247:
226:, then Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Environment, who declared that government expenditure in Liverpool had risen to just over £1 billion, from £718 million since 1979, although accepted that Liverpool's housing problems were "among the worst in the country". In 1985, Liverpool bid for £132 million (equivalent to £488,536,953 in 2023) to help address its urgent housing problems, yet received just £31 million (equivalent to £114,732,163 in 2023). Liverpool suffered with a large number of vacant properties during the 1980s, with 2,178 houses, representing 3.35% of the total, being vacant in 1984. In 1987, Gerard Gardens was demolished.
135:, starting in 1869 with St Martin's Cottages, which were four-storey, self-contained tenements although considered bleak in appearance. The development, which technically breached housing bye-laws, renewed public interest in the problems Liverpool faced with housing, both quantity and quality as well as encouraging councils in other parts of the country to follow a similar example with their own house building schemes. The 1891 census reported that outside of London, Liverpool had the highest number of dwellings and among the highest levels of overcrowding in major cities.
93:
50:
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162:, typically sized between 80–100 square metres (860–1,080 sq ft), although had above national average figures for families living more than 2 people per room, at nearly 1-in-8 in 1921. Many people were not fortunate enough to reside in the new homes and by 1933, around 30,000 people still lived in condemned court and cellar dwellings.
80:, the Select Committee on the Health of Towns reported in 1840 that Liverpool's court housing were unventilated, had minimal sanitary provisions and were filthy. Water was from a single communal pipe that could be cut-off if the tenant fell into debt. From 1861, Liverpool banned the construction of back-to-back houses.
203:
Following the slum clearances of the 1950s and 1960s, the succeeding two decades became a period of economic decline, as industries collapsed and public funding was cut. Unemployment in
Liverpool was high and people left the city to find work, while remaining residents saw conditions in their housing
57:
One of the earliest surviving houses in
Liverpool is believed to be 10 Hockenhall Alley, a three-storey house originally forming part of a short terraced row. Built some time around the late 18th century, the house was Grade II listed in December 2008 due to its rarity and retention of some original
238:
October 1993, the
Liverpool Housing Action Trust was founded. A 1996 study concluded that the cost to refurbish the tower blocks would be around £300 million, a decision which was rejected following tenant consultation resulting in 54 blocks being demolished, while 13 were retained and refurbished.
237:
for
Liverpool that would receive funds directly for housing stock, rather than via the council. A ballot was held in each of the 71 tower blocks, requiring a majority decision to leave control of the council; 67 tower blocks and 83% of the total amount balloted voted to leave council control and in
148:
In 1919, Liverpool contained some of the worst slum housing in the country, with severe overcrowding that meant 11,000 families, representing 6.4% of the population, resided in single-room dwellings. Liverpool had consistently ranked the highest of major cities where families lived in a single room
83:
The last surviving back-to-back court houses are in
Pembroke Place, then known as Watkinson Terrace, with just two surviving houses in a former court of eight, now used as a rear shop extension. Historic maps show how the arrangement used to be, compared to the present day. The houses, coupled with
277:
Refurbishment work of numerous derelict structures has occurred since 2010. A derelict army barracks on
Everton Road was proposed to be refurbished into office space and residential accommodation of 50 new homes, with the council considering a proposal from One Vision Housing to provide affordable
100:
In the early 1800s, around 40% of the population lived in cellar dwellings, known even at that time to be of poor living quality. Construction of court housing expanded between 1820–1840, responding to the rapid population growth of largely poor and unskilled workers. By 1840, around 86,000 people
75:
built in
Liverpool are believed to be around the 1780s. Typically built with limited space requirements, a typical house measured 10–12 square feet (0.93–1.11 m) with a cellar, ground floor kitchen and bedrooms above. The size variations can be seen on old maps, such as from the early 20th
62:
some time between 1765 and 1785, as one of
Liverpool's seven medieval streets. The surrounding houses were demolished during the 1880s, following which the house saw use as a pharmacy and clock workshop. Plans were submitted in 2015 to convert a nearby warehouse into a hostel, using number 10
178:
built, intended to house people displaced after bombing destroyed many homes. Construction of prefabricated high-rise flats began during the mid 1950s, particularly as there was a shortage of land available for housing. The first tall high-rise was Logan Towers, built in 1966 in
153:
between 1919 and 1939, housing construction in
Liverpool resulted in over 33,000 council houses being built, accommodating 140,000 local residents, roughly 15% of the total population. The city is recognised as being the first in the country to build
84:
the shops they are attached to, were given listed building status in
September 2009. Originally with basements, they were later infilled with interiors described as sparse with little decorative detail and are likely among the last constructed.
1203:
124:
and subsequently they became dominant in Liverpool's housebuilding industry. Through his collaboration with David Roberts, Owens designed over 10,000 terraced houses around the city of Liverpool.
131:
with no fixed or guaranteed income, meaning a higher likelihood of experiencing poverty. Liverpool was notorious during this time for squalor and was the first city in the country to build
28:
includes a diverse variety of historical housing architectures, some dating back several hundred years, from small working class terrace houses to larger mansions, mostly from the
288:
pledging to build 10,000 in total, of which a proportion would include social housing for rent. The council stated they needed to develop 30,000 new houses by 2030.
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266:
in 2010, demolition and renewal schemes were abandoned, leaving some only partly finished and neighbourhoods half demolished. Houses in some areas, such as the
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and was supported by the Logan family, as it meant residents were able to remain close to where their homes had been demolished through
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century, showing back-to-back court houses on Hampton Street next to newer Victorian terraces on Upper Stanhope Street. Early in the
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asserted that Liverpool's housing expenditure declined in the late 20th century, suggesting every £1 spent in 1979 prior to the
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throughout the first 30 years of the 20th century. Housing stock owned by the council was less than 3000 dwellings. During the
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In June 2019, it was announced that the council would begin building council houses for the first time in over 30 years, with
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1150:
Pooley, Colin; Irish, Sandra. "Housing and Health in Liverpool, 1870-1940". The Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire.
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lived in court housing, believed to be the largest area in England of purpose-built housing for the working-class.
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and built by David Roberts, Son and Co. Owens came into contact with Roberts' company around 1867, who were
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features, such as narrow timber winder stair and lath and plaster ceilings. The alley was laid out off
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By 1850, there were over 20,000 Welsh builders working in Liverpool who required housing. Land in
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32:. While many remain in the present day, large numbers were demolished and redeveloped during the
332:"Look inside historic listed Liverpool city centre warehouse and 18th century workers' dwelling"
1184:
The Court and Cellar Dwelling: The Eighteenth Century Origin of the Liverpool Slum, I. C Taylor
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and was the tallest of its kind in the world. The tower block was named after local MP
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Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914
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of the 1960s and 1970s and of those that survived, many have since been refurbished.
1103:
Living in Liverpool: A Collection of Sources for Family, Local and Social Historians
863:"Written evidence submitted by the Chairs of the Housing Market Renewal Pathfinders"
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518:"Glyndŵr University academic backs bid to save Liverpool's historic Welsh Streets"
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358:"The Origin, Development and Decline of Back-to-Back Houses in Leeds, 1787–1937"
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886:"Why selling off homes for just £1 in a derelict area of Liverpool makes sense"
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homes for rental and purchase for key workers, army veterans and local people.
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was leased for housing development, with many streets, such as the current day
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492:"History of Toxteth's terraced streets is the focus of new BBC documentary"
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had fallen to 26p in the pound by 1985. The expenses claim was disputed by
171:
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310:"10, Hockenhall Alley - A Grade II Listed Building in Central, Liverpool"
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59:
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1121:
McKenna, Madeline (1989). "Municipal Suburbia in Liverpool, 1919-1939".
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Architecture industrialisée et préfabriquée: connaissance et sauvegarde
21:
933:"Green light to build new council homes – 150 years on from the first"
423:"The 'dark' heritage of Pembroke Place from documents and archaeology"
982:
Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool
445:"Side-by-side map, OS 25inch 1892-1914, Bing Hybrid (Pembroke Place)"
398:"Side-by-side map, OS 25inch 1892-1914, Bing Hybrid (Hampton Street)"
127:
By the mid 1800s, many people working in the city were employed on a
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53:
Facade of 10 Hockenhall Alley, in a derelict state, November 2018
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911:"This is the plan to transform the former Everton Road Barracks"
192:
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estates decline through poor management and funding. In 1986,
191:, as opposed to being resettled further out in areas such as
586:"The Welsh Connection: How Wales has helped shape Liverpool"
96:
OS first edition map of Pembroke Place, Liverpool in 1850
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845:"Giant estate stood in Liverpool for just 50 years"
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233:which supported the possibility of establishing a
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793:. House of Lords. 21 July 1987. col. 1317
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470:"35-39 Pembroke Place, Listed Building Status"
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643:"Time for a new age of council housebuilding"
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312:. British Listed Buildings. 17 December 2008
368:(2). Taylor & Francis Online: 101–116.
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1129:(3). Liverpool University Press: 287–318.
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274:and left to fall further into disrepair.
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425:. Historic Liverpool. 22 November 2018
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1590:Grants, Construction and Regeneration
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584:Toner, Christine (23 February 2018).
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258:After funding was withdrawn from the
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816:"Urban Deprivation Liverpool (1986)"
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961:The British Working Class 1832-1940
824:. House of Commons. 16 January 1986
356:Joanne Harrison (1 February 2018).
198:
143:
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884:Ciara Leeming (20 February 2013).
63:Hockenall Alley as its reception.
14:
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1177:
1135:10.3828/tpr.60.3.4hk5074443483k74
1106:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
935:. Liverpool Express. 21 June 2019
913:. Liverpool Echo. 6 November 2017
729:"Liverpool Museums: Living It Up"
260:Housing Market Renewal Initiative
250:Demolition of high-rise flats in
229:An opportunity arose through the
220:winning the 1979 general election
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545:"The Welsh Builder in Liverpool"
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821:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
790:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
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334:. Liverpool Echo. 22 March 2015
262:following the formation of the
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1027:. Liverpool University Press.
985:. Princeton University Press.
843:Weston, Alan (20 March 2021).
641:Mark Swenarton (4 July 2019).
510:
447:. National Library of Scotland
437:
400:. National Library of Scotland
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324:
1:
1712:Housing in the United Kingdom
1348:Minister of State for Housing
1220:Housing in the United Kingdom
375:10.1080/03090728.2017.1398902
362:Industrial Archaeology Review
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166:Post war housing construction
1052:. New Haven, US and London:
1050:Pevsner Architectural Guides
731:. National Museums Liverpool
7:
865:. Parliament.uk. March 2011
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1024:Liverpool: City of the Sea
979:Brown, Jacqueline (2009).
785:"Inner Urban Areas (1987)"
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1616:Housing and town planning
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1100:Wilcox, Alastair (2011).
1042:Sharples, Joseph (2004).
1389:Birmingham Back to Backs
1123:The Town Planning Review
958:August, Andrew (2014).
1324:Reduction Bill 2016–17
1163:Cite journal requires
272:Liverpool City Council
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1054:Yale University Press
763:"History of Kirkdale"
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1000:Graf, Franz (2012).
765:. Historic Liverpool
264:coalition government
235:Housing action trust
206:Member of Parliament
176:prefabricated houses
174:, the city saw many
1341:Housing Corporation
1231:Housing in Scotland
1079:Tarn, John (1973).
1021:Lane, Tony (1997).
270:, were acquired by
210:Liverpool Riverside
73:back-to-back houses
67:Back-to-back courts
1501:Parliamentary acts
1443:Reema construction
687:Pooley & Irish
663:Pooley & Irish
543:Carr, Dr. Gareth.
522:Glyndŵr University
472:. Historic England
283:Mayor of Liverpool
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524:. 29 June 2015
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