History of Phoenix, Arizona

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the first decorated ceramics were appearing. This was followed by the Colonial Period (c. 700 – 900 AD), during which time the irrigation system was expanded and the community sizes grew, as did the size of the dwellings. Rock art and ballcourts began to appear, and cremations became the usual form of burial. 900 to 1150 AD, referred to as the Sedentary Period, again saw the expansion of the settlements and the canal system. Platform mounds began to be built, and plazas and the ballcourts which began to appear in the last period, became more prevalent in the larger settlements. The final period, the Classic Period, lasted approximately from 1150 AD until 1450 AD. The number of villages declined during this period, but the size of the remaining settlements increased.

564:, a Confederate veteran who in November, 1867 on a visit to the Fort's camp was the first to appreciate the agricultural potential of the Salt River Valley. He promoted the first irrigation system, which was in part inspired by the ruins of Hohokam canals. Returning to Wickenburg, he raised funds from local gold miners and formed the Swilling Irrigating and Canal Company, whose intent was to build irrigation canals and develop the Salt River Valley for farming. The next month, December, Swilling led a group of 17 miners back to the valley, where they began the process of building the canals which would revitalize the area. There is no concrete evidence on who came up with the name for the new community, but anecdotal stories give credit to 269:

wholesale, banking, and governmental services for central Arizona, and was gaining a national reputation among winter tourists. The post World War Two years saw the city beginning to grow more rapidly, as many men who had trained in the military installations in the valley, returned, bringing their families. The population growth was further stimulated in the 1950s, in part because of the availability of air conditioning, which made the very hot dry summer heat tolerable, as well as an influx of industry, led by high tech companies. The population growth rate of the Phoenix metro area has been nearly 4% per year for the past 40 years. That growth rate slowed during the

1273:, especially its close ties to labor unions that he considered corrupt. Phoenix schools were segregated and the atmosphere was Southern; Goldwater quietly supported civil rights for blacks, but would not let his name be used. A pilot, outdoorsman and photographer, he developed a deep interest in both the natural history and the human history of Arizona. He entered Phoenix politics in 1949 when he was elected to the City Council as part of a nonpartisan team of candidates who promised to clean up widespread prostitution and gambling. The group won every mayoral and council election for two decades. Goldwater rebuilt the weak Republican party and won election to the 593:

With the number of residents growing (the 1870 U.S. census reported a total Salt River Valley population of 240), a town site needed to be selected. On October 20, 1870, the residents held a meeting to decide where to locate it. The decision was hotly contested between two sites: the original settlement around Swilling's farm, and a site about a mile to the west, which was supported by the newly founded "Salt River Valley Town Association" (SRVTA). Due to economic considerations benefitting the members of SRVTA, the more westerly townsite was selected, and a 320 acres (1.3 km) plot of land was purchased in what is now the downtown business section.

315: 792: 690:, the Phoenix and Maricopa, was extended from Maricopa into Tempe in 1887. Merchandise now flowed into the city by rail instead of wagon. Phoenix became a trade center, with its products reaching eastern and western markets. In response, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was organized on November 4, 1888. Earlier in 1888 the city offices were moved into the new City Hall, at Washington and Central (later the site of the city bus terminal, until Central Station was built in the 1990s). When the territorial capital was moved from Prescott to Phoenix in 1889 the temporary territorial offices were also located in City Hall. 19: 576: 853: 735: 306:

3,000 years ago when their culture began to become an agricultural lifestyle. At about this time, the introduction of the cultivation of maize further contributed to the agrarian culture. As time went on and farming became more established, groups began developing differences in their material culture. Through these differences, cultures of the Southwest became more visibly distinct from one another, which would be broken down into the farmers, the villagers, and the nomads. From the farmers culture would emerge a tribe known as the Hohokam.

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lived within the city and thousands more in surrounding communities. There were 148 miles (238 km) of paved streets and 163 miles (262 km) of unpaved streets. The 1950s growth was spurred on by advances in mechanical air conditioning, which allowed both homes and businesses to offset the extreme heat known to Phoenix during its long summers. Affordable cooling in the decade contributed to a wild building boom. In 1959 alone, Phoenix saw more new construction than it had in the more than three decades from 1914 to 1946.

1355: 636: 1486: 677: 1302:, an associate of organized crime figures, despite the committee's vehement public denunciation of crime and corruption. The newly invigorated city council introduced a more efficient, less corrupt system based on a professional city manager. While the committee could win all its elections, it was defeated on one major policy issue when a different grassroots group warned against urban renewal proposals, saying they were socialistic and threatened the rights of private property owners. 1601: 52: 1615: 597: 186: 1329:

especially the demographic change that brought in Midwesterners with a Republican heritage. The new industries were based on high technology, and attracted engineers and technicians who voted Republican and showed little interest in labor unions, as opposed to the heavily Democratic semiskilled workers in eastern factories. The retirees were mostly Republican as well. A second factor was a favorable media climate, especially from the

378:. The irrigation provided by these canals enabled the Hohokam culture to spread throughout the valley, and by 1300 AD, the Hohokam were the largest population in the prehistoric Southwest, and the largest native population north of Mexico City. This was the largest single body of land irrigated in prehistoric times in North or South America, perhaps in the world. The Hohokam also carried out extensive trade with the nearby 807:. This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed, on August 11, 1911, a joint resolution giving Arizona statehood. Taft disapproved of the recall of judges in the state constitution. Compared to Tucson or Prescott, Phoenix was considered preferable as the capital because of its central location. It was smaller than Tucson, but outgrew that city within the next few decades, to become the state's largest city. 341: 1320:

McDonald's restaurant to feature the "Golden Arches" which would become the emblematic architectural element of the global restaurant chain. The McDonald brothers, Richard and Maurice, desiring to expand the successful restaurant they had created in San Bernardino, California licensed the first McDonald's franchise to Phoenix businessman, Neil Fox and two other partners for a licensing fee of $ 1,000.00.

1421:." While a few office towers were constructed along North Central during the 1970s, none approached the scope of construction during the previous decade. Instead, the downtown area experienced a resurgence, with a level of construction activity not seen again until the urban real estate boom of the 2000s, when several high rise buildings were erected, including the buildings currently named 725: 1265:. Goldwater's parents were married in the Episcopal church and Baron broke permanently from the Jewish community. For his entire life, Goldwater was an Episcopalian, but the national media identified him as the first Jewish candidate for president, He took over the family business in 1930. In a heavily Democratic state Goldwater became a conservative Republican and a friend of 437:

irrigation systems, which spread over the entire Gila River Valley, from Florence in the east to the Estrellas in the west. Their crops included corn, beans and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did band together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes.

822:, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix's growth started to accelerate, and by the end of its first eight years under statehood, Phoenix' population had grown to 29,053. Two thousand were attending Phoenix Union High School. In 1920 Phoenix built its first skyscraper, the Heard Building. In 1928 1249:(1909–1998) was one of the city's most prominent local, statewide and national leaders. He is known for owning the city's largest department store, working to reform city government, building and leading the state Republican Party (GOP), gaining a national visibility as a powerful senator, becoming known as "Mr. Conservative" for his articulation of the once unpopular 1186:

organized in cooperation with the dominant Anglo community, but most were operated separately. Numerous postwar politicians got their start during the war on the home front, or from their experiences and contacts in the military. The postwar G.I. Bill of Rights provided mortgage funding for home ownership, allowing thousands to move out of small apartments.

1253:, and running a dramatic presidential campaign in 1964 that lost in a landslide but shifted the GOP permanently to the right. He was born in Phoenix before Arizona became a state, the son of Baron M. Goldwater and his wife, Hattie Josephine ("JoJo") Williams. His father came from a Jewish family that had emigrated from England and founded 1290:

Committee. Goldwater was a leader, and the committee, starting in 1949, swept nearly all the elections in the next two decades. The committee had a broad base that included many civic and business leaders, and made sure that all the city's religions were represented. It had one woman but no blacks or Hispanics.

572:, and another proposed name was Salina, which had been an early name for the Salt River. However, in light of the rebirth of a town after the collapse of the Hohokam civilization, the name Phoenix predominated. A letter to a newspaper in Prescott, shows that this name was already in use by January 1868. 508:. While laying claim to the area, the Confederates made no move to enforce that claim, while one of the reasons for the establishment of Fort McDowell was to support the North's possession of the territory. However, since the Phoenix area had no military value, it was not contested ground during the war. 1413:

franchise, which played its home games at the Coliseum until 1992. In 1968, the Central Arizona Project was approved by President Lyndon B. Johnson, assuring future water supplies for Phoenix, Tucson, and the agricultural corridor in between. In 1969 Catholic church created the Diocese of Phoenix on

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brought passenger and air mail service to Phoenix. In 1935 the city of Phoenix purchased the single runway airport, nicknamed "The Farm" due to its isolation, and it has been owned and operated by the city to this day. During the 1930s couples used to fly into Sky Harbor solely to get married at the

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As the city developed, so did its infrastructure and services, usually in response to a recent crisis or event. The public health department was created in the early 1880s after several smallpox outbreaks. This was followed by the establishment of a volunteer fire department after two serious fires

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By 1875, the town had a telegraph office, sixteen saloons, and four dance halls, but the townsite-commissioner form of government was no longer working well. At a mass meeting on Oct. 20, 1875, an election was held to select three village trustees and other officials. Those first three trustees were

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Spanish explorers most likely traveled through the area in the 16th century. They left accounts of their travels, and also left behind European diseases that ravaged Indian tribes with no immunity, especially smallpox, measles and influenza. The Spanish opened a mission in the Tucson area, but made

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Mexican-American local organizations enthusiastically supported the war effort, providing encouragement for the large number of men who enlisted, and assistance for their families. Many civilians were employed in the war effort, bringing the community more money than ever before. Some projects were

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was started in 1906. It was the first multiple-purpose dam, supplying both water and electric power, to be constructed under the National Reclamation Act. On May 18, 1911, the former president himself dedicated the dam, which was the largest masonry dam in the world, forming several new lakes in the

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in particular, about 7,000 BC until about 6,000 BC. Mammoths were the primary prey of hunters. As that prey moved eastward, they followed, vacating the area. Other nomadic tribes (archaic Indians) moved into the area, mostly from Mexico to the south and California to the west. Around approximately

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The Hohokam inhabitation of the valley is broken up by paleontologists into five periods. The earliest period is known as the Pioneer Period, which lasted roughly from 1–700 AD, and was categorized by groups of shallow pit houses, and by its end the first canals were being used for irrigation, and

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opened in 1992, The development of the Sunnyslope area with low-cost housing is noticed by local refugee resettlement centers, which promote the area among refugee communities. During the 1990s, refugees from Afghanistan, Bosnia, the Sudan, Somalia, Congo, Sierra Leone, Laos, Vietnam, and Central

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newspapers and their television stations, owned by Eugene Pulliam. After 1964 however the Pulliam media were politically better balanced. Finally, Pearce points to the quality of Republican candidates that Goldwater had systematically recruited from among the affluent, well-educated new arrivals

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chose Phoenix for the site of its new research and development center for military electronics. Motorola was attracted by the city's business-friendly attitude, its location within reasonable distance of supply houses in New Mexico and southern California, the potential for engineering programs at

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opened St. Joseph's Hospital in 1895, with 24 private rooms for tuberculosis patients. Although the Catholic population was small and poor, the city's Protestants were generous and funding a new hospital. In 1910 the sisters opened Arizona's first school of nursing. Today St. Joseph's Hospital is

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The Board of Supervisors in Yavapai County, which at the time encompassed Phoenix, officially recognized the new town on May 4, 1868, and formed an election precinct. The first post office was established on June 15, 1868, located in Swilling's homestead, with Swilling serving as the postmaster.

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in 1865 to quell Native American uprisings. In order to create a supply of hay for their needs, the fort established a camp on the south side of the Salt River in 1866, which was the first non-native settlement in the valley. In later years, other nearby settlements would form and merge to become

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After the departure of the paleo-Indians, archaic Indians moved into the American Southwest. This period lasted from roughly about 7,000 BC until the onset of the Christian era. Consisting of small bands of hunters and gatherers, these nomads traveled throughout the area for millennia, until about

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eater"), in recent times the tribe has dropped usage of that name. Living in small settlements, the O'odham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains, rather than the large-scale irrigation of the Akimel. They grew crops such as sweet Indian corn, tapery beans, squash, lentils sugar

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peoples occupied the land that would become Phoenix. Hohokam is a present-day name given to the occupants of central and southern Arizona who lived here between about the year 1 and 1450 CE (current era). It is derived from the Pima Indian (Akimel O'odham) word for "those who have gone" or "all

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The city grew explosively in the 1950s; the population expanded by a factor of three, and industry by a factor of fifteen. The growth brought serious problems of minority housing, traffic congestion, smog, and a fading of the traditional laid-back Phoenix lifestyle. By 1950, over 105,000 people

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During the war, public transportation was overwhelmed by the newcomers at a time when gasoline was rationed to 3 gallons a week and no new autos were built. In 1943, the transit systems operated seventeen streetcars and fifty-five buses. They carried 20,000,000 passengers a year. A fire in 1947

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issued a proclamation creating Maricopa County by dividing Yavapai County. In that same proclamation, he named Phoenix the county seat, but that nomination was subject to the approval of the voters. An election was held in May, 1871, at which Phoenix' selection as the county seat was ratified.

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but the U.S. Census Bureau predicted it would resume as the nation's economy recovered, and it already has begun to do so. It is currently the fifth largest city in the United States by population. However, on June 1, 2023, the State of Arizona announced the historic decision to halt new housing

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Arizona moved from a Democratic stronghold in the 1930s to a Republican bastion by the 1960s, with Phoenix leading the way. The Democrats lost the 5 to 1 advantage in voter registration they held at the war's end to one of equal balance by 1970. Pearce sees multiple reasons for the transition,

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By the turn of the century, the population of Phoenix had reached 5,554, and the following year, on February 25, 1901, Governor Murphy dedicated the permanent state Capitol building. It was built on a 10-acre site on the west end of Washington Street, at a cost of $ 130,000. The Phoenix City

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John Smith (chairman), Charles W. Stearns (treasurer), and Capt. Hancock (secretary). 1878 saw the opening of the first bank, a branch of the Bank of Arizona, and by 1880, Phoenix's population stood at 2,453. Later in 1880 the first legal hanging in Maricopa County was held, performed in town.

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At some point in the centuries before the Common Era, a group of archaic Indians migrated north from Mexico, bringing with them an agrarian society, different from the hunter-gatherer cultures of most of the archaic Indian tribes. Evidence of this culture has been uncovered in the Tucson area,

1550:, whose population had expanded by 29.2% during that time. 2008 was an eventful year in the Valley of the Sun. First, the Phoenix Light Rail would begin operation, with service between Phoenix, Tempe and Mesa. Second, Squaw Peak, the second tallest mountain in the city, was officially renamed 1319:

In May 1953, Phoenix became the location of the very first franchise of the McDonald's restaurant chain. The restaurant was located near the southwest corner of Central Avenue and Indian School Road. In addition to being the first McDonald's franchise, the Phoenix location was also the first

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The postwar boom was based on the arrival of young veterans who had seen enough of the city to realize its potential, and new industries. Large industry, learning of this labor pool, started to move branches here. In 1948 high-tech industry, which would become a staple of the state's economy,

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Several lots of land were sold in 1870 at an average price of $ 48. The first church opened in 1871, as did the first store. The first public school class was held on September 5, 1872, in the courtroom of the county building. By October 1873, a small school was completed on Center Street (now

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tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam. The two O'odham peoples were split between the Akimel (river people) and Tohono (desert people). The Akimel O'odham were the major Indian group in the area, and lived in small villages, with well-defined

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The first inhabitants of the desert southwest, including what would become Phoenix, called Paleo-Indians, were hunters and gatherers. The term "paleo", is derived from the Greek word "palaios," meaning ancient. They hunted Pleistocene animals, such as mammoths, mastodons, giant bison, ancient

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As in many emerging American cities at the time, Phoenix's spectacular growth did not occur evenly. It largely took place on the city's north side, a space that was nearly all white. In 1962, one local activist testified at a US Commission on Civil Rights hearing that of 31,000 homes that had

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civilization arose. The Hohokam first settled the area around 1 AD, and in about 500 years, they had begun to establish the canal system which enabled agriculture to flourish in the area. They suddenly disappeared by 1450, for unknown reasons. By the time the first Europeans arrived at the

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In 1947 a new organization, the Phoenix Charter Revision Committee, began to analyze the administrative instability, factionalism, mediocrity and low morale that had long paralyzed city government. The proposed a series of reforms and reorganized itself as the nonpartisan Charter Government

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night 1942, a brawl at a bar led to MP's arresting a black soldier, followed by a riot of black troops from segregated units. Three men died and eleven were wounded in the riot. Most of the 180 men arrested and jailed were released, but some were court-martialed and sent to military prison.

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electrified its mule-drawn streetcar lines in 1893, with streetcar service continuing until a 1947 fire. Another important event which occurred in 1893 was the passage of a territorial law which allowed Phoenix to annex land surrounding the city, as long as it obtained the permission of the

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was settled in 1867, and incorporated in 1881 as the City of Phoenix. Phoenix served as an agricultural area that depended on large-scale irrigation projects. Until World War II, the economy was based on the "Five C's": cotton, citrus, cattle, climate, and copper. The city provided retail,

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and the south before 1800. Central Arizona was first settled during the early 19th century by American settlers. The city of Phoenix's story begins as people from those settlements expanded south, in conjunction with the establishment of a military outpost to the east of current day Phoenix.

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in the city, which in turn led to the development of a public water system, begun in 1887. Other services which would see their beginnings in this decade were a private gas lighting company (1886), telephone company (1886), a mule-drawn streetcar system (1887), and electric power (1888).

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horses, camels, and giant sloths, remains of which have been discovered in the Salt River Valley. Inhabiting the southwestern United States and northern Mexico for tens of thousands of years, when the prey they depended on left the area, they followed in approximately 9,000 BC.

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adobe homestead house built around 1870 and located at 116 W. Sherman St. is one of Phoenix's oldest houses. This was the homestead house of "Lord" Darrell Duppa, an Englishman who is credited with naming the towns of "Phoenix" and "Tempe" and who is the founding of the town of

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inhabitants of that area. This would begin a process which lasts till today, as the city annexed some surrounding terrain, growing from its original 0.5 square miles of territory to slightly over 2 square miles of territory by the turn of the century. On March 12, 1895, the

615:(Probate Judge), William Hancock (Surveyor) and Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff. Barnum ran unopposed as the other two candidates had a shootout that left one dead and the other withdrawing from the race. The town's first government consisted of three commissioners. 779:, allowing for dams to be built on western streams for reclamation purposes. Residents were quick to enhance this by organizing the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association (on February 7, 1903), to manage the water and power supply. The agency still exists as part of the 849:

chapel, for Arizona was one of the few states that did not have a waiting period for marriage. It was also during the 1930s that Phoenix and its surrounding area began to be called "The Valley of the Sun", which was an advertising slogan invented to boost tourism.

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recently sprung up in this neighborhood, not a single one had been sold to an African-American. Phoenix's African-American and Mexican-American communities remained largely sequestered on the town's south side. The color lines were so rigid that no one north of

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The Maricopa are part of the larger Yuma people, however they migrated east from the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers in the early 1800s, when they began to be enemies with their Yuma brethren, settling amongst the existing communities of the Akimel O'odham.

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Over the next several decades, the city and metropolitan area attracted more growth and became a favored tourist destination for its exotic desert setting and recreational opportunities. Nightlife and civic events concentrated along now skyscraper-flanked

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as the "Hattie B." line, between central Phoenix and the southeast suburbs. It was discontinued because of high operating costs and a lack of interest from local authorities in maintaining funding. Nominated by President Reagan, on September 25, 1981,

1433:. By the end of the decade, Phoenix adopted the Phoenix Concept 2000 plan which split the city into urban villages, each with its own village core where greater height and density was permitted, further shaping the free-market development culture (see 1383:(better known by locals as the "Punch-card Building" in recognition of its unique southeastern facade), was also finished in 1964. In addition to a number of other office towers, many of Phoenix's residential high-rises were built during this decade. 446:

cane and melons, as well as taking advantage of native plants, such as saguaro fruits, cholla buds, mesquite tree beans, and mesquite candy (sap from the mesquite tree). They also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit and javalina for meat.

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The Tohono O'odham lived in the region as well, but their main concentration was further to south of the Pima, and stretched all the way to the Mexican border. Originally known to the European settlers as the Papago (which literally means

1582:, have recovered and stabilized. As of 2005, Downtown Phoenix and the central core were experiencing renewed interest and expansion, resulting in numerous restaurants, stores and businesses opening or relocating to central Phoenix. 864:). Its economy was still based on cotton, citrus and cattle, while it also provided retail, wholesale, banking, and governmental services for central Arizona, and was gaining a national reputation among winter tourists. 240:

1,000 BC, the nomadic began to be accompanied by two other types of cultures, commonly called the farmers and the villagers, prompted by the introduction of maize into their culture. Out of these archaic Indians, the

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During World War II, Phoenix's economy shifted to that of a distribution center, rapidly turning into an embryonic industrial city with mass production of military supplies. There were 3 Air Force fields in the area:

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The Phoenix weather was a major attraction for tuberculosis patients during a time when the only cure for the widespread, fatal lung disease was rest in a dry, warm climate. The Roman Catholic order of the

1570:. In early 2009, the median home price was $ 150,000, down from its $ 262,000 peak in recent years. Crime rates in Phoenix have declined in recent years and once troubled, decaying neighborhoods such as 743:

Council levied a $ 5,000,000 tax for a public library after the state legislature, in 1901, passed a bill allowing such a tax to support free libraries. This action satisfied the conditions set by

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The Salt River's irregular supply of water and lack of navigability appears to have otherwise prevented stable communities from being established nearby until the modern period of US control.

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A town that had just over sixty-five thousand residents in 1940 became America's sixth largest city by 2010, with a population of nearly 1.5 million, and millions more in nearby suburbs.

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part of a corporation called Dignity Health, and is still operated by the Sisters of Mercy. Until 1901, the sisters also ran Sacred Heart Academy, an elite school for young ladies. The

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ran its first train to Phoenix, connecting it to the northern part of Arizona. The additional railroad sped the capital city's economic rise. The year 1895 also saw the establishment of

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At some point in the mid-15th century, the Hohokam culture simply disappeared from the area, speculation as to why has focused on periods of drought and severe floods during this period.

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Phoenix has maintained an expansion streak in recent years, growing by 24.2% before 2007. This made it the second-fastest-expanding metropolitan area in the United States preceded by

539:(1830–1878) founded Phoenix in 1867 as a venture in irrigated farmland. He never overcame his addiction to drugs and liquor, and died in jail while awaiting trial for highway robbery. 833:

On March 4, 1930, Former President Calvin Coolidge dedicated a dam on the Gila River named in his honor. Because of a long drought the "lake" behind it held no water. Humorist

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and numerous others. Pearce, however, also notes a growing right-wing element, based in Phoenix, that repeatedly challenged the business-oriented Republican establishment.

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Larson, Kelli L., et al. "Vulnerability of water systems to the effects of climate change and urbanization: A comparison of Phoenix, Arizona and Portland, Oregon (USA)."

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In 1971, Phoenix adopted the Central Phoenix Plan, allowing unlimited building heights along Central Avenue, but the plan did not sustain long-term development of the "

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Konig, Michael Francis. "Toward metropolis status: charter government and the rise of Phoenix, Arizona, 1945–1960" Ph D dissertation, Arizona State University, 1983.

3417: 826:, Inc. saw profitability in flights in the Southwest. Scenic General Manager, J. Parker Van Zandt purchased land for Scenic in Phoenix, and named the new airport 1508:

of Columbus, Ohio, in 1992. The sale for $ 1.2 billion was part of the trend toward outside ownership of the state's banking assets. 1993 saw the creation of "

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on February 25, 1881, officially incorporating Phoenix with a population of approximately 2,500. On May 3, 1881, Phoenix held its first city election. Judge

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Seymour, Deni J. "Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I".

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Whitaker, Matthew C. "The rise of Black Phoenix: African-American migration, settlement and community development in Maricopa County, Arizona 1868–1930."

4042: 4065: 484:, the Salt River and Gila River Valleys, which comprise much of the territory which makes up Phoenix today, were claimed by both sides in the conflict. 4765:

Keys, Eric, Elizabeth A. Wentz, and Charles L. Redman. "The spatial structure of land use from 1970–2000 in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area."

837:, also a guest speaker, quipped, "If that was my lake I'd mow it." Phoenix's population had nearly doubled during the 1920s, and now stood at 48,118. 2870: 3468: 1437:, below). This officially turned Phoenix into a city of many nodes, which would later be connected by freeways. 1972 would see the opening of the 1371:

opened; at the time it was the tallest building in Arizona, topping off at 341 feet. 1964 saw the completion of the Rozenweig Center, today called

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December 2, by splitting the Archdiocese of Tucson. The first bishop was the Most Reverend Edward A. McCarthy, who had become a Bishop in 1965.

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Bolin, Bob, Sara Grineski, and Timothy Collins. "The Geography of Despair: Environmental Racism and the Making of South Phoenix, Arizona, USA,"

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of 1853 the U.S. promised to honor all land rights of the area, including those of the O'odham. The O'odham gained full constitutional rights.

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During their inhabitation of the valley, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles (217 km) of irrigation canals, making the desert land

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Grineski, Sara E., Bob Bolin, and Victor Agadjanian. "Tuberculosis and urban growth: class, race and disease in early Phoenix, Arizona, USA."

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The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events that revolutionized the economy of Phoenix. A spur of the

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August, Jack L. "Water, Politics, and the Arizona Dream: Carl Hayden and the Modern Origins of the Central Arizona Project, 1922–1963."

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would rent to the African-American baseball star Willie Mays, in town for spring training in the 1960s. In 1964, a reporter from the

4789:"Insatiable Thirst and a Finite Supply: An Assessment of Municipal Water-Conservation Policy in Greater Phoenix, Arizona, 1980–2007" 2267: 1465:, the nation's largest nuclear power plant, begin electrical production. Conceived in 1980, the Arizona Science Center, located in 4758:

Judkins, Gabe. "Declining cotton cultivation in Maricopa County, Arizona: An examination of macro-and micro-scale driving forces,"

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As the Civil War came to a close, settlers from the north and east began to encroach on the Valley of the Sun. The US Army set up

322:. located at the Deer Valley Rock Art Center in Phoenix shows a "scene", in the lower right hand corner, of two deer bumping heads. 4621:

Franklin, Kathy Smith. "A Spirit of Mercy: The Sisters of Mercy and the Founding of St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix, 1892–1912,"

1516:, using inmate labor, to alleviate overcrowding in the Maricopa County Jail system, the fourth-largest in the world. The famous " 4874: 2830:

Kathy Smith Franklin, "A Spirit of Mercy: The Sisters of Mercy and the Founding of St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix, 1892–1912,"

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Salt River Valley, Arizona, offers productive lands, a healthful climate and rare opportunities to the investor and homeseeker

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Grimm, Nancy B., and Charles L. Redman. "Approaches to the study of urban ecosystems: The case of Central Arizona—Phoenix."

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General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Archeological Projects Within the Boundaries of the City of Phoenix, Arizona

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Philip R. VanderMeer, "The Valley of Fear: Political Change, Housing Reform, and Anticommunism in Phoenix, 1950 to 1970,"

3217: 3711: 2220: 1589:

reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff.

814:

Radio program written and performed in Phoenix, Arizona, by children of Junior Artists Club (Federal Arts Program, 1935).

4313: 3611: 2315: 4580:

Doti, Lynne Pierson, and Larry Schweikart. "Financing the Postwar Housing Boom in Phoenix and Los Angeles, 1945–1960."

1643: 1559: 1399: 524:, to the north-west of modern Phoenix. At the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated: the land was within 126: 1395:

wrote of segregation in these terms: "Apartheid is complete. The two cities look at each other across a golf course."

4506: 4488: 4439: 4393: 4370: 4342: 4278: 4250: 3985: 3072: 2899: 2465: 2381: 1461:

broke the gender barrier on the U.S. Supreme Court, when she was sworn in as the first female justice. 1985 saw the

1250: 399: 337:

peoples, who, right around the beginning of the Common Era, moved further north and settled in the Salt River basin.

116: 2059: 4633:

Minorities in Phoenix: A Profile of Mexican American, Chinese American, and African American Communities, 1860–1992

2363: 1536: 1197:

German prisoners of war built a secret tunnel at the prisoner-of-war camp which was located at the present site of

620: 333:

consisting of slab-lined storage pits, and "sleeping circles". This archaic Indian culture would give rise to the

207: 3344: 3180:

Christine Marín, "Mexican Americans on the Home Front: Community Organizations in Arizona during World War II, "

1504:, with $ 11 billion in assets, was the biggest bank in Arizona, and one of the oldest, when it was bought out by 1501: 1500:

and South America would settle there. 43 different languages would be spoken in local schools by the year 2000.

1410: 841: 623:). The total value of the Phoenix Townsite was $ 550, with downtown lots selling for between $ 7 and $ 11 each. 4827:

Schweikart, Larry. "Collusion or Competition?: Another Look at Banking During Arizona's Boom Years, 1950–1965."

4597:

Schweikart, Larry. "Collusion or Competition?: Another Look at Banking During Arizona's Boom Years, 1950–1965."

4424: 469:

ended in 1848, most of Mexico's northern zone passed to United States control, and a portion of it was made the

1638: 649:

By 1881, Phoenix' continued growth made the existing village structure with a board of trustees obsolete. The

3800: 3526: 3490: 489: 151: 4779:

Larsen, Larissa, and Sharon L. Harlan. "Desert dreamscapes: residential landscape preference and behavior."

860:

In 1940 as the Depression ended, Phoenix had a population of 65,000 (with 121,000 more in the remainder of

1190: 654: 66: 4638:

Melcher, Mary. "Blacks and Whites Together: Interracial Leadership in the Phoenix Civil Rights Movement."

4548: 4525: 4091: 3083: 2874: 2373: 1547: 1422: 1262: 1148: 200: 94: 31: 1575: 1521: 1509: 1430: 1388: 1205:

of 23 December 1944, 25 POW's escaped. Local and federal officials took a month to recapture them all.

819: 765: 402:

west of Phoenix. If confirmed, this is the only known Native American representation of the supernova.

166: 4570:(4 vol.) (Record Publishing Co., 1930), with hundreds of biographies and detailed coverage of the city 1338:

from the East. They attracted votes across party lines, as did Goldwater himself, as well as Governor

644:, located at 1008 E. Buckeye Road, was built in 1879 and is one of the oldest known houses in Phoenix. 314: 2594: 1257:, the largest department store in Phoenix. Goldwater's mother, who was Episcopalian came from an old 1103: 1088: 1073: 1058: 1043: 1028: 1013: 998: 983: 968: 953: 938: 923: 908: 893: 713: 687: 492:, and formally created by a proclamation by Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862. Its capital was at 245:

beginning of the 16th century, the two main groups of native Indians who inhabited the area were the

156: 791: 327: 3194: 2782: 1567: 1524:

sightings took place in March 1997. 1997 also saw the closing, after 116 years of publication, of

1380: 1368: 1281:

by enough of a lead in the Phoenix area to narrowly overcome Democratic strength in rural Arizona.

1227: 776: 521: 466: 1934: 278:, due to a predicted water shortfall to support continued unregulated growth, in conjunction with 84: 3897: 2341: 2173: 1418: 1364: 1167: 1159: 525: 371: 78: 1539:

crime sprees occurred in Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa. Steele Indian School Park was the site of a

3876: 3850: 3077: 2100: 1458: 1175: 1163: 784: 704: 545: 375: 3456:

The Mountain States of America: people, politics, and power in the eight Rocky Mountain states

2998: 2991: 4654: 4113: 2950: 1997: 1562:

woman to die in combat with the U.S. military, and the first American female casualty in the

1438: 1434: 1426: 823: 700: 580: 501: 2817: 18: 4179: 2293: 1606: 1505: 1376: 470: 398:

created a representation of the event in the form of a petroglyph that can be found in the

3687: 3652: 3033: 1841:"Arizona will halt new home approvals in parts of metro Phoenix as water supplies tighten" 1817: 818:

In 1913 Phoenix adopted a new form of government, changing from a mayor-council system to

8: 4655:"Great expectations: African American and Latino relations in Phoenix since World War II" 4480: 4334: 2818:"St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center | Arizona Medical | Dignity Health" 2271: 1372: 1202: 1155: 800: 517: 493: 485: 3243: 1585:

In June 2017, a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft, with

575: 22:

Skyline view of Phoenix — looking northeast from a helicopter, from above the 4th Avenue

4727:

Fink, Jonathan. "Phoenix, the Role of the University, and the Politics of Green-Tech."

4701: 4673: 4643: 4585: 4473: 4327: 2552: 1633: 1403: 1171: 804: 780: 772: 607: 585: 481: 40: 852: 734: 256:

While the first explorers were Spanish, their attempts at settlement were confined to

4662: 4556: 4502: 4484: 4435: 4408: 4389: 4382: 4366: 4338: 4293: 4274: 4246: 4227: 4208: 3794: 3520: 3484: 3163: 3138: 3002: 2930: 2420: 2377: 2200: 2024: 1865: 1586: 1555: 1496: 1470: 1453: 1343: 1291: 1235: 845: 751:

to the city. The Carnegie Free Library opened in 1908, dedicated by Benjamin Fowler.

611:

Quite a few members of SRVTA were also elected to county positions: among them were

569: 505: 497: 418: 414: 236: 72: 4420: 3963: 3132: 2844: 2743: 2517: 4800: 3619: 3443: 3059: 2491: 2397: 1755: 1354: 1339: 1278: 1179: 756: 748: 695: 666: 635: 474: 383: 265: 3741: 3274: 3162:(revised ed.). Fallon, NV: Western Military History Association. p. 54. 3109: 1912: 1890: 1791: 1760: 1747: 1485: 1298:

provided extensive publicity. Much of the committee's funding secretly came from

2367: 1532: 1246: 861: 744: 658: 422: 270: 3544: 1725:"Summary – Indigenous People of the Southwest – Culture, Tradition and Religion" 1238:

would follow Motorola's lead and set up manufacturing operations in the Valley.

703:, and 1892 saw the creation of the Phoenix Sewer and Drainage Department. The 606:

On February 14, 1871, following a vote by the territorial legislature, Governor

568:, who suggested they name it Phoenix. Swilling had suggested "Stonewall", after 3160:

The Land That God Forgot: The Saga of Gen. George Patton's Desert Training Camp

2444:"The Forgotten Legacy, A Short History of the Confederate Territory of Arizona" 2246: 1620: 1517: 1266: 1254: 554: 426: 279: 190: 4805: 4788: 4729:

Sustainability in America's Cities. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

3715: 2224: 676: 4858: 4546: 4518:

An economic, political and social survey of Phoenix and the Valley of the sun

2967: 2319: 1571: 1551: 1474: 1452:

worked together and temporarily operated a train service, referred to by the

1299: 699:

became a daily paper in 1890, with Ed Gill as its editor. 1891 was marked by

662: 653:

passed "The Phoenix Charter Bill", incorporating Phoenix and providing for a

612: 565: 561: 536: 367: 232: 4560: 3310:

Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus

3167: 394:

civilizations like the Aztecs. It is believed that a Hohokam witness of the

4539:

Luckingham, Bradford. "Urban development in Arizona: the rise of Phoenix."

4533: 3137:. Randolph AFB, Texas: Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC. 1579: 1407: 391: 3989: 2903: 2469: 2063: 1566:. And later that same year Phoenix was one of cities hardest hit by the 1198: 834: 549: 442: 363: 275: 4705: 4647: 4626: 2443: 1429:(at 483 feet, the tallest building in both Phoenix and Arizona) and the 528:, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg. 496:, in New Mexico. The North claimed the Salt River Valley as part of the 51: 4736:

Metropolitan Phoenix: Place making and community building in the desert

4606:

Sunbelt Capitalism: Phoenix and the Transformation of American Politics

4589: 1513: 1406:, west of downtown, and in 1968, the city was surprisingly awarded the 246: 4712:

Transformation In The Desert – Story Of Arizona's Valley National Bank

4463:

Barney, James M. "Phoenix, A History of its Pioneer Days and People."

3403:

Michael Konig, "Phoenix in the 1950S: Urban Growth in the 'Sunbelt,'"

4836:

All the Time a Newspaper: The First 100 Years of the Arizona Republic

2805:

All the Time a Newspaper: The First 100 Years of the Arizona Republic

596: 433: 340: 250: 3815:"Phoenix General Plan Update: Transitioning to a Sustainable Future" 2101:"CNN.com – Ancient rock art may depict exploding star – Jun 6, 2006" 1563: 1444:

After the Salt River flooded in 1980 and damaged many bridges, the

1222: 274:

development in the Phoenix metropolitan area that relies solely on

1209:

destroyed most of the streetcars, and the city switched to buses.

395: 387: 379: 351: 334: 241: 3056:

Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990

531: 4260:

Montero, Laurene; Stubing, Michael; Turner, Korri (June 2008).

3442:

Phoenix Magazine, August 2016; Mac Daddy; Keridwen Cornelius.

1449: 1258: 1230:), and the climate. In time, other high-tech companies such as 1182:

west of Phoenix, brought thousands of new people into Phoenix.

473:(including what is now Phoenix) shortly afterward. Then In the 366:. Paths of these canals would later become used for the modern 257: 3541:"The Phoenix Financial Center a.k.a. Western Savings and Loan" 3218:"The Not-So-Great Escape: German POWs in the U.S. during WWII" 724: 4822:

Bird on fire: Lessons from the world's least sustainable city

4787:

Larson, Kelli L.; Gustafson, Annie; Hirt, Paul (April 2009).

4499:

Phoenix in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Community History

4475:

Phoenix: a chronological & documentary history, 1865–1976

4353:

Phoenix in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Community History

4329:

Phoenix: a chronological & documentary history, 1865–1976

1231: 2968:"1935 and The Farm -- Sky Harbor's Early Years and Memories" 2342:"History of the Lower Salt River Prior to February 14, 1912" 4456:

Alsap, John T. "Resources of the Salt River Valley, 1872."

3847:"Symphony Hall — a perfect harmony between event and venue" 3598:

Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest

3583:

Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest

3568:

Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest

3240:"A Brief History Of Public Transportation in Metro Phoenix" 2765: 2763: 2761: 2645: 2643: 2270:. Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community. Archived from 2129: 2127: 3507:. Emporis. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014 2344:. Arizona Navigable Stream Adjudication Commission (ANSAC) 1754:. New Series. 37, No. 2, Part 1 (Apr–Jun, 1935): 257–258. 803:, Phoenix became the capital of the newly formed state of 4429: 4184: 4153: 3781:. Emporis. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012 3471:. Emporis. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012 3392: 1174:

in Scottsdale. These facilities, coupled with the giant

425:

tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the

4760:

Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers

3600:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 87. 3585:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 86. 3570:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 84. 3134:

History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002

2993:

Valley 101: A Slightly Skewed Guide to Living in Arizona

2758: 2715: 2640: 2559: 2124: 3740:. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix. Archived from 2037: 1832: 1768: 844:, Sky Harbor was sold to another investor, and in 1930 4774:

Fuel for Growth: Water and Arizona's Urban Environment

4547:

Maricopa County (Ariz.). Board of Supervisors (1908),

2703: 2691: 2679: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2154: 4523: 3030:"Phoenix (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau" 2628: 1681: 1679: 1666: 1664: 830:, which was formally dedicated on Labor Day in 1929. 557:, but this community was incorporated after Phoenix. 4652: 4264:. City of Phoenix, Street Transportation Department. 4066:"In Pictures: America's Fastest-Growing Cities from" 2655: 1949: 1700:"Prehistoric Arizona saw mammoths, hunters, farmers" 1596: 4786: 4405:

Desert Visions and the Making of Phoenix, 1860–2009

4013:"Banc One Set to Acquire Valley National for Stock" 3073:"Subcounty population estimates: Arizona 2010–2011" 2611: 2571: 2062:. Arizona Museum of Natural History. Archived from 1310: 4472: 4470: 4381: 4326: 4324: 4180:"How hot is it in the West? Let us count the ways" 2990: 2667: 1676: 1661: 290: 4659:African American Urban History since World War II 4657:. In Kenneth L. Kusmer and Joe W. Trotter (ed.). 4432:Phoenix Rising: The Making of a Desert Metropolis 4384:Phoenix: The History of a Southwestern Metropolis 4271:Phoenix Rising: the Making of a Desert Metropolis 3022: 2553:"Fort McDowell – In the Midst of the Apache Wars" 2540:Phoenix: The History of a Southwestern Metropolis 500:, formed by Congress in 1863 with its capital at 4856: 4314:Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona § Bibliography 3988:. John C. Lincoln Health Network. Archived from 3875:. Archive.azrail.org. 1980-03-07. Archived from 3444:http://www.phoenixmag.com/history/mac-daddy.html 2606:timeline – 1866 entry discussing early farm camp 764:opened St. Mary's Catholic High School in 1917. 669:, 127 to 107, to become the city's first mayor. 235:who existed in the Americas in general, and the 4149:"Heat wave hits Southwest on 1st day of summer" 1649:List of historic properties in Phoenix, Arizona 520:was the first to be established in what is now 2924: 1838: 1541:mid-air collision between two news helicopters 413:After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of 231:, goes back millennia, beginning with nomadic 4114:"Obama expected to announce foreclosure plan" 4037: 4035: 4033: 3807: 1816:. United States Census Bureau. Archived from 1166:, as well as two large pilot training camps, 208: 4734:Gober, Patricia, and Barbara Trapido-Lurie. 4615: 4430:VanderMeer, Philip; Mary VanderMeer (2002). 3820:. Phoenix.gov. December 2010. Archived from 3242:. The Phoenix Trolley Museum. Archived from 2962: 2960: 1284: 1261:family that included the famous theologian, 768:for boys was opened in 1928 by the Jesuits. 504:, before it was moved the following year to 3849:. Phoenix Convention Center. Archived from 3265: 3263: 3261: 2221:"San Xavier del Bac Mission-Tohono O'odham" 1719: 1717: 1323: 297:Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions 4690: 4379: 4287: 4268: 4030: 2769: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2649: 2565: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1885: 1883: 1860: 1858: 1814:"Phoenix QuickFacts from US Census Bureau" 1294:, owner of the city's major newspaper the 701:the greatest flood in the Valley's history 511: 215: 201: 4804: 4608:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) 4092:"Feds OK naming Phoenix peak for soldier" 3873:"The 1980 "Hattie B." Flood Relief Train" 2982: 2957: 2845:"Salt River Project: Historical timeline" 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1759: 681:An aerial lithograph of Phoenix from 1885 285: 4290:Desert Visions and the Making of Phoenix 3258: 3182:Perspectives in Mexican American Studies 2988: 2894: 2892: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2775: 2362: 2194: 2054: 2052: 2023:. American Traveler Press. p. 103. 1748:"Generic Descent of the Papago Villages" 1714: 1484: 1353: 851: 809: 790: 733: 723: 675: 634: 595: 574: 530: 339: 313: 17: 4496: 4360: 4350: 4259: 4134:Nora Burba Trulsson, "Phoenix Rising," 4063: 3595: 3580: 3565: 3393:/content/39/6/1027.full.pdf+html online 3345:"A Look at the Life of Barry Goldwater" 3232: 3195:"Phoenix's Thanksgiving Day Riot, 1942" 3130: 3032:. Quickfacts.census.gov. Archived from 2727: 2468:. jeff.scott.tripod.com. Archived from 2268:"Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People" 2133: 2043: 2018: 1955: 1905: 1880: 1855: 1358:Neighborhood in Central Phoenix in 1966 1277:, defeating the Senate Majority Leader 630: 408: 4857: 4566:Sloan, Richard E., and Ward R. Adams. 3273:. The Natural American. Archived from 3215: 3157: 2742:. The Natural American. Archived from 2260: 2084: 1961: 1780: 1745: 1697: 1558:, an Arizona native who was the first 886: 799:On February 14, 1912, under President 729:Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona, 1908 710:Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway 462:no settlements anywhere near Phoenix. 4240: 4221: 4202: 4089: 4010: 3216:Bailey, Ronald H. (5 November 2007). 3086:, Population Division. August 9, 2012 2925:Soderberg, Paul; Wojna, Lisa (2008). 2889: 2858: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2634: 2622: 2577: 2174:"Gila River Indian Community History" 2160: 2049: 1774: 1685: 1670: 1469:, opened in 1984. 1987 saw visits by 1463:Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station 4714:(1962), memoir by longtime president 4497:Johnson, G. Wesley Jr., ed. (1993). 4351:Johnson, G. Wesley Jr., ed. (1993). 4207:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4045:. The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com 3944:. The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com 3922:. The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com 3420:. Arizona Edventures. Archived from 3410: 2223:. San Xavier Mission. Archived from 1629:Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona history 1446:Arizona Department of Transportation 719: 560:The history of the city begins with 350:For more than 2,000 years, the 4674:Historical Studies of Urban America 4090:Myers, Amanda Lee (10 April 2008). 3738:"History of the Diocese of Phoenix" 3543:. ModernPhoenix.net. Archived from 2441: 2418: 2412: 2197:The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta 2145: 1806: 456: 390:, as well as with the more distant 13: 4446:; well illustrated popular history 4292:. University of New Mexico Press. 4064:Woolsey, Matt (October 31, 2007). 3986:"John C. Lincoln Timeline – 1990s" 3108:. scottsdaleaz.gov. Archived from 1927: 1790:. Natural American. Archived from 1739: 1644:Pioneer and Military Memorial Park 1400:Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum 1241: 876: 657:. The bill was signed by Governor 432:The O'odham were offshoots of the 396:supernova that occurred in 1006 CE 14: 4886: 4849:Popular history from city website 4842: 1996:. City of Phoenix. Archived from 1379:'s largest project, the landmark 1349: 1212: 795:Hotel San Carlos – Opened in 1928 400:White Tank Mountain Regional Park 309: 4738:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2006). 4172: 4141: 4128: 4106: 4083: 4057: 4011:Quint, Michael (15 April 1992). 4004: 3978: 3956: 3934: 3912: 3890: 3865: 3839: 3771: 3763:"Containment of hi-rise urged". 3756: 3730: 3197:. BlackPast.org. 22 January 2007 2873:. AZ100Years.org. Archived from 2516:. Wickenburg, AZ. Archived from 1613: 1599: 1537:Dale Hausner and Samuel Dieteman 1311:Population and industrial growth 738:Phoenix stock yards in the 1940s 516:In 1863 the mining community of 184: 50: 4661:. University of Chicago Press. 4555:, New York: Norman Pierce Co., 4526:"Phoenix and Salt River Valley" 4388:. University of Arizona Press. 4361:Johnson, G. Wesley Jr. (1982). 4307: 4243:Arizona, An Illustrated History 3704: 3669: 3634: 3604: 3589: 3574: 3559: 3533: 3497: 3461: 3448: 3436: 3397: 3381: 3368: 3355: 3337: 3324: 3315: 3302: 3289: 3209: 3187: 3174: 3151: 3124: 3098: 3065: 3048: 2970:. skyharbor.com. 30 August 1930 2943: 2918: 2902:. Hello Phoenix. Archived from 2837: 2824: 2810: 2797: 2583: 2545: 2532: 2506: 2484: 2458: 2435: 2390: 2356: 2334: 2308: 2286: 2239: 2213: 2188: 2166: 2139: 2115: 2093: 2078: 2012: 1839:Brandon Loomis (June 1, 2023). 1698:Nilsen, Richard (4 June 2011). 1480: 1142: 291:Paleo and archaic Indian period 4875:Histories of cities in Arizona 4683:(2000) 85#3 pp. 197–209. 4524:James, George Wharton (1917), 4365:. Continental Heritage Press. 3898:"First Woman to Supreme Court" 2997:. Primer Publishers. pp. 1691: 1639:6th Avenue Hotel-Windsor Hotel 601:Phoenix Herald Building – 1879 1: 4817:(2013) 52#1 pp. 179–195. 4769:(2007) 59#1 pp. 131–147. 4653:Whitaker, Matthew C. (2009). 4625:(1998) 39#3 pp. 263–288 4574: 4380:Luckingham, Bradford (1995). 3712:"CAP Your Water. Your Future" 3686:. p. 170. Archived from 3651:. p. 122. Archived from 2871:"This Day in Arizona History" 2398:"O'odham History and Culture" 2176:. Gila River Indian Community 1761:10.1525/aa.1935.37.2.02a00060 1727:. wordpress.com. 15 June 2013 1654: 1402:opened on the grounds of the 788:surrounding mountain ranges. 762:Sisters of the Precious Blood 4870:History of the American West 4781:Landscape and urban planning 4762:(2008): 70#1 pp. 70–95. 4407:. Univ of New Mexico Press. 3714:. cap-az.com. Archived from 3106:"Scottsdale Airport History" 2514:"Town of Wickenburg History" 2148:New Mexico Historical Review 1305: 1269:. He was outspoken against 747:in his proposal to donate a 716:, with an enrollment of 90. 651:11th Territorial Legislature 345:Map of Hohokam Lands c. 1350 7: 4865:History of Phoenix, Arizona 4471:Buchanan, James E. (1978), 4450: 4403:VanderMeer, Philip (2010). 4325:Buchanan, James E. (1978), 4288:VanderMeer, Philip (2010). 4269:VanderMeer, Philip (2002). 3391:(2013) 39#6 pp. 1027–1044. 3271:"Growing into a Metropolis" 3131:Manning, Thomas A. (2005). 3084:United States Census Bureau 2593:. Tempe.gov. Archived from 2494:. Arizona Civil War Council 2374:University of Arizona Press 1788:"Growing into a Metropolis" 1592: 1226:Arizona State College (now 1149:Arizona during World War II 229:history of Phoenix, Arizona 10: 4891: 4829:Journal of Arizona History 4698:Journal of Arizona History 4640:Journal of Arizona History 4623:Journal of Arizona History 4616:Ethnicity, race, religion 4604:Shermer, Elizabeth Tandy. 4599:Journal of Arizona History 4541:Journal of Arizona History 4363:Phoenix, Valley of the Sun 4318: 4311: 4196: 3469:"Phoenix Corporate Center" 3184:(1993), Vol. 4, pp. 75–92. 2832:Journal of Arizona History 2019:Trimble, Marshall (1988). 1746:Hoover, J.W. (June 1935). 1146: 842:stock market crash of 1929 766:Brophy College Preparatory 488:was officially claimed by 417:(commonly known as Pima), 325: 294: 4806:10.1017/S0898030609090058 4793:Journal of Policy History 4582:Pacific Historical Review 4520:Southside progress, 1941. 4465:Arizona Historical Review 4458:Arizona Historical Review 4245:. Hippocrene Books, Inc. 4226:. Arizona Pioneer Press. 3799:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3525:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3489:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3158:Henley, David C. (1992). 2951:"City of Phoenix History" 1937:. Encyclopædia Britannica 1467:Heritage and Science Park 1285:Reform of city government 1130: 1117: 1102: 1087: 1072: 1057: 1042: 1027: 1012: 997: 982: 967: 952: 937: 922: 907: 892: 885: 880: 875: 872: 714:Phoenix Union High School 688:Southern Pacific Railroad 4815:Environmental management 4755:(2006) 12#4 pp: 603–616. 4681:Journal of Negro History 4516:Horton, Arthur Gotzian. 4203:Gober, Patricia (2006). 4116:. CNN. February 17, 2009 3596:Needham, Andrew (2014). 3581:Needham, Andrew (2014). 3566:Needham, Andrew (2014). 3389:Journal of Urban History 2834:(1998) 39#3 pp. 263–288. 2740:"Phoenix Valley History" 2591:"Tempe History Timeline" 2247:"Tohono O'odham History" 2195:McIntyre, Allan (2008). 2085:Turney, Omar A. (1929). 1913:"Desert Archaic Peoples" 1568:Subprime mortgage crisis 1490:Downtown Phoenix in 2012 1381:Phoenix Financial Center 1369:Phoenix Corporate Center 1324:Political transformation 1228:Arizona State University 1221:arrived in Phoenix when 1137: 777:National Reclamation Act 655:mayor-council government 4767:Professional Geographer 4691:Environment and economy 4610:excerpt and text search 4530:Arizona, the Wonderland 4513:, 15 essays by scholars 4434:. Heritage Media Corp. 4425:excerpt and text search 4357:, 15 essays by scholars 4355:. U. of Oklahoma Press. 4273:. Heritage Media Corp. 4241:Lavin, Patrick (2001). 4222:Grady, Patrick (2012). 3365:(1995) pp. 85–86, 92–99 2989:Thompson, Clay (1999). 2400:. Tohono O'odham Nation 1752:American Anthropologist 1172:Thunderbird Field No. 2 1168:Thunderbird Field No. 1 512:The founding of Phoenix 372:Central Arizona Project 4783:78.1–2 (2006): 85–100. 4731:(2011) pp. 69–90. 4631:Luckingham, Bradford. 3767:: 53. 5 December 1969. 3407:(1982) 24#1 pp. 19–38. 3405:Arizona & the West 3374:Robert Alan Goldberg, 3330:Robert Alan Goldberg, 3062:: Scarecrow, 1996, 14. 2199:. Arcadia Publishing. 2087:Prehistoric Irrigation 1554:after Army Specialist 1531:In the mid-2000s, the 1492: 1359: 1176:Desert Training Center 857: 856:View of Phoenix, 1940s 815: 796: 785:Theodore Roosevelt Dam 739: 731: 705:Phoenix Street Railway 683: 646: 603: 589: 541: 376:Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct 347: 323: 286:Native American period 23: 4138:(March 2005) pp. 27+. 4043:"Timeline: 1980–2010" 3677:"Season Review 92–93" 3642:"Season Review 68–69" 3505:"Phoenix City Square" 2555:. Legends of America. 2538:Bradford Luckingham, 2466:"CivilWar in Arizona" 2421:"Confederate Arizona" 2121:Trimble 1988, p. 105. 1488: 1439:Phoenix Symphony Hall 1357: 868:Historical population 855: 813: 794: 737: 727: 679: 638: 599: 581:Phillip Darrell Duppa 578: 534: 343: 317: 21: 4719:Human Ecology Review 4419:; scholarly history 4205:Metropolitan Phoenix 3966:. SkyscraperPage.com 3942:"Arizona Centennial" 3920:"Arizona Centennial" 2542:(1995). pp. 272–273. 2446:. azrebel.tripod.com 1994:"History of Phoenix" 1607:United States portal 1377:Wenceslaus Sarmiento 631:Incorporation (1881) 471:New Mexico Territory 467:Mexican–American War 409:Modern Indian period 4851:, emphasis pre-1914 4745:7 (2004): 199-213. 4481:Oceana Publications 4479:, Dobbs Ferry, NY: 4335:Oceana Publications 4333:, Dobbs Ferry, NY: 3992:on 28 February 2014 3964:"Phoenix City Hall" 3853:on 27 February 2014 3827:on 21 February 2014 3744:on 27 February 2014 3718:on 22 February 2014 3547:on 22 February 2014 3458:(1972), pp. 222–223 3424:on 22 February 2014 3349:The Washington Post 3112:on 25 February 2014 2929:. Blue Nile Books. 2906:on 22 February 2014 2520:on 31 December 2013 2472:on 22 February 2014 2419:Gilbert, Thomas D. 2372:. Tucson, Arizona: 2364:Sheridan, Thomas E. 2322:on 22 February 2014 2227:on 28 February 2014 2066:on 30 November 2012 1891:"The Paleo-Indians" 1843:. USA TODAY Network 1777:, pp. 118–125. 1526:The Phoenix Gazette 1459:Sandra Day O'Connor 1373:Phoenix City Square 1275:U.S. Senate in 1952 1271:New Deal liberalism 1203:Great Papago Escape 1178:created by General 869: 801:William Howard Taft 771:In 1902, President 642:Jones-Montoya House 486:Confederate Arizona 4824:(Oxford UP, 2011). 4772:Kupel, Douglas E. 4753:Health & place 4568:History of Arizona 4467:5 (1933): 264–285. 4460:(1936) 7#3: 50–54. 3622:on 5 February 2014 3277:on 1 February 2015 3246:on August 29, 2014 2877:on 2 February 2014 2783:"Phoenix: History" 2746:on 4 November 2013 2423:. civilwarhome.com 2376:. pp. 22–39. 2369:Arizona: A History 2316:"Maricopa Indians" 1794:on 1 February 2015 1702:. Arizona Republic 1634:History of Arizona 1493: 1404:Arizona State Fair 1360: 867: 858: 816: 797: 781:Salt River Project 773:Theodore Roosevelt 740: 732: 684: 647: 608:Anson P.K. Safford 604: 590: 586:New River, Arizona 542: 482:American Civil War 348: 324: 191:Arizona portal 24: 4700:(1999): 391–414. 4668:978-0-226-46512-8 4642:(1991): 195–216. 4584:(1989): 173–194. 4414:978-0-8263-4891-3 4299:978-0-8263-4891-3 4233:978-0-615-55511-9 4214:978-0-8122-3899-0 3900:. History Central 3295:Robert Goldberg, 3144:978-1-178-48983-5 3008:978-0-935810-71-4 2936:978-1-897278-49-9 2900:"Phoenix History" 2712:, pp. 82–87. 2700:, pp. 65–66. 2688:, pp. 61–65. 2442:Perkins, Robert. 2206:978-0-7385-5633-8 2163:, pp. 45–46. 2136:, pp. 10–11. 2030:978-1-885590-89-3 1935:"Archaic culture" 1587:American Airlines 1556:Lori Ann Piestewa 1495:The new 20 story 1471:Pope John Paul II 1454:Valley Metro Rail 1423:Wells Fargo Plaza 1296:Arizona Republic, 1292:Eugene C. Pulliam 1236:McDonnell Douglas 1135: 1134: 846:American Airlines 720:From 1900 to 1940 570:Stonewall Jackson 498:Arizona Territory 237:Salt River Valley 225: 224: 4882: 4834:Zarbin, Earl A. 4831:(1987): 189–200. 4810: 4808: 4743:Urban ecosystems 4710:Bimson, Carl A. 4672: 4601:(1987): 189–200. 4563: 4543:(1981): 197–234. 4536: 4512: 4501:. Diane Pub Co. 4493: 4478: 4445: 4418: 4399: 4387: 4376: 4356: 4347: 4332: 4303: 4284: 4265: 4256: 4237: 4224:Out Of The Ruins 4218: 4190: 4189: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4157:. Archived from 4145: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4039: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3765:Arizona Republic 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3681: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3618:. Archived from 3608: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3454:Neal E. Pearce, 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3341: 3335: 3334:(1995) pp. 88–90 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3308:Rick Perlstein, 3306: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3267: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3220:. Historynet.com 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3081: 3069: 3063: 3054:Moffatt, Riley. 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3036:on June 21, 2012 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2996: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2803:Earl A. Zarbin, 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2637:, pp. 1, 5. 2632: 2626: 2620: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2318:. Archived from 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2294:"Maricopa Tribe" 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2274:on 5 August 2018 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2056: 2047: 2046:, pp. 9–10. 2041: 2035: 2034: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1990: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1820:on June 21, 2012 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1674: 1668: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1419:Central Corridor 1389:Van Buren Street 1331:Arizona Republic 1279:Ernest McFarland 1180:George S. Patton 1170:in Glendale and 888: 883: 878: 870: 866: 757:Sisters of Mercy 749:library building 696:Arizona Republic 667:James D. Monihon 475:Gadsden Purchase 457:European arrival 217: 210: 203: 189: 188: 187: 90: 54: 44: 26: 25: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4855: 4854: 4845: 4693: 4669: 4618: 4577: 4509: 4491: 4453: 4442: 4415: 4402: 4396: 4373: 4345: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4300: 4281: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4188:. 20 June 2017. 4178: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3612:"Suns Timeline" 3610: 3609: 3605: 3594: 3590: 3579: 3575: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3386: 3382: 3376:Barry Goldwater 3373: 3369: 3363:Barry Goldwater 3360: 3356: 3351:. June 5, 1998. 3343: 3342: 3338: 3332:Barry Goldwater 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3297:Barry Goldwater 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3175: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2785:. City-Data.com 2781: 2780: 2776: 2770:VanderMeer 2010 2768: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2728: 2722:VanderMeer 2010 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2664:, pp. 5–6. 2660: 2656: 2650:VanderMeer 2010 2648: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2612: 2600: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2566:VanderMeer 2010 2564: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2001: 2000:on 5 April 2013 1992: 1991: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1915:. desertusa.com 1911: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1893:. desertusa.com 1889: 1888: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1866:"Paleo Indians" 1864: 1863: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1677: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1560:Native American 1533:Baseline Killer 1502:Valley National 1491: 1483: 1431:U.S.Bank Center 1352: 1335:Phoenix Gazette 1326: 1313: 1308: 1287: 1247:Barry Goldwater 1244: 1242:Barry Goldwater 1215: 1151: 1145: 1140: 881: 862:Maricopa County 820:council-manager 745:Andrew Carnegie 730: 722: 682: 659:John C. Fremont 645: 633: 602: 540: 522:Maricopa County 514: 459: 411: 374:Canal, and the 346: 330: 328:Hohokam History 312: 299: 293: 288: 271:Great Recession 266:town of Phoenix 221: 185: 183: 178: 131: 86: 42: 35: 12: 11: 5: 4888: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4853: 4852: 4844: 4843:External links 4841: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4820:Ross, Andrew. 4818: 4811: 4799:(2): 107–137. 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4715: 4708: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4667: 4650: 4636: 4629: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4595: 4592: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4544: 4537: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4494: 4489: 4468: 4461: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4427: 4413: 4400: 4394: 4377: 4371: 4358: 4348: 4343: 4320: 4317: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4285: 4279: 4266: 4257: 4251: 4238: 4232: 4219: 4213: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4171: 4140: 4127: 4105: 4082: 4056: 4029: 4017:New York Times 4003: 3977: 3955: 3933: 3911: 3889: 3864: 3838: 3806: 3770: 3755: 3729: 3703: 3668: 3633: 3603: 3588: 3573: 3558: 3532: 3496: 3460: 3447: 3435: 3418:"20th Century" 3409: 3396: 3380: 3367: 3354: 3336: 3323: 3321:Goldberg p. 21 3314: 3301: 3288: 3257: 3231: 3208: 3186: 3173: 3150: 3143: 3123: 3097: 3064: 3047: 3021: 3007: 2981: 2956: 2942: 2935: 2927:Arizona Trivia 2917: 2888: 2857: 2836: 2823: 2809: 2796: 2774: 2757: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2639: 2627: 2610: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2544: 2531: 2505: 2483: 2457: 2434: 2411: 2389: 2382: 2355: 2333: 2307: 2285: 2259: 2238: 2212: 2205: 2187: 2165: 2153: 2138: 2123: 2114: 2092: 2077: 2048: 2036: 2029: 2011: 1960: 1948: 1926: 1904: 1879: 1854: 1831: 1805: 1779: 1767: 1738: 1713: 1690: 1675: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1621:Arizona portal 1610: 1594: 1591: 1572:South Mountain 1543:in July 2007. 1518:Phoenix Lights 1512:," by Sheriff 1506:Banc One Corp. 1489: 1482: 1479: 1367:. In 1960 the 1365:Central Avenue 1351: 1350:1960s to 1980s 1348: 1342:, Congressman 1325: 1322: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1286: 1283: 1267:Herbert Hoover 1263:Roger Williams 1243: 1240: 1214: 1213:Postwar growth 1211: 1160:Williams Field 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 989: 986: 980: 979: 976: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 959: 956: 950: 949: 946: 944: 941: 935: 934: 931: 929: 926: 920: 919: 916: 914: 911: 905: 904: 901: 899: 896: 890: 889: 884: 879: 874: 824:Scenic Airways 728: 721: 718: 680: 639: 632: 629: 621:Central Avenue 600: 535: 526:Yavapai County 513: 510: 458: 455: 419:Tohono O'odham 415:Akimel O'odham 410: 407: 344: 311: 310:Hohokam period 308: 292: 289: 287: 284: 280:climate change 223: 222: 220: 219: 212: 205: 197: 194: 193: 180: 179: 177: 176: 171: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 143: 140: 139: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 108: 105: 104: 100: 99: 98: 97: 92: 82: 76: 70: 61: 60: 56: 55: 47: 46: 37: 36: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4887: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4508:0-7881-6249-7 4504: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4490:0-379-00617-0 4486: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4443: 4441:1-886483-69-8 4437: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421:online review 4416: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4395:0-8165-1116-0 4391: 4386: 4385: 4378: 4374: 4372:0-932986-33-1 4368: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4346: 4344:0-379-00617-0 4340: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4280:1-886483-69-8 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4252:0-7818-0852-9 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4161:on 2017-06-24 4160: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4115: 4109: 4093: 4086: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3965: 3959: 3943: 3937: 3921: 3915: 3899: 3893: 3879:on 2011-07-22 3878: 3874: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3823: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3796: 3780: 3779:"Chase Tower" 3774: 3766: 3759: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3693:on 2012-02-08 3689: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3658:on 2012-02-08 3654: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3562: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3506: 3500: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3378:(1995), 76–82 3377: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3219: 3212: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3085: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2985: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2946: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2893: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2784: 2778: 2772:, p. 28. 2771: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2724:, p. 20. 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2652:, p. 15. 2651: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2631: 2625:, p. 17. 2624: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2607: 2597:on 2011-01-05 2596: 2592: 2586: 2580:, p. 16. 2579: 2574: 2568:, p. 14. 2567: 2562: 2554: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2493: 2487: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2445: 2438: 2422: 2415: 2399: 2393: 2385: 2383:0-8165-1515-8 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2343: 2337: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2296:. 9 July 2011 2295: 2289: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2248: 2242: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2118: 2102: 2096: 2089:. p. 22. 2088: 2081: 2065: 2061: 2060:"The Hohokam" 2055: 2053: 2045: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2015: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1936: 1930: 1914: 1908: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1868:. Indians.org 1867: 1861: 1859: 1842: 1835: 1824:September 11, 1819: 1815: 1809: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1701: 1694: 1688:, p. 20. 1687: 1682: 1680: 1673:, p. 19. 1672: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1611: 1608: 1597: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:2003 Iraq War 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552:Piestewa Peak 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1487: 1478: 1476: 1475:Mother Teresa 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398:In 1965, the 1396: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1321: 1317: 1303: 1301: 1300:Gus Greenbaum 1297: 1293: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 990: 987: 985: 981: 977: 975: 972: 970: 966: 962: 960: 957: 955: 951: 947: 945: 942: 940: 936: 932: 930: 927: 925: 921: 917: 915: 912: 910: 906: 902: 900: 897: 895: 891: 871: 865: 863: 854: 850: 847: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 812: 808: 806: 802: 793: 789: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 758: 752: 750: 746: 736: 726: 717: 715: 711: 706: 702: 698: 697: 691: 689: 678: 674: 670: 668: 664: 663:John T. 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