2094:. Windows ME was the last in the line of the Windows 3.x-based operating systems from Microsoft. Windows underwent a parallel 32-bit evolutionary path, where Windows NT 3.1 was released in 1993. Windows NT (for New Technology) was a native 32-bit operating system with a new driver model, was unicode-based, and provided for true separation between applications. Windows NT also supported 16-bit applications in an NTVDM, but it did not support VxD based drivers. Windows 95 was supposed to be released before 1993 as the predecessor to Windows NT. The idea was to promote the development of 32-bit applications with backward compatibility – leading the way for more successful NT release. After multiple delays, Windows 95 was released without unicode and used the VxD driver model. Windows NT 3.1 evolved to Windows NT 3.5, 3.51 and then 4.0 when it finally shared a similar interface with its Windows 9x desktop counterpart and included a Start button. The evolution continued with Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, then Windows 7. Windows XP and higher were also made available in 64-bit modes. Windows server products branched off with the introduction of Windows Server 2003 (available in 32-bit and 64-bit IA64 or x64), then Windows Server 2008 and then Windows Server 2008 R2. Windows 2000 and XP shared the same basic GUI although XP introduced Visual Styles. With Windows 98, the
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2053:. Windows 95 was touted as a 32-bit based operating system but it was actually based on a hybrid kernel (VWIN32.VXD) with the 16-bit user interface (USER.EXE) and graphic device interface (GDI.EXE) of Windows for Workgroups (3.11), which had 16-bit kernel components with a 32-bit subsystem (USER32.DLL and GDI32.DLL) that allowed it to run native 16-bit applications as well as 32-bit applications. In the marketplace, Windows 95 was an unqualified success, promoting a general upgrade to 32-bit technology, and within a year or two of its release had become the most successful operating system ever produced.
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983:( "window, icon, menu, pointing device") concept. Screenshots of first GUIs of Apple Lisa prototypes show the early designs. Apple engineers visited the PARC facilities (Apple secured the rights for the visit by compensating Xerox with a pre-IPO purchase of Apple stock) and a number of PARC employees subsequently moved to Apple to work on the Lisa and Macintosh GUI. However, the Apple work extended PARC's considerably, adding manipulatable icons, and
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2286:. These object-oriented graphic engines driven by user interface classes and methods were then standardized into the Amiga environment and changed Amiga Workbench to a complete and modern guided interface, with new standard gadgets, animated buttons, true 24-bit-color icons, increased use of wallpapers for screens and windows, alpha channel, transparencies and shadows as any modern GUI provides.
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1538:(exclamation mark, also called shriek) prefix. Double-clicking on such a directory launches the application rather than opening the directory. The application's executable files and resources are contained within the directory, but normally they remain hidden from the user. Because applications are self-contained, this allows drag-and-drop installation and removal.
1669:, it allowed users to run multiple DOS programs concurrently in windows. It was the first program to bring multitasking and windowing capabilities to a DOS environment in which existing DOS programs could be used. DESQview was not a true GUI but offered certain components of one, such as resizable, overlapping windows and mouse pointing.
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allowed the user to open a number of programs at once, each in its own window, and switch between them to multitask. Visi On did not, however, include a graphical file manager. Visi On also demanded a hard drive in order to implement its virtual memory system used for "fast switching", at a time when hard drives were very expensive.
991:) for example. A list of the improvements made by Apple, beyond the PARC interface, can be read at Folklore.org. Jef Raskin warns that many of the reported facts in the history of the PARC and Macintosh development are inaccurate, distorted or even fabricated, due to the lack of usage by historians of direct primary sources.
1065:(discounted) academic list price of $ 22,500 and $ 35,700 for the IRIS 1000 and IRIS 1400, respectively. However, these systems were commercially successful enough to start SGI's business as one of the main graphical workstation vendors. In later revisions of graphical workstations, SGI switched to the
2569:. New effects common to several projects are scale resizing and zooming, several windows transformations and animations (wobbly windows, smooth minimization to system tray...), composition of images (used for window drop shadows and transparency) and enhancing the global organization of open windows (
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X allows a graphical terminal user to make use of remote resources on the network as if they were all located locally to the user by running a single module of software called the X server. The software running on the remote machine is called the client application. X's network transparency protocols
1088:
was a GUI designed to run on DOS for IBM PCs. It was released in
December 1983. Visi On had many features of a modern GUI, and included a few that did not become common until many years later. It was fully mouse-driven, used a bit-mapped display for both text and graphics, included on-line help, and
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interface in 1986. Little commercial software, beyond that included on the
Welcome disk, was ever made available for the system, despite the claim by Acorn at the time that "the major software houses have worked with Acorn to make over 100 titles available on compilation discs at launch". The most
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windowing system on top of the GL2 Release 1 operating environment. Examples of the MEX user interface can be seen in a 1988 article in the journal "Computer
Graphics", while earlier screenshots can not be found. The first commercial GUI-based systems, these did not find widespread use as to their
2034:
After
Windows 3.11, Microsoft started development on a new consumer-oriented version of the operating system. Windows 95 was intended to integrate Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products and included an enhanced version of DOS, often referred to as MS-DOS 7.0. It also featured a
743:(GUI). It was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, as well as other XEROX offices, and at several universities for many years. The Alto greatly influenced the design of personal computers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, notably the
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These effects are popularized thanks to the widespread use of 3D video cards (mainly due to gaming) which allow for complex visual processing with low CPU use, using the 3D acceleration in most modern graphics cards to render the application clients in a 3D scene. The application window is drawn
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The widespread adoption of the PC platform in homes and small businesses popularized computers among people with no formal training. This created a fast-growing market, opening an opportunity for commercial exploitation and of easy-to-use interfaces and making economically viable the incremental
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The GUI is centered around the concept of files. The Filer displays the contents of a disc. Applications are run from the Filer view and files can be dragged to the Filer view from applications to perform saves. The opposite can perform a load. With their co-operation data can be copied or moved
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without regard to the workstation's operating system or the hardware. Due largely to the availability of the source code used to write X, it has become the standard layer for management of graphical and input/output devices and for the building of both local and remote graphical interfaces on
2035:
significant redesign of the GUI, dubbed "Cairo". While Cairo never really materialized, parts of Cairo found their way into subsequent versions of the operating system starting with
Windows 95. Both Win95 and WinNT could run 32-bit applications, and could exploit the abilities of the
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The application has control of the context-sensitive menus, inapplicable menu choices can be 'greyed out' to make them unavailable. Menus have their own titles and may be moved around the desktop by the user. Any menu can have further sub-menus or a new window for complicated choices.
2397:, and had other minor interface details that some found made it easier and more intuitive to use than previous GUIs. NeXTSTEP's GUI was the first to feature opaque dragging of windows in its user interface, on a comparatively weak machine by today's standards, ideally aided by
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and better display adapters, giving some basic low resolution icons and graphical interface elements, including an arrow (instead of a coloured cell block) for the mouse pointer. When the display adapter lacks the ability to change the character's shapes, they default to the
1823:'s MS-DOS client. Compared to the competing Windows 3.0 GUI, it could run reasonably well on simpler hardware, but its developer had a restrictive policy towards third-party developers that prevented it from becoming a serious competitor. Additionally, it was targeted at
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and other manufacturers, were early high-end single user computer workstations with advanced graphical user interfaces, windowing, and mouse as an input device. First workstations from
Symbolics came to market in 1981, with more advanced designs in the subsequent years.
1237:. MSX-View contains software such as Page Edit, Page View, Page Link, VShell, VTed, VPaint and VDraw. An external version of the built-in MSX View of the Panasonic FS-A1GT was released as an add-on for the Panasonic FS-A1ST on disk instead of 512 KB ROM DISK.
940:(which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. The Lisa, released in 1983, featured a high-resolution stationery-based (document-centric) graphical interface atop an advanced hard disk based OS that featured such things as
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of fonts, the OS being the first operating system to include such a feature, having included it since before
January 1989. Since 1994, in RISC OS 3.5, it has been possible to use an outline anti-aliased font in the WindowManager for UI elements, rather than the
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communities dedicated to creating their own visual elements, such as icons, menus, wallpapers, and more. Post-WIMP interfaces are often used in these mobile devices, where the traditional pointing devices required by the desktop metaphor are not practical.
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Later releases added improvements over the original
Workbench, like support for high-color Workbench screens, context menus, and embossed 2D icons with pseudo-3D aspect. Some Amiga users preferred alternative interfaces to standard Workbench, such as
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GUI. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apple's claims were denied on a contractual technicality. Subsequent appeals by Apple were also denied. Microsoft and Apple apparently entered a final, private settlement of the matter in 1997.
1516:) holds icons which represent mounted disc drives, RAM discs, network directories, running applications, system utilities and docked: Files, Directories or inactive Applications. These icons and open windows have context-sensitive menus and support
1012:. The commercial was aimed at making people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from previous business-oriented systems, and becoming a signature representation of Apple products.
2249:. New graphical desktop movements grew up around Linux and similar operating systems, based on the X Window System. A new emphasis on providing an integrated and uniform interface to the user brought about new desktop environments, such as
2261:
which have supplanted CDE in popularity on both Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The Xfce, KDE and GNOME look and feel each tend to undergo more rapid change and less codification than the earlier OPEN LOOK and Motif environments.
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Admittedly it wasn't until RISC OS Select was released, almost 10 years later, that the standard Acorn applications (Draw, Edit, and Paint) implemented the style guide's clipboard recommendations, but most products followed it with
524:, covers a five-decade span of incremental refinements, built on some constant core principles. Several vendors have created their own windowing systems based on independent code, but with basic elements in common that define the
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There have been important technological achievements, and enhancements to the general interaction in small steps over previous systems. There have been a few significant breakthroughs in terms of use, but the same organizational
2067:, when the World Wide Web began receiving a great deal of attention in popular culture and mass media. Microsoft at first did not see potential in the Web, and Windows 95 was shipped with Microsoft's own online service called
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As high-powered graphics hardware draws considerable power and generates significant heat, many of the 3D effects developed between 2000 and 2010 are not practical on this class of device. This has led to the development of
1631:), also used the same philosophy. The IBM DOS Shell included with IBM DOS 5.0 (circa 1992) supported both text display modes and actual graphics display modes, making it both a TUI and a GUI, depending on the chosen mode.
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Many of the UI concepts that we take for granted were first pioneered in RISC OS, for instance: scalable anti-aliased fonts and an operating system extendable by 'modules', while most of the PC world was still on
Windows
1819:. The name was later used by the company as PC/Geos for IBM PC systems, then Geoworks Ensemble. It came with several application programs like a calendar and word processor. A cut-down version served as the basis for
2146:, the automatic wait cursor, or double-buffered windows giving a solid appearance and flicker-free window redraws), while others are inherited from the old Mac OS operating system (the single system-wide menu-bar).
4007:, University of Minnesota. Minsky describes artificial intelligence (AI) research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), including research in the areas of graphics, word processing, and time-sharing.
1541:
Files are normally typed. RISC OS has some predefined types. Applications can supplement the set of known types. Double-clicking a file with a known type will launch the appropriate application to load the file.
1344:, but another graphic process driven by Intuition, and with the same gadgets included in Amiga's graphics.library. The CLI/Shell interface integrates itself with the Workbench, sharing privileges with the GUI.
802:(including the first fixed drop-down menu) to support commands such as opening files, deleting files, moving files, etc. In 1974, work began at PARC on Gypsy, the first bitmap What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (
4027:, University of Minnesota. Csuri recounts his art education and explains his transition to computer graphics in the mid-1960s, after receiving a National Science Foundation grant for research in graphics.
963:
icon on the screen. The
Macintosh, in contrast to the Lisa, used a program-centric rather than document-centric design. Apple revisited the document-centric design, in a limited manner, much later with
1314:(also known as the CLI or Amiga Shell). This was a keyboard-based environment without the Workbench GUI. Later they could invoke it with the CLI/SHELL command "LoadWB" which loaded Workbench GUI.
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and Macintosh, but it is clear that the influence was extensive, because first versions of Lisa GUIs even lacked icons. These prototype GUIs are at least mouse-driven, but completely ignored the
4017:, University of Minnesota. Sutherland describes his tenure as head of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) from 1963 to 1965, including new projects in graphics and networking.
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in 1983. The first graphical terminals (IRIS 1000) shipped in late 1983, and the corresponding workstation model (IRIS 1400) was released in mid-1984. The machines used an early version of the
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allow the display and input portions of any application to be separated from the remainder of the application and 'served up' to any of a large number of remote users. X is available today as
3111:
1700:
Reader executable file for MS-DOS was able to run on both the standard Windows 3.x GUI and the standard DOS command prompt. When it was launched from the command prompt, on a machine with a
2495:
have been a burgeoning area of deployment for GUIs in recent years. Since the mid-2000s, a vast majority of portable devices have advanced to having high-screen resolutions and sizes. (The
1778:
except for de-maximize. When none of the running application windows are maximized, switching can be done by clicking on a partially visible window, as is the common way in other GUIs.
2184:(El Capitan) released in September 2015 support creating a full screen split view by pressing the green button on left upper corner of the window or Control+Cmd+F keyboard shortcut.
951:. The comparatively simplified Macintosh, released in 1984 and designed to be lower in cost, was the first commercially successful product to use a multi-panel window interface. A
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in 1987, the UK-based company Acorn Computers introduced their GUI, called "Arthur", also was the first to feature anti-aliased display of on-screen fonts, even in 16-color mode!
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approach for the desktop, but this feature was coldly received by customers, who frequently disabled it. At the end, Windows Vista definitively discontinued it, but put a new
1307:
2.0, however, the user was free to select whether the main Workbench window appeared as a normally layered window, complete with a border and scrollbars, through a menu item.
959:
like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired, and the user could delete files and folders by dragging them to a
37:
2079:
were released at a rapid pace over the following few years, Microsoft used its desktop dominance to push its browser and shape the ecology of the web mainly as a
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1265:, which drove all the input events. The first versions used a blue/orange/white/black default palette, which was selected for high contrast on televisions and
366:
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displays, where input devices were used for direct control of computer-created data, set the basis for later improvements of graphical interfaces. Some early
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Only with Mac OS X did any mainstream graphical interface provide the smoothly rendered, fractionally spaced type that Acorn accomplished in 1992 or earlier.
1627:
was later invented to name this kind of interface. Many MS-DOS text mode applications, like the default text editor for MS-DOS 5.0 (and related tools, like
1202:. The application was popular at the time and included a number of programs like Draw, Text and Calendar, as well as attracting outside investment such as
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2355:(WPS) for version 2.0 (released in 1992), a quite radical, object-oriented approach to GUIs. Microsoft later imitated much of this look in Windows 95.
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and other areas of research. Notebooks allow users to mix text, calculations, and graphs in the same interface which was previously impossible with a
1284:(released with the Amiga1000) named the whole OS "Workbench". Since then, users and CBM itself referred to "Workbench" as the nickname for the whole
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806:) cut and paste editor. In 1975, Xerox engineers demonstrated a Graphical User Interface "including icons and the first use of pop-up menus".
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incorporating many of PARC's innovations. Although not commercially successful, Star greatly influenced future developments, for example at
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as an alternative to Mac OS. BeOS was later ported to Intel hardware. It used an object-oriented kernel written by Be, and did not use the
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at lower cost helped to create an environment in which the common user was able to run complicated GUIs which began to favor aesthetics.
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written from scratch. Much effort was spent by the developers to make it an efficient platform for multimedia applications. Be Inc. was
2347:
version 1.0 (released in 1987) had no GUI at all. Version 1.1 (released 1988) included Presentation Manager (PM), an implementation of
1944:. Although NeWS was considered technically elegant by some commentators, Sun eventually dropped the product. Unlike X, NeWS was always
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status. The users must then to switch between maximized applications using the Alt+Tab keyboard shortcut; no alternative with the
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and four channels of 26 kHz 8-bit sampled sound. This made the Amiga the first multi-media computer years before other OS's.
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was included which dramatically extended the functionality of the platform. However, the CLI/Shell of Amiga is not just a simple
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and graphics library that made the GUI work. It was driven by user events through the mouse, keyboard, and other input devices.
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Much of the early research was based on how young children learn. So, the design was based on the childlike characteristics of
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The concept of a multi-panel windowing system was introduced by the first real-time graphic display systems for computers: the
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in the PC front around the same period of time. The Falcon030, released in 1993 was the last computer from Atari to use GEM.
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The use of improved, third-party GUI engines became common amongst users who preferred more attractive interfaces – such as
2060:, Windows 95 was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system.
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is the apparent parent of all modern smartphone GUI, i.e. touch-screen based including the iPhone et al. In 2007, with the
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6.0. The GEM desktop faded from the market with the withdrawal of the Atari ST line in 1992 and with the popularity of the
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2142:, for graphics rendering and drawing on-screen. Some interface features of macOS are inherited from NeXTSTEP (such as the
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GEM received widespread use in the consumer market from 1985, when it was made the default user interface built into the
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2499:'s 2,560 × 1,440 pixel display is an example). Because of this, these devices have their own famed user interfaces and
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are still in use. Desktop computers are often controlled by computer mice and/or keyboards while laptops often have a
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was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper, file directories looked like file folders, there were a set of
596:
165:
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86:
51:
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trying to expand the expressive power of the existing toolkits in order to enhance the physical cues that allow for
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was launched with 16-bit CPU and significantly improved graphics and audio. It shipped with a new operating system,
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2608:, but the facilities that allow this must be available on the graphics card to be able to take advantage of this.
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possible only in the simulated environment, like instant reordering and automated grouping of related documents.
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1623:, which features typical GUI elements as menus, push buttons, lists with scrollbars and mouse pointer. The name
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2080:
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and better graphic cards had proprietary built-in GUIs. One of the best known such graphical applications was
1303:
treated the Workbench as a backdrop, borderless window sitting atop a blank screen. With the introduction of
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led to a trend for the inclusion of 3D effects in window management. It is based in experimental research in
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1873:. Its original purpose was to allow users of the newly emerging graphic terminals to access remote graphics
994:
In 1984, Apple released a television commercial which introduced the Apple Macintosh during the telecast of
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behaviour. They represent the running application as a whole, irrespective of whether it has open windows.
1157:. Later, it was distributed with the best-sold Digital Research version of DOS for IBM PC compatibles, the
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444:
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line of personal computers. It was also bundled by other computer manufacturers and distributors, such as
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2071:, which was dial-up only and was used primarily for its own content, not internet access. As versions of
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age, and with the lack of a true common GUI under MS-DOS, most graphical applications which worked with
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are used to store applications. The OS differentiates them from normal directories through the use of a
2239:
2169:, which provides users with an option for searching through files instead of browsing through folders.
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1114:(DRI) created GEM as an add-on program for personal computers. GEM was developed to work with existing
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2351:, which looked a lot like the later Windows 3.1 UI. After the split with Microsoft, IBM developed the
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One major difference between other OS's of the time (and for some time after) was the Amiga's fully
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2230:, while Motif was a collective effort. Motif eventually gained prominence and became the basis for
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of X Window development, Sun Microsystems and AT&T attempted to push for a GUI standard called
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727:. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. In 1973, Xerox PARC developed the
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Like most GUIs of the day, Amiga's Intuition followed Xerox's, and sometimes Apple's, lead. But a
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1138:, and a settlement which involved some changes to GEM. This was to be the first of a series of "
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3141:"Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers"
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it was RISC OS that had the first system-wide, intricate font rendering in operating systems.
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2165:(a virtual alternate desktop for mini specific-purpose applications) and a search tool called
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graphic engines dramatically changes the look and feel of a GUI to match actual styleguides.
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The Macintosh's GUI has been revised multiple times since 1984, with major updates including
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2001:
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650:(NLS). This computer incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows used to work on
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3852:"the iPad could finally spark demand for the hitherto unsuccessful tablet PC" --Eaton, Nick
3326:
Haeberli, Paul E. (1988). "ConMan: a visual programming language for interactive graphics".
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and compatibles lacked any common true graphical capability (they used the 80-column basic
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for its graphical underpinning. The NeXTSTEP interface's most significant feature was the
2309:. There is a brief article on Ambient and descriptions of MUI icons, menus and gadgets at
8:
3996:
Nathan Lineback. "The Graphical User Interface Gallery". Nathan's Toasty Technology Page.
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can also add text in multiple sizes and fonts to a drawing (including anti-aliased fonts)
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2005:
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In the late 1990s, there was significant growth in the Unix world, especially among the
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was a color graphical workstation with supporting of mouse input, but more oriented for
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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that its popularity truly exploded. The GUI has seen minor redesigns since, mainly the
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1288:(including Amiga DOS, Extras, etc.). This common consent ended with release of version
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procedures, or automated transformation of data as later used by adult professionals.
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The Amiga Workbench evolved over the 1990s, even after Commodore's 1994 bankruptcy.
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off-screen in a pixel buffer, and the graphics card renders it into the 3D scene.
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interfaces making a design feature of two dimensionality such as exhibited by the
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encourages a consistent look and feel across applications. This was introduced in
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line of computers. NeXTSTEP's first major version was released in 1989. It used
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was a text mode multitasking program introduced in July 1985. Running on top of
4040:
2762:
2636:
2413:
2272:
2158:
2095:
1870:
1790:
1775:
1280:
Due to a mistake made by the Commodore sales department, the first floppies of
1234:
1131:
1127:
1044:
PC featured a graphical interface and a mouse device and was released in 1983.
972:
956:
933:
907:
752:
724:
569:
541:
4050:
2989:
2480:
screens, with those devices considered to be milestones in the development of
4059:
2784:
2668:
2648:
2481:
2461:
1899:
1697:
1644:
1517:
1139:
1003:
984:
945:
693:
659:
2975:
3984:
3881:
3419:
2698:
2652:
2632:
2492:
2283:
2250:
2064:
1965:
1812:
1745:
1690:
1612:
1588:
1579:
1528:
directly between applications by saving (dragging) to another application.
1485:
1274:
881:
858:
771:
3391:
3339:
2600:
This can have the advantage of moving some of the window rendering to the
2343:
Originally collaboratively developed by Microsoft and IBM to replace DOS,
2122:. It underwent its largest revision to date with the introduction of the "
971:
There is still some controversy over the amount of influence that Xerox's
3506:
2758:
2477:
2310:
2036:
1874:
1733:
1729:
1718:
1203:
1165:
1126:. It was developed from DRI software, known as GSX, designed by a former
1025:
814:
775:
549:
3476:
2723:
3774:
3704:
2890:
2842:
2589:
desktop combines a physical representation of documents with tools for
2488:
2091:
2087:
2021:
2017:
1961:
1925:
1786:
1761:
1757:
1562:
1535:
1356:
1337:
1187:
1135:
1016:
976:
975:
work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of the
937:
929:
925:
921:
837:
818:
810:
748:
728:
713:
2542:
2011:
3899:
3743:
3144:
3095:"GUIdebook > Articles > "Lisa user interface standards" (1980)"
2837:
2644:
2521:
2473:
2298:
2219:
2192:
2173:
1916:
1883:
1811:
was launched in 1986, originally written for the 8-bit home computer
1770:
The main window of a given application can occupy the full screen in
1620:
1616:
1604:
1556:
and specifies application appearance and behaviour. Acorn's own main
1270:
1162:
1146:
889:
822:
787:
651:
604:
589:
564:
3978:, Digital Design and Innovation Summit, San Francisco, Sept 20, 2013
3956:"Sony reveals Project Morpheus, its virtual reality headset for PS4"
4046:
Anecdotes about the development of the Macintosh Hardware & GUI
4030:
3916:"A new Graphical User Interface for the CONTSID toolbox for Matlab"
2867:
2793:
2672:
2378:
2363:
2131:
2130:. It was a new operating system built primarily on technology from
2119:
1997:
1993:
1816:
1728:
was released in 1985. The market's response was less than stellar.
1662:
1509:
1504:
menus, window stack control (i.e. send to back) and dynamic window
1361:
Acorn's 8-bit BBC Master Compact shipped with Acorn's first public
1293:
1292:, which re-introduced proper names to the installation floppies of
1258:
1177:
1150:
1081:
767:
553:
545:
521:
222:
3077:"GUIdebook > Articles > "Inventing the Lisa User Interface""
2557:
In the first decade of the 21st century, the rapid development of
1845:
1672:
1508:(a window can have input focus at any position on the stack). The
2885:
2656:
2628:
2586:
2417:
2369:
2294:
1379:
1322:
1304:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1269:. Workbench presented directories as drawers to fit in with the "
1154:
1085:
965:
846:
803:
1257:. Workbench was based on an internal engine developed mostly by
1190:
range in 1984. Like most PC GUIs of the time, it depended on a
1073:
since 1984 and which became the standard for UNIX workstations.
3739:"Q&A: Protecting children from information on the Internet"
3535:
2676:
2620:
2616:
2578:
2546:
2465:
1749:
1722:
1666:
1635:
1628:
1600:
1341:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1158:
1119:
3995:
3641:
1756:
line of MS Windows were discontinued with the introduction of
786:
and a number of other researchers. This was introduced in the
4020:
4010:
4000:
2862:
2769:, a perception of full immersion into a virtual environment.
2640:
2624:
2525:
2440:(Palm Inc. at the time) in 2001. The BeOS GUI still lives in
2394:
2254:
2227:
2208:
2203:
2135:
2127:
1951:
1937:
1887:
1879:
1693:, a popular painting software with a typical WIMP interface.
1437:) architecture supported. The OS was originally developed by
1246:
1103:
708:
655:
581:
3415:"An arbitrary number of possibly influential RISC OS things"
3406:
2604:
on the graphics card and thus reducing the load on the main
4045:
3687:"With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype"
2469:
2409:
2382:
2344:
2258:
2226:. OPEN LOOK was developed from scratch in conjunction with
2161:
released in April 2005, new features were added, including
2099:
2026:
1929:
1911:
1858:
1410:
1404:
1214:
1122:
compatible operating systems on business computers such as
1115:
873:, a graphics terminal, was developed at Bell Labs in 1982.
744:
3895:"The iPad's victory in defining the tablet: What it means"
1865:(commonly X11 or X), first released in the mid-1980s. The
1594:
2857:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2558:
2154:, which is designed to make finding open windows easier.
2068:
2039:
1981:
1869:(1983) was the precursor to X; X was developed at MIT as
1820:
1395:
1226:
1070:
999:
4041:
mprove: Historical Overview of Graphical User Interfaces
3532:"Screen Fonts: Shape Accuracy or On-Screen Readability?"
1321:, a powerful built-in animation system using a hardware
610:
3913:
1767:
based architecture in the 1990s. See the next section.
3914:
Garnier, H.; Gilson, M.; Muller, H.; Chen, F. (2021).
2765:(formerly Project Morpheus) aim to provide users with
1707:
735:
screen, and was the first computer to demonstrate the
2675:
to accomplish this, whereas the other interfaces use
1413:
1401:
1398:
1092:
3630:
3354:"Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 06 – 16-Bit Designs"
2187:
2134:
with UI elements of the original Mac OS grafted on.
1932:(Network extensible Window System) was developed by
1392:
1366:
avid supporter of the Master Compact appeared to be
1310:
Amiga users were able to boot their computer into a
1240:
1182:
Tandy's DeskMate appeared in the early 1980s on its
3976:
Raj Lal "User Interface evolution in last 50 years"
3870:
3036:July 2012, Creative Bloq Staff 19 (July 19, 2012).
2150:introduced features to improve usability including
1407:
528:"window, icon, menu and pointing device" paradigm.
3878:Ballmer (and Microsoft) still doesn't get the iPad
1957:refinement of the existing GUIs for home systems.
1886:operating systems, with the notable exceptions of
896:
559:
3991:"User Interface Timeline" George Mason University
3843:, (February 19, 2007) Retrieved February 19, 2007
2420:hardware by a team led by former Apple executive
1920:HyperTIES authoring tool under NeWS window system
1732:followed, but it wasn't until the 1990 launch of
686:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
680:Engelbart publicly demonstrated this work at the
139:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
4057:
3225:Science, technology, and ecopolitics in the USSR
2960:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2950:. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011.
1940:included a window system combining NeWS and the
1560:were not updated to comply with the guide until
987:manipulation of objects in the file system (see
3684:
2708:
2611:Examples of 3D user-interface software include
2468:and later in 2010 with the introduction of the
1673:Applications under MS-DOS with proprietary GUIs
1142:" lawsuits related to GUI design in the 1980s.
809:In 1981 Xerox introduced a pioneering product,
654:. Engelbart had been inspired, in part, by the
592:, rather than a mouse, as the pointing device.
3228:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 71–72.
3164:Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture
1472:release was shipped under the name RISC OS 2.
548:, and smartphones and tablet computers have a
3771:"Apple Unleashes "Tiger" Friday at 6:00 p.m."
3252:. Futuretech.blinkenlights.nl. Archived from
1651:. Some popular utility suites for MS-DOS, as
716:(1973) had an early graphical user interface.
490:
4021:Oral history interview with Charles A. Csuri
4001:Oral history interview with Marvin L. Minsky
3412:
3356:. June 7, 1983 – via Internet Archive.
3273:
3271:
2176:released in July 2011, included support for
1638:were able to redefine character shapes with
658:desk-based information machine suggested by
4051:Firsts: The Demo – Doug Engelbart Institute
4031:GUIdebook: Graphical User Interface gallery
4011:Oral history interview with Ivan Sutherland
3552:
3061:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1350:
1032:-like GUI similar to the Macintosh series.
876:
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3279:"Hardware : Systems : IRIS 1000"
2086:Windows 95 evolved through the years into
1952:The 1990s: Mainstream usage of the desktop
1433:systems. It takes its name from the RISC (
1047:
580:Early dynamic information devices such as
497:
483:
4036:VisiOn history – The first GUI for the PC
3931:
3887:
3713:"Seven Ways Windows 95 Changed the World"
3474:
3268:
3035:
3020:
2012:Windows 95 and "a computer in every home"
1557:
766:GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by
166:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3608:
3558:
3529:
3325:
3157:
3151:
3138:
2541:
2362:
2202:
2191:
2025:
1915:
1844:
1704:graphics card, it provided its own GUI.
1213:
1134:desktop led to a copyright lawsuit from
1102:
911:
836:
707:
614:
563:
72:This article includes a list of general
3799:
2945:
1984:and accelerated graphic cards, cheaper
1595:MS-DOS file managers and utility suites
1069:, which had been developed starting at
552:. The influence of game computers and
4058:
3710:
3500:
3123:
2393:, carried with some modification into
1834:
696:on December 9, 1968. It was so-called
247:Free software and open-source software
4071:History of human–computer interaction
3982:Jeremy Reimer. "A History of the GUI"
3736:
3444:
3221:
3215:
3190:
2948:"The men who really invented the GUI"
2682:
2416:-based computers before switching to
1857:The standard windowing system in the
1647:character set found in the adapter's
611:Augmentation of Human Intellect (NLS)
3781:from the original on January 3, 2018
3392:"About us: RISC OS Open Limited FAQ"
3004:"About PARC – PARC, a Xerox company"
2718:
2659:and transparency effects as well as
2531:
2289:Modern derivatives of Workbench are
2063:Windows 95 saw the beginning of the
1936:in the mid-1980s. For several years
845:Released by digital imaging company
120:
58:
17:
3685:Washington Post (August 24, 1995).
3303:. Ryan.tliquest.net. Archived from
3191:Grote, Patrick (October 29, 2006).
1708:Microsoft Windows (16-bit versions)
1373:
832:
682:Association for Computing Machinery
520:and a pointing device to control a
516:, understood as the use of graphic
13:
3854:The iPad/tablet PC market defined?
3616:"how-windows-came-to-be-windows-1"
3038:"Remembering the Quantel Paintbox"
2399:high performance graphics hardware
2098:theme was introduced, allowing an
1785:for copyright infringement of the
1093:GEM (Graphics Environment Manager)
188:
78:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4087:
3969:
3447:"Emulating RISC OS under Windows"
3445:Round, Mark (February 26, 2004).
2456:
2451:
2188:GUIs built on the X Window System
1992:orders of magnitude larger (from
1449:(ARM) processors. It comprises a
1441:for use with their 1987 range of
1241:Amiga Intuition and the Workbench
790:programming environment. It used
237:Software configuration management
33:This article has multiple issues.
3559:Pountain, Dick (December 1988).
3530:Holwerda, Thom (June 23, 2005).
3199:. DotJournal.com. Archived from
2722:
1435:reduced instruction set computer
1388:
1130:employee. Its similarity to the
466:
465:
125:
63:
22:
3948:
3907:
3846:
3827:
3806:. Que Publishing. p. 845.
3793:
3763:
3730:
3587:
3523:
3494:
3475:Ghiraddje (December 22, 2009).
3468:
3438:
3413:Mellor, Phil (March 23, 2007).
3384:
3378:
3360:
3346:
3319:
3293:
3242:
3184:
3132:
3117:
3105:
2655:interface use 3D rendering for
2487:Other portable devices such as
2381:user interface was used in the
2058:an extensive marketing campaign
1659:used these techniques as well.
1599:Because most of the very early
1573:
1186:machines and was ported to its
632:Augmentation of Human Intellect
560:Early research and developments
41:or discuss these issues on the
3139:Friedman, Ted (October 1997).
3112:"On Xerox, Apple and Progress"
3087:
3069:
3029:
3014:
2996:
2982:
2968:
2939:
2918:
2448:reimplementation of the BeOS.
2238:(VUE), which later became the
1611:display adapter), a series of
1319:multi-tasking operating system
920:Beginning in 1979, started by
690:Fall Joint Computer Conference
688:(ACM/IEEE)—Computer Society's
1:
3023:"The Real History of the GUI"
3021:Mike Tuck (August 12, 2001).
2926:"The computer mouse turns 40"
2912:
2824:History of computing hardware
2800:Direct manipulation interface
2585:, etc.) The proof-of-concept
1804:GEOS (8-bit operating system)
1607:compatible with the original
1484:interface incorporates three
1445:personal computers using the
1299:Starting with Workbench 1.0,
897:Lisa, Macintosh, and Apple II
703:
3933:10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.08.392
3840:Ryerson Review of Journalism
3737:Gates, Bill (June 5, 1998).
3561:"Screentest: Archie RISC OS"
2709:Virtual reality and presence
1714:History of Microsoft Windows
888:and later commercialized by
731:personal computer. It had a
636:Augmentation Research Center
556:operation has been omitted.
457:Glossary of computer science
7:
3642:http://history-computer.com
3501:Reimer, Jeremy (May 2005).
2772:
2358:
2138:uses a technology known as
2051:linear address memory space
2030:Computer running Windows 95
1634:Advanced file managers for
1273:" theme. Intuition was the
1225:MSX-View was developed for
1209:
1171:
949:inter-process communication
10:
4092:
3865:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
3711:Forbes (August 24, 2015).
2712:
2686:
2535:
2316:September 7, 2005, at the
2240:Common Desktop Environment
2015:
1909:
1838:
1831:computer age was dawning.
1801:
1711:
1475:
1464:Originally branded as the
1377:
1354:
1296:, Workbench, Extras, etc.
1253:in 1985 with a GUI called
1175:
1096:
1076:
905:
4066:Graphical user interfaces
4025:Charles Babbage Institute
4015:Charles Babbage Institute
4005:Charles Babbage Institute
3859:February 1, 2011, at the
3195:Pirates of Silicon Valley
3168:New York University Press
2990:"Doug's Great Demo: 1968"
2976:"The Mother of All Demos"
2829:History of computer icons
2819:Text-based user interface
2476:style of interaction for
2472:, Apple popularized the
2109:
1815:, and shortly after, the
1625:text-based user interface
1249:computer was launched by
1099:GEM (desktop environment)
721:Engelbart's work directly
576:from Engelbart's sketches
568:The first prototype of a
214:Hardware 1960s to present
2814:Graphical user interface
2665:Windows Flip and Flip 3D
2412:was developed on custom
2297:, Scalos, Workbench for
2265:
2049:and up to 4 GiB of
1591:from previous versions.
1423:graphical user interface
1351:Acorn BBC Master Compact
1149:operating system of the
884:originally developed at
877:Lisp machines, Symbolics
741:graphical user interface
620:Videoconferencing on NLS
513:graphical user interface
316:Graphical user interface
3569:Personal Computer World
2906:The Mother of All Demos
2591:document classification
2404:
2338:
2247:free software community
2236:Visual User Environment
1960:Also, the spreading of
1905:
1797:
1532:Application directories
1048:SGI 1000 series and MEX
1035:
942:preemptive multitasking
864:
841:Quantel Paintbox (1981)
723:led to the advances at
698:The Mother of All Demos
265:Artificial intelligence
93:more precise citations.
3800:Calkins, Bill (2002).
3638:"history-computer.com"
3503:"A History of the GUI"
3158:Friedman, Ted (2005).
2901:IBM Common User Access
2792:(graphics terminal by
2703:command-line interface
2554:
2374:
2349:IBM Common User Access
2212:
2200:
2126:" interface in 2001's
2031:
1921:
1854:
1451:command-line interface
1312:command-line interface
1222:
1108:
917:
842:
717:
644:Menlo Park, California
623:
577:
275:Early computer science
193:
3340:10.1145/378456.378494
3222:Rezun, Miron (1996).
3114:(1996), Folklore.org.
2873:Tiling window manager
2563:user interface design
2545:
2367:NeXTStep 3.x running
2366:
2206:
2195:
2069:The Microsoft Network
2029:
1919:
1848:
1827:machines, whilst the
1584:spatial anti-aliasing
1217:
1192:disk operating system
1106:
915:
840:
711:
669:, rather than use of
667:hand–eye coordination
618:
588:(CRT) screens used a
567:
401:Timeline of computing
285:Programming languages
270:Compiler construction
192:
4076:History of computing
3602:acorn.chriswhy.co.uk
3372:acorn.chriswhy.co.uk
3256:on September 4, 2013
3126:"Holes in Histories"
3099:guidebookgallery.org
3081:guidebookgallery.org
2978:. December 10, 2018.
2848:Office of the future
2757:devices such as the
2446:open-source software
2373:, help and more apps
2280:Magic User Interface
2222:in competition with
1980:, along with faster
1946:proprietary software
1878:virtually all Unix,
1853:desktop (circa 1990)
1783:Apple sued Microsoft
1558:bundled applications
1429:(OSes) designed for
1009:Nineteen Eighty-Four
1002:, with allusions to
946:graphically oriented
311:General-purpose CPUs
295:Software engineering
209:Hardware before 1960
182:History of computing
3307:on October 19, 2007
3203:on November 7, 2006
3147:on October 5, 1999.
2567:direct manipulation
2538:3D user interaction
2211:2.28 desktop (2010)
1835:The X Window System
1455:desktop environment
2896:Apple v. Microsoft
2734:. You can help by
2697:is widely used in
2695:notebook interface
2689:Notebook interface
2683:Notebook interface
2555:
2428:, but a different
2387:Display PostScript
2375:
2213:
2201:
2199:4.4 desktop (2010)
2073:Netscape Navigator
2032:
1978:millions of colors
1922:
1855:
1752:32-bit patch. The
1738:Common User Access
1589:bitmap system font
1447:Acorn RISC Machine
1340:interface like in
1267:composite monitors
1223:
1124:IBM PC compatibles
1109:
1107:IBM PC running GEM
918:
843:
718:
624:
578:
331:Personal computers
290:Prominent pioneers
194:
3962:. March 19, 2014.
3920:IFAC-PapersOnLine
3813:978-0-7357-1101-3
3773:(Press release).
3664:External link in
3618:. sbp-romania.com
3477:"The RISC OS GUI"
3328:Computer Graphics
3301:"History of IRIX"
3177:978-0-8147-2740-9
3160:"Chapter 5: 1984"
2805:Douglas Engelbart
2752:
2751:
2532:3D user interface
2518:Metro (Modern) UI
2501:operating systems
2422:Jean-Louis Gassée
2216:In the early days
2077:Internet Explorer
1615:arose, including
1582:manager provides
1570:release in 2001.
1502:context-sensitive
1427:operating systems
1368:Superior Software
1231:ASCII Corporation
1040:The Soviet Union
916:Apple Lisa (1983)
745:Three Rivers PERQ
671:command languages
640:SRI International
628:Douglas Engelbart
572:, as designed by
507:
506:
280:Operating systems
176:
175:
168:
158:
157:
119:
118:
111:
56:
4083:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3891:
3885:
3874:
3868:
3850:
3844:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3803:Inside Solaris 9
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3777:April 28, 2005.
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3747:. Archived from
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3667:|publisher=
3662:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3595:"chriswhy.co.uk"
3591:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3565:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3368:"chriswhy.co.uk"
3364:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3143:. Archived from
3136:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3067:
3066:
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2922:
2881:command language
2780:Windowing system
2747:
2744:
2726:
2719:
2667:, respectively.
2575:virtual desktops
2503:that have large
2438:PalmSource, Inc.
2217:
2106:on the desktop.
1970:display adapters
1968:capabilities of
1934:Sun Microsystems
1726:operating system
1721:, a GUI for the
1653:Norton Utilities
1565:
1555:
1548:
1459:windowing system
1431:ARM architecture
1425:-based computer
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1374:Arthur / RISC OS
1112:Digital Research
1058:IRIS 1000 Series
1022:
1021:
1006:'s noted novel,
996:Super Bowl XVIII
989:Macintosh Finder
957:desk accessories
953:desktop metaphor
902:
901:
855:graphics tablets
833:Quantel Paintbox
827:Sun Microsystems
755:, and the first
737:desktop metaphor
722:
586:cathode-ray-tube
536:and interaction
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256:Computer science
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137:factual accuracy
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89:this article by
80:inline citations
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3871:
3861:Wayback Machine
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3816:
3814:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3751:on May 26, 2001
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3691:Washington Post
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3479:. Telcontar.net
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2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2834:Ivan Sutherland
2775:
2755:Virtual reality
2748:
2742:
2739:
2732:needs expansion
2717:
2715:Head-up display
2711:
2691:
2685:
2540:
2534:
2459:
2454:
2426:X Window System
2414:AT&T Hobbit
2407:
2361:
2353:Workplace Shell
2341:
2333:object oriented
2318:Wayback Machine
2268:
2232:Hewlett-Packard
2215:
2190:
2112:
2056:Accompanied by
2024:
2016:Main articles:
2014:
1990:storage devices
1954:
1942:X Window System
1914:
1908:
1867:W Window System
1863:X Window System
1851:X Window System
1843:
1841:X Window System
1837:
1806:
1800:
1791:Apple Macintosh
1716:
1710:
1675:
1655:(pictured) and
1597:
1576:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1478:
1468:the subsequent
1439:Acorn Computers
1421:is a series of
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1359:
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867:
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720:
706:
673:, user-defined
634:project at the
613:
601:Ivan Sutherland
562:
511:history of the
503:
303:Modern concepts
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161:
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134:This article's
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3987:. May 5, 2005.
3979:
3971:
3970:External links
3968:
3966:
3965:
3947:
3926:(7): 397–402.
3906:
3886:
3876:Bright, Peter
3869:
3845:
3833:Mather, John.
3826:
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3792:
3762:
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3394:. RISC OS Open
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3334:(4): 103–111.
3318:
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3281:. sgistuff.net
3267:
3250:"Sgi Iris Faq"
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2763:PlayStation VR
2750:
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2707:
2687:Main article:
2684:
2681:
2637:Quartz Extreme
2536:Main article:
2533:
2530:
2520:first used in
2482:mobile devices
2458:
2457:Mobile devices
2455:
2453:
2452:Current trends
2450:
2406:
2403:
2360:
2357:
2340:
2337:
2320:and images of
2273:Directory Opus
2267:
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2182:Mac OS X 10.11
2111:
2108:
2096:Active Desktop
2013:
2010:
1953:
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1907:
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1871:Project Athena
1839:Main article:
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1802:Main article:
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1355:Main article:
1352:
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1290:2.0 of AmigaOS
1242:
1239:
1235:HAL Laboratory
1221:running VShell
1211:
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1206:for DeskMate.
1176:Main article:
1173:
1170:
1136:Apple Computer
1097:Main article:
1094:
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1052:Founded 1982,
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938:Apple Computer
908:Classic Mac OS
906:Main article:
903:
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863:
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831:
784:Clarence Ellis
759:workstations.
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648:oN-Line System
646:developed the
626:In the 1960s,
612:
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570:computer mouse
561:
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542:pointing stick
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3572:. p. 154
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3042:Creative Bloq
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2783:
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2733:
2730:This section
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2690:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:Windows Vista
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2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
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2634:
2630:
2627:bundled with
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2609:
2607:
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2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
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2568:
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2552:
2551:Fedora Core 6
2548:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2524:and the 2012
2523:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:Galaxy Note 4
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:General Magic
2449:
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2372:
2371:
2365:
2356:
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2346:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2324:stay at main
2323:
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2308:
2304:
2300:
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2281:
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2174:Mac OS X 10.7
2170:
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2159:Mac OS X 10.4
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2149:
2148:Mac OS X 10.3
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2019:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:) and larger
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1900:free software
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1864:
1861:world is the
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1698:Adobe Acrobat
1696:The original
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3889:
3882:Ars Technica
3872:
3864:
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3838:
3829:
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3802:
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3765:
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3749:the original
3742:
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3420:The Icon Bar
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3321:
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3305:the original
3295:
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3254:the original
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3201:the original
3194:
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3145:the original
3134:
3124:Jef Raskin.
3119:
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2920:
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2736:adding to it
2731:
2699:data science
2692:
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2579:desktop cube
2556:
2510:
2486:
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2288:
2277:
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2251:KDE Plasma 5
2244:
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2065:browser wars
2062:
2055:
2047:multitasking
2033:
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1959:
1955:
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1875:workstations
1856:
1813:Commodore 64
1807:
1780:
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1746:Windows 3.11
1717:
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1691:Deluxe Paint
1676:
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1574:Font manager
1567:
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772:Larry Tesler
761:
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664:
625:
597:SAGE Project
594:
579:
574:Bill English
530:
510:
508:
445:
440:2020–present
387:Soviet Union
367:Eastern Bloc
315:
162:
149:January 2016
146:
135:
105:
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77:
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35:Please help
32:
15:
3819:January 28,
3785:January 11,
3696:November 8,
3576:January 14,
3507:ArsTechnica
3207:January 24,
3193:"Review of
2761:and Sony's
2759:Oculus Rift
2549:running on
2493:cell phones
2489:MP3 players
2478:multi-touch
2282:(MUI), and
2178:full screen
2081:monoculture
2037:Intel 80386
1736:, based on
1734:Windows 3.0
1730:Windows 2.0
1719:Windows 1.0
1677:Before the
1550:Style Guide
1466:Arthur 1.20
1204:Lotus 1-2-3
1166:Windows 3.0
1026:Apple GS/OS
924:and led by
815:workstation
780:David Smith
776:Dan Ingalls
762:The modern
550:touchscreen
410:before 1950
336:Video games
99:August 2009
91:introducing
4060:Categories
3775:Apple Inc.
3647:October 3,
3622:October 3,
2913:References
2891:Skeuomorph
2853:ETH Oberon
2843:Jef Raskin
2743:March 2014
2713:See also:
2553:with AIGLX
2528:redesign.
2275:Magellan.
2197:KDE Plasma
2092:Windows ME
2088:Windows 98
2044:preemptive
2022:Windows NT
2018:Windows 95
2006:networking
1972:providing
1966:true-color
1962:high-color
1926:PostScript
1882:and other
1762:Windows NT
1758:Windows 95
1742:networking
1712:See also:
1679:MS-Windows
1563:RISCOS Ltd
1443:Archimedes
1357:BBC Master
1338:text-based
1188:Tandy 1000
977:Apple Lisa
930:Apple Lisa
926:Jef Raskin
922:Steve Jobs
749:Apple Lisa
725:Xerox PARC
714:Xerox Alto
704:Xerox PARC
392:Yugoslavia
354:By country
74:references
38:improve it
3942:239129911
3900:InfoWorld
3744:Microsoft
2838:Sketchpad
2645:Windows 7
2522:Windows 8
2474:post-WIMP
2326:AROS site
2299:AmigaOS 4
2220:OPEN LOOK
2180:apps and
2167:Spotlight
2163:Dashboard
2042:, as the
2002:bandwidth
1998:gigabytes
1994:megabytes
1974:thousands
1884:Unix-like
1781:In 1988,
1772:maximized
1621:DOS Shell
1617:Microsoft
1605:text mode
1554:RISC OS 3
1271:workbench
1263:Intuition
1261:, called
1255:Workbench
1251:Commodore
1163:Microsoft
1147:Atari TOS
1132:Macintosh
1028:, with a
961:trash-can
936:teams at
934:Macintosh
890:Symbolics
823:Microsoft
788:Smalltalk
753:Macintosh
733:bitmapped
662:in 1945.
652:hypertext
605:Sketchpad
590:light pen
534:metaphors
435:2010–2019
430:2000–2009
425:1990–1999
420:1980–1989
415:1950–1979
44:talk page
3857:Archived
3779:Archived
3755:June 26,
3657:cite web
3541:June 13,
3398:June 13,
3311:March 7,
3285:March 7,
3260:March 7,
3057:cite web
3008:parc.com
2956:cite web
2931:June 12,
2868:DirectFB
2794:Rob Pike
2790:The Blit
2773:See also
2767:presence
2673:Direct3D
2505:homebrew
2434:acquired
2395:Mac OS X
2379:NeXTSTEP
2359:NeXTSTEP
2314:Archived
2303:Wanderer
2284:ReAction
2132:NeXTSTEP
2128:Mac OS X
2120:Mac OS 8
2116:System 7
1817:Apple II
1748:and its
1744:enabled
1663:DESQview
1657:PC Tools
1510:Icon bar
1470:Arthur 2
1294:AmigaDOS
1259:RJ Mical
1219:MSX-View
1210:MSX-View
1194:such as
1178:DeskMate
1172:DeskMate
1151:Atari ST
1082:VisiCorp
1017:Apple II
851:Paintbox
768:Alan Kay
554:joystick
546:touchpad
522:computer
471:Category
362:Bulgaria
321:Internet
232:Software
223:Software
200:Hardware
3722:June 7,
3512:May 25,
3483:May 12,
3456:May 12,
3047:July 1,
2886:Texting
2796:, 1982)
2657:shading
2629:Red Hat
2587:BumpTop
2571:zooming
2514:simpler
2418:PowerPC
2370:NetHack
2331:Use of
2295:MorphOS
2291:Ambient
2242:(CDE).
2104:SideBar
1928:-based
1892:Android
1547:RISC OS
1488:(named
1476:Desktop
1457:with a
1385:RISC OS
1380:RISC OS
1323:blitter
1305:AmigaOS
1301:AmigaOS
1286:AmigaOS
1282:AmigaOS
1155:Amstrad
1086:Visi On
1077:Visi On
966:OpenDoc
847:Quantel
804:WYSIWYG
792:windows
377:Romania
326:Laptops
87:improve
3940:
3884:, 2010
3867:, 2010
3835:iMania
3810:
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3536:OSNews
3451:OSnews
3232:
3197:Movie"
3174:
2677:OpenGL
2661:Exposé
2633:Fedora
2623:, and
2621:Novell
2617:Compiz
2583:Exposé
2547:Compiz
2466:iPhone
2311:aps.fr
2152:Exposé
2140:Quartz
2110:Mac OS
1829:16-bit
1765:32-bit
1754:16-bit
1750:Win32s
1723:MS-DOS
1667:MS-DOS
1636:MS-DOS
1629:QBasic
1601:IBM PC
1568:Select
1498:Adjust
1490:Select
1342:MS-DOS
1327:copper
1275:widget
1200:MS-DOS
1196:TRSDOS
1184:TRS-80
1159:DR-DOS
1120:MS-DOS
1030:Finder
928:, the
798:, and
747:, the
622:(1968)
538:idioms
372:Poland
76:, but
3938:S2CID
3598:(PDF)
3564:(PDF)
3433:care.
2878:Macro
2863:AIGLX
2671:uses
2649:Vista
2641:macOS
2625:AIGLX
2619:from
2526:Gmail
2444:, an
2442:Haiku
2266:Amiga
2255:GNOME
2228:Xerox
2224:Motif
2209:GNOME
2172:With
2157:With
2136:macOS
1938:SunOS
1888:macOS
1880:Linux
1825:8-bit
1776:mouse
1645:CP437
1536:pling
1506:focus
1247:Amiga
819:Apple
800:menus
796:icons
675:macro
656:memex
582:radar
518:icons
346:Cloud
3821:2019
3808:ISBN
3787:2018
3757:2005
3724:2017
3698:2013
3672:help
3649:2011
3624:2011
3578:2011
3543:2011
3514:2011
3485:2011
3463:3.0.
3458:2011
3428:2011
3400:2011
3313:2014
3287:2014
3262:2014
3230:ISBN
3209:2014
3172:ISBN
3063:link
3049:2021
2962:link
2933:2012
2693:The
2663:and
2653:Aero
2647:and
2643:and
2639:for
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2559:GPUs
2491:and
2470:iPad
2410:BeOS
2405:BeOS
2391:Dock
2383:NeXT
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2339:OS/2
2322:Zune
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2118:and
2100:HTML
2090:and
2075:and
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1982:CPUs
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1924:The
1912:NeWS
1906:NeWS
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1760:and
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1128:PARC
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