740:
55:
752:
1423:
2144:
776:
764:
931:
367:
788:
1188:
614:
923:
350:
204:
2156:
2128:
1753:
2179:
1461:. The city was famous for its fine fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks, and brocades. While the cultivation of mulberry was moving first steps in Northern Italy, silk made in Calabria reached a peak of 50% of the whole Italian/European production. As the cultivation of mulberry was difficult in Northern and Continental Europe, merchants and operators used to purchase raw materials in Calabria in order to finish the products, before reselling them for a higher price.
478:
1628:(1000–1250 AD) saw continued use of established techniques for silk manufacture without change in either materials or tools used. Small changes began to appear between the 10th and 12th centuries, followed by larger and more radical innovations in the 13th century, resulting in the invention of new fabrics; other, more mundane fabrics made of hemp and cotton also developed. Silk remained a rare and expensive material, but improved technology saw Byzantine
1161:
487:
24:
4733:
1613:
804:
4472:
1920:
1989:, in that they gave a (limited) form of programmability. Punched cards themselves were carried over to computers and were ubiquitous until their obsolescence in the 1970s. From 1801, embroidery-style designs became highly mechanized, due to the effectiveness of the Jacquard loom in imitating embroidered fabrics. The mechanism behind the Jacquard looms even allowed complex designs to be
1215:, sericulture reached Japan for the first time around 300 AD, following a number of international students, having been sent from Japan to China, recruiting four young Chinese girls to teach the art of plain and figured weaving in Japan. Techniques of sericulture were subsequently introduced to Japan on a larger scale by frequent diplomatic exchanges between the 8th and 9th centuries.
1813:
409:; one day, in about 3000 BC, a silk worm's cocoon fell into her teacup . Wishing to extract it from her drink, the 14-year-old girl began to unroll the thread of the cocoon. Seeing the long fibers that constituted the cocoon, the Empress gathered other cocoons and wove it into cloth. Having observed the life of the silkworm on the recommendation of her husband, the
1315:
632:, silk became progressively more valuable in its own right, and was used in a greater capacity than as simply a material; lengths of silk cloth were used to pay government officials and to compensate citizens who were particularly worthy. In the same manner that one would sometimes estimate the price of products according to a certain weight of
812:
2074:
and characterized by brown dots. Pasteur published his findings and recommendations for silk farmers. Soon, he received feedback from farmers who had followed his recommendations. Most had reared healthy crops, other farmers had not. With more investigation, he discovered the worms were infected with
1103:
In the late Middle Ages, transcontinental trade over the land routes of the Silk Road declined as sea trade increased. Centuries went by, civilizations, and dynasties were formed, prospered, or perished, but the route that linked the continents of Europe and Asia survived and expanded, becoming known
2219:
market policy, became the world's foremost exporter of raw silk, a position it held until the 1970s. The continued rise in the importance of synthetic fibers and loosening of the protectionist economy contributed to the decline of Japan's silk industry, and by 1975 it was no longer a net exporter of
532:
For approximately a millennium, the right to wear silk was reserved for the emperor and the highest dignitaries. Silk was, at the time, a sign of great wealth, due to its shimmering appearance, created by the silk fiber's prismatic structure, which refracted light from every angle. After some time,
1760:
Though highly regarded for its quality, Italian silk cloth was very expensive, both due to the costs of the raw materials and the production process. The craftsmen in Italy proved unable to keep up with the needs of French fashions, which continuously demanded lighter and less expensive materials.
1582:
by allowing the city to establish a consulate of the silk craft, charged with regulating and check in the various stages of a production that flourished throughout the 16th century. At the moment of the creation of its guild, the city declared that it had over 500 looms. By 1660, when the town had
1804:
on silk production to the city of Lyon. Starting in the 16th century, Lyon became the capital of the
European silk trade, notably producing many reputable fashions. Gaining confidence, the silks produced in the city began to abandon their original Oriental styles in favor of their own distinctive
1780:
decided to develop a national silk industry in Lyon, and employed a large number of
Italian workers, mainly from Calabria. The fame of the master weavers of Catanzaro spread throughout France, and they were invited to Lyon in order to teach the techniques of weaving. The drawloom that appeared in
1091:
China traded silk, teas, and porcelain, while India traded spices, ivory, textiles, precious stones, and pepper, and the Roman Empire exported gold, silver, fine glassware, wine, carpets, and jewels. Although the term "the Silk Road" implies a continuous journey, very few who traveled the route
1073:
I can see clothes of silk, if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes. ... Wretched flocks of maids labor so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress, so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his
216:
The earliest evidence of silk dates back to more than 8,500 years ago and has been found at the early
Neolithic Age tombs of Jiahu, China. Biomolecular evidence, reported from a study, showed the existence of prehistoric silk fibroin in the tombs. Rough weaving tools and bone needles were also
2024:
The decline in the
European silk industry has roots in epidemics among silkworm populations. In 1849, France's silk crop failed due to a unknown disease affecting the silkworms. The disease remained pervasive, and soon spread to Italy, Spain, Syria, Turkey, and China. In 1807, bacteriologist
175:, cotton became much cheaper to manufacture, leading to cotton production becoming the main focus for many manufacturers, and causing the more costly production of silk to shrink. New weaving technologies, however, increased the efficiency of producing silk cloth; among these was the
2199:. Italy managed to rebound from the crisis, but France was unable. Urbanization in Europe saw many French and Italian agricultural workers leave silk growing for more lucrative factory work. Raw silk was imported from Japan to fill the void. Asian countries, formerly exporters of
2075:
something other than pébrine. The other condition, flacherie, was caused by a viral infection. Pasteur recommended the removal of infected worms from the population. These recommendations allowed silkworm producers to restore their strocks and revive silk production.
520:
In China, silkworm farming was originally restricted to women, and many women were employed in the silk-making industry. Even though some saw the development of a luxury product as useless, silk provoked such a craze among the high society that the rules in the
1433:, in the region of Calabria, was the first center to introduce silk production to Italy between the 9th and the 11th century. During the following centuries, the silk of Catanzaro supplied almost all of Europe and was sold in a large market fair in the port of
1383:. The silk produced by the Byzantines was well known for its high quality, owing to the meticulous attention paid to the execution of its weaving and decoration, with weaving techniques taken from Egypt used to produce the fabric. The first diagrams of semple
2227:
out of a world production of 81,000, followed by India at 13,000 tonnes. Japanese production is now marginal, at only 2,500 tonnes. Between 1995 and 1997, Chinese silk production went down 40% in an effort to raise prices, reminiscent of earlier shortages.
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traversed it from end to end; for the most part, goods were transported by a series of agents on varying routes, and were traded in the bustling markets of the oasis towns. The main traders during
Antiquity were the Indian and Bactrian traders, followed by
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were used in products such as parachutes and stockings, replacing silk. Even after the war, silk was not able to regain many of the markets lost, though it remained an expensive luxury product. Postwar Japan, through improvements in technology and a
663:
The military payrolls tell us that soldiers were paid in bundles of plain silk textiles, which circulated as currency in Han times. Soldiers may well have traded their silk with the nomads who came to the gates of the Great Wall to sell horses and
2043:. His findings were the first to demonstrate the transmission of disease between animals, and led to a better understanding of how the disease was transmitted between silkworms. This enabled silk producers to better prevent the transmission of
1682:
From the start of the 14th century, many documents allude to the use of complex weaving machinery. Depictions of fabric production techniques from this time period can be found in several places; the earliest surviving depiction of a
European
1652:
of late-18th century
England, advances in silk production also possibly accompanied more general advances in the technology of modern society as a whole. At the beginning of the 13th century, a primitive form of milling silk yarns was in use;
427:
Though silk was exported to foreign countries in great amounts, sericulture remained a secret that the
Chinese carefully guarded; consequently, other cultures developed their own accounts and legends as to the source of the fabric. In
880:(compiled around 1210) is rich with pictures and descriptions, many pertaining to silk. It repeatedly claims the Chinese looms to be far superior to all others, and speaks of two types of loom that leave the worker's arms free: the
855:. Chinese sources claim the existence in 1090 of a machine to unwind silkworm cocoons; the cocoons were placed in a large basin of hot water, the silk would leave the cauldron by tiny guiding rings, and would be wound onto a large
1060:
tried in vain to prohibit the wearing of silk, for economic reasons as well as moral ones. The import of
Chinese silk resulted in vast amounts of gold leaving Rome, to such an extent that silk clothing was perceived as a sign of
284:
show that it was known in
Western Asia in biblical times. Scholars believe that starting in the 2nd century BC, the Chinese established a commercial network aimed at exporting silk to the West. Silk was used, for example, by the
217:
excavated, indicating the possibility that the Jiahu residents may also have possessed basic weaving and sewing skills required for making textiles. Other evidence of silk include items found at sites of the Yangshao culture in
2261:
have become increasingly popular, being associated with skin and hair benefits. These claims are not supported with much scientific research and are anecdotal, mostly because not many studies have been conducted on this topic.
246:. Similar remains of silk fabric were discovered at another Yangshao site located in Wanggou, Henan, in the year 2019. The fabric was used to wrap the body of a child placed inside a burial urn. Scraps of silk were found in a
1414:
of Calabria had cultivated 24,000 mulberry trees for their foliage, with growth still ongoing. The interactions among Byzantine and Muslim silk-weaving centers of all levels of quality, with imitations made in Andalusia and
4015:
Fabio Bertini, "Il Settecento capitalista. Setaioli commercianti banchieri e nobili fra la Firenze delle accomandite e l'Europa", Cagliari-Milano-Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dell'Europa mediterranea,
888:, which is attributed to East Asian origins. There are many diagrams of these that originate in the 12th and 13th centuries. When examined closely, many similarities between Eurasian machines can be drawn. Following the
195:, has reduced the prevalence of silk throughout the world, being cheaper and easier to care for. Silk is now once again thought of as a luxury good, with a greatly reduced importance compared to its historical heyday.
1761:
These materials, used for clothing, began to be produced locally instead; however, Italian silk remained for a long time amongst the most prized, mostly for furnishings and the brilliant nature of the dyestuffs used.
1410:, which was under the Byzantine dominion. According to André Guillou, mulberry trees for the production of raw silk were introduced to southern Italy by the Byzantines at the end of the 9th century. Around 1050, the
728:
Golden lotus having a quilted backgammon pattern, double-folded, adorned with savage geese pecking at a landscape of flowers and roses; the dress' right figure had a floral border with buttons in the form of bees or
2155:
716:, and others for religious use. The women of high Chinese society also followed these codified practices, and used silk in their garments alongside the addition of countless decorative motifs. A 17th-century work,
704:, wallets, belts, or even as an embroidered piece of fabric displaying dozens of animals, real or mythical. These fashion accessories remained associated with a particular position: there was specific headgear for
2194:
in Japan made it the world's foremost silk producer. By the early 20th century, rapidly industrializing Japan was producing as much as 60 percent of the world's raw silk, most exports shipping through the port of
950:
Numerous archaeological discoveries show that silk had become a luxury material appreciated in foreign countries well before the opening of the Silk Road by the Chinese. For example, silk has been found in the
739:
863:, in all likelihood moved by hand, was known to exist by the beginning of the Christian era. The first accepted image of a spinning wheel appears in 1210, with an image of a silk spinning machine powered by a
186:
In the 20th century, Japan and China regained their earlier dominant role in silk production, and China is now once again the world's largest producer of silk. The rise of new imitation silk fabrics, such as
2093:(1873–1896), Lyonnais silk production had become totally industrialized, and handlooms were rapidly disappearing. The 19th century saw the textile industry's progress caused by advances in chemistry. The
668:
For more than a millennium, silk remained the principal diplomatic gift of the emperor of China to neighbouring countries or vassal states. The use of silk became so important that the character for silk
1523:
in 1204 brought decline to the city and its silk industry, and many artisans left the city in the early 13th century. Italy developed a large domestic silk industry after 2,000 skilled weavers came from
304:, with the possible exception of Japan, its production remained exclusively Chinese for three millennia. The earliest examples of silk production outside China are from silk threads discovered from the
4062:
2012:
in 1831 foreshadowed many of the larger worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution. The canuts occupied the city of Lyon, refusing to relinquish it until a bloody repression by the army, led by
751:
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from the Western Han period (206 BC–9 AD), and a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) document. The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost.
1957:
The silk industry, however, did not gain any benefit from innovations in spinning, as silk did not require spinning in order to be woven. Furthermore, the production of silver, and gold silk
1718:). It is possible that the toothed warping machine was created by the silk industry, as it allowed the for a longer length of warp to hold more uniformity throughout the length of the cloth.
2278:
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silk gradually extended to other classes of Chinese society, though this was mainly the uppermost noble classes. Silk began to be used for decorative means and also in less luxurious ways;
2580:
2049:
Muscardine was not the only disease to affect the European silk industry at this time. In France, disease among silkworms continued to devastate silk production in the country. In 1865,
1950:. In its early years, there were often disparities in technological innovation between different stages of fabric manufacture, which encouraged complementary innovations. For example,
1809:, devoted themselves to the flourishing industry. In the middle of the 17th century, over 14,000 looms were used in Lyon, and the silk industry fed a third of the city's population.
559:. Beginning in the 3rd century BC, paper was made in all sizes with various materials. Silk was no exception, and silk workers had been making paper since the 2nd century BC. Silk,
3982:
Toshiharu Furusawa, "The history of Sericulture in Japan – The old and innovative technique for Industry-", Center for Bioresource Field Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology (
3552:
Mazzarello, Paolo; Garbarino, Carla; and Cani, Valentina (September 2013) Bassi, Agostino. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0025074
242:
The earliest extant example of a woven silk fabric is from 3630 BC, used as wrapping for the body of a child. The fabric comes from a Yangshao site in Qingtaicun at Rongyang,
109:
alone, and silk was used for a number of applications, such as writing. Within clothing, the color of silk worn also held social importance, and formed an important guide of
1985:, which allowed a string of punched cards to be processed mechanically in the correct sequence. The punched cards of the Jacquard loom were a direct precursor to the modern
1744:. He introduced a new kind of machine, which had the ability to work the yarns faster and more precisely. Further improvements to the loom were made throughout the century.
4515:
1965:. In the 17th and 18th centuries, progress began to be made in the simplification and standardization of silk manufacture, with many advances following one after another.
1736:
In the second half of the 15th century, drawloom technology was first brought to France by an Italian weaver from Calabria, known as Jean le Calabrais, who was invited to
1907:; however the silk industry in the colonies never became very large. Likewise, silk was introduced to numerous other countries, including Mexico, where it was brought by
2057:
to study what was causing the epidemic. Pasteur investigated the cause between 1865 and 1870, leading to his discovery of two separate diseases infecting the silkworms:
1571:
increase the momentum of their silk production, and were soon exporting silk to all of Europe, with 84 workshops and at least 7,000 craftsmen in Florence in 1472 alone.
1207:
on silk production for several centuries, defended by an imperial decree and condemning to death anyone attempting to export silkworms or their eggs. According to the
578:
were all used, and paper made with silk became the first type of luxury paper. Researchers have found an early example of writing done on silk paper in the tomb of a
1800:
in around 1535 that a royal charter was granted to two merchants, Étienne Turquet and Barthélemy Naris, to develop a silk trade in Lyon. In 1540, the king granted a
424:, likely around the early 1st century AD. The princess, refusing to go without the fabric that she loved, decided to break the imperial ban on silkworm exportation.
1422:
648:
people regularly pillaged the provinces of the Han Chinese for around 250 years. Silk was a common offering by the emperor to these tribes in exchange for peace.
1128:. Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other goods were traded, and various technologies, religions and philosophies, as well as the
4578:
2121:, intended as an artificial silk, and in 1891 opened a factory dedicated to the production of viscose, which cost much less and in part replaced natural silk.
1725:, trends began to shift towards less expensive production techniques. Many techniques that earlier in the century would have been completely forbidden by the
1547:, Jewish, and Greek settlement, alongside many other immigrants from neighboring cities in southern Italy. With the loss of many Italian trading posts in the
982:, their name for the far-off kingdom of China. According to certain historians, the first Roman contact with silk was that of the legions of the governor of
312:, which are dated to 2450–2000 BC. The analysis of the silk fibres shows presence of reeling and sericulture, and predates another example of silk found in
1350:
152:
states, which saw an economic boom exporting silk to the rest of Europe. Developments in the manufacturing technique also started to take place during the
164:
joined Italy in developing a successful silk trade, although the efforts of most other nations to develop a silk industry of their own were unsuccessful.
132:
eggs and were able to begin silkworm cultivation while the Arabs also started to manufacture silk at around the same time. As a result of the spread of
3473:"The Silk Worm Epidemic, Pebrine, after Pasteur, with Some Reflections Regarding the Analogy of This Disorder to Certain Diseases of the Human Subject"
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were produced in many countries, the Chinese are considered to have been the first to produce silk fabric on a large scale, having the most efficient
763:
2783:
Ma, Debin. "The Modern Silk Road: The Global Raw-Silk Market, 1850-1930." The Journal of Economic History, vol. 56, no. 2, 1996, pp. 330–55. JSTOR,
1888:, many of whom were skilled weavers and experts in sericulture, began immigrating to England to escape religious persecution. Some areas, including
1457:
merchants. Catanzaro became the lace capital of Europe, with a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the
1021:. The caravans that travelled this route to exchange silk with other merchants were generally sizeable, constituting 100 to 500 people, as well as
4520:
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1946:
was marked by a massive boom in the textile industry in general, with remarkable technological innovations made, led by the cotton industry of
1511:, two important centers of Byzantine silk production. They took the crops and silk production infrastructure, and deported all the workers to
54:
1892:, saw many high-quality silk workshops spring up, their products distinct from continental silk largely by the colors used. Nonetheless, the
787:
413:, she began to instruct her entourage in the art of raising silkworms - sericulture. From this point, the girl became the goddess of silk in
644:. Many neighbouring countries began to grow envious of the wealth that sericulture provided China, and beginning in the 2nd century BC, the
93:(4th millennium BC). Though it would later reach other places in the world, the art of silk production remained confined to China until the
4525:
885:
2223:
With its recent economic reforms, the People's Republic of China has become the world's largest silk producer. In 1996 it produced 58,000
432:, most Romans, great admirers of the cloth, were convinced that the Chinese took the fabric from tree leaves. This belief was affirmed by
2350:
3622:
Rahul, Kamidi; Manjunatha, Gyarehalli Rangappa; Sivaprasad, Vankadara (2021-01-01), Gurtler, Volker; Subrahmanyam, Gangavarapu (eds.),
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Rahul, Kamidi; Manjunatha, Gyarehalli Rangappa; Sivaprasad, Vankadara (2021-01-01), Gurtler, Volker; Subrahmanyam, Gangavarapu (eds.),
1864:
that profited the most from its now-extinct mulberry plantations. However, silk centers still operate today. Working at home under the
1468:
While the Chinese lost their monopoly on silk production, they were able to re-establish themselves as major silk suppliers during the
859:, using a backward and forward motion. However, little information exists about the spinning techniques previously used in China. The
3010:
Jacoby, David (2004). "Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West".
225:, where a silk cocoon was found cut in half by a sharp knife, dating back to between 4000 and 3000 BC. The species was identified as
183:
of several silkworm diseases at this time caused production to fall, especially in France, where the industry never fully recovered.
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and those of the Arabs in Sicily and Spain (8th to 10th centuries) able to supply the luxury material in much greater abundance.
59:
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2799:"The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Silk Road, North China [Northern Silk Road, North Silk Road] Ancient Trackway"
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Nevertheless, the increase in the price of silkworm cocoons and the reduction in the importance of silk in the garments of the
2037:("The Disease of the Sign, Calcinaccio or Muscardine") in which he demonstrated the disease was caused by the parasitic fungus
2000:, but it soon became vital to the industry. The loom was declared as public property in 1806, and Jacquard was rewarded with a
3970:
Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440-c.1530
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Anne Kraatz, Marie Risselin-Steenebrugen, Michèle Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens and Madeleine Paul-David (2006), "Tissus d'art", in
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about 16,000 inhabitants, its silk industry kept 1,000 looms, and at least 5,000 people, in employment. The silk textiles of
684:
As a material for clothing and accessories, the use of silk was regulated by a very precise code in China. For example, the
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silk, but closer examination of the fibres revealed the material not to be Chinese in origin, and was instead woven from a
3929:
1357:. While under the monks' care, the eggs hatched, though they did not cocoon before arrival. The church manufacture in the
1048:
in 30 BC, regular commerce began between the Romans and Asia, marked by the Roman appetite for silk cloth coming from the
1654:
2210:, silk supplies from Japan were cut off, so western countries were forced to find substitutes. Synthetic fibers such as
1394:, spread sericulture across the shores of the Mediterranean, leading to the development of sericulture in North Africa,
4776:
2149:
An illustration of spinning, winding, doubling, and throwing machines used in silk textile production in England, 1858.
696:, according to their function in society, with certain colours of silk restricted to the upper classes only. Under the
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in 1869 and the silk shortage in France reduced the price of importing Asian silk, particularly from China and Japan.
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3147:
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had a legal monopoly on the fabric, but the empire continued to import silk from other major urban centers on the
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Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440-c.1530
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Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE
2875:
1097:
1551:, the import of Chinese styles drastically declined. In order to satisfy the demands of the rich and powerful
1419:, among other cities, have made the identification and date of rare surviving examples difficult to pinpoint.
1033:
and the coasts of the Mediterranean, about one year's travel from Xi'an. In the south, a second route went by
420:
Knowledge of silk production eventually left China via the heir of a princess who was promised to a prince of
1893:
1575:
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4057:
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3648:
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Hill (2009), "Appendix A: Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century AD.", pp. 466-467.
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that, "They weave webs, like spiders, that become a luxurious clothing material for women, called silk."
3854:
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1136:"), also traveled along the silk routes. Some of the other goods traded included luxuries such as silk,
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3806:
2013:
1868:, silk spinning and silk treatment employed many people and increased the income of the working class.
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The 13th century saw an improvement in the already-changing technology of silk production; as with the
1411:
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Towards the end of the 14th century, no doubt on account of the devastation caused mid-century by the
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as the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of
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930:
106:
2323:"China Focus: World's earliest silk fabrics discovered in central China's ruins-China Silk Museum"
1788:, but the industry in Tours stayed relatively marginal. His main objective was to reduce France's
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Waters, Sarah. "The Silk Industry in Lyon, France." Museum of the City. Accessed 6 October 2017.
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and other institutions created a very thin piece of modified silk that vibrates when electrical
136:, Chinese silk exports became less important, although they still maintained dominance over the
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During the later epoch, the knowledge of silk production was spread outside of China, with the
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231:, the domesticated silkworm. Fragments of a primitive loom can also be seen from the sites of
207:
The cocoon of the domesticated silk moth; unlike wild silk moths, its cocoon is entirely white
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2347:
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1943:
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In the face of protests by the people of Lyon, Louis XI conceded to move silk production to
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Joseph Needham, Francesca Bray, Hsing-Tsung Huang, Christian Daniels, Nicholas K. Menzies,
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in the 19th century caused the decline of the silk industry in Europe. The opening of the
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toward the west was opened by the Chinese in the 2nd century AD. The main road left from
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320:
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179:, developed for the production of highly detailed silks with embroidery-like designs. An
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Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People AD 600-1200
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on each machine. In 1834, there were a total of 2,885 Jacquard looms in Lyon alone. The
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silk artisans also used fine Calabrian and Sicilian silk for the production of velvets.
1361:
was thus able to make fabrics for the emperor, with the intention of developing a large
37:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Although silk was well known in Europe and most of Asia, China was able to keep a near-
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2231:
In December 2006 the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the
1658:
390:(704–223 BC), depicting men wearing traditional silk dress and riding in a two horsed
254:, dating back to 2700 BC. Other fragments have been recovered from royal tombs in the
4688:
4623:
4618:
4573:
4036:
3973:
3958:
3950:
3918:
3820:
3710:
3690:
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3179:
3143:
3089:
2869:
2829:
2764:
2685:
2515:
2484:
2480:
2302:
1962:
1764:
Following the example of the wealthy Italian city-states of the era, such as Venice,
1588:
1488:
1399:
1219:
991:
922:
414:
402:
366:
2995:
Guillou, André; Delogu, Paolo (1983). "Il Mezzogiorno dai Bizantini a Federico II".
2798:
545:
all utilized silk. Peasants, however, did not have the right to wear silk until the
4673:
4588:
4541:
4451:
4208:
3596:
3484:
3059:
3019:
2733:
2476:
2207:
1961:
was a very delicate and precise process, with each color needing its own dedicated
1880:(1367–1413) also looked to develop a silk industry, but no opportunity arose until
1625:
1358:
1339:
841:
654:
613:
524:
438:
433:
397:
Many myths and legends exist about origin of silk production. The writings of both
247:
125:
90:
64:
2161:
Silk, cotton and gilt-metal-strip-wrapped cotton panel, machine-woven in Scotland
1996:
The Jacquard loom was immediately denounced by workers, who accused it of causing
1242:, silk became a monetary standard for estimating the value of different products.
4737:
4583:
3415:
2819:
2605:
2354:
2090:
2070:
1990:
1911:
in 1522. Only rarely did these new silk industries grow to any significant size.
1865:
1845:
1729:
for low-quality production were now commonplace (such as using low-quality wool,
1508:
1434:
1191:
Chinese Embassy, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons, 7th century CE,
1053:
1018:
451:
324:
273:
3835:
3630:, Methods in Silkworm Microbiology, vol. 49, Academic Press, pp. 79–96
3512:, Methods in Silkworm Microbiology, vol. 49, Academic Press, pp. 79–96
1819:
1029:
carrying around 140 kilograms (310 lb) of merchandise. The route linked to
811:
4603:
4546:
4503:
4173:
3584:
2026:
1981:
improved on the designs of Falcon and Vaucanson, introducing the revolutionary
1966:
1792:
with the Italian states, which caused France to lose 400,000 to 500,000 golden
1700:
1684:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1492:
1403:
1362:
1303:
1129:
998:, the legions were said to be so surprised by the brilliance of the banners of
860:
410:
349:
286:
232:
157:
145:
4396:
3530:"Agostino Bassi | Microbiology, Disease Control & Entomology | Britannica"
2373:
171:
changed much of Europe's silk industry. Due to innovations in the spinning of
4756:
4750:
4593:
4551:
4406:
4218:
4198:
4137:
3843:
3608:
3084:
Malanima, Paolo (2004). "Le sete della Calabria". In Fusco, Ida Maria (ed.).
2488:
2236:
2216:
2134:
2066:
2054:
1982:
1947:
1829:
1789:
1688:
1380:
1113:
542:
281:
255:
176:
105:
for another thousand years. The use of silk within China was not confined to
67:
3711:"The Cocoon Strikes Back: Innovative Products Could Revive a Dying Industry"
3687:
Disaster and Human History: Case Studies in Nature, Society, and Catastrophe
2850:
1246:
appreciated the high quality of the Chinese goods and made efforts to plant
4327:
4183:
4063:"Sericulture in Asia: Yesterday, today, tomorrow", Asia and Pacific Network
4010:
Alternative Agriculture: A History from the Black Death to the Present Day.
2581:"Les relations entre le monde romain et la Chine: la tentation du Far East"
2200:
2009:
1997:
1970:
1889:
1703:
machines appearing both together in the stained glass at Chartres and in a
1473:
1469:
1458:
1346:
1239:
1172:
1125:
1057:
971:
846:
719:
701:
697:
689:
685:
622:
546:
387:
354:
137:
114:
110:
3989:"Métiers agricoles - Magnaniers", Institut supérieur de l'agroalimentaire
2178:
1280:), the name of the people from whom silk was first obtained, according to
4233:
4213:
4158:
4122:
4005:
3123:
Muthesius, Anna, "Silk in the Medieval World". In Jenkins (2003), p. 331.
2914:
2258:
2251:
2191:
2079:
1896:
prevented England's domestic silk trade from becoming globally dominant.
1841:
1832:, showing the different steps in sericulture and the manufacture of silk.
1722:
1629:
1552:
1454:
1294:
1133:
864:
851:
828:
629:
595:
512:
371:
277:
227:
153:
133:
102:
4341:
3409:
http://www.museumofthecity.org/project/the-silk-industry-in-lyon-france/
1602:
1515:
and Calabria, thereby causing the Norman silk industry to flourish. The
477:
4431:
4401:
4361:
4168:
4163:
4142:
3031:
2083:
1484:, techniques of silk production began to spread across Western Europe.
1160:
1066:
1014:
590:, Hunan. The material was more expensive, but also more practical than
338:
stockings. Her yellow blouse was originally thought to be made of wild
305:
290:
218:
203:
4391:
2784:
2058:
672:
486:
97:
opened at 114 BC. Even after trade opened, China maintained a virtual
4661:
4411:
4238:
4228:
4132:
4127:
4117:
3942:
3284:
3201:
2546:
2062:
2005:
1885:
1584:
1579:
1477:
1430:
1395:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1269:
1259:
1223:
1062:
1006:
995:
935:
913:
832:
798:
603:
583:
500:
398:
343:
192:
94:
83:
3023:
2947:
Catherine Jolivet-Lévy and Jean-Pierre Sodini (2006), "Byzance", in
2442:
2029:
began a 25-year investigation into what caused the silkworm disease
1733:, etc.). In the silk industry, the use of water-powered mills grew.
1472:, and to industrialize their production on a large scale during the
454:
notably accurately determined where silk came from; speaking of the
4421:
4381:
4346:
4223:
4203:
4193:
4188:
2196:
2102:
1986:
1837:
1801:
1777:
1765:
1671:) both illustrate many types of machinery which can only have been
1637:
1617:
1568:
1481:
1480:
along the Silk Road; however, following the beginning of the first
1450:
1407:
1370:
1255:
1247:
1204:
1164:
1093:
1049:
1010:
897:
881:
607:
599:
587:
579:
504:
447:
180:
141:
129:
98:
3776:"Are increasingly popular silk pillowcases really worth the hype?"
3600:
1476:. China continued to export high-quality fabric to Europe and the
1155:
529:
were used to limit its use to the members of the imperial family.
4732:
4456:
4366:
4351:
4026:
3904:
3839:
2247:
2118:
2110:
2098:
2001:
1958:
1861:
1825:
1730:
1708:
1676:
1596:
1529:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1210:
1149:
1148:, other perfumes, spices, medicines, jewels, glassware, and even
1096:
traders from the 5th to the 8th century AD, and then followed by
1030:
999:
987:
939:
901:
836:
816:
705:
645:
538:
391:
301:
269:
31:
Parts of this article (those related to modern usage) need to be
1776:
obtained a similar function in the French market. In 1466, King
1306:
1297:
35:. The reason given is: the most recent information is from 2006.
4566:
4436:
4416:
4356:
4296:
3352:
Histoire de la France: Dynasties et révolutions, de 1348 à 1852
2904:
2897:
Strabo 11.11.1, 15.1.34. The earliest example of the adjective
2720:
Charles Meyer, "Les routes de la soie: 22 siècles d'aventure",
2224:
2114:
1812:
1704:
1696:
1592:
1564:
1548:
1544:
1442:
1354:
1281:
1196:
1121:
1117:
1017:
desert, one of the most arid in the world, before crossing the
979:
967:
943:
893:
856:
713:
560:
443:
421:
339:
313:
251:
222:
172:
161:
3088:(in Italian). Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane. pp. 55–68.
1793:
1772:(which had become the center of the luxury-textile industry),
1612:
803:
4471:
4376:
3278:
La seta a Catanzaro e Lione. Echi lontani e attività presente
2898:
2211:
2183:
2016:. A second revolt, similar to the first, took place in 1834.
1806:
1805:
style, which emphasized landscapes. Thousand of workers, the
1785:
1769:
1726:
1633:
1560:
1556:
1540:
1539:
The sudden boom of the silk industry in the Italian state of
1462:
1446:
1438:
1426:
Silk production in Northern Italy from 13th to 17th centuries
1416:
1285:
1275:
1263:
1235:
1231:
1137:
1105:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1022:
983:
960:
956:
709:
575:
568:
564:
552:
508:
406:
331:
243:
236:
188:
149:
121:
86:
4516:
Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution
2828:. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110.
1781:
those years in France was called loom by Jean Le Calabrais.
1314:
1258:
Persia controlled the trade of silk destined for Europe and
907:
156:(5th to 15th centuries) in Europe, with devices such as the
4461:
4426:
4386:
4371:
4280:
4098:
3851:
Catherine Jolivet-Lévy et Jean-Pierre Sodini, "Byzance",
3689:. Jefferson N.C.: McFarland & Company Inc. p. 95.
1773:
1737:
1543:, starting in the 11th and 12th centuries, was due to much
1384:
1342:
1227:
1176:
1168:
1145:
1141:
820:
633:
572:
496:
467:
335:
328:
280:
and silk fabric production. Allusions to the fabric in the
79:
3621:
3503:
2759:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp.
2254:
and insulate noise effectively, even as a thin material.
2106:
1026:
3382:
Gérard Chauvy, "La dure condition des forçats du luxe",
3335:
Ancient Engineers' Inventions: Precursors of the Present
3231:
3229:
2462:"New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization*"
2065:. Pébrine, known as "pepper disease," was caused by the
2019:
1914:
1840:
experienced a boom in sericulture that would last until
1218:
Starting in the 4th century BC, silk began to reach the
896:
was well recorded, and beginning in the 2nd century BC,
617:
Chinese painting on silk, with playing children wearing
4067:
4056:
China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, China (中国丝绸博物馆)
3917:. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
3624:"Chapter 4 - Pebrine monitoring methods in sericulture"
3506:"Chapter 4 - Pebrine monitoring methods in sericulture"
2545:. The Silk Association of Great Britain. Archived from
2443:"New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization"
2053:, France's Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, asked
978:, "people of silk", a term used for the inhabitants of
781:
The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools.
160:
first appearing at this time. During the 16th century,
4031:
When silk was gold: Central Asian and Chinese textiles
2756:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia
1933:
Mme Tatischeva is shown wearing a paduasoy silk dress.
1643:
1208:
745:
The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.
610:, and even maps written on silk have been discovered.
3750:"This sound-suppressing silk can create quiet spaces"
3226:
2190:
Following the crisis in Europe, the modernization of
1871:
1603:
Use of silk in the Medieval period (5th–15th century)
871:
870:
More information is known about the looms used. The '
717:
692:
used colour symbolism to denote the various ranks of
652:
522:
353:
Detail of silk ritual garment from a 4th-century BC,
327:, was found clad in a long crimson-and-white striped
2279:"Biomolecular Evidence of Silk from 8,500 Years Ago"
807:
Polychrome embroidery in silk, 17th century, Antwerp
700:, silk began to be used in a series of accessories:
2460:Good, I. L.; Kenoyer, J. M.; Meadow, R. H. (2009).
2117:dye. In 1884, Count Hilaire de Chardonnet invented
1636:(6th to 8th centuries), silk production centres in
900:and other innovations allowed the creation of silk
276:and, later, the Indian people gaining knowledge of
3889:Handbook of Textile Fibres Vol. 1: Natural Fibres.
2503:
2348:"Zhongguo Sichoushi" ("History of Silks in China")
2257:In the late 2010s and up to the early 2020s, silk
2168:. The tulip motif is inspired by Turkish textiles.
2033:(white muscardine disease). In 1835, he published
1578:formally recognized the growth of the industry of
1338:obtained the first silkworm eggs. He had sent two
974:- the latter later than the former - spoke of the
799:Silk moths and production techniques used in China
2459:
1041:, and India before rejoining the northern route.
4748:
3673:Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy
1899:Many envisioned starting a silk industry in the
1884:the 1680s, when hundreds of thousands of French
4521:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods
3323:Autour du Fil, l'encyclopédie des arts textiles
2235:, so as to raise the profile of silk and other
1844:, with much of the silk shipped north to Lyon.
1238:or precious stones. Up to the frontiers of the
1156:Global spread of sericulture (4th–16th century)
3997:The Shorter Science and Civilization in China.
2250:is applied. This means it is able to suppress
1747:
1607:
4312:
4083:
3310:A Brief History of Figured Textile Production
3287:and Lyon. Distant echoes and present activity
2994:
2903:was recorded in the 2nd century AD, found in
2622:
2620:
2288:
2286:
1052:, which was then resold to the Romans by the
926:The main silk roads between 500 BC and 500 AD
670:
381:
375:
4526:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
4035:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
4027:Watt, James C.Y.; Wardwell, Anne E. (1997).
2575:
1973:loom appeared in 1775, later improved on by
1937:
1853:
1817:
1756:French production of fresh silkworm cocoons.
1662:
1013:, going either to the north or south of the
621:, by Su Hanchen (active 1130s–1160s),
3864:"La Soie, 4000 ans de luxe et de volupté",
3173:
2975:
2973:
2908:
2825:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
2035:Del mal del segno, calcinaccio o moscardino
1954:progressed much more rapidly than weaving.
1903:, starting in 1619 under the reign of King
1374:
1288:
1167:inspired two-sided silk cloth, with winged
878:Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture
757:Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared.
211:
4319:
4305:
4090:
4076:
3932:et Madeleine Paul-David, "Tissus d'art",
3928:Anne Kraatz, Marie Risselin-Steenebrugen,
3332:
3111:Justinian and the International Silk Trade
3060:"Catanzaro | Italy | Britannica"
2617:
2283:
1675:. This machinery was further perfected in
346:of a different origin, potentially India.
3488:
3435:Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer
3375:
3373:
3371:
3289:] (in Italian). Calabria Letteraria.
2818:
2684:, Cambridge University Press, 1984 p. 72
2421:
2419:
2417:
2242:In 2024, a group of researchers from the
908:The Silk Road and trade (2nd–8th century)
724:, gives a description of one such motif:
511:province, China, 2nd century BC, Western
374:painting from the Jingmen Tomb (Chinese:
3649:"The scourge of silk and Pasteur's cure"
3477:The Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner
3470:
3083:
2970:
2177:
1918:
1811:
1751:
1611:
1421:
1313:
1186:
1159:
929:
921:
810:
802:
677:) soon constituted one of the principal
612:
594:. Treatises on many subjects, including
468:Silk usage in Ancient and Medieval China
365:
348:
202:
53:
3999:Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1994.
2748:
2746:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2292:
2173:
1591:'s markets, they were also exported to
1353:silkworm eggs to him hidden in rods of
884:, which is of Eurasian origin, and the
316:in peninsular India, dated to 1500 BC.
300:Even though silk spread rapidly across
60:Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk
4749:
3684:
3439:, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2001 p. 403
3398:Guide Gallimard - Parc naturel LUBERON
3368:
3274:
3197:
3195:
3009:
2932:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
2510:. New York: Checkmark Books. pp.
2440:
2414:
2409:Des mûriers dans le jardin du mandarin
2277:Yuxuan Gong, Li Li, and Juzhong Zhang
839:of silk moth for silk production, the
827:Silk was made using various breeds of
651:Silk is described in a chapter of the
4300:
4071:
3671:A. J. H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu,
3582:
3578:
3576:
3333:Rossi, Cesare; Russo, Flavio (2016).
2495:
2244:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2182:A woman weaving with silk threads in
2020:Decline in the European silk industry
1915:Silk in the modern day (1760–present)
1882:the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
557:greatest discoveries of ancient China
3773:
3747:
2752:
2743:
2583:(in French). clio.fr. Archived from
2528:
2501:
2387:
2233:International Year of Natural Fibres
1491:was focusing all his efforts on the
1369:, using techniques learned from the
361:
17:
3208:, Oxford University Press US, 1998.
3192:
3046:"The Ancient and Noble Art of Silk"
2785:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2123969
2703:"Histoire de la Route de la soie",
1644:Improved silk production technology
1330:, it was not until 552 AD that the
1175:, from the early Islamic period in
13:
4579:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4470:
4020:
3573:
3117:
2999:(in Italian). Vol. III. UTET.
2848:
2812:
2374:"Textile Exhibition: Introduction"
1872:Silk industries in other countries
1555:for luxury fabrics, the cities of
1322:give the silkworms to the emperor.
1284:. The Greek word gave rise to the
1262:. The Greek word for "silken" was
946:in silk dress, 1st century AD
636:, a length of silk cloth became a
382:
14:
4788:
4050:
3713:. Japan Information Network. 2000
3563:"Jean Baptiste Dumas (1800-1884)"
3437:The Encyclopedia of World History
3142:, Payot, 1956, reedited in 1977,
2796:
2682:Science and Civilisation in China
2641:
2411:, Historia, n°648, December 2000.
1487:In 1147, while Byzantine emperor
1302:, which later developed into the
1250:trees and breed silkworms in the
4731:
4326:
4012:Oxford: Oxford University, 1997.
3879:Entomological Society of America
3646:
2481:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x
2441:Meadow, Richard (January 2009).
2295:Chinese Silk: A Cultural History
2154:
2142:
2126:
1836:In the 18th and 19th centuries,
831:, both wild and domestic. While
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
485:
476:
198:
22:
4767:History of the textile industry
4255:Silk in the Indian subcontinent
3767:
3741:
3725:
3703:
3678:
3665:
3640:
3615:
3555:
3546:
3522:
3497:
3464:
3449:
3429:
3420:
3401:
3389:
3341:
3326:
3314:
3303:
3268:
3253:
3244:
3211:
3167:
3152:
3126:
3102:
3077:
3052:
3038:
3003:
2988:
2955:
2938:
2924:
2891:
2882:
2842:
2790:
2777:
2727:
2711:
2694:
2674:
2665:
2635:
2599:
2569:
2560:
1528:. Many also chose to settle in
1390:The Arabs, with their widening
1044:Not long after the conquest of
793:The silk is woven using a loom.
4772:History of international trade
3947:The Silk Road in World History
3930:Michèle Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens
3585:"Pasteur and insect pathogens"
2453:
2434:
2366:
2346:Tang, Chi and Miao, Liangyun,
2340:
2315:
2271:
1928:by David Lüders (1759)Moscow,
458:or silk moth, he wrote in his
1:
3797:
2162:
1923:
1712:
1387:appeared in the 5th century.
259:
124:by 300 AD, and by 552 AD the
120:Silk cultivation had reached
4657:Conservation and restoration
3883:CED1: History of Sericulture
3733:Business and Industry Review
3583:Smith, Tracy (August 1999).
1270:
7:
4720:Textile manufacturing terms
3949:. Oxford University Press.
3934:in Encyclopædia Universalis
3876:Ron Cherry, "Sericulture",
3731:Anthony H. Gaddum, "Silk",
3174:Sakellariou, Eleni (2012).
3140:Histoire de l'état byzantin
1901:British colonies in America
1748:The silk industry in France
1608:Importance as a luxury good
1209:
872:
734:Chinese silk making process
718:
653:
523:
499:textile from Tomb No. 1 at
405:tell a story about Empress
144:brought silk production to
10:
4793:
4684:Mathematics and fiber arts
4058:China National Silk Museum
3891:Cambridge: Woodhead, 1999.
3737:In Encyclopædia Britannica
2899:
2874:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2506:The Atlas of World Geology
2428:"Soie'" (§2. Historique),
1616:A mature mulberry tree in
1587:were not only sold at the
1276:
1264:
1226:who would exchange it for
911:
638:monetary standard in China
582:, who died around 168, in
239:, dated to about 4000 BC.
4777:History of Asian clothing
4728:
4702:
4644:
4534:
4481:
4468:
4334:
4273:
4265:Silk industry of Cheshire
4247:
4151:
4105:
3748:Zewe, Adam (7 May 2024).
3685:Reilly, Benjamin (2009).
3589:Nature Structural Biology
2293:Vainker, Shelagh (2004).
1938:The Industrial Revolution
1926:Maria Ivanovna Tatischeva
671:
376:
310:Indus Valley civilisation
4097:
3870:, n°648, décembre 2000.
3855:Encyclopædia Universalis
2984:Encyclopædia Universalis
2950:Encyclopædia Universalis
2787:. Accessed 21 Oct. 2022.
2706:Encyclopædia Universalis
2644:"A History of Silk Maps"
2299:Rutgers University Press
2265:
1349:, and they were able to
1326:According to a story by
1144:and other fine fabrics,
1098:Arab and Persian traders
892:, the existence of silk
769:The cocoons are weighed.
250:site at Qianshanyang in
212:First appearance of silk
148:, in particular to many
3897:Encyclopædia Britannica
3811:Histoire des techniques
3628:Methods in Microbiology
3510:Methods in Microbiology
3471:Bartlett, John (1877).
3459:Histoire des techniques
3275:Rubino, Angela (2006).
3263:Histoire des Techniques
3239:Histoire des Techniques
3221:Histoire des Techniques
3162:Histoire des techniques
2965:Histoire des Techniques
2630:Histoire des techniques
2327:www.chinasilkmuseum.com
2109:, and the synthesis of
1930:State Tretyakov Gallery
1850:La Bastide-des-Jourdans
1679:between 1270 and 1280.
1657:'s 1221 dictionary and
1307:
1298:
1181:National Museum of Iran
72:Emperor Huizong of Song
4475:
4260:Silk industry in China
3386:, n°648, December 2000
2909:
2801:. www.megalithic.co.uk
2753:Wood, Francis (2002).
2724:, n°648 December 2000.
2502:Bahn, Paul G. (2000).
2187:
1934:
1854:
1833:
1818:
1757:
1663:
1621:
1517:sack of Constantinople
1427:
1375:
1323:
1289:
1200:
1184:
1089:
947:
927:
824:
808:
731:
666:
625:
394:
358:
297:conquered the empire.
208:
75:
4559:Australian Aboriginal
4489:Clothing and textiles
4474:
3913:Hill, John E. (2009)
3109:Heleanor B. Feltham:
3012:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
2543:"The History of Silk"
2360:Encyclopedia of China
2181:
1979:Joseph-Marie Jacquard
1944:Industrial Revolution
1922:
1815:
1796:a year. It was under
1755:
1693:Cathedral of Chartres
1650:Industrial Revolution
1615:
1425:
1317:
1293:, and ultimately the
1190:
1163:
1152:, as well as slaves.
1071:
933:
925:
912:Further information:
890:Jin dynasty (266–420)
814:
806:
726:
661:
616:
369:
352:
206:
169:Industrial Revolution
115:Tang dynasty of China
74:, early 12th century.
57:
4694:Units of measurement
3968:Sakellariou, Eleni,
3905:Encyclopédie Encarta
2430:Encyclopédie Encarta
2174:Silk in modern times
1975:Jacques de Vaucanson
1669:Tradesman's Handbook
1595:, France, Spain and
1367:Eastern Roman Empire
918:Sino-Roman relations
867:that dates to 1313.
323:, discovered in the
289:court and its king,
4738:Clothing portal
4535:Regional and ethnic
4509:Indian subcontinent
4286:Tenun Pahang Diraja
3813:, Gallimard, coll.
3782:. The Seattle Times
3426:Thirsk (1997), 120.
3350:Georges Duby (ed),
3136:Georges Ostrogorsky
3086:La seta. E oltre...
2797:Hogan, C. Michael.
2648:TravelLady Magazine
2301:. pp. 20, 17.
2051:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
2045:Beauvaria bassiana.
1816:A picture from the
1252:Mediterranean basin
963:dating to 1070 BC.
959:, in the tomb of a
953:Valley of the Kings
681:of Chinese script.
535:musical instruments
430:classical antiquity
321:Siberian Ice Maiden
295:Alexander the Great
263: 1600–1046 BC
4667:wearable fiber art
4476:
3534:www.britannica.com
3414:2017-10-23 at the
3064:www.britannica.com
2671:Liu (2010), p. 12.
2611:Naturalis Historia
2353:2007-11-23 at the
2188:
2089:Starting from the
2040:Beauveria bassiana
1935:
1905:James I of England
1834:
1758:
1622:
1501:Roger II of Sicily
1428:
1324:
1318:The monks sent by
1244:Hellenistic Greece
1201:
1185:
1080:Seneca the Younger
948:
928:
898:four-shafted looms
825:
809:
626:
403:Chinese traditions
395:
359:
209:
128:managed to obtain
78:The production of
76:
4744:
4743:
4294:
4293:
4042:978-0-87099-825-6
3991:Métiers agricoles
3963:978-0-19-533810-2
3955:978-0-19-516174-8
3923:978-1-4392-2134-1
3828:
3825:978-2-07-010881-7
3780:The Seattle Times
3774:Carefoot, Helen.
3696:978-0-7864-3655-2
3250:Ronan (1994), 68,
2888:Cook (1999), 144.
2855:Stowaway Magazine
2835:978-1-932476-13-2
2770:978-0-520-24340-8
2521:978-0-8160-4051-3
2308:978-0-8135-3446-6
2113:was used to make
2105:(aniline purple)
2101:was used to make
1942:The start of the
1673:doubling machines
1664:Livre des métiers
1589:Kingdom of Naples
1574:In 1519, Emperor
1489:Manuel I Komnenos
1220:Hellenistic world
992:Battle of Carrhae
873:Nung Sang Chi Yao
640:, in addition to
415:Chinese mythology
362:Myths and legends
140:silk market. The
52:
51:
4784:
4736:
4735:
4452:Textile printing
4321:
4314:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4209:Murshidabad silk
4092:
4085:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4046:
4002:
3978:978-900-422-4063
3939:
3910:
3873:
3861:
3848:
3831:
3818:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3682:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3366:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3185:978-900-422-4063
3171:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2820:Whitfield, Susan
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2750:
2741:
2734:Seneca the Elder
2731:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2650:. Archived from
2642:Plous, Estelle.
2639:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2577:Jean-Noël Robert
2573:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2509:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2364:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2208:Second World War
2167:
2164:
2158:
2146:
2130:
1859:
1823:
1717:
1714:
1666:
1655:Jean de Garlande
1626:high Middle Ages
1534:popes of Avignon
1378:
1359:Byzantine Empire
1310:
1301:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1214:
1087:
1002:that they fled.
875:
842:Bombyx mandarina
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
723:
676:
675:
658:
655:Fan Shengzhi shu
528:
489:
480:
434:Seneca the Elder
385:
379:
378:
264:
261:
252:Huzhou, Zhejiang
248:Liangzhu culture
126:Byzantine Empire
91:Yangshao culture
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4762:Silk production
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4724:
4698:
4640:
4530:
4477:
4466:
4330:
4325:
4295:
4290:
4269:
4243:
4147:
4113:History of silk
4101:
4096:
4053:
4043:
4023:
4021:Further reading
4000:
3972:, Brill, 2012.
3937:
3908:
3871:
3859:
3846:
3829:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3746:
3742:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3683:
3679:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3631:
3620:
3616:
3581:
3574:
3567:Pasteur Brewing
3561:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3502:
3498:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:Wayback Machine
3406:
3402:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3024:10.2307/3591386
3008:
3004:
2997:Storia d'Italia
2993:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2851:"The Silk Road"
2849:Helzer, Sarah.
2847:
2843:
2836:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2751:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2606:Pliny the Elder
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2587:on May 22, 2007
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2529:
2522:
2500:
2496:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2407:Charles Meyer,
2404:
2403:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2355:Wayback Machine
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2091:Long Depression
2071:Nosema bombycis
2022:
1940:
1932:
1917:
1894:British climate
1874:
1866:domestic system
1852:are two of the
1750:
1715:
1659:Étienne Boileau
1646:
1610:
1605:
1532:to furnish the
1435:Reggio Calabria
1158:
1088:
1078:
1019:Pamir Mountains
920:
910:
801:
794:
791:
782:
779:
770:
767:
758:
755:
746:
743:
729:chrysanthemums.
555:was one of the
518:
517:
516:
515:
492:
491:
490:
482:
481:
470:
461:Natural History
452:Pliny the Elder
364:
325:Pazyryk burials
262:
237:Yuyao, Zhejiang
214:
201:
103:silk production
48:
42:
39:
36:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4482:History of ...
4479:
4478:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4174:Byzantine silk
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4051:External links
4049:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
3995:Ronan, Colin.
3993:
3987:
3980:
3966:
3940:
3926:
3911:
3900:
3892:
3887:Cook, Robert.
3885:
3874:
3862:
3849:
3832:
3807:Bertrand Gille
3802:Main sources:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3766:
3740:
3724:
3702:
3695:
3677:
3664:
3639:
3614:
3595:(8): 720–720.
3572:
3554:
3545:
3521:
3496:
3483:(2): 108–121.
3463:
3448:
3428:
3419:
3400:
3388:
3367:
3340:
3325:
3313:
3302:
3295:
3267:
3252:
3243:
3225:
3210:
3191:
3184:
3166:
3151:
3125:
3116:
3101:
3094:
3076:
3051:
3048:. 14 May 2015.
3037:
3002:
2987:
2969:
2954:
2937:
2923:
2890:
2881:
2841:
2834:
2811:
2789:
2776:
2769:
2742:
2726:
2710:
2693:
2673:
2664:
2634:
2616:
2598:
2568:
2559:
2527:
2520:
2494:
2475:(3): 457–466.
2452:
2433:
2413:
2386:
2365:
2339:
2314:
2307:
2282:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2237:natural fibres
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2027:Agostino Bassi
2021:
2018:
1939:
1936:
1916:
1913:
1876:England under
1873:
1870:
1749:
1746:
1687:is a panel of
1685:spinning wheel
1645:
1642:
1632:in Greece and
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1526:Constantinople
1521:Fourth Crusade
1493:Second Crusade
1404:Southern Italy
1304:Middle English
1157:
1154:
1130:bubonic plague
1076:
909:
906:
861:spinning wheel
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
785:
783:
780:
773:
771:
768:
761:
759:
756:
749:
747:
744:
737:
735:
494:
493:
484:
483:
475:
474:
473:
472:
471:
469:
466:
411:Yellow Emperor
383:Jīngmén chǔ mù
363:
360:
233:Hemudu culture
213:
210:
200:
197:
158:spinning wheel
146:Western Europe
82:originated in
50:
49:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4789:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
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4755:
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4727:
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4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Manufacturing
4677:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
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4580:
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4568:
4565:
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4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
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4519:
4517:
4514:
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4502:
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4497:
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4473:
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4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Passementerie
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:Rajshahi silk
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Japanese silk
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Silk throwing
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3654:
3653:Deccan Herald
3650:
3643:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:10.1038/11483
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3445:0-395-65237-5
3442:
3438:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3364:2-03-505047-2
3361:
3358:, 1999 p. 53
3357:
3353:
3344:
3336:
3329:
3317:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3296:88-7574-127-1
3292:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3148:2-228-07061-0
3145:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3095:88-495-0949-9
3091:
3087:
3080:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2920:
2917:(43.24), and
2916:
2911:
2910:De saltatione
2906:
2894:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2691:
2690:0-521-25076-5
2687:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2654:on 2007-09-28
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2549:on 2007-09-29
2548:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:protectionist
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:raw materials
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2135:Jacquard loom
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:microsporidia
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:Louis Pasteur
2052:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2014:Marshal Soult
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1991:mass-produced
1988:
1984:
1983:Jacquard loom
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:and Falcon's
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:Great Britain
1945:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:trade deficit
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:, alongside
1694:
1690:
1689:stained glass
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:Mediterranean
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:silk industry
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:Ancient Egypt
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
945:
941:
937:
932:
924:
919:
915:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
848:
844:
843:
838:
834:
830:
829:lepidopterans
822:
818:
813:
805:
789:
784:
777:
772:
765:
760:
753:
748:
741:
736:
733:
732:
730:
725:
722:
721:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:handkerchiefs
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
674:
665:
660:
657:
656:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
620:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:(1644–1911).
548:
544:
540:
536:
530:
527:
526:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Mawangdui Han
498:
488:
479:
465:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
425:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
393:
389:
384:
373:
368:
356:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
334:, with white
333:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
282:Old Testament
279:
275:
271:
266:
257:
256:Shang dynasty
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
205:
199:Early history
196:
194:
190:
184:
182:
178:
177:Jacquard loom
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
73:
69:
68:silk painting
66:
62:
61:
56:
46:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
4715:Sewing terms
4710:Dyeing terms
4498:
4335:Fundamentals
4328:Textile arts
4184:Chinese silk
4179:Burmese silk
4112:
4032:
4029:
4009:
4006:Thirsk, Joan
3996:
3969:
3946:
3933:
3914:
3903:
3895:
3888:
3877:
3865:
3852:
3836:Encyclopédie
3810:
3801:
3784:. Retrieved
3779:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3753:
3743:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3705:
3686:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3652:
3642:
3632:, retrieved
3627:
3617:
3592:
3588:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:
3524:
3514:, retrieved
3509:
3499:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3458:
3451:
3436:
3431:
3422:
3403:
3391:
3383:
3351:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3316:
3305:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3238:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3175:
3169:
3161:
3154:
3139:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3085:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3063:
3054:
3040:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2983:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2940:
2926:
2893:
2884:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:
2844:
2824:
2814:
2803:. Retrieved
2792:
2779:
2755:
2738:Declamations
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2681:
2676:
2667:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:the original
2647:
2637:
2629:
2609:
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2585:the original
2571:
2562:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2505:
2497:
2472:
2469:Archaeometry
2468:
2455:
2447:Archaeometry
2446:
2436:
2429:
2408:
2378:. Retrieved
2368:
2358:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2294:
2273:
2256:
2241:
2230:
2222:
2205:
2189:
2088:
2077:
2069:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2031:mal de segno
2030:
2023:
2010:Canut revolt
1998:unemployment
1995:
1971:punched card
1956:
1941:
1925:
1924:Portrait of
1898:
1890:Spitalfields
1875:
1835:
1820:Encyclopédie
1783:
1763:
1759:
1735:
1720:
1711:Kunkelhaus (
1681:
1668:
1647:
1623:
1573:
1538:
1486:
1474:Song dynasty
1470:Tang dynasty
1467:
1429:
1389:
1347:Central Asia
1325:
1240:Roman Empire
1217:
1202:
1173:tree of life
1126:Ancient Rome
1102:
1090:
1084:Declamations
1083:
1074:wife's body.
1072:
1058:Roman Senate
1043:
1004:
975:
965:
949:
936:Roman fresco
877:
869:
850:
849:descendant,
847:domesticated
840:
826:
815:French silk
727:
720:Jin Ping Mei
698:Ming dynasty
690:Song dynasty
686:Tang dynasty
683:
667:
662:
650:
642:bronze coins
627:
623:Song dynasty
619:silk clothes
592:bamboo slips
551:
547:Qing dynasty
531:
519:
503:tombs site,
459:
455:
446:in his work
437:
436:in his work
426:
419:
396:
388:State of Chu
355:Zhou dynasty
318:
308:site in the
299:
267:
241:
226:
215:
185:
166:
119:
111:social class
77:
58:
40:
32:
15:
4615:Indonesian
4397:Nålebinding
4234:Tussar silk
4214:Mysore silk
4159:Ahimsa silk
4123:Sericulture
4001:(in French)
3938:(in French)
3909:(in French)
3872:(in French)
3860:(in French)
3847:(in French)
3830:(in French)
3717:October 23,
3456:(in French)
3396:(in French)
3380:(in French)
3348:(in French)
3321:(in French)
3260:(in French)
3236:(in French)
3218:(in French)
3159:(in French)
3133:(in French)
3018:: 197–240.
2980:(in French)
2962:(in French)
2945:(in French)
2915:Cassius Dio
2718:(in French)
2701:(in French)
2627:(in French)
2426:(in French)
2405:(in French)
2376:. Asian art
2259:pillowcases
2252:sound waves
2206:During the
2192:sericulture
2166: 1887
2080:bourgeoisie
1842:World War I
1723:Black Death
1716: 1300
1630:magnaneries
1553:bourgeoisie
1295:Old English
1134:Black Death
994:, near the
865:water wheel
852:Bombyx mori
694:bureaucrats
630:Han dynasty
628:During the
596:meteorology
580:marchioness
513:Han dynasty
372:lacquerware
278:sericulture
228:Bombyx mori
154:Middle Ages
134:sericulture
113:during the
89:within the
4751:Categories
4703:Glossaries
4432:Rug making
4402:Needlework
4362:Embroidery
4248:Industries
4169:Atlas silk
4164:Assam silk
4143:Silk waste
3943:Liu, Xinru
3844:d'Alembert
3815:La Pléiade
3798:References
3735:, (2006).
3658:2024-08-11
3634:2024-08-11
3539:2024-08-11
3516:2024-08-11
3354:(vol. 2),
2860:August 12,
2805:2008-07-05
2658:2007-05-20
2614:11.xxvi.76
2553:2007-10-23
2380:2007-08-02
2084:Suez Canal
1830:d'Alembert
1451:Florentine
1067:immorality
1015:Taklamakan
942:showing a
886:pedal loom
845:, and its
833:wild silks
543:bow-making
401:and other
380:; Pinyin:
306:Chanhudaro
291:Darius III
219:Xia County
4689:Recycling
4662:Fiber art
4504:Byzantine
4412:Patchwork
4239:Wild silk
4229:Thai silk
4133:Silk Road
4128:Silk mill
4118:Magnanery
3609:1545-9985
3285:Catanzaro
3202:Xinru Liu
3178:. Brill.
2921:(6.26.6).
2919:Pausanias
2900:'σηρικός'
2489:1475-4754
2363:, 1st ed.
2095:synthesis
2063:flacherie
1977:. Later,
1886:Huguenots
1798:Francis I
1585:Catanzaro
1580:Catanzaro
1576:Charles V
1503:attacked
1478:Near East
1431:Catanzaro
1396:Andalusia
1392:conquests
1371:Sassanids
1340:Nestorian
1336:Justinian
1332:Byzantine
1328:Procopius
1320:Justinian
1290:'sericum'
1260:Byzantium
1224:merchants
1193:Afrasiyab
1063:decadence
1054:Parthians
1007:Silk Road
996:Euphrates
990:. At the
966:Both the
914:Silk Road
823:1760–1770
604:astrology
584:Mawangdui
442:, and by
399:Confucius
386:) of the
344:wild silk
193:polyester
95:Silk Road
84:Neolithic
43:July 2024
4674:Industry
4652:Blocking
4619:Balinese
4563:Burmese
4494:Quilting
4442:Spinning
4422:Quilting
4382:Knitting
4347:Beadwork
4342:Appliqué
4274:Products
4224:Sea silk
4204:Lao silk
4194:Pat silk
4189:Eri silk
3945:(2010).
3936:, 2006.
3902:"Soie",
3894:"Silk",
3867:Historia
3858:, 2006.
3786:6 August
3754:MIT News
3412:Archived
3384:Historia
3356:Larousse
3283:Silk in
3069:25 March
2870:cite web
2822:(2004).
2761:9, 13–23
2722:Historia
2351:Archived
2332:25 March
2197:Yokohama
2186:, China.
2103:mauveine
1987:computer
1959:brocades
1952:spinning
1878:Henry IV
1856:communes
1838:Provence
1802:monopoly
1778:Louis XI
1766:Florence
1742:Louis XI
1661:'s 1261
1638:Calabria
1618:Provence
1569:Florence
1545:Sicilian
1482:Crusades
1443:Venetian
1408:Calabria
1373:. These
1334:emperor
1299:'sioloc'
1256:Sassanid
1254:, while
1248:mulberry
1205:monopoly
1165:Sassanid
1077:—
1050:Far East
970:and the
902:brocades
882:drawloom
706:warriors
679:radicals
608:divinity
600:medicine
588:Changsha
505:Changsha
448:Georgics
274:Japanese
181:epidemic
142:Crusades
130:silkworm
107:clothing
99:monopoly
4645:Related
4609:Oaxacan
4599:Mexican
4589:Mapuche
4542:African
4457:Weaving
4392:Macramé
4372:Felting
4352:Crochet
4106:General
4008:(1997)
3840:Diderot
3817:, 1978
3759:29 July
3490:9831405
3114:, p. 34
3032:3591386
2740:Vol. I.
2248:voltage
2119:viscose
2111:quinine
2099:aniline
2059:pébrine
2006:royalty
2002:pension
1967:Bouchon
1963:shuttle
1862:Luberon
1826:Diderot
1731:carding
1709:Cologne
1707:in the
1701:warping
1697:bobbins
1691:in the
1677:Bologna
1597:England
1530:Avignon
1519:by the
1513:Palermo
1505:Corinth
1463:Genoese
1459:Vatican
1447:Genoese
1439:Spanish
1376:gynecia
1365:in the
1351:smuggle
1268:, from
1265:σηρικός
1211:Nihongi
1150:rhubarb
1094:Sogdian
1086:Vol. I.
1031:Antioch
1000:Parthia
988:Crassus
940:Pompeii
894:damasks
837:species
817:brocade
646:Xiongnu
539:fishing
439:Phaedra
392:chariot
357:, China
302:Eurasia
293:, when
287:Persian
270:Koreans
150:Italian
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33:updated
4631:Korean
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2115:indigo
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1807:canuts
1768:, and
1727:guilds
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1565:Venice
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1122:Arabia
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980:Serica
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714:nobles
712:, for
710:judges
708:, for
561:bamboo
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495:Woven
456:Bombyx
444:Virgil
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340:tussah
329:woolen
314:Nevasa
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173:cotton
162:France
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4624:Sumba
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4152:Types
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3461:p.718
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3241:p.557
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2465:(PDF)
2266:Notes
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2184:Hotan
1846:Viens
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1770:Lucca
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1232:ivory
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1110:India
1106:China
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1011:Xi'an
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957:Egypt
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857:spool
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576:straw
569:wheat
565:linen
553:Paper
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509:Hunan
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332:skirt
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