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states, "Not a single one managed to slip away. They killed them in the forts, in the valleys and in the gorges. The ground was so thickly covered with their corpses, that it was impossible to walk in that place because of the dead bodies." he estimates that over 10,000 Christians were killed. The
2052:
empire. With an army composed of Afar, Harari (Harla), and
Somalis, al-Ghazi's forces came close to extinguishing the ancient Ethiopian kingdom, slaughtering any Ethiopian who refused to convert to Islam. Within the span of fourteen years the Imam was able to conquer the heartland of the country,
2061:
troops, and maintained their domain's autonomy. Both polities exhausted their resources and manpower in the process, resulting in the contraction of the two powers and altering regional dynamics for centuries to come. Many historians trace the origin of hostile
2218:, where tradition states that Imam Ahmad was shot in the chest by a Portuguese musketeer named João de Castilho, who had charged alone into the Muslim lines and died. The wounded Imam was then beheaded by an Ethiopian cavalry commander,
607:
2222:
Calite. Once the Imam's soldiers learned of his death, they fled the battlefield. The death of Imam Ahmad and the victory at Wayna Daga caused a collapse of Ahmad's forces and forced an
Adalite retreat from Ethiopia.
2171:
was captured by the forces of Imam Ahmad; the
Empress was unable to react as she was besieged in the capital. The first Adalite encounter with Portuguese forces occurred in 1541, when the latter were marooned in
2144:
600:
593:
2210:, king of Medri Bahri. Yeshaq provided the Portuguese with not only provisions and places to camp in his realm but also information about the land. The Bahri Negassi also joined Emperor
769:
2184:
in the same year. In 1543, a smaller number of
Abyssinians soundly defeated the larger Adal-Ottoman army with the help of the Portuguese navy, which brought 400 musketeers led by
2112:, where troops under the Imam not only defeated but dispersed the Ethiopian army and captured items of the Imperial regalia. These victories allowed the Adalites to enter the
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which resulted in massive casualties for them and the conflict is regarded as one of the reasons for their rapid population decline.
1808:
1437:
2762:
Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year
History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour By Martin Meredith, In the Land of Prestor John, chapter 11
1855:
970:
2775:
Reviewed Work: Afocha: A Link between
Community and Administration in Harar, Ethiopia by Peter Koehn, Sidney R. Waldron-Maxwell
2143:, but the locals of Tigray had all assembled to defend their holy city. The Imam defeated and killed a large number of them as
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has plausibly argued that because this conflict severely weakened both participants, it provided an opportunity for the
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to this war. Some scholars also argue that this conflict proved the value, through their use on both sides, of
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2655:, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 350f
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The
Ethiopian borderlands : essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century
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920:
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A Story in Stones: Portugal's
Influence on Culture and Architecture in the Highlands of Ethiopia 1493–1634
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wreaking havoc on the
Christian nation. However, the Abyssinians managed to secure the assistance of
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in the northern Horn of Africa. Between 1529 and 1543, he embarked on a campaign referred to as the
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The victories that gave the followers of Imam Ahmad the upper hand came in 1531. The first was the
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Historical dictionary of
Ethiopia By David Hamilton Shinn, Thomas P. Ofcansky, Chris Prouty pg 171
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Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg, July 20-25, 2003
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2196:, an important port today in present-day Eritrea. However, Da Gama was captured in the
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cavalry was instrumental in this battle, as the Abyssinian troops were outmaneuvered.
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2108:, where cannon fire at the start panicked the Ethiopian soldiers. The second was the
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to capture the historical Ethiopian city to solidify his rule in Ethiopia, echoing
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2694:"THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY JIHĀD IN ETHIOPIA AND THE IMPACT ON ITS CULTURE (Part One)"
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2016:
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1937:
1880:
1845:
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1522:
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1040:
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In 1529, Imam Ahmad's Adal troops defeated a larger Ethiopian contingent at the
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1968:
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2012:
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Dawit II died in September 2nd, 1540. and his son and future emperor Prince
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he besieged the city in the siege of Axum where upon he destroyed the
2256:
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2071:
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1992:
1976:
1958:
467:
134:
Weakening of the Abyssinians and Adalites, which opened the door for
2642:(pdf) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 28 January 2008)
2319:"Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State"
2082:
2058:
1971:
from 1529 to 1543. The Christian Ethiopian troops consisted of the
233:
87:
318:
2189:
2180:. The Portuguese forces would be ambushed by the Adalites at the
2173:
2128:
2116:, where they began to sack and burn numerous churches, including
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2049:
2000:
91:
51:
2730:
Richard Whiteway, The Portuguese expedition in Abyssnia, pp. 82
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2078:
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1965:
280:
128:
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1996:
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Withdrawal of the few remaining Adal-Ottoman troops from the
27:
1529–1543 war between the Ethiopian Empire and Adal Sultanate
615:
78:(13 years, 11 months, 1 week and 5 days)
2176:
following their defeat at the hands of the Ottomans at the
2120:, where the remains of several Emperors had been interred.
2027:
2008:
2436:"Troubled Ethiopia-Somalia history haunts Horn of Africa"
2552:
Revolutionary Ethiopia: From Empire to People's Republic
2741:"20 Famous Historical and Biblical Figures from Africa"
2522:
Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1999).
1987:, and at the closing of the war, supported by the
2664:
2521:
2411:Hassen, Mohammed. "Review work Futuh al habasa".
777:
2811:
2778:. Michigan State University Press. p. 66.
2645:
1770:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
2590:Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792
763:
601:
483:
2798:The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History (1570–1860)
2698:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
1957:'), was a military conflict between the
2614:(1). Michigan State University Press: 131.
2528:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 117.
2156:. During his invasion of the Tigray region
2413:International Journal of Ethiopian Studies
770:
756:
608:
594:
490:
476:
2653:Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia
2512:, (Oxford University Press: 2000), p. 501
2459:
2390:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 650.
120:Conflict continues between the armies of
2555:. Indiana University Press. p. 19.
2525:The Encyclodedia of Christianity, Vol. 5
2278:Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)
619:Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)
44:Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)
2019:mercenaries at times join their ranks.
14:
2812:
2665:Hespeler-Boultbee, John (April 2011).
2651:Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader,
2548:
2433:
2033:was a military leader of the medieval
497:
2691:
2601:
2575:David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar,
2383:
2351:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
2347:
2316:
751:
589:
471:
2577:Somalia: Nation in Search of a State
2341:
2088:
2865:Wars involving the Ethiopian Empire
2807:[[Category: Wars Involving Somalia
2453:
2354:. Hurst & Company. p. 89.
2214:and the Portuguese in the decisive
1995:. The Adal forces were composed of
1941:
56:Early 20th century folk drawing of
24:
2771:
2604:"The Legacy of Merid Wolde Aregay"
2602:Asfaw, Semeneh (30 October 2023).
2434:Malone, Barry (28 December 2011).
2410:
25:
2896:
2855:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
2041:, bringing the three-quarters of
2015:gunmen. Both sides would see the
2579:(Boulder: Westview Press, 1987).
2499:, (Greenwood Press: 2006), p.178
2263:, establishing new territories.
2231:The war was devastating for the
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2671:. CCB Publishing. p. 188.
2658:
2626:
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2569:
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2203:The 500 musketeers were led by
2164:in Negash to pay his respects.
2154:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
1991:with no less than four hundred
692:Ottoman campaign against Hormuz
76:9 March 1529 – 21 February 1543
2502:
2489:
2427:
2404:
2377:
2368:
2329:. University of Lisbon: 89–102
2310:
13:
1:
2800:Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994.
2588:Cambridge illustrated atlas,
2303:
2259:and eastward to the walls of
2022:
781:Portuguese colonial campaigns
2226:
2192:, a port in the province of
7:
2840:Military history of Somalia
2633:"Local History in Ethiopia"
2510:The Oxford History of Islam
2266:
40:Somali–Portuguese conflicts
10:
2901:
2845:Military history of Africa
2549:Keller, Edmond J. (1988).
2508:John L. Esposito, editor,
2158:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
2123:He defeated the armies of
2085:over traditional weapons.
2064:Ethiopia–Somalia relations
2031:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
1932:, also known in Arabic as
136:The Great Oromo Migrations
116:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
2608:Northeast African Studies
2293:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
2048:under the control of the
789:
627:
509:
220:
159:
68:
49:
37:
32:
2830:16th century in Ethiopia
2638:28 February 2008 at the
2384:Uhlig, Siegbert (2006).
1809:Banda Oriental (1816–20)
1787:Banda Oriental (1776–77)
1740:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
1513:Cape of Good Hope (1630)
2860:Wars involving Portugal
2497:The History of Ethiopia
2348:Henze, Paul B. (2000).
2317:Gikes, Patrick (2002).
1906:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
1443:Coromandel Coast (1619)
2692:Davis, Asa J. (1963).
2592:, by Jeremy Black pg 9
2273:Ajuran-Portuguese wars
2247:into the historically
2095:Battle of Shimbra Kure
1824:Mozambique (1847–1910)
1448:Persian Gulf (1621–22)
1351:Indian Ocean (1586–89)
1121:Indian Ocean (1538–60)
921:Persian Gulf (1507–15)
886:Indian Ocean (1505–17)
221:Commanders and leaders
150:Status quo ante bellum
106:status quo ante bellum
2850:Invasions of Ethiopia
2495:Saheed A. Adejumobi,
1954:Conquest of Abyssinia
1703:East Africa (1696–98)
991:Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
2216:Battle of Wayna Daga
2160:visited the tomb of
2131:and marched towards
1911:Mozambique (1964–74)
1876:Mozambique (1917-18)
1871:Mozambique (1917–18)
1856:East Timor (1911–12)
1799:French Guiana (1809)
1653:2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
1648:1st Sri Lanka (1654)
1071:Moluccas (1530–1607)
2820:Abyssinian–Adal War
2288:History of Ethiopia
2245:conquer and migrate
2178:1541 Battle of Suez
2114:Ethiopian highlands
1930:Abyssinian–Adal War
1488:Persian Gulf (1625)
1458:Persian Gulf (1622)
1428:Persian Gulf (1614)
1371:Sri Lanka (1587–88)
1356:Persian Gulf (1586)
1241:Sri Lanka (1557–58)
1231:Gulf of Oman (1554)
1216:Persian Gulf (1551)
1086:Persian Gulf (1534)
1066:Persian Gulf (1529)
114:after the death of
112:Ethiopian Highlands
2772:Hassen, Mohammed.
2461:Pankhurst, Richard
2283:History of Somalia
2200:and later killed.
2110:Battle of Amba Sel
2106:Battle of Antukyah
1926:Ethiopian–Adal War
1866:Angola (1914–1917)
1782:Angola (1774–1778)
1593:Malaysia (1640–41)
1533:East Africa (1632)
1453:Trincomalee (1622)
1423:Brazil (1612–1615)
1156:East Africa (1542)
1116:Brazil (1534–1536)
1061:East Africa (1528)
976:East Africa (1517)
901:East Africa (1507)
881:East Africa (1505)
501:Ethiopian–Adal War
131:successors of Adal
33:Ethiopian–Adal War
18:Ethiopian–Adal war
2835:Conflicts in 1529
2825:Conflicts in 1543
2796:Mohammed Hassen,
2678:978-1-926585-99-4
2562:978-0-253-20646-6
2535:978-0-8028-2417-2
2467:. Red Sea Press.
2397:978-3-447-04799-9
2186:Cristóvão da Gama
2182:Battle of Massawa
2089:Course of the war
2055:Cristóvão da Gama
1989:Portuguese Empire
1950:
1921:
1920:
1834:Mozambique (1895)
1658:Malabar (1658–63)
1558:Gold Coast (1637)
1498:Gold Coast (1625)
1386:India (1599–1600)
1301:Chaul (1570–1571)
1186:Insulindia (1545)
1041:Insulindia (1526)
1036:Insulindia (1525)
1031:Sumatra (1523–24)
1006:Insulindia (1521)
866:India (1500–1513)
819:Morocco (1463–64)
745:
744:
583:
582:
466:
465:
368:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim
349:Cristóvão da Gama
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189:
185:Portuguese Empire
155:
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58:Cristóvão da Gama
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1962:Ethiopian Empire
1945:
1943:
1901:Angola (1961–74)
1896:Africa (1961–74)
1861:Angola (1914–15)
1846:Angola (1902–04)
1814:Brazil (1821–25)
1765:Brazil (1762–63)
1643:Brazil (1652–54)
1598:Angola (1641–48)
1548:Arabia (1633–43)
1311:Mangalore (1571)
1226:Arabia (1552–54)
784:
782:
772:
765:
758:
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748:
712:Strait of Hormuz
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565:Hill of the Jews
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2880:1530s conflicts
2875:1529 beginnings
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2640:Wayback Machine
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2323:African Studies
2315:
2311:
2306:
2298:Battle of Hubat
2269:
2237:Mohammed Hassen
2229:
2198:Battle of Wofla
2091:
2039:Futuh Al-Habash
2025:
1934:Futūḥ Al-Ḥabaša
1922:
1917:
1881:Timor (1942–43)
1804:China (1809–10)
1735:India (1729–32)
1608:India (1644–45)
1573:India (1638–39)
1503:Malaysia (1628)
1433:Malaysia (1615)
1413:Malaysia (1606)
1408:Malaysia (1606)
1366:Malaysia (1587)
1361:Malaysia (1586)
1331:Malaysia (1575)
1326:Malaysia (1574)
1321:Malaysia (1573)
1316:India (1570–75)
1296:Goa (1570–1571)
1236:Pakistan (1557)
1221:Malaysia (1551)
1201:Malaysia (1547)
1181:Ethiopia (1543)
1176:Ethiopia (1542)
1171:Ethiopia (1542)
1166:Ethiopia (1542)
1161:Ethiopia (1542)
1151:Ethiopia (1542)
1146:Ethiopia (1541)
1111:Moluccas (1536)
1106:Malaysia (1536)
1101:Malaysia (1535)
1091:Malaysia (1534)
1026:Malaysia (1523)
986:Malaysia (1520)
941:Malaysia (1511)
785:
780:
778:
776:
746:
741:
623:
618:
616:
614:
584:
579:
533:
505:
500:
498:
496:
455:
453:
452:
444:
442:
441:
433:
431:
430:
422:
420:
419:
411:
409:
408:
402:
392:
390:
389:
387:Nur ibn Mujahid
381:
379:
378:
372:
362:
360:
357:
341:
340:
330:
329:
323:
311:
310:
304:
292:
291:
285:
273:
272:
266:
254:
253:
243:
242:
226:
205:
203:
202:
194:
192:
177:
176:
167:
165:
145:
94:
77:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2803:
2802:
2789:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2743:. 28 May 2021.
2732:
2723:
2704:(4): 567–592.
2684:
2677:
2657:
2644:
2625:
2594:
2581:
2568:
2561:
2541:
2534:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2473:
2452:
2426:
2403:
2396:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2340:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2228:
2225:
2141:Constantinople
2118:Atronsa Maryam
2090:
2087:
2035:Adal Sultanate
2024:
2021:
1969:Adal Sultanate
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Morocco (1769)
1774:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1588:Morocco (1640)
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:Malacca (1629)
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:Sumatra (1606)
1400:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Mombasa (1589)
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Morocco (1578)
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:Honavar (1571)
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:Sumatra (1569)
1288:
1286:Malacca (1568)
1283:
1278:
1273:
1271:Morocco (1564)
1268:
1266:Morocco (1562)
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Red Sea (1541)
1138:
1136:Red Sea (1541)
1133:
1131:Red Sea (1541)
1128:
1126:Red Sea (1541)
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:Morocco (1533)
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:Sumatra (1528)
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:Sumatra (1522)
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:Bahrain (1521)
998:
996:Sumatra (1521)
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:Morocco (1516)
968:
966:Morocco (1515)
963:
961:Morocco (1515)
958:
956:Morocco (1514)
953:
951:Morocco (1514)
948:
946:Morocco (1513)
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
911:Socotra (1507)
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
871:Algeria (1501)
868:
862:
861:
857:
856:
854:Morocco (1490)
851:
849:Morocco (1489)
846:
844:Morocco (1487)
841:
836:
834:Morocco (1471)
831:
829:Morocco (1471)
826:
824:Morocco (1468)
821:
816:
814:Morocco (1458)
811:
809:Morocco (1437)
806:
804:Morocco (1419)
801:
799:Morocco (1415)
795:
794:
790:
787:
786:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
625:
624:
613:
612:
605:
598:
590:
581:
580:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
507:
506:
495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
464:
463:
417:Abu Bakr Qatin
358:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:Ottoman Empire
200:Adal Sultanate
190:
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
139:
138:
132:
118:
108:
104:Return to the
100:
96:
95:
86:
84:
80:
79:
74:
66:
65:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2799:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2474:0-932415-19-9
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2361:1-85065-522-7
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:south of the
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:Harari people
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:Bahri Negassi
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:Imam reached
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:, as well as
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Angola (1907)
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Brazil (1756)
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Angola (1723)
1728:
1726:
1725:Brazil (1711)
1723:
1721:
1720:Brazil (1710)
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Angola (1681)
1691:
1689:
1688:Angola (1671)
1686:
1684:
1683:Angola (1670)
1681:
1679:
1678:Angola (1670)
1676:
1674:
1673:Brazil (1666)
1671:
1669:
1668:Angola (1665)
1666:
1664:
1663:Margão (1659)
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Arabia (1650)
1636:
1634:
1633:Brazil (1649)
1631:
1629:
1628:Brazil (1648)
1626:
1624:
1623:Angola (1647)
1621:
1619:
1618:Brazil (1645)
1616:
1614:
1613:Brazil (1645)
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Brazil (1641)
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Brazil (1640)
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Brazil (1638)
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Brazil (1636)
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:Arabia (1633)
1541:
1539:
1538:Bengal (1632)
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Brazil (1631)
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Brazil (1630)
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Brazil (1625)
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Angola (1624)
1481:
1479:
1478:Brazil (1624)
1476:
1474:
1473:Angola (1623)
1471:
1469:
1468:Angola (1622)
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Jaffna (1619)
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Jaffna (1591)
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Arabia (1581)
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Brazil (1567)
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Jaffna (1560)
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:Brazil (1558)
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Arabia (1548)
1209:
1207:
1206:Arabia (1548)
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Arabia (1523)
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Arabia (1507)
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:Guinea (1478)
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
788:
783:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
750:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:Bab el Mandeb
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
626:
621:
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
591:
588:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
503:
493:
488:
486:
481:
479:
474:
473:
470:
462:
451:
440:
429:
418:
407:
405:
399:
388:
377:
375:
369:
359:
355:
350:
345:
339:
334:
328:
326:
320:
315:
309:
307:
301:
296:
290:
288:
282:
277:
271:
269:
263:
258:
252:
247:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
224:
219:
213:
201:
191:
186:
181:
175:
164:
163:
158:
151:
148:
143:
142:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2870:1543 endings
2806:
2797:
2792:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2735:
2726:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2628:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2551:
2544:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2464:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:
2429:
2412:
2406:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2350:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2326:
2322:
2312:
2241:Oromo people
2230:
2219:
2202:
2166:
2139:conquest of
2122:
2103:
2092:
2070:such as the
2038:
2026:
1953:
1952:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1891:India (1961)
1886:India (1954)
1840:20th century
1829:China (1849)
1819:China (1846)
1793:19th century
1755:India (1752)
1750:India (1746)
1745:India (1746)
1715:India (1704)
1709:18th century
1698:India (1693)
1578:India (1639)
1563:India (1638)
1523:Jambi (1630)
1463:China (1622)
1418:India (1612)
1392:17th century
1341:India (1581)
1276:Japan (1565)
1261:Japan (1561)
1251:India (1559)
1196:India (1547)
1191:India (1546)
1150:
1096:Tunis (1535)
1076:India (1531)
1046:India (1526)
1011:China (1521)
936:India (1510)
931:India (1509)
926:India (1508)
906:India (1507)
896:India (1506)
891:India (1506)
876:India (1504)
860:16th century
793:15th century
514:Shimbra Kure
499:
439:Garad Hirabu
403:
373:
338:Seble Wongel
324:
305:
300:Takla Iyasus
286:
267:
238:
160:Belligerents
38:Part of the
2194:Medri Bahri
1985:Agaw people
1398:Java (1601)
1051:Java (1527)
461:Wazir Abbas
450:Ahmed Girri
262:Wasan Sagad
144:Territorial
2814:Categories
2445:15 January
2333:7 November
2304:References
2212:Gelawdewos
2145:Arab Faqīh
2081:, and the
2059:Portuguese
2023:Background
1993:musketeers
1942:فتوح الحبش
981:Goa (1517)
667:Wayna Daga
575:Wayna Daga
251:Gelawdewos
64:'s deaths.
62:Imam Ahmad
2710:0018-2540
2257:Blue Nile
2227:Aftermath
2137:Mehmed II
2072:matchlock
2046:Abyssinia
2043:Christian
1977:Tigrayans
1959:Christian
717:Oman Gulf
215:(1542–43)
188:(1541–43)
2784:43660080
2718:41856679
2636:Archived
2620:41960546
2483:36543471
2463:(1997).
2421:27828848
2267:See also
2251:land of
2083:arquebus
2068:firearms
1981:Tigrinya
1964:and the
529:Amba Sel
519:Antukyah
234:Dawit II
127:and the
125:Ethiopia
122:Imperial
88:Ethiopia
83:Location
2440:Reuters
2415:: 179.
2190:Massawa
2174:Massawa
2162:Najashi
2129:Tembien
2079:cannons
2013:Turkish
1949:
737:Kamaran
732:Bahrain
722:3rd Diu
672:2nd Diu
632:1st Diu
555:Baçente
540:Massawa
404:†
374:†
325:†
306:†
287:†
268:†
146:changes
92:Eritrea
2782:
2716:
2708:
2675:
2618:
2559:
2532:
2481:
2471:
2419:
2394:
2358:
2253:Welega
2220:Azmach
2208:Yeshaq
2099:Harari
2097:. The
2075:musket
2050:Muslim
2001:Somali
1973:Amhara
1966:Muslim
1938:Arabic
702:Hormuz
697:Muscat
652:Jeddah
642:El Tor
637:Suakin
550:Sahart
545:Saraye
400:
370:
351:
321:
302:
283:
281:Eslamu
264:
236:
209:
171:
129:Muslim
99:Result
2780:JSTOR
2714:JSTOR
2616:JSTOR
2417:JSTOR
2261:Harar
2249:Gafat
2169:Menas
2150:Aksum
2133:Aksum
2125:Agame
1997:Harla
1951:'
727:Mocha
707:Velez
687:Qatif
662:Wofla
657:Jarte
570:Wofla
560:Jarte
319:Robēl
2706:ISSN
2673:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2479:OCLC
2469:ISBN
2447:2021
2392:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2335:2016
2188:via
2127:and
2028:Imam
2017:Maya
2011:and
2009:Arab
2005:Afar
1983:and
1947:lit.
1924:The
677:Aden
647:Suez
535:Bali
524:Zari
90:and
73:Date
60:and
2243:to
2057:'s
1928:or
2816::
2712:.
2700:.
2696:.
2612:11
2610:.
2606:.
2477:.
2438:.
2325:.
2321:.
2077:,
2003:,
1999:,
1979:,
1975:,
1944:,
1940::
42:,
2786:.
2720:.
2702:2
2681:.
2622:.
2565:.
2538:.
2485:.
2449:.
2423:.
2400:.
2364:.
2337:.
2327:2
1936:(
771:e
764:t
757:v
609:e
602:t
595:v
491:e
484:t
477:v
239:#
20:)
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