697:(1941–45) Mexican-American community organizations were very active in patriotic efforts to support American troops abroad, and made efforts to support the war effort materially and to provide moral support for the young American men fighting the war, especially the young Mexican-American men from local communities. Some of the community projects were cooperative ventures in which members of both the Mexican-American and Anglo communities participated. Most efforts made in the Mexican-American community, however, represented localized American home front activities that were separate from the activities of the Anglo community.
593:
68:
640:
415:
202:
573:
436:
470:
395:. The Mormon soldiers encountered wild cattle along the banks of the San Pedro River where several bulls charged their column, tipping over wagons and killing mules and injuring two soldiers. The soldiers shot and killed a number of the wild cattle. The soldiers sarcastically named the encounter the “Battle of the Bulls.” On December 16, 1846, they
685:'s army in its expedition against Pancho Villa. Successful Chinese in Tucson led a viable community based on social integration, friendship, and kinship. A representative community leader was Lee Wee Kwon, who arrived as a refugee from the Mexican civil war in 1917, and was a prominent grocer and community leader until his death in 1965.
520:
655:
In 1919, Lieutenant Neill MacArtan of the Army
Medical Corps arrived in Tucson, Arizona, looking for a sanatorium site. He found nearly 700 veterans scattered in squalid conditions throughout the area and commenced a decade's struggle to build a southwestern veterans hospital. Tucson's success is the
700:
Mexican-American women in Tucson organized to assist their servicemen and the war effort during World War II. An underlying goal of the
Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association was the reinforcement of the woman's role in Spanish-Mexican culture. The organization raised thousands of dollars,
680:
The
Chinese came to Tucson with the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1880. Chinese and Mexican merchants and farmers transcended racial differences to form 'guanxi,' which were relations of friendship and trust. Chinese leased land from Mexicans, operated grocery stores, and aided
259:
The
Spanish stayed in the area, fighting down repeated attacks on the fort by Apache warriors. In 1821, Tucson became part of the new state of Sonora in Mexico, who had won independence from Spain. In 1854, Tucson, along with much of the surrounding area, was purchased from Mexico by the United
251:
in 1700. Through the 1700s, Spanish missionaries tried to get the Native
Americans to convert to Catholicism and a Spanish lifestyle. The Spanish built a fort at Tubac in 1751. It was moved to Tucson in 1775 where Hugo O'Conor, an Irishman working for the Spanish crown, officially founded
292:. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the
260:
States in the
Gadsden Purchase and was made part of the New Mexico Territory. President Lincoln created the Arizona Territory in 1863, and Tucson was named capitol from 1867 to 1877. On February 14, 1912, Arizona became the 48th state in the United States.
566:. Between 1910 and 1920, Phoenix surpassed Tucson in population and has continued to outpace Tucson in growth. However, both Tucson and Phoenix have experienced among the highest growth rates in the United States.
701:
wrote letters, and joined in numerous celebrations of their culture and their support for
Mexican-American servicemen. Membership reached over 300 during the war and eventually ended its existence in 1976.
314:
in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate
Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now
656:
story of city officials and citizens volunteering, organizing, battling other contenders like
Livermore, California, and lobbying Congress. Despite MacArtan's death from tuberculosis in 1922,
629:
376:, a strip of land that included Tucson that would later be used to construct a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route by the Southern Pacific Railroad.
600:
By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910, 20,292 in 1920, and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of
802:
466:, which comprised the area defined in the Tucson convention the previous year, with Tucson as its capital. He appointed himself permanent governor.
636:, and five machine guns. Tucson celebrates the historic arrest with an annual "Dillinger Days" festival, the highlight of which is a reenactment.
867:
230:
681:
compatriots attempting to enter the United States from Mexico after the
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Chinese merchants supplied General
281:
1027:
189:
162:
152:
715:
137:
952:
Grace Peña Delgado, "Of Kith and Kin: Land, Leases, and 'Guanxi' in Tucson's Chinese and Mexican Communities, 1880s–1920s,"
897:
372:
state borders extended further north to include the town of TucsĂłn. In 1853 the United States acquired from Mexico, in the
127:
1022:
142:
1008:
322:, the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location,
851:
448:
132:
657:
324:
253:
223:
978:
Christine MarĂn, "Mexican Americans on the Home Front: Community Organizations in Arizona During World War II,"
799:
572:
460:
167:
272:, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the
82:
491:. Later in 1862, Baylor was ousted as governor of the territory by Davis, and the Confederate loss at the
710:
216:
177:
110:
47:
527:
Tucson, and all of Arizona, remained part of the New Mexico Territory until February 24, 1863, when the
31:. Archaic peoples began making irrigation canals, some of the first in North America, around 1,200
875:
762:
540:
392:
311:
273:
248:
388:
172:
27:
practiced plant husbandry and hunted game in the Santa Cruz River Valley from 10,000 or earlier
632:, Ed Shouse, and Dillinger. The police found the gang in possession of over $ 25,000 in cash, three
604:, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.
407:
quickly fled without conflict. A brief occupation ensued and then the Mormons continued their march
823:
504:
396:
380:
100:
787:
551:
was founded in Tucson – it was situated in the countryside, outside the city limits of the time.
492:
463:
333:
315:
94:
991:
Julie A. Campbell, "Madres Y Esposas: Tucson's Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association,"
735:
592:
469:
500:
408:
329:
307:
244:
548:
481:
487:
on February 14, 1862. Efforts by the Confederacy to secure control of the region led to the
601:
477:
419:
554:
During the territorial and early statehood periods, Tucson was Arizona's largest city and
8:
669:
624:
list. A fire allowed firemen to discover their identity and the police promptly arrested
579:
528:
488:
456:
423:
444:
56:
919:
660:
Number 51 opened at Pastime Park in 1928. Many TB sufferers and veterans who had been
459:
and Tucson on August 1, 1861, and the victorious Baylor proclaimed the existence of a
300:
and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.
847:
544:
536:
508:
496:
88:
661:
559:
384:
373:
349:
340:. Eventually the town came to be called "Tucson" and became a part of the state of
303:
841:
806:
484:
19:
643:
633:
625:
616:, himself, were arrested in Tucson. They were five of the top six names on the
613:
452:
353:
341:
206:
843:
Tucson Was a Railroad Town: The Days of Steam in the Big Burg on the Main Line
319:
1016:
682:
519:
269:
24:
694:
621:
280:. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the
665:
563:
404:
391:, south of Tucson, there the Mormon soldiers fought the humorously named
67:
35:. The Hohokam people lived in the Tucson area from around 450–1450
939:
Alex Jay Kimmelman, "Pastime Park: Tucson's First Veterans' Hospital,"
36:
32:
639:
532:
414:
830:(Fall 1995). Center of Desert Archaeology. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
612:
In late January 1934, five members of the Dillinger gang, including
430:
555:
400:
332:). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the
293:
495:
forced their retreat. The following month, a small Confederate
369:
345:
337:
965:
Li Yang, "Lee Wee Kwon: Chinese Grocer in Tucson, 1917–1965,"
499:
force defeated a Union cavalry patrol north of Tucson at the
365:
310:
visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the
672:
came to Tucson after the war because of the clean, dry air.
435:
788:"Cultural History of the Tucson Basin and the Project Area"
617:
562:
was the seat of state government (beginning in 1889) and
476:
The proposal to organize the territory was passed by the
455:
conquered the southern New Mexico territory, including
503:. Despite the Union retreat, Tucson eventually was
276:have located a village site dating from 2100
431:Early United States and Confederate States period
1014:
328:, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown
1009:Timeline of Tucson, Arizona § Bibliography
839:
451:cavalry and Arizonan militia under Lt. Colonel
547:, where it remained until 1877. In 1885, the
514:
224:
822:Mabry, Jonathan B.; Thiel, J. Homer (1995).
917:
895:
824:"A thousand years of irrigation in Tucson"
387:marched across southern Arizona along the
231:
217:
582:Panoramic view of downtown Tucson in 1909
285:
277:
28:
980:Perspectives in Mexican American Studies
638:
591:
518:
468:
434:
413:
364:In 1821 Mexico gained independence from
296:lived in the area from 600 to 1450
1015:
716:History of Mexican Americans in Tucson
439:Raising the Confederate flag in Tucson
675:
268:Tucson was probably first visited by
898:"The day Tucson corralled Dillinger"
757:
755:
786:Thiel, J. Homer; Diehl, Michael W.
263:
39:in a complex agricultural society.
13:
646:, built in 1918 in downtown Tucson
297:
289:
14:
1039:
920:"Dillinger Days frenzy coming up"
811:Arizona Museum of Natural History
752:
359:
790:(PDF). Retrieved 3 October 2017.
658:Veterans Administration Hospital
587:
571:
480:in early 1862 and proclaimed by
254:Presidio San Augustin del Tucson
200:
66:
1002:
985:
972:
959:
946:
933:
688:
325:Presidio San AgustĂn del TucsĂłn
1028:Histories of cities in Arizona
911:
889:
868:"Famous Cases: John Dillinger"
860:
833:
816:
793:
780:
728:
556:commercial and railroad center
23:began thousands of years ago.
1:
721:
523:Tucson's Stone Avenue in 1880
348:gained independence from the
650:
7:
813:. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
711:Timeline of Tucson, Arizona
704:
336:were repeatedly mounted by
10:
1044:
1023:History of Tucson, Arizona
1006:
993:Journal of Arizona History
967:Journal of Arizona History
954:Journal of Arizona History
941:Journal of Arizona History
918:Mori, Brian (2009-01-21).
896:Webb, Janet (2006-01-08).
515:Later United States period
312:Mission San Xavier del Bac
249:Mission San Xavier del Bac
740:www.tucsonsbirthplace.org
543:was moved to Tucson from
282:Early Agricultural Period
840:William D. Kalt (2006).
767:SouthernArizonaGuide.com
607:
443:In July 1861, after the
381:Capture of Tucson (1846)
493:Battle of Glorieta Pass
334:Second Battle of Tucson
647:
597:
524:
501:Battle of Picacho Pass
473:
440:
427:
399:. The smaller Mexican
330:Pima County Courthouse
308:Eusebio Francisco Kino
245:Eusebio Francisco Kino
969:(2010) 51#1 pp. 33–50
828:Archaeology in Tucson
642:
596:Map of Tucson in 1920
595:
549:University of Arizona
522:
472:
438:
426:and the 34th parallel
417:
668:and were in need of
478:Confederate Congress
420:New Mexico Territory
995:1990 31(2): 161–82,
763:"History of Tucson"
670:respiratory therapy
541:territorial capital
529:Arizona Organic Act
489:New Mexico Campaign
424:Traditional Arizona
397:marched into Tucson
393:Battle Of the Bulls
956:2005 46(1): 33–54,
943:1990 31(1): 19–42,
900:. Arizona Highways
805:2017-10-03 at the
676:Chinese Population
648:
628:, Charles Makley,
598:
525:
474:
447:began, a force of
445:American Civil War
441:
428:
409:to Alta California
284:, circa 1200
243:Jesuit missionary
207:Arizona portal
537:Arizona Territory
509:California Column
464:Arizona Territory
241:
240:
1035:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
963:
957:
950:
944:
937:
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928:
927:
922:. Tucson Citizen
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909:
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906:
905:
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886:
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874:. Archived from
864:
858:
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846:. VTD Rail Pub.
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791:
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778:
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750:
749:
747:
746:
732:
634:sub-machine guns
575:
385:Mormon Battalion
374:Gadsden Purchase
350:Kingdom of Spain
299:
291:
287:
279:
274:Santa Cruz River
264:Native Americans
233:
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30:
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807:Wayback Machine
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729:
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691:
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653:
610:
590:
585:
584:
583:
581:
576:
539:. In 1867, the
517:
485:Jefferson Davis
433:
389:San Pedro River
362:
266:
237:
201:
199:
194:
147:
102:
58:
51:
20:Tucson, Arizona
12:
11:
5:
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644:Hotel Congress
626:Harry Pierpont
614:John Dillinger
609:
606:
589:
586:
578:
577:
570:
569:
568:
516:
513:
432:
429:
368:. The Mexican
361:
360:Mexican period
358:
354:Spanish Empire
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53:
52:
45:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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988:
982:1993 4: 75–92
981:
975:
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892:
878:on 2009-09-19
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853:9780971991545
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808:
804:
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800:"The Hohokam"
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741:
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686:
684:
683:John Pershing
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645:
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637:
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631:
630:Russell Clark
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588:Modern period
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275:
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270:Paleo-Indians
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83:Pre-Columbian
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69:
65:
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61:
55:
54:
49:
44:
43:
40:
38:
34:
26:
25:Paleo-Indians
22:
21:
1003:Bibliography
992:
987:
979:
974:
966:
961:
953:
948:
940:
935:
924:. Retrieved
913:
902:. Retrieved
891:
880:. Retrieved
876:the original
871:
862:
842:
835:
827:
818:
810:
795:
782:
771:. Retrieved
769:. 2018-04-17
766:
743:. Retrieved
739:
730:
699:
695:World War II
692:
689:World War II
679:
654:
622:Public Enemy
611:
599:
553:
535:forming the
526:
475:
442:
378:
363:
323:
320:Hugo O'Conor
316:"A" mountain
302:
288:to 150
267:
258:
247:founded the
242:
182:
103:
17:
15:
666:World War I
602:Pima County
564:agriculture
531:passed the
461:Confederate
453:John Baylor
405:Fort Tucson
379:Before the
306:missionary
89:Territorial
85:before 1539
57:History of
18:history of
1017:Categories
1007:See also:
926:2009-09-21
904:2009-09-21
882:2009-09-21
773:2018-11-16
745:2018-11-16
736:"Timeline"
722:References
422:, showing
651:Hospitals
620:'s first
482:President
370:Occidente
356:in 1821.
168:Flagstaff
128:Economics
97:1912-1944
95:Statehood
91:1853-1912
803:Archived
705:See also
558:, while
545:Prescott
505:captured
401:garrison
352:and its
190:Counties
138:Politics
111:Timeline
48:a series
46:Part of
872:FBI.gov
826:(PDF).
693:During
560:Phoenix
507:by the
457:Mesilla
418:Map of
338:Apaches
294:Hohokam
178:Phoenix
143:Society
104:present
75:Periods
59:Arizona
850:
662:gassed
533:Senate
497:picket
346:Mexico
344:after
342:Sonora
304:Jesuit
183:Tucson
163:Cities
153:Places
119:Topics
50:on the
608:Crime
449:Texan
366:Spain
101:1945–
848:ISBN
383:the
173:Mesa
16:The
664:in
618:FBI
403:of
286:BCE
278:BCE
133:Law
33:BCE
29:BCE
1019::
870:.
809:.
765:.
754:^
738:.
511:.
411:.
318:.
298:CE
290:CE
256:.
37:CE
929:.
907:.
885:.
856:.
776:.
748:.
232:e
225:t
218:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
