History of education in England

846:, like nearly all historians, argues the Act was a short-term political disaster for the Conservative Party because it outraged Methodists, Baptists and other nonconformists. It subsidised the two religions they rejected, Anglican and Catholic. However Searle argues it was a long-term success. The Church schools now had some financing from local ratepayers and had to meet uniform standards. It led to a rapid growth of secondary schools, with over 1000 opening by 1914, including 349 for girls. Eventually (in 1944), the Anglican schools were effectively nationalised. Grammar schools also became funded by the LEA. The act was of particular significance as it allowed for all schools, including denominational schools, to be funded through rates (local taxation), and ended the role of locally elected school boards that often attracted women, non-conformists and labour union men. The Liberals came to power in 1906, but their attempt to repeal the act was blocked by the House of Lords, setting up a major constitutional confrontation. 635:(1811-1892), a powerful Liberal politician who worked closely with Prime Minister Gladstone, was a key reformer. He agreed with the consensus against too much centralisation in English education, but wanted to improve educational standards and prevent the waste of public money on inefficient teaching, especially in church schools. He introduced a revised code in 1861; future grants would be allocated not by the subjective judgment of inspectors but rather on the basis of the number of students passing an examination in reading, writing, and arithmetic. It was known as ‘payment by results’. The code ended the favouritism often shown by inspectors; it came under attack by schoolteachers, inspectors and Anglican and dissenting opponents of state activity. 650: 399: 259: 921:

long run repays that cost to the community by a commensurate increase in the national wealth and prosperity? Or can it be claimed that it is making the population happier, better able to utilise its leisure, more adaptable? Anyone who knows how the schools have come to life in the past decade, anyone who is in a position to take a wide view of the social condition of the people and compare conditions to-day with those forty years ago, will have no hesitation in answering these questions in the affirmative.

1652:, into reform of the curriculum and qualifications structure for 14- to 19-year-olds. The report was published on 18 October 2004 and recommended the introduction of a diploma that would bring together both vocational and academic qualifications and ensure that all pupils had a basic set of core skills. It is proposed that the current qualifications would evolve into this diploma over the next decade, whether the government will follow the recommendations is yet to be seen — the 1008:

It was beginning to be seen as the worst age for a sudden switch from education to employment, with the additional year in schooling to only provide benefits for the children when they leave. Although there were concerns about the effects of having less labour from these children, it was hoped that the outcome of a larger quantity of more qualified, skilled workers would eliminate the deficit problem from the loss of unskilled labour.

691:, a Liberal MP, proposed that religious teaching in the new state schools be non-denominational, avoiding points of dispute among the denominations. This became the famous Cowper-Temple clause (Section 14 of the Act). Section 7 gave parents the right to withdraw their children from any religious instruction, and to withdraw their children to attend any other religious instruction of their choice. 1532:. There have been various (so far unsuccessful) attempts by campaigners to abolish all remaining grammar schools. The remaining grammar schools are now thus still selective, typically taking the top 10-25% of those from the local catchment area. Some of the still-existing grammar schools in the United Kingdom can trace their history back to earlier than the sixteenth century. 995:: former independent schools, often town grammar schools and predominantly in the north of England, who accepted a state grant in return for providing free education to many students but still charging for others. The state had little control on syllabus or admissions policy. The schools kept their title deeds. The 1207:

The Advanced Apprenticeship Framework offered clear pathways and outcomes that addressed the issues facing the industry. This system was in place since the 1950s. The system provided young people with an alternative to staying in full-time education beyond 16/18 to gain pure academic qualifications

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framework in the 1950s, 60s and 70s was designed to allow young people (16 years) an alternative path to A levels to achieve an academic qualification at level 4 or 5 NVQ (National Vocational Qualification). The Higher Apprenticeship Framework was open to young people who had a minimum of 4 GCE "O"

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in 1968, where students were kept at primary or junior school for an additional year, meaning that the number of students in secondary schools within these areas remained virtually constant through the change. As of 2007, there are now fewer than 400 middle schools across England, situated in just 22

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in the 1960s. Critics on the left attacked grammar schools as elitist because a student had to pass a test at age 11 to get in. Defenders argued that grammar schools allow pupils to obtain a good education through merit rather than through family income. No changes were made. In some areas, notably

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The contribution which a sound and universal system of public education can make to the sobriety, orderliness and stability of a population is perhaps the most patent of its benefits. What other gains can be placed to its credit?...Can it be claimed that the widening of educational opportunity in the

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The 1988 Education Reform Act made considerable changes to the education system. These changes were aimed at creating a 'market' in education with schools competing with each other for 'customers' (pupils). The theory was that "bad" schools would lose pupils to the "good" schools and either have to

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and withholding funding from any school that sought to retain selection. This circular was vehemently opposed by the grammar school lobby. Some counties procrastinated and retained the Tripartite System in all but a few experimental areas. Those authorities have locally administered selection tests.

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Act") required school boards to enforce compulsory attendance from 5 to 10 years, and permitted them to set a standard which children were required to reach before they could be employed. Poorer families were often tempted to send their children to work if the opportunity to earn an extra income was

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Section 74 of the act empowered school boards to, if they wished, make local byelaws making attendance compulsory between the ages of 5 and 13 but exempting any child aged over 10 who had reached the expected standard (which varied by board). Other exceptions included illness, if children worked, or

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to be set up to provide elementary (primary, in modern parlance) education in areas where existing provision was inadequate. Board schools were managed by elected school boards. The schools remained fee-charging, but poor parents could be exempted. The previous government grant scheme established in

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reorganised grammar schools and instituted new ones so that there was a national system of "free grammar schools." In theory these were open to all, offering free tuition to those who could not afford to pay fees. The vast majority of poor children did not attend these schools since their labour was

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Changes in government approaches towards education meant that it was no longer regarded adequate for a child to leave education aged 14, as that is the age when they were seen to really understand and appreciate the value of education, as well as being the period when adolescence was at its height.

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schools, which retained greater influence over school admission policies, staffing and curriculum, and which were preferred by the Roman Catholics and by some Anglican schools. They would have all of their running costs met by the State, but their capital costs would only be 50% state funded (later

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came to be used as a way of providing for poor, illegitimate and orphaned children of both sexes alongside the regular system of skilled apprenticeships, which tended to provide for boys from slightly more affluent backgrounds. These parish apprenticeships, which could be created with the assent of

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technician course. For advanced engineering apprenticeships "O" levels had to include mathematics, physics, and English language. The advanced apprenticeship framework's purpose was to provide a supply of young people seeking to enter work-based learning via apprenticeships by offering structured

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in 1780. Believing that vice would be better prevented than cured, he started with a school for boys in the slums. The best available time was Sunday, as the boys were often working in the factories the other six days. He started with teaching children to read the Bible and then having them learn

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were established, which were able to set local tax rates, and the school boards were disbanded. Funds were provided for denominational religious instruction in voluntary elementary schools, owned primarily by the Church of England and Roman Catholics. The law was extended in 1903 to cover London.

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s (ITBs) were introduced by the Industrial Training Act (1964 and amended 1982), requiring employers in a number of sectors to pay a training levy to their industry training board or apply a similar sum to the provision of training to their employees. Later phased out, the Construction Industry

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The school leaving age was raised to 15 under the Butler Act, with an aspiration to raise it in time to 16, although this did not take place until the early 1970s (see below). The Act also recommended compulsory part-time education for all young people until the age of 18, but this provision was

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The Technical Instruction Act 1889 was passed. According to D. Evans, "It gave powers to the County Councils and the Urban Sanitary Authorities to levy a penny tax to support technical and manual instruction. The curricula in technical institutions also had to be approved by the Science and Art

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Historian David Mitch argues that private philanthropy was a major source of funding by the 1640s, and in that regard England was distinctive among modern nations. The endowments were permanent, and were still active in the 19th century. In addition to the landed elites in gentry, merchants and

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Secondly, Section 25 gave school boards the power to, if they chose, pay the fees of poor children attending voluntary (i.e. church) schools. Although few school boards actually did so, the provision caused great anger among nonconformists, who saw this as local ratepayers’ money being spent on

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In 1964, preparations had begun to raise the school leaving age to 16 to be enforced from 1 September 1973 onwards. This increased the legal leaving age from 15 to 16 and for one year, 1973, there were no 15-year-old school leavers as the students, by law, had to complete an additional year of

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had been introduced. They had no entrance test and were open to all children living in the school catchment area. However, despite tentative support for 'multilateralism' in secondaries, and a desire to raise the standard of secondary moderns to that of private institutions, from Minister for

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remained closely linked to religious institutions until the nineteenth century, although charity schools and "free grammar schools", which were open to children of any religious beliefs, became more common in the early modern period. Nineteenth century reforms expanded education provision and

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was established in England in 1998. Its aim was to identify high performing schools, in order to help them form partnerships with each other and to provide examples of effective practice for other schools. The programme was replaced in August 2005 with more broadly based programmes; the

614:, reported "The number of children whose names ought to have been on the school books, in order that all might receive some education, was 2,655,767. The number we found to be actually on the books was 2,535,462, thus leaving 120,305 children without any school instruction whatever." 296:

At dame schools, children could be expected to learn reading and arithmetic, and were sometimes also educated in writing. Girls were often instructed in handiwork such as knitting and sewing. Dame schools lasted from the sixteenth century to about the mid-nineteenth century, when

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The new law was widely praised by Conservatives because it honoured religion and social hierarchy, by Labour because it opened new opportunities for the working class, and by the general public because it ended the fees they had to pay. The act became a permanent part of the

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was expanded (Labour had made some small efforts beforehand, but the Conservatives expanded it considerably). This was seen as an effort to reduce the high youth unemployment, which was regarded as one of the causes of the sporadic rioting at the end of the seventies. The

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acquired through Bible study could be transferred to secular studies. Raikes publicized the idea widely and it rapidly caught on. By 1785 upwards of 200,000 English children, and many adults, were attending Sunday Schools. A nondenominational national organization, the

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comprehensives and full independence. This was finally put into effect by the Direct Grant Grammar Schools (Cessation of Grant) Regulations 1975. Some schools (almost all Catholic) became fully state-funded, while the majority became independent fee-paying schools.

1027:. It rejected the comprehensive school proposals favoured by a few in the Labour Party as more equalitarian. Under the tripartite model, students who passed an exam were able to attend a prestigious grammar school. Those who did not pass the selection test attended 325:

entrepreneurs began to resist the restrictions of the apprenticeship system, and a legal ruling established that the Statute of Apprentices did not apply to trades that were not in existence when it was passed in 1563, thus excluding many new 18th century industries.

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By 1831, Sunday School in Great Britain was ministering weekly to 1,250,000 children, approximately 25% of the population. As these schools preceded the first state funding of schools for the common public, they are sometimes seen as a forerunner to the current

982:. The school kept the title deeds to the land, but taught an agreed religious education syllabus. These schools were favoured by the Anglicans: over half their schools chose this status, and were soon effectively absorbed into the state system. The second were 544:

Ragged schools were small charitable organisations dedicated to the free education of destitute children. The schools were developed in working-class districts and intended for society's most impoverished youngsters who, it was argued, were often excluded from

491:. Most of the surviving schools were eventually absorbed into the state system under the Butler Act (1944), and to this day many state schools, most of them primary schools, maintain a link to the Church of England, reflecting their historic origins. 999:

was practically unchanged. Butler assembled a committee which produced the Fleming Report of July 1944, recommending that places at public schools be made available to state-funded scholarships, but its recommendations were not implemented.

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High technology industry (Aerospace, Nuclear, Oil & Gas, Automotive, Power Generation and Distribution etc.) trained its professional engineers via the advanced apprenticeship system of learning – usually a 5-year process. The higher

384:, was established to coordinate and develop them. According to Sherry Sherrod DuPree, in 1801 there were 2,290 Sunday Schools. With 23,135 in 1851, about two-thirds of all working-class children aged between 5 and 15 were attending them. 1544:. This new type of secondary school teaches the National Curriculum subjects plus a few specialist branches of knowledge (e.g. business studies) not found in most other schools. These schools are allowed to select 10% of their pupils. 553:

was established in April 1844 to combine resources in the city, providing free education, food, clothing, lodging, and other home missionary services for poor children. They were phased out by the final decades of the 19th century.

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Under section 8(4) of the Education Act 1996, a new single school leaving date was set for 1998 and all subsequent years thereafter. This was set as the last Friday in June in the school year which the child reaches the age of 16.

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The green paper prompted a debate about services for children, young people and families resulting in a consultation with those working in children's services, and with parents, children and young people. The Government published

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available. Attendance officers often visited the homes of children who failed to attend school, which often proved to be ineffective. Children who were employed were required to have a certificate to show they had reached the

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made changes to many areas of educational policy, including the power of school staff to discipline students, the manner in which newly trained teachers are supervised, the regulation of qualifications, the administration of

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is an independent school within the state system. It is outside the control of the local education authority and set up with substantial funding from interested third parties, which might be businesses, charities or private

877:. However, most children attended elementary (primary, in modern parlance) school until age 14, rather than going to a separate school for secondary education. The act was also known as the "Fisher Act" as it was devised by 1781:

In 2013 the Education and Skills Act 2008 came into force, requiring all young people in England to stay on in education or training at least part-time until they are 17 years old, with this extended to 18 years in 2015.

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and receiving funding direct from central government. The government offered more money than the school would get usually from the local authority as an enticement. This was seen as a politically motivated move since the

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Two measures in the Act became, for religious reasons, matters of controversy within the governing Liberal Party. Firstly, nonconformists objected to their children being taught Anglican doctrine. As a compromise,

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In August 1833, Parliament voted sums of money each year for the construction of schools for poor children, the first time the state had become involved with education in England and Wales (whereas a programs for

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Out of 4.3 million children of primary school age in England & Wales, 1 million were in purely voluntary schools and 1.3 million were in state aided schools, but 2 million had no access to schools whatsoever.

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trades has declined since the 1980s. Traditional apprenticeships reached their lowest point in the 1980s: by that time, training programmes were rare and people who were apprentices learned mainly by example.

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on their participation in a comprehensive system, but little movement occurred. The 1970 report of the Public Schools Commission chaired by David Donnison recommended that the schools choose between becoming

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was introduced, which made advisors available to long-term unemployed (in the UK this is defined as being unemployed for more than 6 months) to give help and money to those who want to go back into Education.

699:, who emerged as a national figure for the first time. The resulting splits (some education campaigners, including Chamberlain, stood for Parliament as independent candidates) helped to cost the Liberals the 4775: 1212:

registration. Apprentices undertook a variety of job roles in numerous technical functions to assist the work of engineers, in the design, development, manufacture and maintenance of production system.

4800: 576: 881:. Starting in 1921 it enforced compulsory education from 5–14 years, but also included provision for compulsory part-time education for all 14- to 18-year-olds. There were also plans for expansion in 48:

introduced widespread state-funded schools. By the 1880s education was compulsory for children aged 5 to 10, with the school leaving age progressively raised since then, most recently to 18 in 2015.

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A Performance Threshold was introduced in 2000 to allow experienced teachers access to higher rates of pay on meeting a set of performance standards, including a standard of pupil attainment. The

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selection exam for all children had now been abolished, voluntary selection tests continue in certain areas, where some of the original grammar schools have been retained. These areas include:

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approach to primary education, and also supported the introduction of middle schools. While many of the report's recommendations were never implemented, primary schools began to move away from

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These schools were taught by a “school dame,” an elderly local woman who would care for and teach ABCs in her home for a small fee. She was probably a widow, usually with cramped facilities.

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and work based training in addition to continued academic learning. This became law through the Education and Skills Act 2008, with the school leaving age raised to 17 in 2013 and 18 in 2015.

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In the long run the Nonconformist schools practically vanished. In 1902 the Methodists operated 738 schools, but these rapidly declined throughout the 20th century. Only 28 remained in 1996.

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was an answer to surging social and educational demands created by the war and the widespread demands for social reform. It only covered England and Wales, and was drafted by Conservative

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Trouvé‐Finding, Susan. "Teaching as a woman’s job: the impact of the admission of women to elementary teaching in England and France in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."

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was introduced in 1980, whereby gifted children who could not afford to go to fee-paying schools would be given free places in those schools if they could pass the school's entrance exam.

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high value learning and transferable skills and knowledge. These apprenticeships were enabled by linking industry with local technical colleges and professional Engineering Institutions.

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Numbers: In 1997 there were 196 of these schools. In August 2002 there were 1000. By 2006 the plan was to have 2000, and the goal was to make all secondary schools specialist eventually.

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to the sons of the aristocracy destined for priesthood or monastic work with the ministry of government or the law. Two universities were established in affiliation with the church: the

5045: 4852: 5065: 5050: 4997: 4932: 4927: 4537: 289:, or informal village schools. Dame schools were small operations for local children age two to five held in a neighborhood house. They emerged in Britain and its colonies during the 5035: 4957: 4907: 4867: 4815: 4785: 4765: 4745: 4730: 4725: 213:

was passed to regulate and protect the apprenticeship system, forbidding anyone from practising a trade or craft without first serving a 7-year period as an apprentice to a master.

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Under section 7 of the Act, it was made an obligation for parents to ensure a full-time education for their children either at school or "otherwise" which formalised the status of

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clergy were generous in supporting educational philanthropy. The national system that was developed in the last two thirds of the 19th century incorporated the earlier endowments.

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was introduced in Britain. Dame schools were the precursors to present-day nursery and primary schools. Although sometimes ridiculed, there were many famous alumni, including

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without work-based learning. The Advanced Apprenticeships of the 1950s, 60s and 70s provided the necessary preparation towards Engineering Technician, Technician Engineer or

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The introduction of the A* grade for A Levels in 2010 allowed for differentiation between the top A Level students, and so all AEAs except for Mathematics were phased out

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education because of their unkempt appearance and often challenging behaviour. After a few such schools were set up in the early 19th century by individual reformers, the

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In 1965 the Labour government required all local education authorities to formulate proposals to move away from selection at eleven, replacing the tripartite system with

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Martin, Mary Clare. "Church, school and locality: Revisiting the historiography of 'state' and 'religious' educational infrastructures in England and Wales, 1780–1870."

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Introduced the EMA, (Education Maintenance Allowance), which is paid to those between 16 and 18 as an enticement to remain in full-time education and get A-Levels/AVCEs.

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Church of England schools. A large conference was held at Manchester in 1872 to lead resistance to the section, and one of the campaigners was the Birmingham politician

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Fabrice Neddam, "Constructing masculinities under Thomas Arnold of Rugby (1828–1842): Gender, educational policy and school life in an early‐Victorian public school."

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A child whose sixteenth birthday falls in the period 1 September to 31 January inclusive, may leave compulsory schooling at the end of the Spring term (the following

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In 1937 historian G.A.N. Lowndes identified a "Silent Social Revolution" in England and Wales since 1895 that could be credited to the expansion of public education:

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controlled many trades and used apprenticeships to control entry. (In practice sons of Freemen, members of the guilds, could negotiate shorter terms of training).

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In 1839, government grants for the construction and maintenance of schools were switched to voluntary bodies and became conditional on a satisfactory inspection.

179:" to differentiate from private teaching by tutors and to indicate that they were open to the public regardless of religious beliefs, locality and social status. 1161:

packs and were not intended to stand long-term, though some have proven to have stood much longer than was initially planned and were still in use in the 2010s.

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Grant-maintained status was abolished, with GM schools being given the choice of rejoining the local authority as a maintained community school, or becoming a

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Religious education was reformed; Chapter 1 of the law required that the majority of collective worship be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character".

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Many secondary schools were unable to accommodate the new 5th year students. The solution to the problem was to construct new buildings (often referred to as

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was shifted to a focus on tailoring education to each child's ability. Critics see this as reminiscent of the original intentions of the Tripartite system.

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was introduced, which made it compulsory for schools to teach certain subjects and syllabuses. Previously the choice of subjects had been up to the school.

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Readings in the history of education: A collection of sources and readings to illustrate the development of educational practice, theory, and organization

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was created, with the intention that highly skilled teachers would be paid more if they accepted new posts with outreach duties beyond their own schools.

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adopted an "Education, Education, Education" slogan in the mid-1990s, but maintained many of the Conservative changes after returning to power after the

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Wooler, Fiona (16 June 2016). "Educating the Workers of Sheffield in the 18th and 19th Centuries: St Luke's National School, Garden Street, Sheffield".

1697:, providing the legislative spine for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. 4296: 2334: 1710: 1136: 827:(or 'Balfour Act') made radical changes to the entire educational system of England and Wales. It weakened the divide between schools run by the 2,568 717: 484: 2577: 1945:

were phased in between 2017 and 2019, using a numerical grading system and replacing the modular system with exams at the end of the two-year course

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Department. In the following year the Local Taxation Act introduced the 'whiskey tax', which made extra money available for technical instruction."

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were introduced, which are deprived areas run by an action forum of people within that area with the intention of making that area's schools better.

908:. The concept of junior technical schools was introduced in the 1930s to provide vocational education at secondary level, but few were ever opened. 5091: 3795: 1975: 1771: 148:, to assist in the further training of the Catholic Christian clergy. A reformed system of "free grammar schools" was established in the reign of 4825: 3779:

McCulloch, Gary. "A people’s history of education: Brian Simon, the British Communist Party and Studies in the History of Education, 1780–1870."

933:, recommended that entry to schools would be based on intelligence testing. This was followed by the Norwood Report of 1943 which advocated the " 1656:

have already introduced alternative proposals to return to norm-referencing in A-levels rather than the current system of criterion-referencing.

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founded many charity schools for poor students in the 7 to 11 age group. These schools were the basis for the development of modern concepts of

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compulsory up to age 14 and gave responsibility for secondary schools to the state. Under the Act, many higher elementary schools and endowed

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raised the school leaving age to 11. The Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act of the same year extended compulsory education to

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The earliest known organized schools in England were connected to the church. Augustine established a church in Canterbury (which later became

2116: 4456: 4425: 2142:"Research, education & online exhibitions > Family history > In depth guide to family history > People at work > Apprentices" 1991: 1830: 688: 4578: 3904:

Raftery, Deirdre. "The Opening of Higher Education to Women in Nineteenth Century England: 'Unexpected Revolution' or Inevitable Change?."

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became a standalone qualification as part of an overhaul of A Levels, with the modular system replaced by exams at the end of the two-year

86:, much of the information listed below is relevant to Wales but specific information on the development of Education in Wales can be found 2772:

John T. Smith, "Ecumenism, economic necessity and the disappearance of Methodist elementary schools in England in the twentieth century."

996: 4646: 4022: 1775: 611: 587: 3712: 1738:, still publicly funded but with a vastly increased degree of autonomy in issues such as setting teachers' wages and diverging from the 4962: 4322: 3081: 1901: 251:

Until as late as the nineteenth century, all university fellows and many schoolmasters were expected or required to be in holy orders.

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Keith D. M. Snell, "The Sunday-school movement in England and Wales: Child labour, denominational control and working-class culture."

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Open enrolment and choice for parents was brought back, so that parents could choose or influence which school their children went to.

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The Butler Act was also an historic compromise between church and state. Three new categories of schools were created. The first were

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A child whose sixteenth birthday falls in the period 1 February to 31 August, may leave on the Friday before the last Monday in May.

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Ensuring necessary intervention takes place before children reach crisis point and protecting children from falling through the net

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Whitehead, Clive. "The historiography of British Imperial education policy, Part II: Africa and the rest of the colonial empire."

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sponsored most formal education until the government established free, compulsory education towards the end of that century.

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City Academies were introduced. These are new schools, built on the site of, or taking over from existing failing schools. A

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Everybody's guide to the Education act, 1902, being the text of the act, together with an introduction and explanatory notes

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In 1994, the government introduced Modern Apprenticeships (since renamed 'Apprenticeships'), based on frameworks devised by

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Richardson, William. "British historiography of education in international context at the turn of the century, 1996–2006."

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was introduced, which meant that the more children a school could attract to it, the more money the school would receive.

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National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church in England and Wales

248:, supplied apprentices for occupations of lower status such as farm labouring, brickmaking and menial household service. 224:, religious dissenters set up academies to educate students of dissenting families, who did not wish to subscribe to the 3744:

Bischof, Christopher. "Progress and the people: histories of mass education and conceptions of Britishness, 1870–1914."

4877: 4857: 4740: 4573: 4415: 4044: 2021: 1986: 1879: 1328: 893:. This is the first act which started planning provisions for young people to remain in education until the age of 18. 828: 712: 19: 3521: 3386: 2958: 2740: 2318: 2188: 1294: 3199:

World Class Apprenticeships. The Government's strategy for the future of Apprenticeships in England. DIUS/DCSF, 2008

4972: 4902: 4760: 4563: 4527: 1703: 580: 564: 515: 232:. Several Oxford colleges (Harris Manchester, Mansfield, and Regent's Park) are also descendants of this movement. 83: 34: 2178: 425:

was established as the first secular college in England, open to students of all religions (or none), followed by

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Gomersall, Meg. "Education for Domesticity? A nineteenth‐century perspective on girls' schooling and education."

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formed the first year of an A Level qualification. Students who then completed the A2 year were awarded the full

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were introduced at the Key Stages 1 to 4 (ages 7, 11, 14 and 16 respectively) through what were formerly called

1153:) for the schools that needed to extend their capacity. This provided the space to cope with the new cohort of 5060: 5002: 4952: 4942: 4922: 4897: 4892: 4795: 4312: 4261: 3575:

The Growth of English Schooling, 1340-1548: Learning, Literacy, and Laicization in Pre-Reformation York Diocese

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Mitch, David. "Schooling for all via financing by some: perspectives from early modern and Victorian England."

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David Mitch, "Schooling for all via financing by some: perspectives from early modern and Victorian England."

2141: 2066: 1980: 1970: 1501: 1324: 618: 511: 176: 1004:

dropped so as not to overburden the post-war spending budget (as had happened similarly with the Act of 1918)

4977: 4937: 4862: 4832: 4568: 4532: 4522: 4491: 4037: 1263: 1196: 1047: 722: 667: 644: 579:. The association proposed that non-denominational schools should be funded from local taxes. Also 1837, the 87: 1675: 4666: 1665:

was published. It built on existing plans to strengthen children's services and focused on four key areas:

1541: 228:

of the established Church of England. Some of these 'dissenting academies' still survive, the oldest being

172: 18:

This article is about primary and secondary education. For the history of higher education in England, see

3692:

The education of the people: A history of primary education in England and Wales in the nineteenth century

3252: 1376:

a knowledge-based element, typically certified through a qualification known as a 'Technical Certificate';

4389: 4384: 3913:

The educated woman: minds, bodies, and women's higher education in Britain, Germany, and Spain, 1865-1914

2895: 1731: 1668:

Increasing the focus on supporting families and carers as the most critical influence on children's lives

1529: 1103: 992: 649: 507: 240: 114: 38: 2380: 1347:

Schools could, if enough of their pupils' parents agreed, opt out of local government control, becoming

4692: 3925:

Tamboukou, Maria. "Of other spaces: Women's colleges at the turn of the nineteenth century in the UK."

2124: 1713:

for the first time since 1972, when compulsory education was extended to sixteen. The changes included

1628: 1032: 1024: 457: 402: 210: 60: 2894:

Primary education had been free since the 1891 Act. Even after 1944, some older grammar schools – the

1123: 979: 897: 836: 785:

period grammar schools were reorganised and their curriculum was modernised. Latin was still taught.

572: 453: 422: 103: 51:

The education system was expanded and reorganised multiple times throughout the 20th century, with a

393: 4624: 4596: 4353: 3791: 3327: 1930: 1755: 1735: 1576: 1558: 1553: 1356:

central government was taking control from local authorities which were often run by other parties.

798: 426: 76: 398: 113:) in 598, which included a school for the study of religious texts, and in 604 this was joined by 3416:

56.3 (2020): 384–395; "Adult education history in Britain: past, present, and future (part II)."

1819: 1653: 1624: 1569: 1353: 1348: 1247: 1028: 1020: 930: 821: 445: 229: 145: 110: 99: 64: 4639: 3951: 2881:

Martin Francis, "A socialist policy for education?: Labour and the secondary school, 1945‐51."

1842: 1642: 1583: 1369: 1286: 1108: 664: 653: 221: 199: 4271: 2948: 1798:, there have been numerous examinations and qualifications in secondary education in England. 1266:

was the main scheme, offered to 16- to 18-year-olds. It had been introduced in 1978 under the

1046:

However, selection of academical gifted children to attend grammar school became increasingly

4685: 4606: 4496: 4332: 3990: 3594:

Education and Society, 1500-1800: The Social Foundations of Education in Early Modern Britain

3464:

History of the English People in the 19th Century: Rule of Democracy 1905-1914. Book 1. Vol 6

2982: 2759:

History of the English People in the 19th Century: Rule of Democracy 1905-1914. Book 1. Vol 6

1301:. Still, by 1990, apprenticeship took up only two-thirds of one percent of total employment. 1279: 1052: 381: 376: 322: 3829:

Whitehead, Clive. "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India."

3553:

The Silent Social Revolution: An Account of Public Education in England and Wales, 1895–1935

3298: 3274: 2816:

The Silent Social Revolution: An Account of Public Education in England and Wales, 1895–1935

1709:

announced plans to extend the school leaving age in England to eighteen by 2013. This would

629:. They redefined standards of masculinity, putting a heavy emphasis on sports and teamwork. 4486: 4096: 4060: 2483:

Education and State Formation: The Rise of Education Systems in England, France and the USA

1434: 1056: 975: 606: 527: 483:

resisted early attempts for the state to provide secular education. In 1811, the Anglican

449: 437:

was also established in the early nineteenth century. Towards the end of the century, the "

430: 406: 298: 290: 245: 225: 191: 184: 149: 141: 44: 3453:

History of the English People in the 19th Century: Imperialism & Rise of Labour. Vol 5

2715:

History of the English People in the 19th Century: Imperialism & Rise of Labour. Vol 5

2468:

E. A. G. Clark, "The early ragged schools and the foundation of the Ragged School Union."

1751: 468:

Prior to the nineteenth century, most schools were run by church authorities and stressed

8: 3965: 3490:

History of Adult Education in Great Britain from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century

3208: 2639: 1888:

In 1962 state scholarships were scrapped and the exams became known as special papers or

1661: 1298: 1115:

In 1973 the introduction of the Education (Work Experience) Act allowed LEAs to organise

968: 862: 469: 438: 338: 164: 118: 3476: 3412:

Freeman, Mark. "Adult education history in Britain: past, present and future (part I)."

3369: 1883:

exams covered both academic and vocational subjects and were an alternative to O Levels

79:

were introduced in the 2000s and became the main type of secondary school in the 2010s.

4501: 4291: 4121: 4101: 3722: 3702: 3618: 3556: 3353:

Best, G. F. A. "The Religious Difficulties of National Education in England, 1800-70."

3347: 3337: 2451: 1850: 1746: 1727: 1209: 1040: 1011:

The 1944 Act took effect in 1947 when the Labour Party was in power and it adopted the

956: 946: 882: 858: 824: 815: 696: 410: 306: 258: 3517: 3382: 3188:

Reforming religious education: The religious clauses of the 1988 Education Reform Act

3011: 2986: 2954: 2833: 2803: 2736: 2665: 2455: 2314: 2305: 2184: 2067:"A Long Way from Home: Diaspora Communities in Roman Britain - University of Reading" 1837: 1694: 1441: 1275: 1267: 1258: 1251: 1102:

The Circular also requested consultation between LEAs and the partially state-funded

1065: 1012: 964: 950: 934: 905: 832: 772: 501: 480: 473: 434: 342: 334: 206:

in England, as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in English ("the vernacular").

52: 2920:

Kevin Jeffereys, "R. A. Butler, the Board of Education and the 1944 Education Act,"

4368: 4286: 4081: 3801:

McCulloch, Gary. "The Standing Conference on Studies in Education–sixty years on."

3584:

The temple of the mind; education and literary taste in seventeenth century England

3504:

The Making and Shaping of the Victorian Teacher: A Comparative New Cultural History

3238: 3167: 2443: 2253: 1763: 1453: 1225:

In modern times, apprenticeship became less important, especially as employment in

1200: 1122:

In some counties around the country, these changes also led to the introduction of

874: 721:) imposed a legal duty on parents to ensure that their children were educated. The 671: 168: 4441: 3587: 3219: 2687: 2495: 2447: 2364: 2092: 362:, a newspaper publisher and Anglican layman was one of the early pioneers of the 4677: 3979: 3763: 3751:

Jones, Ken. "The past is all before us: the history of education in hard times."

3511: 3462: 3451: 3376: 3366:

History of Elementary Education in England and Wales from 1800 to the Present Day

3279: 3226: 3061: 3033: 2757: 2730: 2713: 2672: 2646: 1915: 1635: 1517: 1509: 1489: 1469: 1271: 1116: 1061: 983: 878: 604:

curriculum from classical studies to include science and literature. In 1861 the

584: 310: 3566: 2043: 1892:, which top A-level students could take to support their university application 4616: 3546:

Schooling and Social Change Since 1760: Creating Inequalities through Education

2974: 2539: 1742:. This also led to various mergers between schools into much larger Academies. 1714: 1681:

Ensuring that the people working with children are valued, rewarded and trained

1649: 1226: 1191: 1170: 1095: 1016: 870: 866: 761: 601: 302: 286: 180: 153: 56: 4007: 3955: 3407: 3406:(1918), compares United States, England, Germany, France, Canada, and Denmark 3172: 3155: 2599: 1674:

Addressing the underlying problems identified in the report into the death of

5080: 4661: 4281: 4276: 3822:

Sanderson, Michael. "Educational and economic history: the good neighbours."

2300: 2008: 1996: 1601: 1178: 1174: 1158: 1091: 1072:

saw this through, although the secondary technicals remained underdeveloped.

782: 726: 622: 546: 539: 363: 359: 354: 137: 734:. Employers of these children who were unable to show this were penalised. 33:

settlement of England, and the setting up of the first cathedral schools in

4651: 3894: 3573: 2002: 1706: 1513: 1505: 843: 675: 626: 282: 276: 30: 4003:

Brief history of British education emphasizing relevant Acts of Parliament

978:

schools whose costs were met by the State, and would be controlled by the

885:, by raising the participation age to 18. This was dropped because of the 487:

was established. The schools founded by the National Society were called

183:

emerged in the 16th century with the purpose of educating poor children.

4317: 4226: 4201: 4171: 4136: 4111: 3687: 3637: 1648:

A report was commissioned, led by the former chief-inspector of schools,

1449: 890: 706: 632: 519: 460:(Oxford) in the 19th century, women also can obtain a university degree. 263: 167:

schools have a long history. The oldest, having been founded in 597 as a

133: 3918:

Schwartz, Laura. "Feminist thinking on education in Victorian England."

1627:

changes have been bitterly opposed by teaching unions, most notably the

4029: 3358: 2870: 2700: 1493: 1477: 1422: 1372:. These frameworks contain a number of separately certified elements: 960: 926: 886: 568: 367: 3962:

Four periods of public education as reviewed in 1832, 1839, 1846, 1862

3681: 2359:

Sherry Sherrod DuPree, "Sunday Schools," in George Thomas Kurian, ed.

1068:

MPs were more concerned with implementing the 1944 Act; her successor

4091: 4070: 3424: 2396: 1485: 1391:

Between 1976 and 1997, the minimum school leaving arrangements were:

753: 372: 3434: 1934:

were an additional qualification for the most able A Level students

1331:(SATS). At Key Stage 4 (age 16), the assessments were made from the 621:, which served the upper-class, important reforms were initiated by 1841:– for university entrants; high performance would be rewarded by a 1608: 1497: 1481: 1379:

a competence-based element, typically certified through an NVQ; and

742: 203: 75:

and allowed parents to choose which school their children went to.

2123:. Gillard D (2018) Education in England: a history. Archived from 1536:

Labour expanded a policy started by the Conservatives of creating

4241: 4236: 4216: 4211: 3497:

The Making of Tory Education Policy in Post-War Britain 1950-1986

3220:

Department for Education and Skills Website, Beacon Schools page.

2933:

Brian Simon, "The 1944 Education Act: A Conservative Measure?,"

2534:

Jonathan Parry, "Lowe, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke (1811–1892)",

1595:

NVQs scope expanded so that a degree-equivalent NVQ was possible.

1230: 963:. Known as "the Butler Act", it defined the modern split between 937:" of secondary education which was introduced in the late 1940s. 3859:

No Distinction Of Sex?: Women In British Universities, 1870-1939

3676:

Stone, Lawrence. "Literacy and education in England 1640-1900."

1589:

Vocational qualifications were renamed/restructured as follows:

102:

in England in 597 education was an oral affair, or followed the

4363: 4358: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4126: 3866:

The higher education of women in England and America, 1865-1920

3772:(2000); textbook on how to write British educational history. 1521: 1461: 1396: 801:

were recognised, providing education from the age of 10 to 15.

236: 214: 4023:

full or partial text of major books, selected by Derek Gillard

1611:

Hours into schools, and set targets for literacy and numeracy.

1237: 2279:

Popular education and socialization in the nineteenth century

2177:

Aldrich, Richard (2005) . "13 - Apprenticeships in England".

1473: 1457: 1075: 831:

and the 14,000 church schools, administered primarily by the

607:

Royal Commission on the state of popular education in England

567:

had been initiated in the seventeenth century). A meeting in

126: 122: 3632:

Education and Economic Decline in Britain, 1870 to the 1990s

3129:

The Education Reform Act, 1988: its origins and implications

1910:

were taken alongside A Levels as a standalone qualification

1274:, was expanded in 1980 under the Conservative government of 175:. Over time a group of the endowed schools became known as " 156:

was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations.

55:

introduced in the 1940s, splitting secondary education into

3954:, primary sources from Britain, United States and Europe. 3625:

Education, economic change and society in England 1780-1870

3532:

Education and Labour Party Ideologies, 1900-2001 and Beyond

3193: 2909:

The road to 1945: British politics and the Second World War

1758:, the provision of post-16 education, including vocational 1465: 1332: 757: 4018:

600 historic education documents selected by Derek Gillard

3927:

Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography

2612:

High minds: the Victorians and the birth of modern Britain

2552:

High minds: the Victorians and the birth of modern Britain

2510:

High minds: the Victorians and the birth of modern Britain

2117:"'The Fleming Report 'Appendix A The Term "Public School"" 804: 3509: 2865:

H. C. Dent, "Raising the School-Leaving Age in Britain,"

2622: 2620: 778:

Another act in 1899 raised the school leaving age to 12.

3887:

The schooling of girls in Britain and Ireland, 1800-1900

3641:

The two nations and the educational structure, 1780-1870

3324:

Education and policy in England in the twentieth century

2701:

The History of Technical Education: A Short Introduction

1130: 775:

not funded by school boards (typically Church schools).

741:

provided for the state payment of school fees up to ten

67:. In the 1960s this began to be phased out in favour of 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 1734:, allowed publicly funded schools in England to become 494:

The Protestant non-conformist, non-denominational, or "

463: 444:

Since the establishment of Lady Margaret Hall (Oxford)

441:" universities, new public universities, were founded. 3731:(London: Centre for Labour and Social Studies, 2014). 2617: 2268:, (East Sussex: Wayland Publishers Ltd, 1979), 5, 8–9. 1730:, one of the first government bills introduced in the 1631:

which challenged the Threshold scheme by legal action.

707:

Compulsory and free primary education: 1880s and 1890s

3610:(1987, 1997, 3rd ed, 2012) part 7; a 55-page summary 3601:

History of Education: Education in Britain Since 1944

3029: 3027: 2594:

Allen Warren, "Forster, William Edward (1818–1886)",

2064: 745:

per head, making primary education effectively free.

3483:

Derbyshire Village Schools in the Nineteenth Century

3209:

Appendix III - Public Schooling Statistics for Wales

3039: 1732:

Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition government

1297:(NVQs) were introduced, in an attempt to revitalise 940: 4471: 3615:

The Evolution of the Comprehensive School 1926-1972

3295:"Staying in Education or training until you are 18" 2683: 2681: 1304: 1157:. The ROSLA Buildings were delivered to schools in 285:(reading, writing and 'rithmetic) in dame schools, 4707: 3880:Hope Deferred: Girls' Education in English History 3760:The RoutledgeFalmer Reader in History of Education 3024: 2304: 2164:English Apprenticeship and Child Labour, a History 2136: 2134: 1721: 1456:and some English counties and districts including 1137:Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales 125:, and song schools to train singers for cathedral 3852:Somerville for Women: an Oxford College 1879–1993 3539:Education in the Post-War Years: A Social History 3322:Aldrich, Richard, Dennis Dean, and Peter Gordon. 2821: 2470:Journal of Educational Administration and History 1617:Set a maximum class size of 30 for 5-7 year olds. 1429:. The following changes did take place, however: 1278:, and ran until 1983 when it was replaced by the 760:children, and made provision for the creation of 750:Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 152:; these too provided routes towards priesthood. 5078: 4010:Education in England: The History of Our Schools 3643:(1960) a Marxist scholarly history in 4 volumes 3429:Bristol Historical Association, isbn 0901388777. 3397:1870-1970 Century of Growth in English Education 2678: 1976:List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom 1772:Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency 1254:. In the early period it made two main changes: 788: 638: 3160:International Studies in Sociology of Education 3010:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 114. 2365:https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc1331 2254:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071005.1974.9973404 2131: 1119:for the additional final year school students. 3972:Educational Charters and Documents 598 to 1909 3156:"Sociological Perspectives on Failing Schools" 2973: 2281:, (London: Methuen & Co Ltd, 1977), 29–30. 71:. Further reforms in the 1980s introduced the 4693: 4457: 4045: 3709:The Encyclopaedia and Dictionary of Education 3567:https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2016.1178783 2496:"Education in England: A history - Chapter 3" 1992:History of early childhood care and education 3655:The Politics of Educational Reform 1920-1940 3648:Education and the Labour Movement, 1870-1920 3460: 3449: 3374: 2946: 2827: 2735:. Oxford University Press. pp. 333–34. 2728: 2044:"What does it mean to be an academy school?" 1790:Alongside vocational qualifications such as 1417: 911: 835:, which educated about a third of children. 341:. The Society also was an early provider of 3770:Historical Research in Educational Settings 2755: 2711: 1776:Training and Development Agency for Schools 1238:Conservative governments, from 1979 to 1997 925:A report of 1938 of a committee chaired by 394:Victorian era § Education and literacy 4700: 4686: 4464: 4450: 4052: 4038: 3608:Modern Britain: A Social History 1750-2010 3267: 3140:Gillian Forrester and Dean Garratt, eds. 2898:– continued to charge fees for some pupils 2688:Key dates in British Education (1000-1899) 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2361:The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization 2170: 1902:General Certificate of Secondary Education 1785: 1678:– weak accountability and poor integration 1076:Circular 10/65 and comprehensive education 557: 3899:A history of women's education in England 3788:The Struggle for the History of Education 3753:British Journal of Sociology of Education 3213: 3171: 3153: 2311:The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain 2155: 2017:History of education in the United States 852: 348: 331:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 262:A late 19th century dame school class in 195:economically critical to their families. 4059: 3662:Education and the Social Order 1940-1990 3513:A social history of education in England 3186:Edwin Cox and Josephine M. Cairns, eds. 3055:Politics.co.uk: School Leaving Age Brief 2830:A Social History of Education in England 2732:A New England?: Peace and War, 1886-1918 2596:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2299: 2224:A History of English Education from 1760 1592:GNVQs became Vocational GCSEs and AVCEs. 1363: 1082:Comprehensive school (England and Wales) 648: 397: 257: 5092:Education finance in the United Kingdom 4395:Special education in the United Kingdom 3435:"Education in England: a brief history" 3432: 3250: 3005: 2818:(Oxford University Press, 1937), p 240. 2652: 2536:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2176: 2090: 805:Balfour and Local Education Authorities 674:c. 75) required partially state-funded 656:drafted the first Education Act in 1870 590:presented a bill for public education. 202:had a major influence on education and 5079: 3803:British journal of educational studies 3127:Michael Flude and Merril Hammer, eds. 3101: 2633: 2433: 2250:British Journal of Educational Studies 2161: 1899: 1561:programme (for secondary schools) and 1310:improve, reduce in capacity or close. 1222:Training Board survives (as of 2018). 1043:supported by the three major parties. 809: 577:Lancashire Public Schools' Association 159: 4681: 4445: 4033: 3571: 3473:Landmarks in the History Of Education 3378:History of education in Great Britain 3275:"Q&A: Academies and free schools" 3239:School leaving age set to be eighteen 2828:Lawson, John; Harold, Silver (1973). 1386: 1131:Raising of school leaving age (ROSLA) 387: 316: 270: 211:Statute of Artificers and Apprentices 187:is the most famous of these schools. 106:in diaspora and integrated families. 3729:The politics of curriculum in school 3510:Lawson, John; Harold Silver (1973). 1768:General Teaching Council for England 1313:The reforms included the following: 506:, an organisation formed in 1808 by 464:National schools and British Schools 329:In the 18th and 19th centuries, the 136:, schools were established to teach 82:Scotland has a separate system; see 3699:English popular education 1780-1970 3251:Garnham, Emily (3 September 2008). 3241:BBC News, retrieved 12 January 2007 2953:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 336. 2335:"Schooling before the 19th Century" 2271: 2258: 2114: 1691:Every Child Matters: the Next Steps 1382:Key Skills (literacy and numeracy). 417: 13: 3940: 3762:(2005) recent scholarly articles. 3426:The Bristol School Board 1871-1903 3316: 2266:A Short History of English Schools 2022:Education in the Thirteen Colonies 1987:Education in early modern Scotland 1880:Certificate of Secondary Education 1752:local authority maintained schools 1563:Primary Strategy Learning Networks 1295:National Vocational Qualifications 1184: 1164: 929:, a former Vice-Chancellor of the 429:; the two institutions formed the 93: 20:Universities in the United Kingdom 14: 5103: 3996: 3738: 3253:"School leaving age raised to 17" 2180:Lessons from History of Education 1693:in November 2004, and passed the 1433:The previous Labour focus on the 941:1944: Butler's Education Act 1944 533: 3555:(Oxford University Press, 1937) 3475:(1951) 325pp; scholarly history 3334:Education and Politics 1900-1951 2248:J.H. Higginson, "Dame schools." 1305:The Education Reform Act of 1988 1090:. This was done by the minister 679:1833 ended on 31 December 1870. 472:. In the early 19th century the 84:History of education in Scotland 5087:History of education in England 4538:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic 4473:Education in the United Kingdom 3796:Chapter 1 covers historiography 3572:Moran, Jo Ann Hoeppner (2014). 3287: 3244: 3232: 3202: 3180: 3147: 3134: 3121: 3095: 3066: 3034:Education in England - Timeline 3008:The Changing Anatomy of Britain 2999: 2967: 2940: 2927: 2914: 2901: 2888: 2875: 2859: 2846: 2808: 2792: 2779: 2766: 2749: 2722: 2705: 2693: 2604: 2588: 2570: 2557: 2544: 2528: 2515: 2502: 2488: 2475: 2462: 2427: 2414: 2401: 2385: 2377:Robert Raikes; a critical study 2369: 2353: 2327: 2293: 2284: 2242: 2229: 2183:. Routledge. pp. 195–205. 2094:Education in England: A History 1722:Cameron premiership 2010 – 2016 1659:In 2003 a green paper entitled 1565:(PSLNs) (at the primary level). 1325:National curriculum assessments 991:, and now 90%). The third were 565:universal education in Scotland 522:and non-conformist Christians. 27:history of education in England 4708:History of education in Europe 3721:(2nd edn., 1962) pp 474–501. 3671:Education in Britain 1750-1914 3344:A History of English Education 2950:A History of the British Isles 2800:Education in the UK: a history 2309:. In Kenneth O. Morgan (ed.). 2216: 2203: 2108: 2084: 2058: 2036: 1981:Public school (United Kingdom) 1971:Public school (United Kingdom) 997:elite system of public schools 869:sought to become state funded 1: 4297:Raising of school leaving age 3864:Eschbach, Elizabeth Seymour. 3613:Rubinstein, D. and Simon, B. 3381:. University Tutorial Press. 2854:RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler 2640:Lincolnshire School Resources 2448:10.1080/03090728.2016.1156850 2436:Industrial Archaeology Review 2411:(2nd edn., 1962) pp 474-501. 2029: 1999:, in churches on Sundays only 1908:Advanced Supplementary Levels 1264:Youth Opportunities Programme 1197:Ordinary National Certificate 1181:in the late 1960s and 1970s. 1127:Local Education Authorities. 789:Funding of technical colleges 739:Elementary Education Act 1891 723:Elementary Education Act 1880 683:lived too far from a school. 668:Elementary Education Act 1870 645:Elementary Education Act 1870 639:Elementary Education Act 1870 575:, led to the creation of the 504:for the Education of the Poor 3355:Cambridge Historical Journal 3102:Hodges, Lucy (6 June 1996). 2896:direct grant grammar schools 2802:(1998) chapter 7 section 5 2313:. Oxford: OUP. p. 382. 2306:"7 - The Eighteenth Century" 2237:English Education, 1789–1902 2162:Dunlop, O. J. (1912). "iv". 2005:, for children under 6 years 1542:specialist schools programme 1448:Although the Government-run 1104:direct grant grammar schools 239:' apprenticeships under the 7: 4385:Common Entrance Examination 3946:Cubberley, Ellwood P. ed., 3719:The Age of Reform 1815–1870 3190:(London: Kogan Page, 1989). 3142:Education Policy Unravelled 3104:"Primary Cause of Failure?" 2409:The Age of Reform 1815–1870 2121:www.educationengland.org.uk 2065:The University of Reading. 1964: 1025:secondary technical schools 837:Local Education Authorities 61:secondary technical schools 10: 5108: 3985:Mothersole, Hartley B. N. 3920:Oxford Review of Education 3906:Higher Education Quarterly 3506:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) 2924:(1984) 69#227 pp. 415–431. 2011:, for the poorest children 1921:Advanced Subsidiary Levels 1762:, and student finance for 1629:National Union of Teachers 1134: 1079: 944: 813: 771:provided grants to public 769:Voluntary Schools Act 1897 642: 551:London Ragged School Union 537: 500:Society for Promoting the 391: 352: 321:In the early years of the 309:for certain, and possibly 274: 17: 5026: 4988: 4713: 4621:Languages of instruction 4589: 4546: 4510: 4479: 4426:Higher School Certificate 4403: 4377: 4346: 4305: 4254: 4225: 4200: 4170: 4135: 4110: 4080: 4069: 3960:Kay-Shuttleworth, James. 3790:(2011), Focus on Britain 3173:10.1080/09620219700200006 3154:Tomlinson, Sally (1997). 3006:Sampson, Anthony (1982). 2979:Austerity Britain 1945–51 2869:55#9 (1947), pp. 523-525 2598:(2004; online edn, 2008) 2538:(2004; online edn, 2011) 1947: 1941: 1931:Advanced Extension Awards 1919: 1887: 1865: 1854: 1835: 1831:Higher School Certificate 1809: 1806: 1418:Labour, from 1997 to 2010 1329:Standard Assessment Tests 980:local education authority 912:Spens and Norwood reports 898:Local Government Act 1929 896:After the passing of the 799:higher elementary schools 518:and supported by several 423:University College London 281:Widows typically taught 222:Act of Uniformity in 1662 173:King's School, Canterbury 4354:Department for Education 4306:Exams and qualifications 3901:(Open University, 1991). 3844: 2798:See also Derek Gillard, 2578:"The 1870 Education Act" 2407:Sir Llewellyn Woodward, 1607:Introduced Literacy and 1559:Leading Edge Partnership 1554:Beacon Schools programme 1349:grant maintained schools 1029:secondary modern schools 1021:secondary modern schools 987:increased to 75% by the 98:Prior to the arrival of 65:secondary modern schools 4014:an online free textbook 3826:36.4-5 (2007): 429–445. 3819:36.4-5 (2007): 569–593. 3433:Gillard, Derek (2011). 3074:"Education leaving age" 2787:The Education Act, 1918 2776:(2010) 39#4 pp 631-657. 2290:Higginson, 1974, p.166. 2166:. London: Fisher Unwin. 2144:. The National Archives 2091:Gillard, Derek (2018). 1983:, private elite schools 1786:Academic qualifications 1625:performance-related pay 1570:Advanced Skills Teacher 1218:Industry Training Board 931:University of Cambridge 887:cuts in public spending 558:Government involvements 230:Bristol Baptist College 146:University of Cambridge 100:Augustine of Canterbury 4756:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4579:International students 3982:; few items after 1600 3711:(London: 1921, 4 vol) 3565:52.4 (2016): 325–348. 3423:Gibson, Cyril (1997). 3364:Birchenough, Charles. 2628:Gladstone: A Biography 2565:Gladstone: A Biography 2252:22.2 (1974): 166-181. 2235:John William Adamson, 1643:Assisted Places Scheme 1584:Education Action Zones 1370:Sector Skills Councils 1287:Assisted Places Scheme 1195:levels to enrol in an 853:The Fisher Act of 1918 657: 414: 364:Sunday School Movement 349:Sunday School Movement 267: 200:Protestant Reformation 4647:Mathematics education 4607:Free school (England) 4333:English Baccalaureate 3970:Leach, Arthur F. ed. 3936:34#5 (2005): 483–496. 3922:37#5 (2011): 669–682. 3908:56.4 (2002): 331–346. 3840:34.4 (2005): 441–454. 3833:34.3 (2005): 315–329. 3810:Paedagogica Historica 3805:60.4 (2012): 301–316. 3783:39.4 (2010): 437–457. 3758:McCulloch, Gary, ed. 3755:33.6 (2012): 935–949. 3748:49.2 (2020): 160–183. 3717:Woodward, Llewellyn. 3701:(Cambridge UP, 1970) 3627:(Cambridge UP, 1995). 3588:online free to borrow 3563:Paedagogica Historica 3461:Halevy, Elie (1952). 3450:Halevy, Elie (1951). 3420:56.3 (2020): 396–411. 3418:Paedagogica Historica 3414:Paedagogica Historica 3404:Comparative education 3375:Curtis, S.J. (1965). 3357:12#2 (1956): 155–73. 2947:Jeremy Black (2016). 2937:(1986) 15#1 pp 31–43. 2885:24.4 (1995): 319-335. 2729:G. R. Searle (2005). 2666:School Attendance FAQ 2525:16.3 (2004): 303-326. 2395:164 (1999): 122–168. 2264:Martin, Christopher. 2211:Paedagogica Historica 1711:raise the leaving age 1427:1997 general election 1364:Apprenticeship reform 1280:Youth Training Scheme 1250:regained power under 1244:1979 General Election 1088:comprehensive schools 1057:comprehensive schools 1053:London County Council 689:William Cowper-Temple 652: 528:English school system 427:King's College London 401: 382:Sunday School Society 377:reading comprehension 323:Industrial Revolution 261: 246:Justices of the Peace 69:comprehensive schools 4262:State-funded schools 4062:Education in England 3980:excerpts from Google 3934:History of Education 3929:7#3 (2000): 247–263. 3875:6#3 (1994): 235–247. 3873:Gender and Education 3838:History of Education 3831:History of Education 3824:History of Education 3817:History of education 3781:History of education 3746:History of Education 3630:Sanderson, Michael. 3623:Sanderson, Michael. 3502:Larsen, Marianne A. 3229:Accessed 2007-04-14. 2985:. pp. 150–154. 2935:History of Education 2883:History of Education 2774:History of Education 2756:Elie Halevy (1952). 2712:Elie Halevy (1951). 2600:accessed 26 Nov 2017 2540:accessed 26 Nov 2017 2523:Gender and Education 1614:Set Truancy targets. 1526:Kingston-upon-Thames 1435:comprehensive system 993:Direct Grant Schools 976:Voluntary Controlled 904:became state funded 732:educational standard 571:in 1837, chaired by 431:University of London 407:University of Oxford 299:compulsory education 291:early modern period. 241:Elizabethan Poor Law 142:University of Oxford 111:St Augustine's Abbey 45:Education in England 4989:States with limited 3911:Rowold, Katharina. 3812:49.1 (2013): 70–81. 3776:; Good bibliography 3707:Watson Foster, ed. 3456:. pp. 139–210. 3144:(Bloomsbury, 2016). 2718:. pp. 139–210. 2379:(1939) pp.161–170. 1778:and other bodies. 1766:. It abolished the 1740:National Curriculum 1704:Education Secretary 1662:Every Child Matters 1319:National Curriculum 1299:vocational training 969:secondary education 863:secondary education 810:Balfour Act of 1902 598:Grammar Schools Act 502:Lancasterian System 498:" were founded by 470:religious education 409:, one of the first 339:secondary education 160:Early modern period 119:Rochester Cathedral 73:National Curriculum 29:is documented from 4657:Specialist schools 4421:School Certificate 4390:Schools (category) 4292:Sixth form college 3915:(Routledge, 2011). 3889:(Routledge, 2013). 3680:42 (1969): 69-139 3678:Past & Present 3225:2007-04-23 at the 3131:(Routledge, 1990). 3060:2007-12-23 at the 2911:(1975). pp 237-38. 2785:Lawrence Andrews, 2671:2008-05-11 at the 2645:2008-08-30 at the 2472:1.2 (1969): 9-21. 2393:Past & Present 2239:, (1930), 114–127. 2127:on April 19, 2015. 1868:GCE Advanced Level 1857:GCE Ordinary Level 1820:School Certificate 1747:Education Act 2011 1728:Academies Act 2010 1654:Conservative Party 1538:specialist schools 1387:Education Act 1996 1248:Conservative Party 1210:Chartered Engineer 1064:, the majority of 1041:Post-war consensus 989:Education Act 1959 957:Education Act 1944 947:Education Act 1944 906:elementary schools 883:tertiary education 859:Education Act 1918 825:Education Act 1902 820:The controversial 816:Education Act 1902 773:elementary schools 697:Joseph Chamberlain 658: 458:Somerville College 415: 403:Somerville College 388:Nineteenth century 317:Eighteenth century 307:William Wordsworth 271:Local Dame schools 268: 190:In Tudor England, 144:, followed by the 5074: 5073: 4675: 4674: 4439: 4438: 4250: 4249: 4092:Nursery/Preschool 3878:Kamm, Josephine. 3786:McCulloch, Gary. 3768:McCulloch, Gary. 3599:Richmond, W.K.R. 3592:O'Day, Rosemary. 3548:(Routledge, 2021) 3481:Johnson, Marion. 3467:. pp. 64–93. 3036:dg.dial.pipex.com 3017:978-0-340-20964-6 2992:978-0-7475-9923-4 2867:The School Review 2856:(1987). pp 118-22 2839:978-0-415-43251-1 2789:Routledge, 1976). 2762:. pp. 64–93. 2614:(2013) pp 432-44. 2582:www.parliament.uk 2554:(2013) pp 424-28. 2485:. Macmillan, 1990 2277:McCann, Phillip. 2213:52.4 (2016): 325- 2071:www.reading.ac.uk 2046:. BBC. 7 May 2016 1962: 1961: 1843:state scholarship 1838:Scholarship level 1695:Children Act 2004 1442:foundation school 1276:Margaret Thatcher 1259:New Vocationalism 1252:Margaret Thatcher 1201:City & Guilds 1173:advocated a more 1147:"ROSLA Buildings" 1033:technical schools 1013:Tripartite System 965:primary education 951:Tripartite System 935:Tripartite System 875:secondary schools 833:Church of England 672:33 & 34 Vict. 665:William Forster's 612:Duke of Newcastle 610:, chaired by the 481:Church of England 474:Church of England 435:Durham University 413:in England (1879) 375:, reasoning that 343:teacher education 185:Christ's Hospital 53:Tripartite System 5099: 5027:Dependencies and 4714:Sovereign states 4702: 4695: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4559:Northern Ireland 4547:Higher education 4523:Northern Ireland 4492:Northern Ireland 4466: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4369:Special measures 4287:Secondary school 4229: 4204: 4174: 4139: 4114: 4084: 4083:Foundation Stage 4078: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4008:Derek Gillard, 3885:McDermid, Jane. 3857:Dyhouse, Carol. 3850:Adams, Pauline. 3669:Stephens, W. B. 3582:Mulder, John R. 3579: 3551:Lowndes, G.A.N. 3527: 3468: 3457: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3402:Foght, H.W. ed. 3392: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3297:. Archived from 3291: 3285: 3284: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3217: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3080:. Archived from 3070: 3064: 3052: 3037: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2863: 2857: 2852:Anthony Howard, 2850: 2844: 2843: 2825: 2819: 2814:G.A.N. Lowndes, 2812: 2806: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2690:ThePotteries.org 2685: 2676: 2663: 2650: 2637: 2631: 2630:(1997), pp 231-5 2624: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2567:(1997), pp 231-5 2561: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2532: 2526: 2519: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2431: 2425: 2418: 2412: 2405: 2399: 2389: 2383: 2373: 2367: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2308: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2222:H. C. Barnard, 2220: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2138: 2129: 2128: 2115:Fleming, David. 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2040: 1815:Interwar period 1810:Taken at age 18 1807:Taken at age 16 1801: 1800: 1764:higher education 1702:In January 2007 1676:Victoria Climbié 1454:Northern Ireland 1450:eleven-plus exam 1220: 1219: 1199:or Diploma or a 1070:George Tomlinson 1015:, consisting of 902:Poor Law schools 797:From April 1900 617:In fee-charging 516:Samuel Whitbread 489:National Schools 456:(Cambridge) and 418:Higher education 411:women's colleges 366:. He started in 169:cathedral school 5107: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5028: 5022: 5008:Northern Cyprus 4990: 4984: 4888:North Macedonia 4709: 4706: 4676: 4671: 4617:Grammar schools 4612:Grade inflation 4585: 4542: 4506: 4475: 4470: 4440: 4435: 4399: 4373: 4342: 4301: 4267:Private schools 4246: 4227: 4221: 4202: 4196: 4172: 4166: 4137: 4131: 4112: 4106: 4082: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4058: 3999: 3943: 3941:Primary sources 3847: 3741: 3727:Wrigley Terry. 3697:Wardle, David. 3606:Royle, Edward. 3578:. Princeton UP. 3530:Lawton, Denis. 3524: 3492:(2nd ed. 1970). 3488:Kelly, Thomas. 3440: 3438: 3389: 3319: 3317:Further reading 3314: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3280:BBC News Online 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3255:. Daily Express 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3227:Wayback Machine 3218: 3214: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3108:The Independent 3100: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3062:Wayback Machine 3053: 3040: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2809: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2727: 2723: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2673:Wayback Machine 2664: 2653: 2647:Wayback Machine 2638: 2634: 2625: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2593: 2589: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2512:(2013) pp 1-30. 2507: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2390: 2386: 2374: 2370: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2341:. UK Parliament 2339:Living Heritage 2333: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2276: 2272: 2263: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2175: 2171: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2032: 1967: 1943:New-style GCSEs 1916:Curriculum 2000 1788: 1760:apprenticeships 1724: 1715:apprenticeships 1636:Curriculum 2000 1568:A new grade of 1518:London boroughs 1510:Gloucestershire 1490:North Yorkshire 1470:Buckinghamshire 1420: 1389: 1366: 1339:Formula funding 1307: 1272:James Callaghan 1240: 1217: 1216: 1187: 1185:Apprenticeships 1167: 1165:Primary schools 1139: 1133: 1117:work experience 1109:voluntary aided 1084: 1078: 1062:Ellen Wilkinson 1017:grammar schools 984:Voluntary Aided 953: 943: 914: 879:H. A. L. Fisher 871:central schools 867:grammar schools 855: 818: 812: 807: 791: 762:special schools 709: 654:William Forster 647: 641: 585:Lord Chancellor 560: 542: 536: 496:British schools 466: 446:Bedford College 420: 396: 390: 357: 351: 319: 311:Charles Dickens 287:charity schools 279: 273: 162: 117:at what is now 96: 94:Medieval period 57:grammar schools 23: 12: 11: 5: 5105: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5029:other entities 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4963:United Kingdom 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4776:Czech Republic 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4682: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4662:Studio schools 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4602:Comprehensives 4599: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4480:Modern systems 4477: 4476: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4272:Primary school 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 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1549: 1548: 1446: 1445: 1438: 1419: 1416: 1412:home education 1404: 1403: 1400: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1322: 1306: 1303: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1270:government of 1242:Following the 1239: 1236: 1227:heavy industry 1192:Apprenticeship 1186: 1183: 1171:Plowden Report 1166: 1163: 1155:ROSLA students 1151:"ROSLA Blocks" 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1124:Middle schools 1096:Circular 10/65 1080:Main article: 1077: 1074: 942: 939: 923: 922: 913: 910: 854: 851: 814:Main article: 811: 808: 806: 803: 790: 787: 708: 705: 643:Main article: 640: 637: 619:public schools 602:Grammar School 588:Henry Brougham 559: 556: 538:Main article: 535: 534:Ragged schools 532: 465: 462: 454:Girton College 419: 416: 405:, part of the 389: 386: 353:Main article: 350: 347: 318: 315: 303:Samuel Johnson 275:Main article: 272: 269: 220:Following the 181:Charity school 177:public schools 161: 158: 154:Apprenticeship 115:another school 95: 92: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5104: 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4658: 4655: 4653: 4652:Maths schools 4650: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4282:Junior school 4280: 4278: 4277:Infant school 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 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3639: 3638:Simon, Brian. 3636: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3523:9780416086805 3519: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3388:9780723104650 3384: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3301:on 2015-04-05 3300: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3210: 3205: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3084:on 2009-10-29 3083: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2962: 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Searle 842: 822:Conservative 819: 796: 792: 781:In the late 780: 777: 766: 747: 736: 731: 716: 710: 693: 685: 681: 663: 659: 631: 616: 605: 597: 595: 592: 573:Mark Philips 561: 550: 543: 524: 499: 493: 478: 467: 443: 421: 358: 328: 320: 295: 283:the three Rs 280: 277:Dame Schools 253: 250: 235:From 1692, ' 234: 219: 209:In 1562 the 208: 197: 189: 163: 131: 108: 97: 81: 50: 43: 26: 24: 15: 5056:Isle of Man 4991:recognition 4948:Switzerland 4883:Netherlands 4228:Key Stage 5 4203:Key Stage 4 4173:Key Stage 3 4138:Key Stage 2 4113:Key Stage 1 3991:Online free 3713:online free 3688:Sturt, Mary 3544:Lowe, Roy. 3537:Lowe, Roy. 3516:. Methuen. 3495:Knight, C. 3395:Dent, H.C. 3332:Barker, R. 2675:DfES.gov.uk 1897:1980s-2000 1634:Introduced 1142:education. 971:at age 11. 891:World War I 857:The Fisher 718:Act of 1876 633:Robert Lowe 520:evangelical 264:East Anglia 134:Middle Ages 132:During the 104:Roman model 5081:Categories 4918:San Marino 4878:Montenegro 4858:Luxembourg 4838:Kazakhstan 4741:Azerbaijan 4347:Regulation 4072:Key Stages 3441:9 December 3305:2015-03-16 3088:2010-10-10 2983:Bloomsbury 2481:A. Green, 2345:1 December 2196:2008-06-15 2148:2008-06-16 2030:References 1494:Calderdale 1478:Birmingham 1423:New Labour 1060:Education 961:Rab Butler 945:See also: 927:Will Spens 713:Sandon Act 569:Manchester 508:Joseph Fox 392:See also: 368:Gloucester 266:, England. 5046:Gibraltar 4853:Lithuania 4597:Academies 4255:Schooling 4102:Reception 4097:Playgroup 3437:. 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