland
2107:Netherlands
1665:9(1):70â93.
1482:20 December
1432:27 November
1189:9(1):70â93.
715:antisemitic
602:During the
558:Leo Skurnik
516:Baltic Finn
454:Lapland War
446:Lotta Svärd
379:IK Stjärnan
2909:Categories
2855:Irreligion
2705:Adventists
2613:Immigrants
2536:Vietnamese
2526:Pakistanis
2438:Ukrainians
2401:Portuguese
2391:Norwegians
2371:Hungarians
2142:San Marino
2102:Montenegro
2082:Luxembourg
2062:Kazakhstan
1965:Azerbaijan
1817:Synagogues
1799:Winter War
1518:4 February
1399:8 November
1372:6 November
1346:5 December
1307:Suomi 1944
1219:4 February
1165:4 February
987:6 November
862:5 November
836:5 November
803:References
792:Elias Katz
719:defamation
554:Iron Cross
529:Jews with
407:Winter War
352:cantonists
307:The first
256:Winter War
248:cantonists
228:: notably
68:newspapers
2860:Theosophy
2730:Awakening
2693:Abrahamic
2557:Nigerians
2480:Assyrians
2418:Romanians
2361:Estonians
2351:Albanians
2275:Gibraltar
2077:Lithuania
1336:1997 12 5
909:1 October
887:1 October
732:In 2011,
638:as their
520:Wehrmacht
501:Suursaari
497:Kemijärvi
185:Languages
2838:Hinduism
2833:Buddhism
2715:Baptists
2632:See also
2623:Refugees
2585:Chileans
2573:Americas
2552:Africans
2485:Iranians
2423:Russians
2386:Latvians
2376:Italians
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