107:
769:
81:
1018:
761:
872:
452:
677:
1260:
688:, designed by David Irwin and John Blair of Dulmison, Australia, in 1982 and released in Australia in September 1983 by Dulmont. This battery-powered device included an 80 character Ă— 8 line display in a lid that closed against the keyboard. The Dulmont was thus the first computer that could be taken anywhere and offered significant computing potential on the user's laptop (though weighing in at 4.8 kg (11 lb)). It was based on the MS-DOS operating system and applications stored in
1060:
623:
970:
552:
1762:
480:, a keyboard with 58 alphanumeric keys and 11 numeric keys (in separate blocks), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk (capacity - 140,000 characters), a thermal printer (speed - 28 characters/second), an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, and a 220-volt power supply. Designed for an operating temperature of 15–35 °C, it weighed 12 kg (26 lb) and its dimensions were 45 × 45 × 15 cm. It ran the Prologue operating system and provided total mobility.
384:
1320:
1378:
1038:
1425:
563: (equivalent to $ 9,456 in 2023). The Compaq Portable folded up into a luggable case the size of a portable sewing machine, similar in size to the Osborne 1. The third model of this development, Compaq Portable II, featured high resolution graphics on its tube display. It was the first portable computer ready to be used on the shop floor, and for CAD and diagram display. It established Compaq as a major brand on the market.
24:
1203:
495:
1230:
1153:
1652:
1284:
572:
717:
1585:(also used in LCD manufacturing) and this initially limited the number of companies capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to more standard chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has always been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which is a common attribute of desktops. Intel did try to solve this problem with the introduction of the
1790:, the Eee was the first success story largely due to its low cost, small size, low weight and versatility. The term 'Netbook' was later dubbed by Intel. Asus then extended the Eee line with models with features such as a 9-inch screen and other brands, including Acer, MSI and Dell followed suit with similar devices, often built on the fledgling low-power
1634:
screens solved many of the viewing problems of STN at a very affordable price and the TFT screens offered excellent viewing quality although initially at a steep price. DSTN continued to offer a significant cost advantage over TFT until the mid-90s before the cost delta dropped to the point that DSTN
947:
drive built in, which was unusual for CP/M laptops. The flip-up LCD display's resolution was 640x200 pixels. Bondwell 2 also included MicroPro's complete line of CP/M software, including WordStar. The
Bondwell 2 was capable of displaying bitmapped graphics. The price of the Bondwell 2 was listed at $
1497:
was the first notebook introduced with a
Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. Also featuring a removable hard disk drive and floppy drive, the Solo was the first three-spindle (optical, floppy, and hard disk drive) notebook computer, and was extremely successful within the consumer segment of the market.
1589:
for mobile computing. The MMC was a standard module upon which the CPU and external cache memory could sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade their CPU at a later date, eased the manufacturing process somewhat, and was also used in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU
1245:
cramped the product's utility. Although portable computers with clamshell LCD screens already existed at the time of its release, the
Ultralite was the first computer in a notebook form-factor. It was significantly smaller than all earlier portable computers and could be carried like a notebook and
603:
of RAM (expandable to 32 KB). The HX-20's very limited screen and tiny internal memory, made serious word-processing and spreadsheet applications impractical and the device was described as "primitive" by some. In terms of mass storage, the HX20 could be fitted with a
Microcasette Drive, which
1393:
pointing device that is still used to this day. The ThinkPad raised a new standard for business class laptops with its modular design, greater durability and more productivity options, including video capture and cameras (ThinkPad Power Series 850, 1995), removable drive bays, secondary batteries,
1529:
toys, or gray chalk on a dirty blackboard", and predicted that until displays improved, "laptops will continue to be a niche rather than a mainstream direction". As technology improved during the 1990s, the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased. Correspondingly prices went down. Several
471:
CCMC, officially appeared in
September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris. The Portal was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of the French firm R2E Micral in 1980 at the request of the company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting. It was
1139:
CS computer. It had the classic laptop configuration (keyboard and monitor closes up clam-shell style in order to carry), however, it was very heavy and fairly large. It had a full-size keyboard (with separate numeric keypad) and a large amber LCD screen. While it was offered with dual 3.5-inch
1402:
Windows 3.1 was the first version of
Windows to support APM, which was usually implemented with SMI in the BIOS (introduced with the Intel 80386SL). Windows 95 introduced standardized support for docking via the PnP BIOS (among other things). Prior to this point each brand used custom
1524:
in 1986 published an article discussing them with the headline "Is It On Yet?". It said of the accompanying montage of nine portable computers, "Pictured at the right are two screens and seven elongated smudges". The article stated that "LCD screens still look to many observers like
748:, installed on a panel above the keyboard. Like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. Both had LCDs, and could connect to optional external printers.
863: in). Initial specifications included 8 kilobytes of RAM (expandable to 24 KB) and a 3 MHz processor. The machine was in fact about the size of a paper notebook, but the term had yet to come into use and it was generally described as a "portable" computer.
1411:, to optimize the battery life of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial in the eyes of notebook designers because it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; however, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing certain aspects of notebook design.
1123:. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988. ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo in the design and manufacturing of these laptops. This relationship is notable because it was the first deal between a major brand and an Asian
520:-inch floppy drives, and a large collection of bundled software applications. An aftermarket battery pack was available. The computer company was a failure and did not last for very long. Although it was large and heavy compared to today's laptops, with a tiny 5"
1630:, but these drew too much current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for some time although their viewing quality was poor. By about 1991, two new color LCD technologies hit the mainstream market in a big way; Dual STN and TFT. The
1626:) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs prone to heavy shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some portable computer screens were sharper monochrome
524:
monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their computer and data with them for the first time. This and other "luggables" were inspired by what was probably the first portable computer, the
960:
2000, introduced in 1985. With its brushed aluminum clamshell case, it was remarkably similar in design to modern laptops. It featured a 25 line by 80 character LCD, a detachable keyboard, and a pop-up 90 mm (3.5-inch) floppy drive.
692:(A:) and also supported removable modules in expansion slots (B: and C:) that could be custom-programmed EPROM or standard word processing and spreadsheet applications. The Magnum could suspend and retain memory in battery-backed
1679:
was created initially as a response to the needs of notebook designers that needed smaller, lower power consumption products. With continuing pressure to shrink the notebook size even further, the 2.5" HDD was introduced.
1210:
By the end of the 1980s, laptop computers were becoming popular among business people. The 16-bit COMPAQ SLT/286 debuted in
October 1988, being the first battery-powered laptop to support an internal hard disk drive and a
634:
laptop, the Grid
Compass, was made in 1982. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar design in which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. The computer was equipped with a 320Ă—200-pixel
1598:
family. Derived from IBM's 601 series for laptops (while the 604 branch was for desktops), it found itself used on many low end Apple desktops before it was widely used in laptops, starting with PowerBook models
831:. Due to its portability, good battery life (and ease of replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as little as US$ 300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among
658:
during the 1980s. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned significant returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by the Tandy (now
1237:
The NEC UltraLite, released in
October 1988, was the first "notebook" computer, weighing just 2 kg (4.4 lb), which was achieved by obviating floppy or hard drive, it was powered by the
883:(DG-1) in 1984 is one of the few cases of a minicomputer company introducing a breakthrough PC product. Considered genuinely portable, rather than "luggable", it was a nine-pound battery-powered
700:(D:). A separate expansion box provided dual 5.25-inch floppy or 10 MB hard disk storage. The product was marketed internationally from 1984 to 1986. Dulmont was eventually taken over by
1581:
chipset which used the same architecture. However, Intel had to abandon this design approach as it introduced its
Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium required
1577:. It was more integrated than any previous solution although its cost was higher. It was heavily adopted by the major notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the
1779:
1075:
in 1987. This contract would eventually lead to the purchase of over 200,000 laptops. Competition to supply this contract was fierce and the major PC companies of the time;
1095:(ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in an attempt to win this deal. ZDS, which had earlier won a landmark deal with the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its
901:-inch diskettes, a 79-key full-stroke keyboard, 128 KB to 512 KB of RAM, and a monochrome LCD screen capable of either the full-sized standard 80Ă—25 characters or full
604:
is powered and operated by the Main Unit. External Floppy Drives and even an Adapter for CRT output were also available. The HX-20 was the first laptop to be called a
1389:
300, 700 and 700C, featuring a clamshell design similar to the PS/2 line. The 700 and 700C (the "C" version came with a color display) came with the distinctive red
1144:
drives, the most common configuration was a 20 MB hard drive and a single floppy drive. It was one of the first machines with a 1.44 MB density 3.5-inch disk drive.
1180:, and communications programs. It anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer, and as a ROM-based machine with a small display, can – like the
1590:
could be added to the chassis after it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for a few generations but ultimately could not maintain the appropriate speed and
985:". It did not have a hard drive, and ran entirely from floppy disks. The CPU was a 4.77 MHz Intel 80C88, a lower-power-consumption variation of the popular
701:
2152:
283:
1569:
processor, designed for the specific power needs of laptops, marked the point at which laptop needs were included in CPU design. The 386SL integrated a
650:
8,000–10,000, equivalent to $ 25,000-32,000 in 2023) limited it to specialized applications. However, it was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by
1952:
130:
1862:
823:
himself. The computer was not a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8 line Ă— 40-character LCD screen above a full-travel keyboard. With its internal
106:
740:
CPU. The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a "laptop". It was equipped with an internal floppy disk drive and a pioneering
1887:
2331:
413:
1490:
1510:
were reaching great success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the corporate market.
1299:
model was IBM's first commercial laptop with color screen; the introduced options and features include the now-common peripherals-oriented
768:
153:
559:
The Compaq Portable was the first PC-compatible portable computer created in 1982. The first shipment was in March 1983 and was priced at
2133:
326:
308:
125:
506:
founded Osborne Computer and produced the Osborne 1 in 1981. The Osborne 1 had a five-inch screen, incorporating a modem port, two
303:
278:
163:
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1408:
783:. Owing much to the design of the previous Epson HX-20, and although at first a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by
232:
2453:
356:
2434:
1029:, introduced in 1986. It had a CGA-compatible LCD and two 720 KB 3.5-inch floppy drives. It weighed 13 pounds (5.9 kg).
298:
1640:
1836:
1619:
1611:. What started out as a laptop processor was eventually used across all platforms in its follow up, the PowerPC 750 AKA G3.
206:
2160:
1723:, made laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop computer. Many newer laptops are also available with built-in
1675:
and lower power consumption became available, users could store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The
1672:
1635:
was no longer used in notebooks. Improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher
1446:
1009:" feature to DOS-based machines: the computer could be paused between sessions without having to be restarted each time.
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
2468:
579:
The first significant development towards laptop computing was announced in 1981 and sold from July 1982, the 8/16-bit
533:, and could be carried on commercial aircraft. The Osborne 1 weighs close to 11 kg (24 lb) and was priced at
406:
181:
2085:
1472:
67:
1454:
49:
1543:
662:) Corporation. The Grid's portability was restricted as it had no internal battery pack and relied on mains power.
201:
186:
2220:
1594:
to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector. A more specialized power saving CPU variant for laptops is the
1017:
1530:
developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:
1124:
293:
227:
211:
1001:
on the T1000, the Toshiba models were small and light enough to be carried in a backpack, and could be run from
760:
1841:
1450:
288:
34:
1826:
1108:
871:
399:
387:
257:
247:
80:
736:, announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984, Gavilan filing bankruptcy the same year. Both ran the 8/16-bit
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361:
196:
2335:
191:
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1185:
1002:
636:
262:
2291:"IBM Power Series Brings PowerPC Microprocessor Performance to Desktop and Mobile Personal Computers"
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and could display color with great accuracy, making them an acceptable substitute for a traditional
1821:
1812:
introduced a new term "smartbook", which stands for a hybrid device between smartphone and laptop.
1435:
835:. It weighed less than 2 kg (4.4 lb) with dimensions of 30Ă—21.5Ă—4.5 centimeters (12Ă—
776:
The year 1983 also saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the 8-bit
1786:
disk and a 7-inch screen. Despite previous attempts to launch small lightweight computers such as
451:
1741:
1551:
1439:
237:
45:
1901:
2458:
2025:
1615:
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1267:
Apple's first laptop product was the 16-bit lead-acid battery powered 7.2 kg (16 lb)
1112:
902:
252:
2305:
1783:
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796:
317:
2195:
2002:
1979:
41:
1681:
1623:
1355:
1347:
1212:
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1045:
The Epson L3s was an early portable computer that ran MS-DOS and featured a parallel port.
926:
605:
477:
98:
2072:
1926:
8:
2248:
1831:
1547:
1535:
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148:
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1268:
1026:
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LCD with 4 lines of text, 20 characters per line text mode, a 24 column
676:
2430:
2051:
1881:
1664:
1636:
1595:
1503:
1271:
released in September 1989. The Portable pioneered inclusion of a pointing device (a
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1054:
828:
784:
464:
456:
431:
116:
1744:
for implementing a restriction of access to a sensitive data or the computer itself.
1573:
core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to create the SL
2463:
1644:
998:
880:
753:
521:
435:
172:
2110:
997:. Although limited floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in
1787:
1688:(non volatile, non mechanical memory device) instead of the mechanical hard disk.
1668:
1561:
processor (often Harris CMOS) because of the energy demands of the more powerful
1308:
1296:
1177:
1120:
1088:
1076:
792:
745:
596:
546:
526:
476:
processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHz. It was equipped with a central 64K byte
158:
1570:
1566:
989:, and the display was a monochrome, 640x200 LCD. It was followed in 1987 by the
1627:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1165:
1072:
729:
685:
671:
584:
530:
502:
The Osborne 1 is considered the first true mobile computer by most historians.
1259:
2447:
2276:
1700:
1608:
1578:
1526:
1499:
1359:
1292:
1224:
1161:
994:
990:
978:
800:
725:
655:
643:
2408:
2290:
2262:
1761:
1734:
1712:
1711:-compatible laptops made it easier to work away from home; the addition of
1507:
1494:
1366:
969:
780:
617:
551:
503:
1172:
sheet of paper as well, it ran on standard batteries, and contained basic
1067:
The first laptops successful on a large scale came in large part due to a
1772:
1765:
1520:
1173:
1141:
1116:
1080:
944:
804:
631:
580:
1059:
1025:
Also among the first commercial IBM-compatible laptops was the 8/16-bit
622:
1791:
1390:
1197:
1100:
1006:
986:
918:
832:
820:
808:
737:
733:
705:
659:
588:
473:
2174:
1803:
1704:
1685:
1655:
1631:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1319:
1300:
1272:
1242:
1136:
956:
Possibly the first commercial IBM-compatible laptop was the 8/16-bit
816:
815:
interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by
697:
489:
1424:
1377:
1037:
430:
describes the efforts, begun in the 1970s, to build small, portable
52:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1809:
1557:
Power-saving processors. While laptops in 1989 were limited to the
1386:
1363:
1351:
1331:
series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are now
913:
Although it was not released until 1985, well after the decline of
795:, who recognised its potential and marketed it respectively as the
788:
741:
693:
640:
600:
434:
that combine the components, inputs, outputs and capabilities of a
139:
88:
84:
1663:
Improved storage technology. Early laptops and portables had only
1538:
were replaced with lighter and more efficient technologies, first
2237:
http://ps-2.kev009.com/basil.holloway/boo-to-pdf/S10G_4421_00.pdf
1756:
1574:
1238:
1202:
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1104:
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1708:
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1152:
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957:
884:
468:
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series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an
571:
2359:"Asus' new Eee PC 701 joins the laptop-lite fray with a bang"
1863:"HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAPTOP FROM THE TIME TO THE TIME"
1720:
1692:
1586:
1562:
1558:
1295:
was a first IBM laptop with clamshell design, and the 1992's
824:
812:
716:
684:
The first contender for true laptop computing was the 16-bit
1215:
compatible LCD screen. It weighed 14 lb (6.4 kg).
2196:"IBM PS/2 - The History :: Computers:: Garrett Fuller"
2040:(4). McGraw-Hill: 104–105 – via the Internet Archive.
1565:
on the original CHMOS III process, the introduction of the
1404:
1304:
922:
921:
is one of only a handful of CP/M laptops. It used an 8-bit
914:
651:
647:
583:. It featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable
1246:
its clamshell LCD folded over the body like a book cover.
1990:(49). IDG Publications: 1, 9–11 – via Google Books.
1861:
Ago, Rahmat6457in #history • 3 Years (25 February 2018).
1776:
1716:
689:
1135:
In 1987, HP released a portable version of their 16-bit
2134:"THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER; Compaq Finally Makes a Laptop"
1724:
1489:
drive in mobile computing, and helped the shift to the
1130:
708:" and marketed 16- and 25-line LCD display versions.
2013:(20). IDG Publications: 9 – via Google Books.
1775:701 to be released in October, a small lightweight
1493:processor as the base platform for notebooks. The
964:
1241:16-bit CPU. The very restrictive 2 megabyte
751:
646:. It was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (
2445:
2427:Vintage Laptop Computers: First Decade: 1980–89
1303:as mobile device option, introduced the laptop
981:in 1985, and has subsequently described it as "
529:. The Osborne was about the size of a portable
2303:
2297:
1950:
1518:Early laptop displays were so primitive that
1115:battery pack. Later models featured a 16-bit
983:the world's first mass-market laptop computer
811:. The Tandy's built-in programs, including a
407:
1953:"Epson's HX-20 and Texas Instruments' CC-40"
1485:Windows 95 ushered in the importance of the
724:Two other noteworthy early laptops were the
665:
2356:
2144:
1944:
1886:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1453:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1335:standards on laptops, including room for a
1254:
1168:, introduced in 1988. About the size of an
2386:"Qualcomm Shows Off Snapdragon Smartbooks"
1414:
414:
400:
2332:"IBM Power Systems archived white papers"
1473:Learn how and when to remove this message
1005:. They also introduced the now-standard "
925:CPU running at 4 MHz, had 64 KBs of
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2023:
1760:
1650:
1376:
1318:
1282:
1258:
1228:
1201:
1151:
1058:
1036:
1016:
968:
870:
767:
759:
715:
675:
621:
570:
550:
493:
450:
79:
2383:
1534:Improved battery technology. The heavy
1160:Another notable computer was the 8-bit
2446:
2424:
2000:
1977:
1513:
1184:– also be seen as a forerunner of the
1103:processor, dual floppy disk drives, a
537: (equivalent to $ 6,016 in 2023).
441:
164:Free software and open-source software
2150:
2131:
2052:"OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum"
1980:"Crowds converge on NE Computer Show"
1012:
1837:List of pioneers in computer science
1498:In roughly the same time period the
1451:adding citations to reliable sources
1418:
1048:
711:
17:
2151:Lewis, Peter H. (17 October 1989).
2132:Lewis, Peter H. (23 October 1988).
2017:
1927:"Shinshu Seiki/Suwa Seikosha HC-20"
1919:
1860:
879:Data General's introduction of the
866:
13:
2418:
1978:Needle, David (13 December 1982).
1684:(OLPC) and other new laptops use
1397:
1346:featured optional color displays (
1314:
1131:Hewlett-Packard Vectra Portable CS
587:batteries, a small (120Ă—32-pixel)
540:
446:
105:
14:
2480:
2400:
2249:"Vintage tech: IBM ThinkPad 700C"
1771:In June 2007, Asus announced the
1275:) in the laptop/portable sphere.
1191:
917:as a major operating system, the
728:(similar in many respects to the
154:Software configuration management
2429:. Outskirts Press. p. 132.
1951:Ramsey, David (September 1983).
1902:"Bull microcomputers, a summary"
1691:Improved connectivity. Internal
1423:
1311:(IBM Communications Cartridge).
1278:
1249:
1218:
1147:
383:
382:
22:
2377:
2350:
2324:
2283:
2269:
2255:
2241:
2230:
2213:
2188:
2175:"IBM PS/2 CL57SX | Laptop Pics"
2167:
2125:
2103:
2078:
1730:Other peripherals may include:
1372:
1263:Apple Macintosh Portable (1989)
1125:original equipment manufacturer
1041:Epson L3s and power supply unit
965:Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200
807:. The machines ran on standard
611:
2407:"Laptops, 360 degree models",
2277:"IBM PowerPC ThinkPad History"
2221:"IBM Communications Cartridge"
2065:
2044:
2024:Williams, Gregg (April 1982).
1994:
1971:
1906:La Fédération des Equipes Bull
1894:
1854:
1842:Timeline of portable computers
977:Toshiba launched the 8/16-bit
951:
819:, and were written in part by
566:
1:
2454:History of computing hardware
2410:Russian Vintage Laptop Museum
2384:Hachman, Mark (1 June 2009).
2001:Needle, David (14 May 1984).
1847:
1827:History of personal computers
1797:
1407:, drivers and in some cases,
908:
467:", of the French company R2E
2304:Somerson, Paul (July 1986).
1671:with higher reliability and
1032:
483:
463:The portable microcomputer "
374:Glossary of computer science
7:
2357:Paul Miller (5 June 2007).
2003:"Epson's PX-8 lap computer"
1815:
1750:
887:machine equipped with dual
827:, it was a highly portable
704:, who relabeled the brand "
48:the claims made and adding
10:
2485:
1801:
1754:
1727:Broadband wireless modems.
1385:In 1992, IBM released its
1307:and predecessor of laptop
1222:
1195:
1186:personal digital assistant
1052:
669:
637:electroluminescent display
615:
544:
498:An opened Osborne 1 (1981)
487:
2469:History of Silicon Valley
2425:Wilson, James E. (2006).
2111:"Business Desktops/Calcs"
2086:"World's First Laptop PC"
1782:powered laptop with 4 GB
1719:, as well as, from 1999,
1667:. As thin, high-capacity
1021:IBM PC Convertible (1986)
666:Dulmont Magnum/Kookaburra
599:interpreter, and 16
131:Hardware 1960s to present
1822:History of mobile phones
1794:processor architecture.
1350:, 1993), and first true
1255:Apple Macintosh Portable
1063:Zenith SupersPort (1988)
626:GRiD Compass 1101 (1982)
233:Graphical user interface
2413:(museum), 17 March 2018
1737:for video communication
1616:Liquid-crystal displays
1415:Intel Pentium processor
1394:and backlit keyboards.
1369:(PowerBook 500, 1994).
875:Data General/One (1984)
829:communications terminal
764:TRS-80 Model 100 (1983)
182:Artificial intelligence
2153:"Compaq Does It Again"
2090:Toshiba Science Museum
2073:TRS-80 Model 100 / 102
1768:
1659:
1382:
1324:
1288:
1264:
1234:
1207:
1157:
1119:processor and a 20 MB
1064:
1042:
1022:
974:
876:
773:
772:Tandy Model 200 (1984)
765:
721:
681:
627:
576:
556:
555:Compaq Portable (1983)
499:
460:
192:Early computer science
110:
92:
87:in 2008 with his 1972
1764:
1654:
1380:
1362:, and first built-in
1358:series, 1994), first
1322:
1286:
1262:
1232:
1206:Compaq SLT/286 (1988)
1205:
1155:
1062:
1040:
1020:
972:
874:
797:TRS-80 Model 100 line
771:
763:
719:
702:Time Office Computers
680:Dulmont Magnum (1982)
679:
625:
574:
554:
497:
454:
318:Timeline of computing
202:Programming languages
187:Compiler construction
109:
83:
2159:: C8. Archived from
2113:. HP Computer Museum
2075:at old-computers.com
1931:IPSJ Computer Museum
1682:One Laptop Per Child
1624:Thin-film transistor
1544:nickel metal hydride
1447:improve this section
1323:PowerBook 100 (1991)
1287:IBM PS/2 note (1992)
1233:NEC UltraLite (1988)
1156:Cambridge Z88 (1987)
973:Toshiba T1100 (1985)
905:graphics (640Ă—200).
438:in a small chassis.
228:General-purpose CPUs
212:Software engineering
126:Hardware before 1960
99:History of computing
2163:on 19 October 2023.
1832:History of software
1548:Lithium-ion battery
1536:lead-acid batteries
1514:Improved technology
1381:ThinkPad 300 (1992)
1360:16-bit stereo audio
1093:Zenith Data Systems
943:-inch (89 mm)
442:Portable precursors
2312:. pp. 122–123
2157:The New York Times
2138:The New York Times
1769:
1742:fingerprint sensor
1665:floppy disk drives
1660:
1637:native resolutions
1383:
1325:
1289:
1269:Macintosh Portable
1265:
1235:
1208:
1158:
1111:LCD screen, and a
1065:
1043:
1027:IBM PC Convertible
1023:
1013:IBM PC Convertible
975:
877:
774:
766:
722:
682:
628:
593:dot matrix printer
577:
575:Epson HX-20 (1981)
557:
500:
461:
432:personal computers
428:history of laptops
248:Personal computers
207:Prominent pioneers
111:
93:
33:possibly contains
2436:978-1-59800-489-2
2200:garrettfuller.org
1788:ultra-portable PC
1780:Celeron-M ULV 353
1504:Toshiba Satellite
1483:
1482:
1475:
1107:, blue-and-white
1055:Zenith SupersPort
1049:Zenith SupersPort
785:Tandy Corporation
720:Gavilan SC (1983)
712:Sharp and Gavilan
424:
423:
197:Operating systems
78:
77:
70:
35:original research
2476:
2440:
2414:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2334:. Archived from
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2259:
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2252:
2245:
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2228:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2030:-Sized Computer"
2021:
2015:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1715:and, from 1997,
1713:network adapters
1673:shock resistance
1669:hard disk drives
1618:, in particular
1546:(NiMH) and then
1478:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1427:
1419:
1182:TRS-80 Model 100
942:
941:
937:
934:
900:
899:
895:
892:
881:Data General/One
867:Data General/One
862:
861:
857:
854:
848:
847:
843:
840:
799:(or Tandy 100),
562:
536:
519:
518:
514:
511:
436:desktop computer
416:
409:
402:
386:
385:
173:Computer science
95:
94:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
50:inline citations
26:
25:
18:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2421:
2419:Further reading
2406:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2338:on 19 July 2012
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2306:"Is It On Yet?"
2302:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2251:. 13 July 2017.
2247:
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2235:
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2202:
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2189:
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2173:
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2168:
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2130:
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2109:
2108:
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2094:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2022:
2018:
1999:
1995:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1818:
1806:
1800:
1759:
1753:
1628:plasma displays
1552:lithium polymer
1516:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1444:
1428:
1417:
1400:
1398:APM and SMI/SMM
1375:
1367:network adapter
1317:
1315:Apple Powerbook
1309:docking station
1281:
1257:
1252:
1227:
1221:
1200:
1194:
1178:word processing
1150:
1133:
1121:hard disk drive
1057:
1051:
1035:
1015:
1003:Ni-Cd batteries
967:
954:
939:
935:
932:
930:
911:
897:
893:
890:
888:
869:
859:
855:
852:
850:
845:
841:
838:
836:
758:
754:Tandy Model 100
746:pointing device
714:
674:
668:
620:
614:
597:Microsoft BASIC
569:
560:
549:
547:Compaq Portable
543:
541:Compaq Portable
534:
527:Xerox NoteTaker
516:
512:
509:
507:
492:
486:
449:
447:Portal R2E CCMC
444:
420:
220:Modern concepts
74:
63:
57:
54:
39:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2402:
2401:External links
2399:
2396:
2395:
2376:
2349:
2323:
2296:
2282:
2268:
2263:"IBM ThinkPad"
2254:
2240:
2229:
2212:
2187:
2166:
2143:
2124:
2102:
2077:
2064:
2043:
2016:
1993:
1970:
1943:
1918:
1893:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1802:Main article:
1799:
1796:
1755:Main article:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1733:an integrated
1728:
1689:
1649:
1648:
1612:
1592:data integrity
1555:
1542:or NiCd, then
1540:nickel cadmium
1515:
1512:
1481:
1480:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1399:
1396:
1374:
1371:
1348:PowerBook 165c
1316:
1313:
1280:
1277:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1196:Main article:
1193:
1192:Compaq SLT/286
1190:
1166:Clive Sinclair
1164:, designed by
1149:
1146:
1132:
1129:
1073:U.S. Air Force
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1034:
1031:
1014:
1011:
966:
963:
953:
950:
910:
907:
868:
865:
757:
752:Kyotronic 85 (
750:
730:Dulmont Magnum
713:
710:
696:, including a
686:Dulmont Magnum
672:Dulmont Magnum
670:Main article:
667:
664:
616:Main article:
613:
610:
585:nickel-cadmium
568:
565:
545:Main article:
542:
539:
531:sewing machine
488:Main article:
485:
482:
448:
445:
443:
440:
422:
421:
419:
418:
411:
404:
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
377:
376:
370:
369:
368:
367:
363:more timelines
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
321:
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314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
273:
272:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
258:World Wide Web
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
222:
221:
217:
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204:
199:
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136:
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128:
120:
119:
113:
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101:
76:
75:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2481:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Early laptops
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2391:
2387:
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2233:
2222:
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2201:
2197:
2191:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2112:
2106:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1959:. p. 193
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:and standard
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1641:response time
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:active-matrix
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:Etch-a-Sketch
1523:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Dell Latitude
1496:
1492:
1491:Intel Pentium
1488:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1432:This section
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:PowerBook 500
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:IBM PS/2 note
1285:
1279:IBM PS/2 note
1276:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1250:Apple and IBM
1247:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1225:NEC UltraLite
1219:NEC UltraLite
1216:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:Cambridge Z88
1154:
1148:Cambridge Z88
1145:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:Toshiba T1100
971:
962:
959:
949:
946:
928:
924:
920:
916:
906:
904:
886:
882:
873:
864:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:Olivetti M-10
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
770:
762:
755:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:Sharp PC-5000
718:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
678:
673:
663:
661:
657:
656:Space Shuttle
653:
649:
645:
644:bubble memory
642:
639:and 384
638:
633:
624:
619:
609:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
573:
564:
553:
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523:
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328:
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316:
315:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:South America
297:
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100:
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90:
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82:
72:
69:
61:
51:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
20:
19:
16:
2426:
2409:
2389:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2362:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2309:
2299:
2285:
2271:
2257:
2243:
2232:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2169:
2161:the original
2156:
2146:
2137:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1856:
1807:
1770:
1735:video camera
1609:500 upgrades
1583:TAB mounting
1519:
1517:
1508:IBM ThinkPad
1495:Gateway Solo
1484:
1469:
1460:
1445:Please help
1433:
1401:
1384:
1373:IBM ThinkPad
1341:
1332:
1326:
1290:
1266:
1236:
1209:
1181:
1159:
1134:
1066:
1044:
1024:
982:
976:
955:
912:
878:
809:AA batteries
781:Kyotronic 85
775:
723:
683:
629:
618:Grid Compass
612:Grid Compass
578:
558:
504:Adam Osborne
501:
472:based on an
462:
427:
425:
362:
357:2020–present
304:Soviet Union
284:Eastern Bloc
242:
64:
55:
32:
15:
2390:PC Magazine
2026:"The First
1766:Asus Eee PC
1596:PowerPC 603
1567:Intel 386SL
1521:PC Magazine
1174:spreadsheet
1142:floppy disk
1117:Intel 80286
952:Kaypro 2000
945:floppy disk
833:journalists
805:NEC PC-8201
581:Epson HX-20
567:Epson HX-20
327:before 1950
253:Video games
2448:Categories
2205:9 December
2180:5 December
1963:20 October
1848:References
1798:Smartbooks
1792:Intel Atom
1391:TrackPoint
1344:PowerBooks
1327:The Apple
1198:Compaq SLT
1101:Intel 8086
1097:SupersPort
987:Intel 8088
919:Bondwell 2
909:Bondwell 2
821:Bill Gates
738:Intel 8088
734:Gavilan SC
732:) and the
706:Kookaburra
660:RadioShack
630:The first
589:dot-matrix
474:Intel 8085
309:Yugoslavia
271:By country
42:improve it
2369:11 August
2342:11 August
2316:9 January
2057:11 August
2007:InfoWorld
1984:InfoWorld
1808:In 2009,
1804:Smartbook
1707:ports on
1686:Flash RAM
1656:OLPC XO-1
1639:, faster
1614:Improved
1463:June 2023
1434:does not
1337:palm rest
1329:PowerBook
1301:PS/2 port
1273:trackball
1243:RAM drive
1033:Epson L3s
817:Microsoft
632:clamshell
561:US$ 2,995
535:US$ 1,795
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