307:. Self-archiving has become the norm in physics, with some sub-areas of physics, such as high-energy physics, having a 100% self-archiving rate. The prior existence of a "preprint culture" in high-energy physics is one major reason why arXiv has been successful. arXiv now includes papers from related disciplines including computer science, mathematics, nonlinear sciences, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, and statistics. However, computer scientists mostly self-archive on their own websites and have been doing so for even longer than physicists. arXiv now includes postprints as well as preprints. The two major physics publishers,
504:, an advocacy organization. However, most scientists continued to publish and review for non-open access journals. PLoS decided to become an open access publisher aiming to compete at the high quality end of the scientific spectrum with commercial publishers and other open access journals, which were beginning to flourish. Critics have argued that, equipped with a $ 10 million grant, PLoS competes with smaller open access journals for the best submissions and risks destroying what it originally wanted to foster. PLOS launched its first open access journal,
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years 2000 and 2009. It was estimated that there were around 19,500 articles published open access in 2000, while the number has grown to 191,850 articles in 2009. The journal count for the year 2000 is estimated to have been 740, and 4769 for 2009; numbers which show considerable growth, albeit at a more moderate pace than the article-level growth. These findings support the notion that open access journals have increased both in numbers and in average annual output over time.
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A study on the development of publishing of open access journals from 1993 to 2009 published in 2011 suggests that, measured both by the number of journals as well as by the increases in total article output, direct gold open access journal publishing has seen rapid growth particularly between the
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journal or in an open access journal. HEFCE expresses no journal preference, places no restriction on authors' choice and requires the deposit itself to be immediate, irrespective of whether the publisher imposes an embargo (for an allowable embargo period that remains to be decided) on the date at
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The development of the number of active open access journals and the number of research articles published in them during the period 1993–2009 is shown in the figure above. If these gold open access growth curves are extrapolated to the next two decades, the Laakso et al. (Björk) curve would reach
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to become open access. The Pilot
Collection ran from October 2013 to February 2014 and 297 libraries and institutions worldwide participated in 'unlatching' the collection of 28 titles. 61 of these participating institutions were university libraries in England eligible for the HEFCE grant of 50%
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made it the first major biomedical journal to be freely available on the web in 1996. Varki wrote, "The vexing issue of the day is how to appropriately charge users for this electronic access. The nonprofit nature of the JCI allows consideration of a truly novel solution — not to charge anyone at
218:
for decades, and budgets at academic libraries have remained fairly static. The result was decreased access – ironically, just when technology has made almost unlimited access a very real possibility, for the first time. Libraries and librarians have played an important part in the open access
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In 2001, 34,000 scholars around the world signed "An Open Letter to
Scientific Publishers", calling for "the establishment of an online public library that would provide the full contents of the published record of research and scholarly discourse in medicine and the life sciences in a freely
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270:. They have provided free online full-text editions of their books alongside priced, printed editions since 1994, and assert that the online editions promote sales of the print editions. As of June 2006 they had more than 3,600 books up online for browsing, searching, and reading.
384:. Usage of this database increased a tenfold when it became free, strongly suggesting that prior limits on usage were impacted by lack of access. While indexes are not the main focus of the open access movement, Medline is important in that it opened up a whole new form of use of
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which was set-up on 25 February 2010 well before the policy was adopted. However, since March 2010, the ICAR is making available its two flagship journals under Open Access on its website and later through an online platform called Indian
Agricultural Research Journals using
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These new possibilities emerged at a time when the traditional, print-based scholarly journals system was in a crisis. The number of journals and articles produced had been increasing at a steady rate; however the average cost per journal had been rising at a rate far above
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million in annual R&D expenditures to develop plans within six months to make the published results of federally funded research freely available to the public within one year of publication. As of March 2015, two agencies had made their plans public: the
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By March 2018, a search of MEDLINE indicated that ~21% of all human/animal articles indexed are available freely through PubMed
Central, or directly from the journal. Within veterinary medicine specifically, research indicates the number is higher, at ~27%.
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had adopted an Open Access policy for its publications on 13 September 2013 and announced that each ICAR institute would set-up an open access institutional repository. One such repository is eprints@cmfri, an open access institutional repository of the
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477:. Also, the average number of articles that were published per open access journal per year increased from approximately 20 to 40 during the same period, resulting in that the number of open access articles increased by 900% during that decade.
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announced that "all scientific articles in Europe must be freely accessible as of 2020" and that the
Commission will "develop and encourage measures for optimal compliance with the provisions for open access to scientific publications under
416:, Their first issue received 100,000 hits from an estimated 3,000 readers, comparable to the subscription numbers of their peer print journals. One challenge to digital-only biological journals was the lack of protection afforded by the
602:, the advanced computing systems association, implemented an open access policy for their conference proceedings. In 2011 they added audio and video recordings of paper presentations to the material to which they provide open access.
69:
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and the ability to copy and distribute electronic data at no cost, the arguments for open access gained new importance. The fixed cost of producing the article is separable from the minimal marginal cost of the online distribution.
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Publishing, have reported that arXiv has had no effect on journal subscriptions in physics; even though the articles are freely available, usually before publication, physicists value their journals and continue to support them.
179:
wrote to
Patrick Straram "All the material published by the Situationist International is, in principle, usable by everyone, even without acknowledgement, without the preoccupations of literary property." This was to facilitate
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The first online-only, free-access journals (eventually to be called "open access journals") began appearing in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These journals typically used pre-existing infrastructure (such as e-mail or
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make it instantly accessible anywhere in the world where there are computers and
Internet connections. The fixed cost of producing the article is separable from the minimal marginal cost of the online distribution.
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published in
Gujarati in 1909 is recognised as the intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read "No Rights Reserved".
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60% in 2022, and the
Springer curve would reach 50% in 2029 as shown in the figure below (the reference provides a more optimistic interpretation which does not match with the values shown in the figure).
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accessible, fully searchable, interlinked form". Scientists signing the letter also pledged not to publish in or peer-review for non-open access journals. This led to the establishment of the
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662:(RCUK) mandate that requires all articles resulting from RCUK funding to be made open access by 6 months after publication at the latest (12 months for arts and humanities articles).
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The idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term "open access" was formally coined. Computer scientists had been
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223:(SPARC), in 1997, an alliance of academic and research libraries and other organizations, to address the crisis and develop and promote alternatives, such as open access.
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in
October 2003, and the initial concept of open access refers to an unrestricted online access to scholarly research primarily intended for scholarly journal articles.
737:, which requires all research output based on funding from these organizations to be published in full Open Access journals, disallowing publishing in hybrid journals.
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484:, a for-profit open access publisher with now dozens of open access journals, was launched by what was then the Current Science Group (the founder of the
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2269:"Mandated online RAE CVs Linked to University Eprint Archives: Improving the UK Research Assessment Exercise whilst making it cheaper and easier"
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to scientific names published in formats other than paper, but this was overcome by revisions to the Code in 1999 (effective January 1, 2000).
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An explosion of interest and activity in open access journals has occurred since the 1990s, largely due to the widespread availability of
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147:, formerly of The Library Corporation. Both Brower and Common Knowledge are recognised in the Library Microcomputer Hall of Fame. One of
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Council conclusions on the transition towards an Open Science system, adopted by the Council at its 3470th meeting held on 27 May 2016
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movement, initially by alerting faculty and administrators to the serials crisis. The Association of Research Libraries developed the
32:
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369:. The journal ceased to be open access in 1997 due to a change in the policy of the editors (EUG) and publishing house (Blackwell).
1942:
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135:. To help stem the flood of low-quality publications, he jokingly suggested in the 1940s that at the beginning of his career each
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407:, which uses the net profits from external revenue to provide compensation to the editors for their continuing efforts.
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founded at the University of Alberta in 1998 with its first issue published in March 1999 and since 2000 published by
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2769:"Huge News: Biden Administration Announces All Publicly Funded Research Should Be Available For Free To The Public"
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should be issued with 100 vouchers to pay for his papers. Closer to the present, but still ahead of its time, was
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911:
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365:, was published by Paul Browning and started in 1989. It was not a discrete journal but an electronic section of
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Laakso, M.; Welling, P.; Bukvova, H.; Nyman, L.; Björk, B. C.; Hedlund, T. (2011). Hermes-Lima, Marcelo (ed.).
396:), one of the first open access journals in medicine, was created in 1998, publishing its first issue in 1999.
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was launched (and first called the "September98 Forum"). One of the more unusual models is utilized by the
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proposed a journal called E-biomed, intended as an open access electronic publishing platform combining a
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527:. Two further statements followed: the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing in June 2003 and the
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HEFCE also provided grants to universities in England wishing to participate in the Pilot Collection of
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began harvesting their papers in the late 1990s. Citeseer is a computer science archive that harvests,
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combining a print version with a freely accessible online edition hosted at NCBI, the 2nd edition of
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which access to the deposit can be made open. The HEFCE/REF mandate proposal complements the recent
380:, the most comprehensive index to medical literature on the planet, freely available in the form of
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PubMed Central: An NIH-Operated Site for Electronic Distribution of Life Sciences Research Reports
1366:
550:. The act continues to be brought up every year since then, but has never made it past committee.
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428:
231:) and volunteer labor and were developed without any intent to generate profit. Examples include
164:
37:
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646:(REF) all peer-reviewed journal articles submitted after 2014 must be deposited in the author's
111:
The term "open access" itself was first formulated in three public statements in the 2000s: the
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1964:
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series, and now known as the Science Navigation Group). In some ways, BioMed Central resembles
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97:
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protocol for metadata harvesting was launched in order to make online archives interoperable.
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issued guidance to make all federally funded research in the United States freely available.
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In the biological and geological sciences, paleontology came into the forefront in 1998 with
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sites and then their websites since even earlier than the physicists, as was revealed when
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642:(HEFCE) proposed adopting a mandate that in order to be eligible for submission to the UK
8:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3105:
3029:
2829:
2794:
2742:"OSTP Issues Guidance to Make Federally Funded Research Freely Available Without Delay"
2712:
2416:"ICAR adopts Open Access policy | Agricultural Information Management Standards (AIMS)"
2048:
2023:
1828:
1803:
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1322:
1237:"Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing"
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267:
237:
2557:"DBT and DST Open Access Policy: Policy on open access to DBT and DST funded research"
1779:
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622:, issued a memorandum directing United States' Federal Agencies with more than $ 100
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2002:
1983:
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1246:. Association of Research Libraries. Arl.org (2008-07-23). Retrieved on 2012-11-13.
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1016:
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132:
2888:(The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
1918:
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server with peer-reviewed articles. E-biomed later saw light in a revised form as
143:. This was an attempt to share information for the good of all, the brainchild of
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3385:
2859:
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Open access of publications by veterinary faculty in the United States and Canada
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2009:
1990:
1971:
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all!" Other pioneers in open access publishing in the biomedical domain included
160:
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181:
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3413:
3121:
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1284:– the one that says "failed verification, August 2013" – which iirc displays as
710:
591:, another publisher of humanities monographs, was launched. Most recently, the
493:
481:
474:
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340:
148:
93:
2646:"There is no open science without the use of open standards and free software"
2595:(Press release). The Netherlands: Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.
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1320:
1175:
296:, who were created or made their content freely accessible in the late 1990s.
3453:
2708:
2689:"European science funders ban grantees from publishing in paywalled journals"
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1819:
1569:
1505:"E-BIOMED: A Proposal for Electronic Publications in the Biomedical Sciences"
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793:
547:
529:
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
509:
489:
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The number of open access journals increased by an estimated 500% during the
435:
304:
303:, started in 1991, initially a preprint service for physicists, initiated by
121:
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
2700:
1280:
See www.gly.bris.ac.uk (especially if the link in some other footnote – for
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3403:
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2057:
1886:
1837:
1788:
1587:
1348:
1236:
1130:
1030:
715:
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505:
84:
is interviewed about his views on past, present and future developments in
2387:"ICAR adopts Open Access Policy | Indian Council of Agricultural Research"
2280:
1079:
535:
included open access in its Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action.
2961:
2924:
2879:
2745:
2024:"Publishers hire PR heavyweight to defend themselves against open access"
730:
543:
355:
185:
85:
81:
2503:"ICAR Journals in Open Access | Indian Council of Agricultural Research"
2263:
1158:
1111:
691:. However, not all the journals hosted in the platform are open access.
669:, a not-for-profit organisation enabling humanities and social sciences
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who published their first title in that 2006. Two years later in 2008
3408:
3044:
2795:"The Development of Open Access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009"
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1012:
833:
451:
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300:
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136:
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Probably the earliest book publisher to provide open access was the
184:. It became much more prominent in the 1990s with the advent of the
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3039:
2772:
584:
513:
443:
324:
293:
202:
189:
2590:"All European scientific articles to be freely accessible by 2020"
2394:
1544:"A Study of Innovative Features in Scholarly Open Access Journals"
706:, Government of India jointly announced their open access policy.
131:
One early proponent of the publisher-pays model was the physicist
3243:
3014:
1423:
496:. As of October 2013 BioMed Central publishes over 250 journals.
462:
423:
One of the first humanities journals published in open access is
377:
2473:
2140:"Memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies"
1751:
Brown, Patrick O.; Eisen, Michael B.; Varmus, Harold E. (2003).
1046:"The times they are still a'changing: keeping up with the times"
23:
3218:
2444:
2003:
S. 1373 [111th]: Federal Research Public Access Act of 2009
801:
734:
599:
519:
The first major international statement on open access was the
381:
335:, and contains almost twice as many papers as arXiv. The 1994 "
328:
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205:
access. It is now possible to publish a scholarly article and
2619:
553:
The year 2007 recorded some backlash from non-OA publishers.
101:
2338:"2013-Knowledge Unlatched pilot given HEFCE backing – HEFCE"
2166:
1144:
Till, James E. (2001). "Predecessors of preprint servers".
729:
In September 2018 eleven European funders, organized under
2927:
contributions to the history of open access, 1992–present.
1406:
972:
Open Access: Key Strategic, Technical and Economic Aspects
163:) traces its history at least back to the 1950s, with the
100:
since the 1970s and physicists had been self-archiving in
2792:
1321:
Lindberg, D.A.B. & Humphreys B.L.; Humphreys (2008).
1235:
Ann Shumelda Okerson and James J. O'Donnell (eds). 1995.
439:
352:
319:
Computer scientists had been self-archiving on their own
285:
945:"Treating All Culture As Collective Property And A Gift"
1362:
1323:"Rising Expectations: Access to Biomedical Information"
561:
331:-style, from distributed computer science websites and
2302:"RCUK Policy on Open Access and Supporting Guidelines"
653:, regardless of whether the article is published in a
3239:
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
2202:. Department of Energy Website. Retrieved 2015-13-19.
901:. wiredlibrarian.com. last modified November 08, 2005
221:
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
2012:. GovTrack.us (2009-06-25). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
1909:. Earlham.edu (2011-09-13). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
1602:"BioMed Central | about us|Press releases"
1270:
D-Lib, 6(10), October 2000. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
492:' original E-biomed proposal more closely than does
196:
2356:"Knowledge Unlatched Pilot Progress Summary Report"
1226:. Eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-11-13.
171:in the public domain. As the LI merged to form the
1804:""Free" medical publishing venture gets under way"
718:". Some ask such measures to include the usage of
2233:"Open access and submission to the REF post-2014"
2213:"Public Access to Results of NSF-funded Research"
1659:Interview with Vitek Tracz: Essential for Science
1396:. Amsci-forum.amsci.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
3451:
2445:"Welcome to CMFRI Repository – CMFRI Repository"
1750:
1532:. Nih.gov (1999-08-30). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
76:On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the
1739:Public Library of Science: Read the Open Letter
880:
805:Growth map of repositories and contents in the
108:to generalize the practice was posted in 1994.
1965:The Federal Research Public Access Act of 2006
1445:"Who Reads Palaeontologia Electronica Anyway?"
126:
2946:
2581:
2267:; Carr, L.; Brody, T.; Oppenheim, C. (2003).
1217:"Open access self-archiving: an Introduction"
568:to create the first viable model for a major
418:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
388:– by the public, not just professionals. The
299:The first free scientific online archive was
3194:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
2182:Roarmap.eprints.org. Retrieved on 2013-2-26
1919:Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing
640:Higher Education Funding Council for England
117:Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing
2734:
2637:
1624:
1622:
684:Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
651:immediately upon acceptance for publication
2953:
2939:
2677:. J Vet Med Educ. 2011 Spring;38(1):33–41.
1478:CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
942:
542:was introduced in US Congress by senators
425:CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
2828:
2818:
2047:
2021:
1876:
1827:
1801:
1778:
1768:
1668:. Infotoday.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
1577:
1559:
1535:
1407:"Journal of Surgical Radiology – Archive"
1338:
1157:
1120:
1110:
1092:
1069:
1020:
579:Perhaps the first dedicated publisher of
248:The Public-Access Computer Systems Review
2686:
2587:
2191:U.S. Department of Energy (2014-07-24).
2171:Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved on 2013-2-26.
1893:
1619:
800:
792:
343:to all other disciplines; from it arose
64:
48:of all important aspects of the article.
2916:
2766:
2532:"Indian Agricultural Research Journals"
2148:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1928:. Earlham.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
1206:. Eprints.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
899:WLN: Library Microcomputer Hall of Fame
747:Office of Science and Technology Policy
679:Indian Council of Agricultural Research
620:Office of Science and Technology Policy
533:World Summit on the Information Society
167:(LI) placing anything in their journal
3452:
2643:
1853:"Open-access journal hits rocky times"
1850:
997:"Reflecting on 80 years of excellence"
969:
912:"Would Gandhi have been a Wikipedian?"
674:towards the $ 1195 participation fee.
159:The modern open access movement (as a
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
2934:
2878:
2569:from the original on 22 December 2015
2076:. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. October 3, 2011.
1628:
1541:
1484:from the original on 29 December 2015
1436:
1043:
994:
963:
886:
3234:Registry of Open Access Repositories
2318:from the original on 16 January 2016
2222:. NSF Website. Retrieved 2015-13-19.
2090:from the original on August 27, 2011
1945:from the original on 15 October 2013
1900:Budapest Open Access Initiative, FAQ
1689:from the original on 15 October 2013
1548:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1297:"Articles from GeoLogic, Terra NOVA"
1143:
1099:Journal of Medical Internet Research
924:from the original on 9 December 2012
839:Timeline of the open access movement
807:Registry of Open Access Repositories
756:
752:
700:Department of Science and Technology
401:American Scientist Open Access Forum
390:Journal of Medical Internet Research
290:Journal of Medical Internet Research
17:
2656:from the original on 14 August 2016
2602:from the original on 19 August 2016
1993:. Arl.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
936:
904:
562:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
531:in October 2003. Also in 2003, the
13:
2845:
2340:. October 10, 2014. Archived from
1984:Federal Research Public Access Act
1502:
1093:Eysenbach, Gunther (15 May 2006).
704:Ministry of Science and Technology
540:Federal Research Public Access Act
523:in February 2002, launched by the
361:One of the first online journals,
14:
3471:
3184:Directory of Open Access Journals
2910:
2767:Masnick, Mike (August 26, 2022).
2633:from the original on 5 July 2016.
2588:Hendrikx, Michiel (27 May 2016).
2245:from the original on 4 March 2016
1442:
815:Academic publishing § Growth
276:Journal of Clinical Investigation
197:Early years of online open access
2120:from the original on 30 May 2014
1629:Suber, Peter (9 February 2009).
761:
22:
3071:Budapest Open Access Initiative
2960:
2786:
2760:
2723:from the original on 2018-09-09
2687:Enserink, Martin (2018-09-04).
2680:
2667:
2613:
2549:
2538:from the original on 2018-10-12
2524:
2495:
2484:from the original on 2015-12-22
2466:
2455:from the original on 2018-05-30
2437:
2408:
2379:
2368:from the original on 2018-09-22
2348:
2330:
2294:
2257:
2225:
2205:
2185:
2174:
2158:from the original on 2017-01-21
2132:
2102:
2064:
2015:
1996:
1977:
1957:
1931:
1912:
1844:
1795:
1744:
1732:
1701:
1671:
1652:
1641:from the original on 2018-04-29
1594:
1523:
1496:
1466:
1455:from the original on 2018-05-24
1417:
1399:
1380:
1369:from the original on 2015-01-17
1355:
1314:
1289:
1273:
1249:
1229:
1209:
1190:
1137:
869:from the original on 2013-09-11
521:Budapest Open Access Initiative
113:Budapest Open Access Initiative
78:Budapest Open Access Initiative
36:may be too short to adequately
3170:Directory of Open Access Books
2872:
1802:Eysenbach, G. (5 April 2003).
1086:
1037:
988:
892:
851:
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
3189:Initiative for Open Citations
2621:Council of the European Union
2211:National Science Foundation.
2110:"USENIX Supports Open Access"
1753:"Why PLoS Became a Publisher"
1709:"List of Open Letter signers"
844:
720:free and open-source software
644:Research Excellence Framework
457:It was also in 1999 that the
405:Journal of Surgical Radiology
273:While Editor-in-Chief of the
3391:List of open-access journals
3381:Access to Knowledge movement
3020:Copyright transfer agreement
2820:10.1371/journal.pone.0020961
2644:Albers, Erik (2 June 2016).
1770:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000036
1424:"Palaeontologia Electronica"
974:. Elsevier. pp. 24–25.
595:launched in September 2015.
374:National Library of Medicine
260:National Academy of Sciences
7:
3142:Delayed open-access journal
3005:Subscription business model
2040:10.1136/bmj.39112.439051.DB
1939:"Declaration of principles"
1542:Björk, Bo-Christer (2011).
1095:"The Open Access Advantage"
827:
745:On August 25, 2022, the US
696:Department of Biotechnology
633:National Science Foundation
127:Efforts before the Internet
10:
3476:
3137:Hybrid open-access journal
2474:"Welcome to Eprints@CMFRI"
2073:Essentials of Glycobiology
1449:Palaeontologia Electronica
947:. Freeebay. Archived from
812:
797:Development of open access
593:Open Library of Humanities
574:Essentials of Glycobiology
413:Palaeontologia electronica
347:(1997) and eventually the
333:institutional repositories
234:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
173:Situationist International
151:'s earliest publications,
3399:
3373:
3252:
3224:Public Library of Science
3209:Open Knowledge Foundation
3150:
3114:
3063:
3050:Article processing charge
2986:
2968:
2851:Poynder, Richard (2011).
1176:10.1087/09531510125100214
943:MacKenzie Wark, Kenneth.
770:This section needs to be
502:Public Library of Science
309:American Physical Society
188:. With the spread of the
88:to scholarly publications
3460:Open access (publishing)
3229:Public Knowledge Project
3214:Open Society Foundations
3204:Open Archives Initiative
3101:NIH Public Access Policy
2919:"History of open access"
1820:10.1136/bmj.326.7392.766
740:
648:institutional repository
605:
468:
459:Open Archives Initiative
266:, and other arms of the
256:National Academies Press
2701:10.1126/science.aav3093
1851:Butler, Declan (2006).
512:following in 2004, and
429:Purdue University Press
165:Letterist International
3132:Open-access repository
2853:Open Access By Numbers
1631:"Open-Access Timeline"
810:
798:
583:in the humanities was
581:open access monographs
560:worked with publisher
525:Open Society Institute
119:in June 2003, and the
115:in February 2002, the
98:anonymous ftp archives
89:
3160:The Cost of Knowledge
2921:. Harvard University.
970:Jacobs, Neil (2006).
804:
796:
589:Open Humanities Press
386:scientific literature
264:Institute of Medicine
104:since the 1990s. The
75:
3055:Predatory publishing
2449:eprints.cmfri.org.in
2344:on October 10, 2014.
2193:"Public Access Plan"
1941:. 12 December 2003.
1286:"" – seems to be a )
1255:Tansley, Robert and
689:Open Journal Systems
660:Research Councils UK
629:Department of Energy
570:Open Access textbook
363:GeoLogic, Terra NOVA
313:Institute of Physics
258:, publisher for the
3310:Republic of Ireland
3127:Open-access mandate
2811:2011PLoSO...620961L
1869:2006Natur.441..914B
1511:on December 5, 2012
1168:2001physics...2004T
1112:10.2196/jmir.8.2.e8
920:. 17 January 2012.
667:Knowledge Unlatched
618:'s director of the
351:-compliant generic
337:Subversive Proposal
106:Subversive Proposal
3106:Research Works Act
3096:Geneva Declaration
3081:Bethesda Statement
3076:Berlin Declaration
3030:Scientific journal
2858:2017-07-02 at the
2218:2015-03-19 at the
2198:2017-05-31 at the
2022:Owen Dyer (2007).
2008:2015-12-22 at the
1989:2015-12-22 at the
1970:2009-01-27 at the
1924:2012-03-11 at the
1905:2006-07-03 at the
1664:2015-09-24 at the
1635:legacy.earlham.edu
1429:2021-03-09 at the
1392:2015-06-17 at the
1266:2016-01-05 at the
1242:2012-09-12 at the
1222:2012-12-06 at the
1215:Swan, Alma. 2005.
1202:2017-06-06 at the
1197:Self-Archiving FAQ
1146:Learned Publishing
917:The Indian Express
811:
799:
372:In 1997, the U.S.
358:software in 2000.
268:National Academies
238:Postmodern Culture
90:
3447:
3446:
3010:Subscribe to Open
2895:978-0-262-51763-8
2748:. August 25, 2022
2167:National Archives
1561:10.2196/jmir.1802
1443:Polly, P. David.
1062:10.1172/JCI118375
1044:Varki, A (1996).
995:Savla, U (2004).
863:groups.google.com
791:
790:
753:Growth statistics
73:
63:
62:
3467:
3180:
3177:
3165:Creative Commons
3091:Durham Statement
3025:Academic journal
2955:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2866:
2849:
2843:
2842:
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2790:
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2779:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
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2641:
2635:
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2617:
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2610:
2608:
2607:
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2594:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2509:. Archived from
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2478:roar.eprints.org
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2422:. Archived from
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2393:. Archived from
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2279:. Archived from
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2209:
2203:
2189:
2183:
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2164:
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2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2019:
2013:
2000:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1961:
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1954:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1910:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1848:
1842:
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1793:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1714:. Archived from
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1675:
1669:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1604:. Archived from
1598:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1563:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1507:. Archived from
1503:Varmus, Harold.
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1440:
1434:
1421:
1415:
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1403:
1397:
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1378:
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1375:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1327:Yearb Med Inform
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1299:. Archived from
1293:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1253:
1247:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1161:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1090:
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1083:
1073:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1013:10.1172/JCI23290
992:
986:
985:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
877:
875:
874:
855:
786:
783:
777:
765:
764:
757:
709:In May 2016 the
638:In 2013, the UK
625:
475:2000–2009 decade
339:" was to extend
141:Common Knowledge
74:
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3419:Open government
3395:
3386:Access2Research
3369:
3248:
3172:
3152:
3146:
3110:
3059:
2982:
2964:
2959:
2923:Compilation of
2913:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2860:Wayback Machine
2850:
2846:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2638:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2507:www.icar.org.in
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2315:
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2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2220:Wayback Machine
2210:
2206:
2200:Wayback Machine
2190:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2084:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2020:
2016:
2010:Wayback Machine
2001:
1997:
1991:Wayback Machine
1982:
1978:
1972:Wayback Machine
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1926:Wayback Machine
1917:
1913:
1907:Wayback Machine
1898:
1894:
1878:10.1038/441914a
1849:
1845:
1800:
1796:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1666:Wayback Machine
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
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1512:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1437:
1431:Wayback Machine
1422:
1418:
1411:www.surgrad.com
1405:
1404:
1400:
1394:Wayback Machine
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1363:"JMIR Homepage"
1361:
1360:
1356:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1268:Wayback Machine
1254:
1250:
1244:Wayback Machine
1234:
1230:
1224:Wayback Machine
1214:
1210:
1204:Wayback Machine
1195:
1191:
1159:physics/0102004
1142:
1138:
1091:
1087:
1042:
1038:
1001:J. Clin. Invest
993:
989:
982:
968:
964:
954:
952:
941:
937:
927:
925:
910:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
872:
870:
859:"Google Groups"
857:
856:
852:
847:
830:
817:
809:, 1 August 2011
787:
781:
778:
775:
766:
762:
755:
743:
623:
608:
486:Current Opinion
471:
199:
161:social movement
129:
65:
59:
53:
50:
43:
31:This article's
27:
12:
11:
5:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Open knowledge
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:Open education
3411:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:Self-archiving
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2912:
2911:External links
2909:
2908:
2907:
2894:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2844:
2785:
2759:
2733:
2679:
2666:
2636:
2623:(2016-05-27).
2612:
2580:
2548:
2523:
2494:
2480:. 2010-02-25.
2465:
2436:
2407:
2378:
2347:
2329:
2293:
2256:
2224:
2204:
2184:
2173:
2131:
2101:
2082:
2063:
2014:
1995:
1976:
1956:
1930:
1911:
1892:
1843:
1794:
1743:
1741:. www.plos.org
1731:
1700:
1683:BioMed Central
1670:
1651:
1618:
1593:
1534:
1522:
1495:
1465:
1435:
1416:
1398:
1379:
1354:
1333:(1): 165–172.
1313:
1288:
1272:
1257:Harnad, Stevan
1248:
1228:
1208:
1189:
1136:
1085:
1036:
1007:(8): 1006–16.
987:
980:
962:
935:
903:
891:
889:, pp. 7–8
879:
849:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
836:
829:
826:
789:
788:
769:
767:
760:
754:
751:
742:
739:
711:European Union
607:
604:
508:in 2003, with
494:PubMed Central
482:BioMed Central
470:
467:
448:PubMed Central
341:self-archiving
198:
195:
149:Mahatma Gandhi
128:
125:
94:self-archiving
61:
60:
40:the key points
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3472:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Open hardware
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
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3401:
3398:
3392:
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3258:
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3182:
3178:
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3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:organizations
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
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3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
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2970:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2926:
2925:Peter Suber's
2920:
2917:Peter Suber.
2915:
2914:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2865:June 19, 2011
2864:
2863:Open and Shut
2861:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:(6): e20961.
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2747:
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2737:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
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2873:Works cited
2746:White House
2573:20 December
2391:icar.org.in
2322:20 December
2249:20 December
1554:(4): e115.
1515:20 December
1488:20 December
1474:"Home page"
731:cOAlition S
544:John Cornyn
538:In 2006, a
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356:Eprints.org
186:Digital Age
153:Hind Swaraj
133:Leó Szilárd
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3035:Manuscript
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2778:August 30,
2752:August 25,
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2673:Nault AJ.
2660:2016-08-07
2606:2016-08-07
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2162:2016-03-12
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1763:(1): E36.
1725:2014-08-09
1693:15 October
1679:"About us"
1645:2018-03-16
1612:2014-08-09
1459:2018-05-27
1373:2011-12-03
1307:2020-03-08
1282:Terra NOVA
1261:"In Brief"
928:26 January
887:Suber 2012
873:2018-03-04
845:References
813:See also:
782:April 2020
671:monographs
558:Ajit Varki
281:Ajit Varki
242:Psycoloquy
229:newsgroups
177:Guy Debord
3409:Open data
3260:Australia
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1570:1438-8871
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2882:(2012).
2856:Archived
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2799:PLOS ONE
2773:Techdirt
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294:Medscape
203:Internet
190:Internet
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3300:Hungary
3290:Germany
3280:Denmark
3270:Belgium
3265:Austria
3244:Sci-Hub
3015:Paywall
2997:versus
2973:History
2830:3113847
2807:Bibcode
2693:Science
2273:Ariadne
2049:1790741
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