759:
1587:
1661:
1567:
752:. Says Richard Pankhurst : " has been identified with territory on both the Arabian and the Horn of Africa coasts. Consideration of the articles which the Egyptians obtained from Punt, notably gold and ivory, suggests, however, that these were primarily of African origin. ... This leads us to suppose that the term Punt probably applied more to African than Arabian territory." The inhabitants of Punt procured myrrh, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and frankincense which was coveted by the Ancient Egyptians. An Ancient Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is recorded on the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati.
1737:
1717:
1752:
1438:
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775:
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1302:
1477:
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44:
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called Emil Kirsch to join the
Dervishes and work for them as an armourer at their new headquarters at Taleh where a formidable ring of fortresses had been built by Yemeni masons. Before his pathetically unsuccessful bid for freedom from his exacting masters, Kirsch served the Dervishes well...In 1917, the Italian Administration of Somalia intercepted a document from the Turkish government which assured the Sayyid of support and named him Emir of the Somali nation.
360:
607:
913:
622:. During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished. The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to the 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterized in 1909 as important artefacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West.
820:
909:, was captured and executed in Zeila, which was sacked. After the war, the reigning king had his minstrels compose a song praising his victory, which contains the first written record of the word "Somali". Upon the return of Sa'ad ad-Din II's sons a few years later, the dynasty took the new title of "king of Adal," instead of the formerly dominant region, Ifat.
701:
1566:
3499:
On 18 May 1991 at this second national meeting, the SNM Central
Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland, covering the same area as that of the former British Protectorate. The Burao
1645:
Central
Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland in the territory of the former British Somaliland protectorate and formed a government for the self-declared state. This followed the
3329:
With the not-disinterested support of the
Turkish and German Consuls in Ethiopia, the new Emperor conceived the aim of creating a vast Muslim Empire in NE Africa. To this end he entered into relations with Sayyid Muhammad, supplying him with financial aid and arms, and arranged for a German mechanic
1397:
sent a letter to Hassan in 1917 assuring him of support and naming him "Emir of the Somali nation". At the height of his power, Hassan led 6000 troops, and by
November 1918 the British administration in Somaliland was spending its entire budget trying to stop Dervish activity. The Dervish state fell
1031:
in return for his promise to avenge Ahmed's death, who succeeded Imam Ahmad, and continued hostilities against his northern adversaries until he killed the
Ethiopian Emperor in his second invasion of Ethiopia, Emir Nur died in 1567. The Portuguese, meanwhile, tried to conquer Mogadishu but according
893:), these regions came under Ethiopian suzerainty. During the two centuries that it was under Ethiopian control, intermittent warfare broke out between Ifat (which the other sultanates were under, excepting Shewa, which had been incorporated into Ethiopia) and Ethiopia. In 1403 or 1415 (under Emperor
963:
to Islam. Moreover, hundreds of churches were destroyed during the invasion, and an estimated 80% of the manuscripts in the country were destroyed in the process. Adal's use of firearms, still only rarely used in
Ethiopia, allowed the conquest of well over half of Ethiopia, reaching as far north as
1632:
grand conference. At the second national meeting on 18 May, the SNM Central
Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland in the territory of the former British Somaliland protectorate
1158:
chiefs recognized his father Abdi who refused the position instead relegating the title to his underage son Guled while the father acted as the regent until the son came of age. Guled was crowned the as the first Sultan of the Isaaq clan in July 1750. Sultan Guled thus ruled the Isaaq up until his
3536:
On 18th May 1991 at this second national meeting, the SNM Central
Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland, covering the same area as that of the former British Protectorate. The
1372:
against him, with the last one in 1904 ending in an indecisive
British victory. A peace agreement was reached in 1905, and lasted for three years. British forces withdrew to the coast in 1909. In 1912 they raised a camel constabulary to defend the protectorate, but the Dervishes destroyed this in
1217:
When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat , the slave of one the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of
1167:
so as to serve the Isaaq sultans and dignitaries who would attend, as part of a plot to discredit the would-be sultan and usurp the throne. After the dignitaries were made aware of this fact by Du'ale they removed Roble from the line of succession and offered to crown Jama, his half brother, who
1048:
period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate began to flourish in Somaliland, and by the 1600s the Somali lands split into numerous clan states, among them the Isaaq. These successor states continued the tradition of castle-building and seaborne trade established by previous Somali empires.
1545:
In April 1960, leaders of the two territories met in Mogadishu and agreed to form a unitary state. An elected president was to be head of state. Full executive powers would be held by a prime minister answerable to an elected National Assembly of 123 members representing the two territories.
758:
984:), and although a diplomatic mission from Portugal, led by Rodrigo de Lima, had failed to improve relations between the countries, they responded to the Ethiopian pleas for help and sent a military expedition to their fellow Christians. a Portuguese fleet under the command of
1680:
1238:
enforced a blockade and some accounts narrate a bombardment of the city. In 1827 two years later the British arrived and extended an offer to relieve the blockade which had halted Berbera's lucrative trade in exchange for indemnity. Following this initial suggestion the
1541:
stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then Somaliland protectorate. The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence. The legislative councils of the territory agreed to this proposal.
804:
Mundus ( prospered, and were deeply involved in the spice trade, selling myrrh and frankincense to The Romans and Egyptians Somaliland and Puntland became known as hubs for spices mainly cinnamon and the cities grew wealthy from it the
1660:
1162:
After the death of Sultan Guled a dispute arose as to which of his 12 sons would succeed him. His eldest son Roble Guled, who was due to be crowned, was advised by his brother Du'ale to raid and capture livestock belonging to the
2824:
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A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D.
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region, which feature one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is in the distinctive Ethiopian-Arabian style, dated to 1000 to 3000 BCE. Additionally, between the towns of
1190:
and the Sultan would collect tribute and taxes from traders before they would be allowed to continue onwards to the coast. Following a massive conflict between the Ayal Ahmed and Ayal Yunis branches of the
2408:
2850:
1492:
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Resentment against the British authorities grew: Britain was seen as excessively profiting from the thriving coastal trading and farming occurring in the territory. Beginning in 1899, religious scholar
1560:
The legislature appointed the speaker Hagi Bashir Ismail Yousuf as first President of the Somali National Assembly and, the same day, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar become President of the Somali Republic.
3343:
2942:
NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5
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468:
wrote that Muslims were living along the northern Somali seaboard. Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area in the early Islamic period. In the 14th to 15th centuries, the
1736:
3200:
831:-inhabited parts of Eritrea and Djibouti, the region began to assume a political character independent of Ethiopia. Three Islamic sultanates were founded in and around the area named
1368:, fighting Ethiopian, British, and Italian forces, at first with conventional methods but switching to guerilla tactics after the first clash with the British. The British launched
996:, under the command of Christovão da Gama, younger brother of the admiral, marched into the interior, and being joined by Ethiopian troops they were at first successful against the
681:, the site of numerous cave paintings of real and mythical animals. Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old.
1716:
1247:
was to be paid by the Isaaq Sultanate leaders for the destruction of the ship and loss of life. In the 1820s Sultan Farah Sultan Guled of the Isaaq Sultanate penned a letter to
1218:
1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.
578:
The union of the two states proved problematic early on, and in response to the harsh policies enacted by Somalia's Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the
1259:
and was unable to send aid to Berbera. Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman the Qasimi were very active both militarily and economically in the
2828:
1476:
3513:
3476:
3402:
2688:
1437:
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commemorating the Somaliland region's breakaway attempt from the rest of Somalia during the 1980s. It serves as a symbol of struggle for the province's residents.
1317:
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1942:
1401:
Sporadic uprisings were to occur for decades afterwards, however on a much reduced scale with improved British infrastructural spending and a more benign, less
1154:
tribes who were allied to Garaad Dhuh Barar near Berbera where a century earlier the Isaaq clan expanded into. After witnessing his leadership and courage, the
2858:
1186:
One of the most important settlements of the Sultanate was the city of Berbera which was one of the key ports of the Gulf of Aden. Caravans would pass through
716:
between present-day Opone in Somaliland, Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. This is based in part on the fact that the products of Punt, as depicted on the Queen
3604:
2162:
2494:
1751:
1573:
339:
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in February 1541. Here he received an ambassador from the Emperor beseeching him to send help against the Muslims, and in July following a force of 400
848:
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2952:
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requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British. This would not materialize as Sultan Saqr was incapacitated by prior
388:
2347:
Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)
1460:
1823:
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1700:
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attempted to dock in Berbera's port in 1825 it was attacked and multiple members of the crew were massacred by the Habr Awal. In response the
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wife. There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total who ruled for centuries starting from the 13th century. The last Tolje'lo ruler Boqor Harun (
1393:
from 1916–1917, and encouraged Ethiopia to aid the Dervishes while promising to recognise any territorial gains made by either of them. The
924:
The area remained under Ethiopian control for another century or so. However, starting around 1527 under the charismatic leadership of Imam
2189:
645:. Other scholars propose that the Afro-Asiatic family developed in situ in the Horn, with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there.
3652:
1971:
2039:
1172:, Du'ale's full brother of Du'ale, son of Guled's fourth wife Ambaro Me'ad Gadidbe, be crowned. The Isaaq subsequently crowned Farah,
811:
tells us that the northern Somaliland and Puntland regions of modern-day Somalia were independent and competed with Aksum for trade.
774:
345:
3284:
3875:
3715:
1596:, May 1960 in which it was decide that 26 June be the day of Independence, and so signed on 12 May 1960. Somaliland Delegation:
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1521:
1483:
327:
253:
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3233:
2755:
2725:
2589:
2234:
2172:
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in 1749 in which his father, a religious mullah Chief Abdi Chief Eisa successfully led the Isaaq in battle and defeated the
3735:
3520:
3483:
3399:
1427:
The conquest of British Somaliland was Italy's only victory (without the cooperation of German troops) in WWII against the
1413:
803:
2685:
1226:
and Horn of Africa contact between Somalis and Europeans on African soil would happen again for the first time since the
1127:) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge amongst the
985:
381:
3579:
2825:"Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network"
2112:
3067:
1952:
960:
2137:
Crisis Management and the Politics of Reconciliation in Somalia: Statements from the Uppsala Forum, 17–19 January 1994
3353:
3294:
3267:
3194:
3107:
3040:
2745:
2527:
2384:
2203:
2145:
2092:
2008:
1897:
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3612:
2972:
2486:
3645:
3223:
4064:
3605:"Close Residents of Somaliland sit under a war memorial of a MiG fighter jet in the centre of town in Hargeisa"
1605:
807:
595:
418:, and the East African land mass, begins with human habitation tens of thousands of years ago. It includes the
374:
309:
23:
2435:
2297:
2250:
S. A. Brandt (1988). "Early Holocene Mortuary Practices and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Southern Somalia".
980:. The Portuguese had been in the area earlier in early 16th centuries (in search of the legendary priest-king
3986:
3059:
Suárez, J. A. Geopolítica De Lo Desconocido. Una Visión Diferente De La Política Internacional [2023]
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2647:
1944:
Suárez, J. A. Geopolítica De Lo Desconocido. Una Visión Diferente De La Política Internacional [2023]
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1534:
In 1947, the entire budget for the administration of the British Somaliland protectorate was only £213,139.
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890:
259:
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Somalia: From The Dawn of Civilization To The Modern Times: Chapter 8: Somali Hero - Ahmad Gurey (1506-43)
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but also eastwards along the coast, with the Isaaq controlling various trade routes into the port cities.
4033:
4029:
2772:
A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa
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3638:
3370:
2662:
The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th century
1839:
The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
1743:
1529:
925:
564:
512:. The modern Guled Dynasty of the Isaaq Sultanate was established in the middle of the 18th century by
495:
445:
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was introduced to the area early on by the first Muslims of Mecca fleeing prosecution during the first
303:
241:
43:
4042:
3125:"The Trade of the Gulf of Aden Ports of Africa in the Early Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"
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2220:
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229:
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1004:(28 August 1542), and their commander captured and executed. On February 21, 1543, however, a joint
3790:
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1642:
1357:
886:
882:
591:
321:
3173:
Abdi Ismail Samatar, The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884-1986, page 38-39
851:(another Semitic-speaking sultanate located in eastern Ethiopia in what is now eastern Shewa) and
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3900:
3890:
3695:
2851:"Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland"
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Sculptures have the cobra emblem (uraeus) that is wedged in the personages headdress Discover in
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of the Isaaq Sultanate was established in the middle of the 18th century by Sultan Guled of the
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in August 1940, but recaptured by the British in summer 1941. Some Italian guerrilla fighting (
1382:
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1227:
626:
298:
157:
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Buralleh (Buralli) Robleh, Sub-Inspector of Police of Zeila, and General Gordon, Governor of
1301:
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period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate began to flourish in the region, including the
3885:
3850:
3835:
3820:
3775:
3710:
3005:
2321:
2135:
1837:
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1084:. The sultanate was governed by the Rer Guled branch established by the first sultan, Sultan
247:
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Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300,
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1913:
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and Mora (Gadabursi Clan, Somali, and Harari vassal sultanate of Ifat by 1288, centered on
634:
183:
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Suicidal Behavior in Muslim Majority Countries: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention
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835:(a Semitic-speaking sultanate in eastern Ethiopia, modern Shewa province and ruled by the
8:
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3760:
3740:
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2953:"Maxaad ka taqaana Saldanada Ugu Faca Weyn Beesha Isaaq oo Tirsata 300 sanno ku dhawaad?"
2549:. Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic. p. 295.
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disintegrated into small independent states, many of which were ruled by Somali chiefs.
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State collapse and post-conflict development in Africa: the case of Somalia (1960-2001)
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1538:
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J. Makong'o & K. Muchanga;Peak Revision K.C.S.E. History & Government, Page 50
2191:
Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland
724:, were abundantly found in the region but were less common or sometimes absent in the
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on 26 June 1960. Five days later, on 1 July 1960, the State of Somaliland voluntarily
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2585:
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2199:
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2141:
2088:
2063:
2004:
1948:
1893:
1843:
1783:
1624:
1181:
1033:
1005:
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364:
1600:, Ahmed Haji Dualeh, Ali Garad Jama and Haji Ibrahim Nur. From the Colonial Office:
1340:), and was to play the role of increasing the British Empire's control of the vital
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1727:
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1309:
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businesspeople, students, former civil servants and former politicians founded the
516:. The Sultanate had a robust economy and trade was significant at the main port of
477:
110:
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1890:
The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations
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branch starting from, descendants of Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of
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505:
292:
177:
115:
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On 26 June 1960, the British Somaliland protectorate gained independence as the
2905:
2626:"Ancient Harbours of Northern Somalia and Colonial Anti-African Historiography"
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before uniting five days later with the Trust Territory of Somalia to form the
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Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World
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began a campaign to wage a holy war. Hassan raised an army united through the
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2043:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 378–384.
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sent Emil Kirsch, a mechanic, to assist the Dervish Forces as an armourer at
1386:
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Supposed location around the Red Sea and major travel routes by land and sea
2785:"Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa | Somalidiasporanews.com"
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and safety for the Empire's vital naval routes through the Red Sea and the
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968:. The complete conquest of Ethiopia was averted by the timely arrival of a
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98:
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Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim Mohamed; Wohlgemuth, Lennart (1 January 1994).
1385:, and aided the Dervishes, supplying them with weapons and financial aid.
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as its main port and second city, in eastern Ethiopia and in Somaliland's
3018:
The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy, pg 9
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3551:"Hargeysa Journal; The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia"
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that concluded in the declaration of Somaliland's independence in 1991.
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The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797-1820
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A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa
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during the 18th and 19th centuries. It spanned the territories of the
827:
With the introduction of Islam in the 7th century in what are now the
2676:
gives the former date, while the Walashma chronicle gives the latter.
2195:
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Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919–1939
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The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy
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tactics and slaughtered any Ethiopian that refused to convert from
657:
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540:
3437:
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Agreements and Exchanges of Letters between the Government of the
656:
in northwestern Somaliland dates back around 5,000 years, and has
3342:
Shinn, David Hamilton; Ofcansky, Thomas P; Prouty, Chris (2004).
3006:"The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62"
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in February 1920 after a British campaign led by aerial bombing.
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http://foto.archivalware.co.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1960-TS0044.pdf
2906:"Taariikhda Boqortooyadii Axmed Sheikh Isaxaaq ee Toljecle 1787"
2679:
2487:"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites"
901:, respectively), a revolt of Ifat was put down during which the
3537:
Burao conference also established a government for the Republic
3519:. Academy for Peace and Development. p. 12. Archived from
3514:"Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building"
3482:. Academy for Peace and Development. p. 12. Archived from
3477:"Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building"
2974:
Sheekadii Magan Suldaan Guuleed "Magan-Gaabo" (circa 1790-1840)
1593:
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1146:
clan. His coronation took place after the victorious battle of
856:
785:
741:
674:
629:-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing
461:
441:
427:
197:
1580:
in connexion with the Attainment of Independence by Somaliland
1287:
and were very familiar with the Isaaq Sultanate respectively.
1263:
and were given to plunder and attack ships as far west as the
3189:(illustrated ed.). Purdue University Press. p. 71.
1742:
Presidential decree ratifying the Somaliland constitution by
1638:
1629:
1503:
1467:
1417:
1390:
1361:
1328:
The British Somaliland protectorate was initially ruled from
1321:
1284:
1155:
1096:
1069:
885:(r. 1314-1344) (and possibly as early as during the reign of
868:
864:
860:
832:
733:
729:
587:
579:
469:
457:
453:
449:
437:
189:
2605:
Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir El Bahari By Frederick Monderson
2562:
1095:
According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled dynasty the
2553:
1650:. However, the region's self-declared independence remains
1203:
brought both subclans before a holy relic from the tomb of
728:. These products included gold and aromatic resins such as
492:
700:
3500:
conference also established a government for the Republic
1060:. The Isaaq Sultanate was established in 1750 and was a
2981:
2932:. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. p. 169.
1972:"Maxaad ka taqaana Saldanada Ugu Faca Weyn Beesha Isaaq"
819:
1592:
The Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference,
3368:
3348:(illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 405.
3317:(illustrated ed.). James Currey. pp. 78–79.
3033:
Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
2436:"The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland"
2056:
Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
1757:
Celebrating Somaliland'ś Independence Day, 18 May 2016
1279:
to regularly attend trade fairs in the large ports of
660:
depicting both wild animals and decorated cows. Other
2164:
Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991
1646:
collapse of the central government in Somalia in the
871:
region; Mora was located in what is now the southern
1633:
and formed a government for the self-declared state.
1574:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1032:
to Duarta Barbosa never succeeded in taking it. The
340:
Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence
3341:
3000:
2998:
3283:Foster, Mary LeCron; Rubinstein, Robert A (1986).
3156:رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي
3085:رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي
3308:
3306:
3026:
3024:
955:support and arms marched into Ethiopia employing
944:, both meaning "left-handed"), Adal revolted and
618:Somaliland has been inhabited since at least the
582:, shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous
4056:
3573:"UN in Action: Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary"
3512:Mohamud Omar Ali; Koss Mohammed; Michael Walls.
3475:Mohamud Omar Ali; Koss Mohammed; Michael Walls.
3282:
2995:
2522:. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 640.
2218:
1966:
1964:
1243:would break out. After the Isaaq defeat, 15,000
1024:, in which al-Ghazi was killed and the war won.
798:In the Classical era, the city states of Malao (
3262:. Manchester University Press. pp. 14–15.
2720:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 184–185.
2292:
2133:
1168:promptly rejected the offer and suggested that
3303:
3021:
2628:. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009
1654:by any country or international organization.
1275:, leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and the
480:, at one point bringing the three-quarters of
3646:
1961:
1271:. They had numerous commercial ties with the
382:
3055:
2366:
2249:
1940:
1726:in Somaliland, left behind wrecked from the
823:Ruins of the Adal Sultanate in Zeila, Awdal.
736:; the wild animals depicted in Punt include
3102:. University of Exeter Press. p. 167.
2615:Breasted 1906–07, pp. 246–295, vol. 1.
2478:
2376:Archaeology, Language, and the African Past
2087:. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35.
1808:. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.
1666:Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the
1305:Somali soldiers confront the British Navy..
1207:. An item that is said to have belonged to
1099:clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the
1000:but they were subsequently defeated at the
3653:
3639:
3286:Peace and war: cross-cultural perspectives
3221:
2664:(Asmara, Eritrea: The Red Sea, Inc., 1997)
2082:
2076:
2022:
2020:
1888:Ylönen, Aleksi Ylönen (28 December 2023).
1416:of WWII, the protectorate was occupied by
1175:
875:of Ethiopia and was subservient to Adal).
389:
375:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3153:
3122:
3082:
2577:
2409:"Grotto galleries show early Somali life"
2160:
1835:
1812:
1222:With the new European incursion into the
3447:, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835
3182:
3176:
2764:
2298:"Prehistoric Implements From Somaliland"
2187:
2000:I.M Lewis: Peoples of the Horn of Africa
1670:found from a mass grave site located in
1623:
1381:reversed the policy of his predecessor,
1308:
1300:
911:
818:
699:
605:
594:in London in 1981, leading to a 10 year
3289:. Transaction Publishers. p. 139.
3169:
3167:
3165:
3154:Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996).
3083:Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996).
2991:. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896.
2813:. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896.
2713:
2484:
2427:
2161:Kapteijns, Lidwien (18 December 2012).
2101:
2017:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1822:was invoked but never defined (see the
1796:
1466:Aerial bombardment of Dervish forts in
814:
4057:
3425:from the original on 22 September 2017
3411:
3369:Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, Thomas P.
3255:
3242:
3097:
3030:
2497:from the original on 17 September 2013
2406:
2400:
2372:
2188:Richards, Rebecca (24 February 2016).
2053:
1887:
1775:
1637:At the second national meeting of the
1620:Somaliland Declaration of Independence
1522:Independence Day (State of Somaliland)
1511:
1484:Italian conquest of British Somaliland
1344:strait which provided security to the
1039:
3660:
3634:
3548:
3312:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2791:from the original on 19 February 2021
2774:, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.
2750:. Springer Nature. pp. 273–274.
2739:
2737:
2536:
2509:
2379:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 143–144.
1996:
1936:
1934:
1290:
3585:from the original on 21 January 2012
3381:from the original on 29 October 2004
3162:
2970:
2924:
2515:
2485:Alberge, Dalya (17 September 2010).
2433:
2167:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2127:
2115:from the original on 9 February 2006
2026:
1870:
1829:
614:complex depicting a long-horned cow.
464:in Africa. In the late 9th century,
3542:
3362:
2714:Minahan, James B. (1 August 2016).
2542:
1906:
1817:
988:was sent from India and arrived at
13:
3049:
2959:
2743:
2734:
2546:Somalia Today: General Information
1931:
1782:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7.
1230:. When a British vessel named the
1131:with whom they still mostly live.
1064:sultanate that ruled parts of the
633:period from the family's proposed
625:According to linguists, the first
14:
4076:
3345:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
3203:from the original on 1 April 2023
2083:Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996).
1805:Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25
1710:, a capital of Somaliland (1991).
708:Most scholars locate the ancient
274:
211:
170:
3961:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3731:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2857:. 7 October 2017. Archived from
2222:A History of African Archaeology
1997:Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017).
1867:, (Greenwood Press: 2006), p.178
1818:Cite error: The named reference
1750:
1735:
1715:
1699:
1679:
1659:
1641:grand conference on May 18, the
1585:
1565:
1491:
1475:
1459:
1436:
916:19th century German map showing
773:
757:
358:
42:
3597:
3565:
3505:
3468:
3450:
3445:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
3393:
3335:
3276:
3215:
3147:
3116:
3091:
3076:
3012:
2945:
2936:
2918:
2898:
2873:
2843:
2817:
2803:
2777:
2707:
2698:
2667:
2654:
2618:
2609:
2598:
2571:
2350:
2341:
2286:
2243:
2212:
2181:
2154:
2047:
2027:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911).
1990:
1027:Ahmed al-Ghazi's widow married
961:Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity
951:. Regrouped Muslim armies with
689:
426:, and colonial influences from
53:
2407:Bakano, Otto (24 April 2011).
1857:
1769:
808:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
523:In the late 19th century, the
310:Somaliland War of Independence
1:
3611:. 19 May 2013. Archived from
3183:Mohamoud, Abdullah A (2006).
3035:. 9780226467917. p. 70.
2440:African Archaeological Review
2264:10.1080/00438243.1988.9980055
1762:
1613:
1482:Map of invasion route of the
1320:featuring the tomb of Sheikh
1257:Persian Gulf campaign of 1819
976:, son of the famed navigator
637:("original homeland") in the
601:
491:empire under military leader
132:
3222:Pecastaing, Camille (2011).
3129:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
2568:Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147
2559:Shaw & Nicholson, p.231.
2543:Ali, Ismail Mohamed (1970).
1608:, H. C. F. Wilks (Secretary)
920:Domain in central Somaliland
684:
652:complex on the outskirts of
91:
7:
3557:. p. 4. Archived from
3549:Lacey, Marc (5 June 2006).
3123:Pankhurst, Richard (1965).
3098:Davies, Charles E. (1997).
2925:Hunt, John Anthony (1951).
2578:Pankhurst, Richard (2001).
2140:. Nordic Africa Institute.
2060:University of Chicago Press
1914:"Somali Traditional States"
1892:. Bloomsbury. p. 113.
1836:Pankhurst, Richard (1997).
793:
677:in eastern Somaliland lies
527:signed agreements with the
410:, a country in the eastern
328:Declaration of Independence
10:
4081:
3371:"Ethiopia in World War II"
1744:Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
1617:
1557:(Somalia) on 1 July 1960.
1530:Independence Day (Somalia)
1515:
1377:the new Ethiopian Emperor
1294:
1179:
926:Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi
693:
664:are found in the northern
610:Neolithic rock art at the
565:Trust Territory of Somalia
496:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
460:. It is one of the oldest
304:Somali Democratic Republic
3974:
3949:
3668:
3443:Encyclopædia Britannica,
3405:28 September 2011 at the
3375:A Country Study: Ethiopia
3031:Laitin, David D. (1977).
2646:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2581:The Ethiopians: A history
2452:10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2
2219:Peter Robertshaw (1990).
2054:Laitin, David D. (1977).
1598:Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal
1249:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
1199:in the mid-1840s, Sultan
1119:), nicknamed Dhuh Barar (
1072:clan, descendants of the
878:At least by the reign of
487:under the control of the
346:Constitutional referendum
3716:Central African Republic
3462:14 November 2020 at the
3400:Somali Independence Week
3256:Omissi, David E (1990).
3225:Jihad in the Arabian sea
3158:(in Arabic). p. ١٢.
3087:(in Arabic). p. ١٧.
2989:Genealogies of the Somal
2811:Genealogies of the Somal
1776:Briggs, Phillip (2012).
1643:Somali National Movement
1628:5 May resolution of the
1358:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
1332:(though later on by the
592:Somali National Movement
3377:. Library of Congress.
3313:Lewis, Ioan M. (2002).
2362:10.1126/science.1078208
2040:Encyclopædia Britannica
1865:The History of Ethiopia
1195:over who would control
1176:Early European Conflict
553:Somaliland Protectorate
551:clans establishing the
452:being built before the
260:Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
2516:Hodd, Michael (1994).
2329:Cite journal requires
1918:www.worldstatesmen.org
1706:War-damaged houses in
1634:
1576:and the Government of
1424:) lasted until 1942.
1370:four early expeditions
1325:
1306:
1241:Battle of Berbera 1827
1220:
1124:
1116:
921:
824:
705:
615:
299:1961 revolt in Somalia
4065:History of Somaliland
3876:São Tomé and Príncipe
3736:Republic of the Congo
3056:J. A. Suárez (2023).
2971:Jama, Rashid (2012).
2881:"Taariikhda Toljecle"
2744:Arafat, S. M. Yasir.
2519:East African Handbook
2411:. AFP. Archived from
2225:. J. Currey. p.
1941:J. A. Suárez (2023).
1863:Saheed A. Adejumobi,
1842:. The Red Sea Press.
1627:
1414:East African Campaign
1312:
1304:
1215:
915:
822:
703:
609:
420:civilizations of Punt
365:Somaliland portal
2660:Pankhurst, Richard.
2415:on 21 September 2013
1364:and established the
1076:clan, in modern-day
1022:Battle of Wayna Daga
839:, related to Muslim
815:Early Islamic states
184:Habr Yunis Sultanate
3951:States with limited
3615:on 23 February 2014
2955:. 13 February 2021.
2885:www.tashiwanaag.com
2434:Mire, Sada (2008).
2373:Blench, R. (2006).
1551:State of Somaliland
1518:State of Somaliland
1512:State of Somaliland
1052:These included the
1040:Early modern period
1012:force defeated the
596:war of independence
557:State of Somaliland
446:Masjid al-Qiblatayn
287:State of Somaliland
242:Somaliland campaign
236:Somaliland campaign
118: •
111:Land of the Berbers
61:Caves in Somaliland
3555:The New York Times
3526:on 26 October 2020
3489:on 26 October 2020
2831:on 11 January 2021
2691:2005-03-09 at the
2030:"Somaliland"
1978:. 13 February 2021
1635:
1539:British Government
1500:British Somaliland
1449:British Somaliland
1443:Women's market in
1326:
1318:Protectorate stamp
1315:British Somaliland
1307:
1297:British Somaliland
1291:British Somaliland
1228:Ethiopian–Adal war
972:expedition led by
922:
825:
706:
616:
224:British Somaliland
196: •
192: •
158:Ethiopian–Adal war
4052:
4051:
3978:other territories
3751:Equatorial Guinea
3662:History of Africa
3324:978-0-8214-1495-8
3235:978-0-8179-1376-2
2861:on 11 August 2021
2757:978-981-97-2519-9
2727:979-8-216-14892-0
2591:978-0-631-22493-8
2252:World Archaeology
2236:978-0-435-08041-9
2174:978-0-8122-0758-3
2069:978-0-226-46791-7
1849:978-0-932415-19-6
1789:978-1-84162-371-9
1537:In May 1960, the
1182:Battle of Berbera
1034:Sultanate of Adal
974:Cristovão da Gama
949:medieval Ethiopia
726:Arabian Peninsula
399:
398:
279:
275:Modern Somaliland
216:
215:(1884–1960)
4072:
4039:
4038:(United Kingdom)
4034:Tristan da Cunha
4030:Ascension Island
4022:
4009:
4000:
3976:Dependencies and
3669:Sovereign states
3655:
3648:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3561:on 27 June 2011.
3546:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3454:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3415:
3409:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3228:. Hoover Press.
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3028:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2827:. Archived from
2821:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2462:. Archived from
2446:(3–4): 153–168.
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2370:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1773:
1754:
1739:
1728:Somali Civil War
1719:
1703:
1683:
1663:
1648:Somali Civil War
1589:
1569:
1495:
1479:
1463:
1440:
777:
761:
478:Ethiopian Empire
414:bordered by the
391:
384:
377:
363:
362:
361:
277:
254:Italian invasion
248:Burao Tax Revolt
230:Dervish movement
214:
80:(5,000~3,500 BC)
46:
36:
18:
17:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4020:
4007:
3998:
3979:
3977:
3970:
3954:
3952:
3945:
3664:
3659:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3547:
3543:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:Wayback Machine
3455:
3451:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3407:Wayback Machine
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3325:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3254:
3243:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3197:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3163:
3152:
3148:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3096:
3092:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:. p. 227.
3054:
3050:
3043:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2923:
2919:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2693:Wayback Machine
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2466:on 27 June 2013
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2294:H.W. Seton-Karr
2291:
2287:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2052:
2048:
2025:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:. p. 227.
1939:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1886:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1684:
1675:
1664:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1590:
1581:
1570:
1555:Somali Republic
1532:
1526:Somali Republic
1516:Main articles:
1514:
1507:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1441:
1375:First World War
1338:Colonial Office
1299:
1293:
1245:Spanish dollars
1209:Bilal Ibn Rabah
1184:
1178:
1159:death in 1808.
1054:Isaaq Sultanate
1042:
1029:Nur ibn Mujahid
1002:Battle of Wofla
986:Estêvão da Gama
907:Sa'ad ad-Din II
837:Mahzumi dynasty
817:
796:
789:
778:
769:
762:
698:
692:
687:
604:
573:Somali Republic
569:Italian Somalia
506:Isaaq Sultanate
395:
359:
357:
352:
351:
293:Somali Republic
282:
281:
276:
266:
265:
219:
218:
213:
212:Colonial period
203:
202:
178:Isaaq Sultanate
173:
163:
162:
140:Kingdom of Adal
135:
125:
124:
94:
84:
83:
56:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:Western Sahara
4040:
4023:
4010:
4001:
3987:Canary Islands
3983:
3982:
3980:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3596:
3564:
3541:
3504:
3467:
3449:
3436:
3410:
3392:
3361:
3354:
3334:
3323:
3302:
3295:
3275:
3268:
3241:
3234:
3214:
3195:
3175:
3161:
3146:
3115:
3108:
3090:
3075:
3069:979-8393720292
3068:
3048:
3041:
3020:
3011:
2994:
2980:
2958:
2944:
2935:
2917:
2897:
2872:
2842:
2816:
2802:
2776:
2763:
2756:
2733:
2726:
2706:
2697:
2678:
2666:
2653:
2617:
2608:
2597:
2590:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2535:
2528:
2508:
2477:
2426:
2399:
2385:
2365:
2349:
2340:
2331:|journal=
2285:
2242:
2235:
2211:
2204:
2180:
2173:
2153:
2146:
2126:
2100:
2093:
2075:
2068:
2046:
2035:Chisholm, Hugh
2016:
2009:
1989:
1976:irmaannews.com
1960:
1954:979-8393720292
1953:
1930:
1905:
1898:
1869:
1856:
1848:
1828:
1811:
1795:
1788:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1668:Isaaq genocide
1665:
1658:
1618:Main article:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1571:
1564:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1486:in August 1940
1481:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1442:
1435:
1422:Amedeo Guillet
1395:Ottoman Empire
1334:Foreign Office
1295:Main article:
1292:
1289:
1253:Ras Al Khaimah
1180:Main article:
1177:
1174:
1066:Horn of Africa
1041:
1038:
957:scorched earth
816:
813:
795:
792:
791:
790:
779:
772:
770:
763:
756:
714:Horn of Africa
694:Main article:
691:
688:
686:
683:
662:cave paintings
603:
600:
571:) to form the
525:United Kingdom
474:Adal Sultanate
412:Horn of Africa
397:
396:
394:
393:
386:
379:
371:
368:
367:
354:
353:
350:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
316:Isaaq genocide
313:
307:
301:
296:
290:
283:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
220:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
187:
186:(18th-19th c.)
181:
180:(17th-19th c.)
174:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
154:(15th-16th c.)
152:Adal Sultanate
149:
148:(12th-15th c.)
146:Ifat Sultanate
143:
136:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
113:
108:
102:
101:(2500~2000 BC)
95:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
75:
69:
63:
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
29:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4077:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Guinea-Bissau
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3355:0-8108-4910-0
3351:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3296:0-88738-619-9
3292:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3269:0-7190-2960-0
3265:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3202:
3198:
3196:1-55753-413-6
3192:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3109:9780859895095
3105:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3042:9780226467917
3038:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2790:
2787:(in Somali).
2786:
2780:
2773:
2770:I. M. Lewis,
2767:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2529:0-8442-8983-3
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2388:
2386:0-7591-0466-2
2382:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2336:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2205:9781317004660
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2147:9789171063564
2143:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2094:1-874209-91-X
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2062:. p. 8.
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2010:9781315308173
2006:
2003:. Routledge.
2002:
2001:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1899:9780755635191
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1674:, Somaliland.
1673:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1407:public policy
1404:
1403:paternalistic
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:1914. In the
1371:
1367:
1366:Dervish State
1363:
1362:Islamic faith
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Bab-el-Mandeb
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:British India
1323:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Guled Dynasty
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Boqor Haaruun
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:Sheikh Ishaaq
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Guled dynasty
1055:
1050:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:Vasco da Gama
975:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:Yagbe'u Seyon
888:
884:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
821:
812:
810:
809:
801:
787:
783:
776:
771:
767:
760:
755:
754:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Deir el-Bahri
719:
715:
711:
702:
697:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
613:
608:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:, a group of
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
510:Guled dynasty
507:
503:
498:
497:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
401:
392:
387:
385:
380:
378:
373:
372:
370:
369:
366:
356:
355:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:Peace process
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
280:
270:
269:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
217:
207:
206:
199:
195:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
167:
166:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
142:(9th-12th c.)
141:
138:
137:
134:
129:
128:
121:
117:
114:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
88:
87:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
55:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
30:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4026:Saint Helena
3997:
3965:
3901:South Africa
3891:Sierra Leone
3696:Burkina Faso
3617:. Retrieved
3613:the original
3608:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3567:
3559:the original
3554:
3544:
3535:
3528:. Retrieved
3521:the original
3507:
3498:
3491:. Retrieved
3484:the original
3470:
3452:
3444:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3413:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3364:
3344:
3337:
3328:
3314:
3285:
3278:
3258:
3224:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3185:
3178:
3155:
3149:
3135:(1): 36–81.
3132:
3128:
3118:
3099:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3058:
3051:
3032:
3014:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2947:
2938:
2927:
2920:
2909:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2855:Hubaal Media
2854:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:the original
2819:
2810:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2779:
2771:
2766:
2746:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2681:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2630:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2600:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2545:
2538:
2518:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2491:The Guardian
2490:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2464:the original
2443:
2439:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:the original
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2375:
2368:
2352:
2343:
2322:cite journal
2310:. Retrieved
2301:
2288:
2258:(1): 40–56.
2255:
2251:
2245:
2221:
2214:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2156:
2136:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2103:
2084:
2078:
2055:
2049:
2038:
1999:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1975:
1943:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1889:
1864:
1859:
1838:
1831:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1778:
1771:
1722:A destroyed
1688:MiG monument
1652:unrecognized
1636:
1559:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1452:protectorate
1426:
1411:
1400:
1354:
1350:Gulf of Aden
1327:
1277:Persian Gulf
1261:Gulf of Aden
1231:
1224:Gulf of Aden
1221:
1216:
1213:
1205:Aw Barkhadle
1185:
1161:
1142:line of the
1133:
1125:Dhuux Baraar
1094:
1051:
1046:early modern
1043:
1026:
1020:army at the
982:Prester John
937:
929:
923:
918:Sultan Nur's
887:Yekuno Amlak
883:Amda Seyon I
877:
826:
806:
797:
768:, Somaliland
710:Land of Punt
707:
696:Land of Punt
690:Land of Punt
647:
627:Afro-Asiatic
624:
617:
577:
567:(the former
522:
514:Sultan Guled
502:early modern
499:
476:battled the
436:
416:Gulf of Aden
404:
402:
400:
278:(since 1960)
171:Early modern
99:Land of Punt
32:
15:
3953:recognition
3906:South Sudan
3796:Ivory Coast
3619:11 February
2392:8 September
2058:. Chicago:
1602:Ian Macleod
1412:During the
1134:The modern
1074:Banu Hashim
1056:led by the
897:or Emperor
873:Afar Region
746:hippopotami
679:Karinhegane
639:Nile Valley
620:Paleolithic
508:led by the
432:Middle East
405:history of
342:(1991-1997)
318:(1982-1990)
312:(1981-1991)
306:(1969-1991)
295:(1960-1969)
238:(1901-1910)
232:(1884-1920)
226:(1884-1960)
133:Middle Ages
68:(10,000 BC)
33:History of
4008:(Portugal)
3966:Somaliland
3886:Seychelles
3851:Mozambique
3836:Mauritania
3821:Madagascar
3776:The Gambia
3711:Cape Verde
3429:8 November
3385:11 January
3207:6 November
2674:Al-Maqrizi
2312:30 January
2119:25 January
1820:Lewispohoa
1779:Somaliland
1763:References
1724:M47 Patton
1614:Separatism
1606:D. B. Hall
1578:Somaliland
1383:Menelik II
1346:Suez Canal
1236:Royal Navy
1086:Guled Abdi
1078:Somaliland
1006:Portuguese
994:musketeers
970:Portuguese
859:and later
720:murals at
718:Hatshepsut
671:Las Khorey
602:Prehistory
584:Ogaden War
549:Warsangeli
545:Habr Je'lo
529:Gadabuursi
407:Somaliland
334:Somaliland
105:Macrobians
74:(5,000 BC)
54:Prehistory
35:Somaliland
3841:Mauritius
3419:"Somalia"
2865:11 August
2795:9 January
2695:CivicsWeb
2584:. Wiley.
2460:162960112
2308:: 182–183
2196:Routledge
2109:"Somalia"
1982:30 August
1854:, page 45
1824:help page
1232:Mary Anne
1193:Habr Awal
1129:Habr Awal
1088:, of the
1010:Ethiopian
784:writing,
685:Antiquity
666:Dhambalin
650:Laas Geel
643:Near East
641:, or the
631:Neolithic
612:Laas Geel
563:with the
537:Habr Awal
485:Abyssinia
482:Christian
466:Al-Yaqubi
78:Dhaymoole
72:Dhambalin
66:Laas Gaal
4059:Category
4032: /
4028: /
4021:(France)
4015: /
3993: /
3989: /
3941:Zimbabwe
3916:Tanzania
3766:Ethiopia
3761:Eswatini
3741:Djibouti
3706:Cameroon
3691:Botswana
3580:Archived
3460:Archived
3423:Archived
3403:Archived
3379:Archived
3201:Archived
3141:41965718
2890:9 August
2835:9 August
2789:Archived
2689:Archived
2642:cite web
2495:Archived
2296:(1909).
2280:16470993
2113:Archived
1923:17 March
1708:Hargeisa
1692:Hargeisa
1445:Hargeisa
1324:at Mait.
1188:Hargeisa
1148:Lafaruug
1144:Garhajis
1140:Eidagale
1101:Tolje'lo
1090:Eidagale
1082:Ethiopia
903:Walashma
899:Yeshaq I
845:Argobbas
794:Periplus
750:leopards
738:giraffes
658:rock art
654:Hargeisa
635:urheimat
541:Garhajis
456:towards
430:and the
424:Ottomans
107:(525 BC)
24:a series
22:Part of
4017:Réunion
4013:Mayotte
4004:Madeira
3999:(Spain)
3995:Melilla
3926:Tunisia
3896:Somalia
3881:Senegal
3866:Nigeria
3856:Namibia
3846:Morocco
3811:Liberia
3806:Lesotho
3756:Eritrea
3726:Comoros
3701:Burundi
3676:Algeria
3609:Reuters
3589:28 June
3008:. 1849.
2911:YouTube
2632:31 July
2501:25 June
2470:22 June
2304:(106).
2037:(ed.).
1672:Berbera
1506:(1921).
1405:set of
1387:Germany
1379:Iyasu V
1281:Berbera
1273:Somalis
1269:Red Sea
1267:on the
1197:Berbera
1044:In the
1018:Ottoman
998:Somalis
990:Massawa
953:Ottoman
946:invaded
942:Amharic
905:ruler,
895:Dawit I
880:Emperor
863:, with
841:Amharas
800:Berbera
782:Sabaean
780:Shaláw
766:Berbera
742:baboons
712:in the
518:Berbera
500:In the
472:-based
462:mosques
194:Berbera
120:Mosylon
92:Ancient
4036:
4019:
4006:
3936:Zambia
3931:Uganda
3871:Rwanda
3826:Malawi
3786:Guinea
3681:Angola
3530:2 June
3493:2 June
3352:
3321:
3293:
3266:
3232:
3193:
3139:
3106:
3066:
3039:
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2066:
2007:
1951:
1896:
1846:
1786:
1594:London
1528:, and
1429:Allies
1165:Ogaden
1152:Absame
1121:Somali
1113:Somali
1109:Harari
1092:clan.
1062:Somali
1014:Somali
966:Tigray
934:Somali
857:Dakkar
802:) and
786:Sanaag
748:, and
732:, and
675:El Ayo
561:united
489:Muslim
454:Qiblah
442:Hejira
428:Europe
422:, the
348:(2001)
336:(1991)
330:(1991)
324:(1991)
289:(1960)
262:(1945)
256:(1941)
250:(1922)
244:(1920)
198:Bulhar
26:on the
3991:Ceuta
3911:Sudan
3861:Niger
3816:Libya
3801:Kenya
3781:Ghana
3771:Gabon
3746:Egypt
3686:Benin
3583:(PDF)
3576:(PDF)
3524:(PDF)
3517:(PDF)
3487:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3137:JSTOR
2456:S2CID
2268:JSTOR
2033:. In
1639:Burao
1630:Burao
1504:Zeila
1502:, in
1468:Taleh
1418:Italy
1391:Taleh
1322:Isaaq
1313:left
1285:Zeila
1265:Mocha
1201:Farah
1170:Farah
1156:Isaaq
1097:Isaaq
1070:Isaaq
938:Gragn
930:Gurey
869:Awdal
865:Zeila
861:Harar
833:Shewa
734:ebony
730:myrrh
588:Isaaq
580:Isaaq
470:Zeila
458:Mecca
450:Zeila
444:with
438:Islam
190:Zeila
116:Malao
3921:Togo
3831:Mali
3721:Chad
3621:2014
3591:2017
3532:2017
3495:2017
3431:2020
3387:2014
3350:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3264:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3209:2020
3191:ISBN
3104:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3037:ISBN
2892:2021
2867:2021
2837:2021
2797:2021
2752:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2648:link
2634:2009
2586:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2503:2013
2472:2013
2421:2013
2394:2014
2381:ISBN
2335:help
2314:2011
2276:PMID
2231:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2121:2011
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1984:2022
1949:ISBN
1925:2023
1894:ISBN
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