History of Saint Helena

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and five years after, to measure the influence that television has on the behaviour of children in classrooms and school playgrounds. This concluded that the island children continued to be hard working and very well behaved and that family and community social controls were more important in shaping children's behaviour than exposure to television. The Island of St Helena Coffee Company was founded in 1994 by David Henry. Using Green Tipped Bourbon Coffee plants imported in 1733, crops were grown on several sites, including the Bamboo Hedge Estate Sandy Bay estate used for the 1851 Great Exhibition entry. In 1997, the acute employment problem at St Helena was brought to the attention of the British public following reports in the tabloid press of a "riot" following an article in the Financial Times describing how the Governor, David Smallman (1995–1999), was jostled by a small crowd who believed he and the Foreign Office had rejected plans to build an airport on the island.

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and several endemic insects adapted to the barren and arid coastal portions of the island are strong indications that these conditions existed before the island was discovered. Also, the earliest description of the island by Thome Lopez, who sighted the island on 3 July 1503, specifically states that coastal trees were absent: ". . . nor did we see any kind of trees, but it was completely green . . ." Rather than trees, this eyewitness account suggests the presence of low-height scrub adapted to the coastal desert conditions. Nevertheless, St Helena certainly once had a rich and dense inland forest. The loss of endemic vegetation, birds and other fauna, much of it within the first 50 years of discovery, can be attributed to the impact of humans and their introduction of goats, pigs, dogs, cats, rats as well as the introduction of non-endemic birds and vegetation into the island.

132:. The latter left Lisbon about six months after João da Nova’s return so Albuquerque and his captains should all have known whether João da Nova had indeed found St Helena. An anonymous Flemish traveler on one of da Gama's ships reporting that bread and victuals were running short by the time they reached the Cape, so from da Gama's perspective there was a pressing need that he be told water and meat could be found at St Helena. The fact that nothing seems to have been said about the island, da Gama's scrivener Lopes regarding the island as unknown, again implies da Nova found Ascension but not St Helena. The 2022 paper also reviews cartographic evidence that St Helena and Ascension were known to the Spanish in 1500, before either João da Nova or Estêvão da Gama sailed for India. The suggestion that João da Nova discovered Tristan da Cunha naming it St Helena is discounted. 532:, evacuated by the French in 1710. However, with the outbreak of war with other European countries, the Company continued to subsidise the island because of its strategic location. An ordinance was passed in 1731 to preserve the woodlands through the reduction in the goat population. Despite the clear connection between deforestation and the increasing number of floods (in 1732, 1734, 1736, 1747, 1756 and 1787) the East India Company's Court of Directors gave little support to efforts by governors to eradicate the goat problem. Rats were observed in 1731 building nests in trees two feet across, a visitor in 1717 commenting that the vast number of wild cats preferred to live off young partridges than the rats. An outbreak of plague in 1743 was attributed to the release of infected rats from ships arriving from India. By 1757, soldiers were employed in killing the wild cats. 733:

Thomas Brooke (temporary governor, 1821–1823) and Alexander Walker (1823–1828), successfully brought the island through this post-Napoleonic period with the opening of a new farmer's market in Jamestown, the foundation of an Agricultural and Horticultural Society and improvements in education. The importation of slaves was banned in 1792, but the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, some six years before legislation to ban slavery in the colonies was passed by the British Parliament. An abortive attempt was made to set up a whaling industry in 1830 (also in 1875). Following praise of St Helena's coffee given by Napoleon during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris during the years after his death.

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subsequently appointed by the Governor and could only be removed from office by the votes of a majority of the five members of the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council Members would be re-elected by the voters every four years. With few exceptions the Governor would be obliged to abide by the advice given to him by the Executive Council. Five Council Committees would be made up from the membership of the Legislative Council and civil servants so that at any time there would always be a majority of elected members. The five Chairpersons of these committees would comprise the elected membership of the Executive Council.

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this new United East India Company. The same year, extensive work began to build the present Castle. Because of a lack of cement, mud was used as the mortar for many buildings, most of which had deteriorated into a state of ruin. In a search for lime on the island, a soldier in 1709 claimed to have discovered gold and silver deposits in Breakneck Valley. For a short period, it is believed that almost every able-bodied man was employed in prospecting for these precious metals. The short-lived Breakneck Valley Gold Rush ended with the results of an assay of the deposits in London, showing that they were iron pyrites.

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were to the contrary, they found that man has more effect on nature than they originally believed. After allowing human destructive power to reach Saint Helena, the Forsters noticed flooding from the removal of vegetation and mass slaughter of the turtle population. The consequence of the imperial destruction was a fundamental understanding of the importance of vegetal cover in the tropical environment. Other writers, such as Peter Kalm who wrote about deforestation and draught in North America without connecting the two phenomena, influenced the Forsters' theories on the importance of vegetation.

1245:. This was widely interpreted as meaning the project was in abeyance, probably for a number of years until the UK's economy recovers. In March 2009, DfID announced the launch of a new consultation on options for access to the island. In a parliamentary debate in which DfID were accused of delaying tactics, the ministry accepted the conclusion in their 2005 Access document but argued good fiscal management required this to be re-reviewed. In December 2008, the British Government decided not to go ahead at that time with the long-promised airport. When the airport eventually opens, the 988:

opening and closing in 1909 because of an unusual shortage of fish are incorrect. The diamond merchant and philanthropist Alfred Mosely funded cured mackerel production in 1910. Packed in barrels, the product sold at a loss in New York and the industry was therefore ended. Governor Gallwey used the word "factory" in an unusual form, referring a team of workers working in the open on Jamestown's wharf. Fish catches were greater than in 1909. It has also been shown that in 1912, Mosely also unsuccessfully petitioned authorities to allow most of St Helena's population to emigrate to

3185: 668: 754:(1836–1842), the first governor appointed by the British government, arrived with 91st Regiment troops. He summarily dismissed St Helena Regiment and, following orders from London, embarked on a savage drive to cut administrative costs, dismissing most officers previously in the Company employ. This triggered the start of a long-term pattern whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better fortunes and opportunities elsewhere. The population was to fall gradually from 6,150 in 1817 to less than 4,000 by 1890. 510:(1690–1693) also prevented soldiers smuggling themselves aboard ships by ordering all outgoing ships to leave only during daylight hours. This led to a mutiny in 1693 in which a group of mutineer soldiers seized a ship and made their escape, during the course of which Governor Johnson was killed. Meanwhile, savage punishment was meted out to slaves during this period, some being burnt alive and others starved to death. Rumours of an uprising by slaves in 1694 led to the gruesome execution of three slaves and cruel punishment of many others. 816:. Most of these were broken up and used for salvage. Between 1840 and 1849, 15,076 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans" were landed at Rupert's Bay on the island, of which number over 5,000 were dead or died there. The final number up to the 1870s when the depot was finally closed has not yet been accurately determined, but would be over 20,000. Surviving freed slaves lived at Lemon Valley – originally the quarantine area, later for women and children, Rupert's and High Knoll, and only when numbers became too great were they sent to 1009:, the defunct St Helena Volunteer Corps was re-established. In the absence of infantry forces, a policy of defensive strongholds was adopted in the event of an invasion. Considerable pressure was put on islanders to volunteer to serve in the overseas forces, but this was always on a voluntary basis. Some 46 islanders volunteered to fight abroad, the war memorials on the wharf and at St Paul's Church (which differ in detail) showing some eight men lost their lives during the conflict. The self-proclaimed Sultan of Zanzibar, 858:

anchored off Jamestown bay to be wrecked. The foundation stone for St Paul's country church, also known as "The Cathedral", was laid in 1850. Following instructions from London to achieve economies, Governor Thomas Gore Brown (1851–1856) further reduced the civil establishment. He also tackled the problems of overpopulation of Jamestown posed by the restrictions of the valley terrain by establishing a village at Rupert's Bay. A census in 1851 showed a total of 6,914 inhabitants living on the island. In 1859 the

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through education, participation and planning, improving decision making by providing statistical information and by improving the safety and operation of the wharf and harbour operations. After decades of planning, the realisation of the three-tier school system began in 1988 under the aegis of the Head of Education, Basil George, when the Prince Andrew School was opened for all pupils of 12 onwards. Middle schools would take the 8- to 12-year-old children and the First schools from 5-year-olds.

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study is the only way to determine the original vegetation because there is no direct evidence of plant life from when the island was discovered. One study determined that because the island is volcanic in nature, any plant life existing on the island would have travelled there from elsewhere. It is most likely that the original plant life would have travelled from southern Africa because of the south-easterly prevailing winds and currents.

3132: 3171: 916:("white ants"). Eating their way through house timbers (also documents) the termites caused the collapse of a number of buildings and considerable economic damage over several decades. Extensive reconstruction made use of iron rails and termite-proof timbers. The termite problem persists to the present day. The cornerstone for St Matthew's church at Hutt's Gate was laid in 1861. 323:

and largest low plot in all the island, and it is marvellous sweet and pleasant, and planted in every place with fruit trees or with herbs.... There are on this island thousands of goats, which the Spaniards call cabritos, which are very wild: you shall sometimes see one or two hundred of them together, and sometimes you may behold them going in a flock almost a mile long.

1498:, published by the partially publicly funded St Helena News Media Services (SHNMS) since 2000. The non-government funded Saint FM Radio officially launched in January 2005. The station currently broadcasts news, features and music across the island, Ascension, the Falklands and worldwide over the internet in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the 1143:. The islanders lost their status as 'Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies' (as defined in the British Nationality Act 1948) and were stripped of their right of abode in Britain. For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government and the only available employment overseas for the islanders was restricted to the 160:. This faith celebrated Whitsunday on the same day as Catholics while Saint Helena was marked on 21 May, the same day as the Orthodox Church. Quite apart from the fact that the discoverers were Catholics, Linschoten failed to realise the impossibility that the island was named after a Protestant feast-day, it being found more than a decade before the 89:. This tradition has been reviewed by a 2022 paper which concluded the Portuguese chronicles published at least 50 years later, are the sole primary source to the discovery. Although contradictory in describing other events, these chronicles almost unanimously claim João da Nova found St Helena sometime in 1502, although none quote the precise date. 644:(1808–1813) took action to reduce drunkenness by prohibiting the public sale of spirits and the importation of cheap Indian spirits. As in 1787, these actions resulted in a mutiny by about 250 troops in December 1811. After the mutineers surrendered to loyal troops, nine of the mutineers' leaders were executed. Under the aegis of the next governor, 432:). A fort, originally named the Castle of St John, was completed within a month and further houses were built further up the valley. It soon became obvious that the island could not be made self-sufficient and in early 1658, the East India Company ordered all homecoming ships to provide one ton of rice on their arrival at the island. 769:, also arrived that year as principal medical officer (1836–1837). In addition to reorganising the hospital, Barry highlighted the heavy incidence of venereal diseases in the civilian population, blaming the government for the removal of the St Helena Regiment, which resulted in destitute females resorting to prostitution. 597:

1770. It was from about this date that the island began, for the first time, to enjoy a prolonged period of prosperity. The first Parish Church in Jamestown had been showing signs of decay for many years, and finally a new building was erected in 1774. St James' is now the oldest Anglican church south of the Equator. Captain

1013:, was exiled in St Helena from 1917 to 1921 before being transferred to the Seychelles. Parliamentary criticism was voiced when Governor Cordeaux took a 31-month leave of absence from March 1917. A petition for the replacement of Acting Governor Dixon was raised in 1918. This followed a period of food shortages. The 975:

island when the war ended in 1902. A severe outbreak of influenza in 1900 led to the death of 3.3% of the population, although it affected neither the Boer prisoners nor the troops guarding them. An outbreak of whooping cough in 1903 infected most children on the island, although only one died as a result.

1099:, to use synthetic fibres for their mailbags was a major blow, all of which contributed in the closure of the island's flax mills in 1965. Many acres of land are still covered with flax plants. A census in 1956 showed the population had fallen only slightly, to 4,642. 1957 witnessed the arrival of three 1197:

route, and featured a mixed cargo/passenger layout. At the same time, a shuttle service between St Helena and Ascension was planned, for the many Saint Helenians working there and on the Falklands. In 1995 the decision was made to base the ship from Cape Town and limit the number of trips to the

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Attempts by governor John Skottowe (1764–1782) to regularise the sale of arrack and punch led to some hostility and desertions by a number of troops who stole boats and were probably mostly lost at sea — however, at least one group of seven soldiers and a slave succeeded in escaping to Brazil in

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a marvellous fair and pleasant valley, wherein divers handsome buildings and houses were set up, and especially one which was a church, which was tiled, and whitened on the outside very fair, and made with a porch, and within the church at the upper end was set an alter.... This valley is the fairest

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was motivated to discover a connection between nature and human development. At first, they believed that nature must have some sort of effect on human development which could answer why there are different levels of development throughout the world. However, their discoveries on Saint Helena Island

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Saint Helena has been a very integral part of man's exploration of the Earth and development of sciences, especially ecological sciences. When the island was first discovered, it was one of the most isolated and pristine piece of land ever encountered by humans. This, along with its relatively small

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A census held in February 2008 showed the population (including the RMS) had fallen to 4,255. In the first half of 2008, areas of the cliff above the wharf were stabilised from rock falls with netting at a cost of approximately £3 million. On 14 August, about 200 tons of rock fell from the west side

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The 1988 St Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an Executive and Legislative Council. The Executive Council members would be elected for nomination by the elected members of the Legislative Council, and

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with emigrants, arrived in James Bay in 1911 on fire, possibly due to spontaneous combustion of coal stored in a thermally-insulated hold. The ship burned out and sank, but its 364 passengers and crew were rescued and looked after on the island. A census in 1911 showed the population had fallen from

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broke out in 1887 and also in 1893 which, with an additional outbreak of whooping cough, led to the death of 31 children under 10. In 1890 a great fall of rock killed nine people in Jamestown, a fountain being erected in Main Street in their memory. A census in 1891 showed 4,116 inhabitants lived on

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The arrival of a fleet of ships in January 1807 caused an outbreak of measles. The outbreak led to the death of 102 "Blacks" (probably under-reported in church records), and 58 "whites" in the two months to May. With the importation of slaves no longer being legal, Governor Robert Patton (1802–1807)

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An order by governor Daniel Corneille (1782–1787) banning garrison troops and sailors from punch-taverns, only allowing them to drink at army canteens, led to a mutiny over Christmas 1787 when some 200 troops skirmished with loyal troops over a three-day period. Courts martial condemned 99 mutineers

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Following commercial rivalries between the original English East India Company and a New East India Company created in 1698, a new Company was formed in 1708 by amalgamation, and entitled the "United Company of Merchants of England, trading to the East Indies". St Helena was then transferred to

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to deliver one slave. Slaves were also brought from Asia by incoming shipping. Thus, most slaves came from Madagascar and Asia rather than the African mainland. By 1679, the number of slaves had risen to about 80. An uprising by soldiers and planters in 1684 during the governorship of John Blackmore

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When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation. Claims that on discovery the island "was entirely covered with forests, the trees drooping over the tremendous precipices that overhang the sea" have been questioned. It is argued that the presence of an endemic plover

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Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, Itinerario, voyage ofte schipvaert van Jan Huygen Van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, inhoudende een corte beschryvinghe der selver landen ende zee-custen... waer by ghevoecht zijn niet alleen die conterfeytsels van de habyten, drachten ende wesen, so van de

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The Forster expedition started the ecological study of Saint Helena, but others have been studying the island since then. Because the island has been extremely affected by human interaction and destruction, scientists have attempted to discern the original vegetal makeup of the island. A scientific

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The Bishop's Commission on Citizenship was established at the Fifteenth Session of Diocesan Synod in 1992 with the aim of restoring full citizenship of the islanders and restore the right of abode in the UK. Research began (Prof. T. Charlton) in 1993, two years before its introduction on the island

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The departure of the Boers and later removal of the remaining garrison in 1906 (with the disbandment of the St Helena Volunteers, this was the first time the island was left without a garrison) both impacted on the island economy, which was only slightly offset by growing philatelic sales. The

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in 1845. The same year, St Helena coffee was sold in London at 1d per pound, making it the most expensive and exclusive in the world. In 1846, St James' church was considerably repaired, a steeple replacing the old tower. The same year, huge waves, or "rollers", hit the island causing 13 ships

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A European Regiment, called the St Helena Regiment, comprising five companies was formed in 1842 for the purpose of garrisoning the island. William A Thorpe, the founder of the Thorpe business, was born on the island the same year. There was another outbreak of measles in 1843 and it was noted

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led to a gradual reduction in the number of ships calling at St Helena and to a decline in its strategic importance to Britain and economic fortunes. (A 2020 report adds that the island's prosperity ended after 1860 when "the Suez Canal shifted trade routes north"/) The number of ships calling

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After Napoleon's death the large number of temporary residents, such as military personnel, were soon withdrawn. The East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena and life returned to the pre-1815 standards, the fall in population causing a sharp change in the economy. The next governors,

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A census in 1723 showed that out of a total population 1,110, some 610 were slaves. In 1731, a majority of tenant planters successfully petitioned governor Edward Byfield (1727–1731) for the reduction of the goat population. The next governor, Isaac Pyke (1731–1738), had a tyrannical reputation but

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Until 2017, travel to the island required a long trip by boat. An airport was constructed and the first flight arrived in October 2017. Because of "dangerous wind conditions" that made landing large aircraft unsafe, only smaller aircraft are used for the five hour trip from South Africa. Passenger

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In a vote held in January 2002, a majority of islanders (at home and abroad) voted in favour for an airport to be built. The island's two-floor museum situated in a building near the base of Jacob's Ladder was opened the same year and is operated by the St Helena Heritage Society. The Bank of

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A South African company (The South Atlantic Trading and Investment Corporation, SATIC) bought a majority share in Solomon and Company in 1968. Following several years of losses and to avoid the economic effects of a closure of the company, the St Helena government eventually bought a majority

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The 1817 census recorded 821 white inhabitants, a garrison of 820 men, 618 Chinese indentured labourers, 500 free blacks and 1,540 slaves. In 1818, while admitting that nowhere in the world did slavery exist in a milder form than on St Helena, Lowe initiated the first step in emancipating the

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formally made claim to St Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. A Dutch territorial stone, undated but certainly later than 1633, is presently kept in the island's archive office. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in

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had already assigned that same name to the Brazilian coastline, which he thought to be a large island, on 3 May 1500. News of Cabral's discovery reached Lisbon directly from South America before da Nova's fleet set off on the voyage to India in 1501. If da Nova knew the True Cross name had already

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Benson, C.W. (1950). A contribution to the ornithology of St Helena and other notes from a sea voyage. Ibis 92, 75–83. / Decelle, J., 1970. Vegetation. In La Faune terrestre de l'isle Sainte Helene, primiere partie. Musee Royal de I'Afrique Central – Tervuren, Belgique – Annates Serie IN-8°,

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attacked 90% of the population. Solomon's became a limited company the same year. Flax prices continued to rise after the war, rising to their zenith in 1951. However, this St Helena staple industry fell into decline because of competition from synthetic fibres and also because the delivered

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William A. Thorpe was killed in an accident in 1918, his business continuing to operate on the island to the present day. In 1920 the Norwegian ship Spangereid caught fire and sank at her mooring at James Bay, depositing quantities of coal on the beach below the wharf. A census in 1921 showed the

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prisoners were imprisoned at Deadwood and Broadbottom. The population reached its all-time record of 9,850 in 1901. Although a number of prisoners died, being buried at Knollcombes, the islanders and Boers developed a relationship of mutual respect and trust, a few Boers choosing to remain on the

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and other towns along the east coast of South America), the first Bishop of St Helena arriving on the island that year. Islanders later complained that succeeding governors were mainly retired senior military officers with an undynamic approach to the job. St John's church was built in upper

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called into St Helena in 1691 at the end of his first of three circumnavigations of the world and stated Jamestown comprised 20–30 small houses built with rough stones furnished with mean furniture. These houses were only occupied when ships called at the island because their owners were all

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launched an armed invasion of St Helena from the Cape colony over Christmas 1672. Governor Beale was forced to abandon the island in a Company ship, sailing to Brazil where he hired a fast ship. This he used to locate an East India Company flotilla sent to reinforce St Helena with fresh

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ships circling the island. Agreement was reached that St Helena would be placed in the hands of a general officer of His Majesty's service during Napoleon's confinement. The British government would meet all expenses relating to the prisoner and would be responsible for both his and the island's

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In October 2008, the St Helena Government announced that island's media must choose whether they obtained revenue from government subsidies or from advertising. They could not do both. On this basis, the partly publicly subsidised Media Services, which publish the St Helena Herald and

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princes as prisoners of Britain, who remained until released by a writ of habeas corpus in 1960. Another attempt to operate a fish cannery led to closure in 1957. From 1958, the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced their service calls to the island. The same year, there were 36 cases of

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making was encouraged as an island-industry during the pre-war period, initiated by Emily Jackson in 1890 and a lace-making school was opened in 1908. Two men, known as the Prosperous Bay Murderers, were hanged in 1905. A paper published in 2017 has proved that reports of a fish-canning factory

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up the steep side of the valley from Jamestown to Knoll Mount Fort, with 700 steps, one step being covered over in later repairs. A census in 1881 showed 5,059 inhabitants lived on the island. Jonathan, claimed to be the world's oldest tortoise, is thought to have arrived on the island in 1882.

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In the peak era, a thousands ships per year stopped there leaving the governor to try to police the numerous visitors and to limit the consumption of arrack, made from potatoes. (The mutinies may have been fueled by alcohol.) Because Jamestown was "too raucous with its taverns and brothels", St

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The clearance of the indigenous forest for the distillation of spirits, tanning and agricultural development began to lead to shortage of wood by the 1680s. The numbers of rats and goats had reached plague proportions by the 1690s, leading to the destruction of food crops and young tree shoots.

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has been shown to be a myth. John Dutton's successors as governor, Robert Stringer (1661–1670) and Richard Coney (1671–1672), repeatedly warned the Company of unrest amongst the inhabitants, Coney complaining the inhabitants were drunks and ne’er-do-wells. In 1672 Coney was seized by rebellious

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The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, desecration to their chapel and images, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and

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The 1987 census showed that the island population stood at 5,644. The Development & Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of St Helena by planning and managing sustainable economic development

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announced plans to construct an airport on Saint Helena to bolster the Island's economy, and reduce the dependence on boats to supply the Island. Impregilo S.p.A. of Milan were selected as the preferred tender to design, build and operate the airport, which was expected to be open in 2012/13,

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In 1795 governor Robert Brooke (1787–1801) was alerted that the French had overrun the Netherlands, forcing the Dutch to become their allies. Some 411 troops were sent from the garrison to support General Sir James Craig in his successful capture of the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

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broke over Sandy Bay, on the southern coast. Against the background of this erosion, several years of drought and the general dependency of St Helena, in 1715 governor Isaac Pyke (1714–1719) made the serious suggestion to the Company that appreciable savings could be made by moving the

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and outbreak of war against France in 1689 meant that for several years ships from Asia avoided the island for fear of being attacked by French men-of-war. Soldiers at the end of their service thereby had restricted opportunities to obtain a passage back to Britain. Governor Joshua Johnson

720:’s Secret Committee in London. Brisk business was enjoyed catering for the additional 2,000 troops and personnel on the island over the six-year period, although restrictions placed against ships landing during this period posed a challenge for local traders to import the necessary goods. 200:

and other ailments, to be taken home, if they recovered, by the next ship, but they formed no permanent settlement. The island thereby became crucially important for the collection of food and as a rendezvous point for homebound voyages from Asia. The island was directly in line with the

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It is a popular belief that the Portuguese managed to keep the location of this remote island a secret until almost the end of the 16th century. However, both the location of the island and its name were quoted in a Dutch book in 1508, which described a 1505 Portuguese expedition led by

223:"n the twenty-first day of July we saw land, and it was an island lyng six hundred and fifty miles from the Cape, and called Saint Helena, howbeit we could not land there. And after we left the island of Saint Helena, we saw another island two hundred miles from there, which is called 1593:

in 1775. This voyage was the beginning of ecological conservatism. Before any ideas of conservatism, there were economic factors causing the destruction of Saint Helena, but also colonial ideology behind the mass destruction of tropical landscapes throughout the last 400 years. The

447:". Each planter was allocated one of 130 pieces of land, but the Company had great difficulty attracting new immigrants, the population falling to only 66, including 18 slaves, by 1670. The long tradition that the early settlers included many who had lost their home in the 1666 155:

either - this faith certainly marked Saint Helena on 21 May but in 1589 celebrated Whitsun a week later, on 28 May. The paper suggested the solution to this apparent paradox was the fact that by the time his book was published in 1596 Linschoten had converted to the Protestant

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Duarte Lopes and Filippo Pigafetta, Relatione del Reame di Congo et delle circonvicine contrade tratta dalli scritti & ragionamenti di Odoardo Lope Portoghese / per Filipo Pigafetta con disegni vari di geografiadi pianti, d’habiti d’animali, & altro. (Rome: BGrassi,

213:. St Helena was much less frequently visited by Asia-bound ships, the northern trade winds taking ships towards the South American continent rather than the island. An analysis has been published of the Portuguese ships arriving at St Helena in the period 1502–1613. 637:

recommended that Company import Chinese labour to grow the rural workforce. The first Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, and the total number rose to about 600 by 1818. After 1836, many were allowed to stay on and their descendants became integrated into the population.

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One commentator has observed that, notwithstanding the high unemployment resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981–2002, the level of loyalty to the British monarchy by the St Helena population is probably not exceeded in any other part of the world.

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slaves by persuading slave owners to give all slave children born after Christmas of that year their freedom once they had reached their late teens. Solomon Dickson & Taylor issued £147-worth of copper halfpenny tokens sometime before 1821 to enhance local trade.

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A review has been published of St Helena's wartime period. Islanders were made aware of their vulnerability to naval attack, despite extensive fortifications, following a visit by a fleet of three German super-dreadnoughts in January 1914. With the outbreak of

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but the experiment was abandoned by his successor Governor C. G. E. Patey (1870–1873), who also embarked on a programme of reducing the civil establishment. The latter action led to another phase of emigration from the island. An experiment in 1874 to produce

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in 1638, is suggested as historically more credible than the Protestant date of 21 May. The paper observes that if da Nova made the discovery on 3 May 1502, he may have been inhibited from naming the island Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross) because

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The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, from the Prosperous Voyage of M. Thomas Candish esquire into the South Sea, and so around about the circumference of the whole earth, begun in the yere 1586, and finished

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in 1921, which was made a dependency of St Helena in 1922. Thomas R. Bruce (postmaster 1898–1928) was the first islander to design a postage stamp, the 1922–1937 George V ship-design—this significantly contributed to island revenues for several years.

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St Helena, located next to the Post Office, commenced operations in 2004, inheriting the assets and accounts of the former St Helena Government Savings and the Ascension Island Savings Banks, both of which then ceased to exist. In April 2005 the

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The Principall Navigations Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation. By Richard Hakluyt. Imprinted at London, 1589. A photo-lithographic facsimile, with an introduction by David Beers Quinn and Raleigh Ashlin Skelton, and with a new index by Alison

1510:

broadcast on Radio St Helena, would no longer be allowed to run advertisements. Simultaneously, the St Helena Independent and Saint FM announced that they would need to increase advertising rates, which barely covered the cost of producing adverts.

1279:

had a very negative effect on tourism in 2020 and extending into 2021. One news report in August 2020 stated that the costs imposed by the pandemic led to the "collapse of the island’s tourism sector, which was meant to drive its economic development".

119:

regarded it as an unknown island yet named Ascension as one of five reference points to the new island’s location. On 12 July 1502, nearly three weeks before reaching St Helena, Lopes described how Estêvão da Gama’s ships met up with a section of the

1862:

Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels into Africa et Asia the Great: Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Industant as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Orientall Indies and I’les Adjacent (Jacob Blome & Richard Bishop, 1638),

632:

As a result of a policy of recruiting time-expired soldiers calling at the island on their voyage home from India, the St Helena Regiment was built up to 1,000 men by 1800. At the same time, every able-bodied man joined the island's militia.

1224:. The St Helena National Trust was also formed the same year with the aim of promoting the island's unique environmental and culture heritage. A full census in February 1998 showed the total population (including the RMS) was 5,157 persons. 1493:

Radio St Helena started operations on Christmas Day 1967, transmissions being limited to the island apart from occasional short-wave broadcasts. The station presented news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the

923:

and other places on the West African coast) resulted in a further deterioration in the economy. A small earthquake was recorded the same year. The gaol in Rupert's Bay was destroyed and the Castle and Supreme Court were reconstructed in 1867.

518:

nor a duty on all firewood helped reduce the deforestation while attempts to reforest the island by governor John Roberts (1708–1711) were not followed up by his immediate successors. The Great Wood, which once extended from Deadwood Plain to

471:

In 1674 discontented settlers and troops seized Richard Keigwin (1673–1674), the next acting governor; it was only the lucky arrival of an East India Company fleet under the command of Captain William Basse that freed Keigwin. By 1675, the

1265:

of Jamestown severely damaging the Baptist chapel and surrounding buildings. Plans are in hand to net the most dangerous sections of the mountains either side of Jamestown over the period to 2015 at an estimated cost of about £15 million.

1385:(from 1809), both government funded publications. The press was taken over after the departure of governor Alexander Beatson (1808–13), and was mainly used for government notices and regulations. The first of an occasional series 749:

in 1833, a provision of which transferred control of St Helena from the East India Company to the Crown with effect from 2 April 1834. In practice, the transfer did not take effect until 24 February 1836 when Major-General

555:

successfully extended tree plantations, improved fortifications and transformed the garrison and militia into a reliable force for the first time. In 1733 Green Tipped Bourbon Coffee seeds were brought from the coffee port of

1577:

among other works, explains how imperialist deforestation of Saint Helena made apparent for the first time the devastating effects humans can have on the world around them. Saint Helena Island was famous for the work that

443:. The East India Company immediately sought a Royal Charter, possibly to give their occupation of St Helena legitimacy. This was issued in 1661 and gave the Company the sole right to fortify and colonise the island " 300:

located the island on the final lap of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). It is suspected this explains how the location of the island was certainly known to the English only a few years later, for example,

1536:

As of October 2020, the Saint Helena Island Info website listed three active stations, two operated by South Atlantic Media Services: S.A.M.S. Radio 1 (news, features and entertainment), S.A.M.S. Radio 2 (relay of the

1427:(1866–1868) both closed because of the lack of printing facilities. Two humorous papers, The Bug (1888) and the Mosquito (1888) were similarly short-lived. Several short-lived papers also appeared a few years later – 262:. Fernão Lopes preferred being marooned to returning to Portugal in his maimed condition, and lived on Saint Helena from about 1516. By royal command, Lopes returned to Portugal about 1526 and then travelled to 1108:

share in the company in 1974. In 1969 the first elections were held under the new constitution for twelve-member Legislative Council. By 1976, the population had grown slightly to 5,147 inhabitants. Based from

1030:

coinage became legal tender in 1923, reflecting the high level of trade with that country. There were nine deaths from whooping cough between 1920 and 1929 and 2,200 cases of measles in 1932. The first car, an

344:

on no account to touch at St Helena. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. One of their first visits was in 1598 when an expedition of two vessels piloted by

305:(who died in 1584 as English consul at Aleppo, Syria) stated the island was "sixteen degrees to the South", which is precisely the correct latitude. Again, it is also clear that the Elizabethan adventurer 1119:, a coastal passenger and cargo vessel that had been used between Vancouver and Alaska. Due to structural weakness, the spire of St James' church was demolished in 1980. The endemic flowering shrub, the 369:

deplored the deterioration since his last visit in 1601, describing damage to the chapel and destruction of fruit trees by cutting down trees to pick the fruit. While Thomas Best, commander of the tenth

608:

Saul Solomon is believed to have arrived at the island about 1790, where he eventually formed the Solomon's company, initially based at an emporium. Today the Rose and Crown shop occupies the building.

1662:

Luiz de Figueiredo Falcão, Livro em que se contém toda a fazenda e real patrimonio dos reinos de Portugal, India, e ilhas adjacentes e outras particularidades (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1859), 138;

1216:

in 1997, and the same year the British government published a review of the Dependent Territories. This included a commitment to restore the pre-1981 status for citizenship. This was effected by the

468:". Acknowledging that St Helena was a place where there was no trade, the Company was permitted to send from England any provisions free of Customs and to convey as many settlers as required. 1956:, 1505–06, being an account and journal by Albericus Vespuccius, translated from the contemporary Flemish , and edited with prologue and notes by C. H. Coote. , Published by B. F. Stevens in 1894. 3111:

contains descriptions of the island and its inhabitants at the time of Napoleon's incarceration. A much more comprehensive list of inhabitants between 1815–1821 is provided by Chaplin, Arnold,

1706:

Melchior Estacio Do Amaral, Tratado das batalhas e sucessos do Galeão Sanctiago com os Olandeses na Ilha de Sancta Elena: e da náo Chagas com os Vngleses antre as Ilhas dos Açores, 1604, 20;

1651:

João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, and João Baptista Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto, vol. I, book V, chapter X (Lisbon: Regia Officina Typografica, 1778), 477;

1502:(published since November 2005). Both the Herald and Independent can be read worldwide via the internet. Cable and Wireless currently rebroadcast television throughout the island via three 332:

stopped at the island on his way home from the East. Once St Helena's location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India

1082:, including 11 deaths, in 1945. A census in 1946 showed 4,748 inhabitants lived on the island. In 1948 there were seven deaths from whooping cough and 77 hospital admissions from acute 246:

about 1519 which clearly showed the locations of St Helena and Ascension. The first residents all arrived on Portuguese vessels. Its first known permanent resident was Portuguese,

92:

However, there are several reasons for doubting da Nova made this discovery. First, given that da Nova either returned on 11 September or 13 September 1502 it is usually assumed the

1999:

Melliss, J. C., St Helena: A Physical, Historical and Topographical Description of the Island Including Its Geology, Fauna, Flora, and Meteorology, London: L. Reeve and Company

882:

were vested in Napoleon III and his heirs and a French representative or consul has lived on the island ever since, the French flag now flying over these areas. The title deeds of

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district. The 680m high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount. Amongst the most significant taxes levied on imports was a requirement for all ships trading with

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One company, Sure South Atlantic, provides "broadband, mobile phone, national & international telephone, public Internet and television re-broadcast services" for the island.

625:

Fortifications were improved and a new system of visual signalling introduced. Brooke had a battery built at Ladder Hill, and a tower to protect its rearward approaches, known as

424:

in 1657, the following year the Company decided to fortify and colonise St Helena with planters. A fleet commanded by Captain John Dutton (first governor, 1659–1661) in the

1748:

Duarte Leite, História da colonização portuguesa do Brasil, Chapter IX, O mais antigo mapa do Brasil, ed. Carlos Malheiro Dias, vol. 2 (Porto: Litografia Nacional, 1922), 251,

589:, following a suggestion first made by Halley. In the event, observations were obscured by cloud. Most of the cattle were destroyed this year through an unidentified sickness. 648:(1813–1816) farming methods were improved, a rebuilding programme initiated, and the first public library opened. A census in 1814 showed the number of inhabitants was 3,507. 135:

If João da Nova indeed found St Helena, a separate 2015 paper has reviewed another tradition that he did so on 21 May 1502. This date appears to have first been suggested by

905:

in 1851. Saul Solomon was buried at St Helena in 1853. The first postage stamp was issued for the island in 1856, the six-pence blue, marking the start of considerable

2301:

Royle, Stephen A. ‘Alexander The Rat – F. W. Alexander, Chief Censor, Deadwood Camp, St Helena’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 15 (Spring 1997): 17–21.

1296:(1619–1682), probably on his voyage home in India. No contemporary documents exist, but no other explanation has been given for naming Rupert's Bay, adjacent to Jamestown. 1243:

are in continuing discussions about issues of concern regarding access to St Helena. As a result, there will be a pause in negotiations over the St Helena airport contract"

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A Description of the Island of St Helena Containing Observations on its Singular Structure and Formation and an Account of its Climate, Natural History, and Inhabitants

949:

An outbreak of measles in 1886 resulted in 113 cases and 8 deaths. Jamestown was lighted for the first time in 1888, the initial cost being borne by the inhabitants.

2864:

Grove, Richard. "Conserving Eden: The (European) East India Companies and Their Environmental Policies on St. Helena, Mauritius and in Western India, 1660 to 1854."

320:, he was the first Englishman to land at the island. He stayed for 12 days and described the valley (initially called Chapel Valley) where Jamestown is situated as " 460:

troops. The Company retook the island in May 1673 without loss of life and reinforced it with 250 troops. The same year the Company petitioned a new Charter from

285:

and two women) escaped from a ship and remained hidden on the island for many years, long enough for their numbers to rise to twenty. Bermudez, the Patriarch of

1598:

of Saint Helena by European East India Companies in the 15th and 16th centuries led to one of the first ecological legislation, the Forest Act of Saint Helena.

1071:

airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of St Helena. As in the previous war, the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of

452:

members of the island's council and shipped back to England. Coincidentally, the Company had already sent a replacement governor, Anthony Beale (1672–1673).

919:

The withdrawal of the British naval station in 1864 and closure of the Liberated African Station ten years later (several hundred Africans were deported to

2018:

A.H. Schulenburg, 'The discovery of St Helena: the search continues'. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena, Issue 24 (Spring 2002), pp. 13–19.

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from Phomium Tenax (New Zealand flax) failed (the cultivation of flax recommenced in 1907 and eventually became the island's largest export). In 1871, the

1166:, and sailed south with the entire crew volunteering for duty. The ship was involved in supporting minesweeper operations but the volunteers were refused 2877:

Cronk, Q.C.B. "The History of the Endemic Flora of St Helena: Late Miocene 'Trochetiopsis- Like' Pollen from St Helena and the Origin of Trochetiopsis."

1737:

Guglielmo Berchet, Fonti italiane per la storia della scoperta del Nuovo mondo, vol. 1, part III (Rome: Ministero della pubblica istruzione, 1892), 152

2049:

The Troublesome Voyage of Captain Edward Fenton 1582–1583, Narrative & Documents edited by E.R.G.Taylor, Hakluyt Society Second Series CXIII, 1957

409:(EIC) ordered all homeward-bound vessels to wait for one another at St Helena and in 1656 onward the Company petitioned the government to send a 2166:. Vol. XI Occupation of France by the Allied Armies: Surrender of Napoleon and the Restoration of the Bourbons. J. Murray. pp. 55 & 61. 1640:

Cardozo, Manoel. ‘The Idea of History in the Portuguese Chroniclers of the Age of Discovery’. The Catholic Historical Review 49, no. 1 (1963): 1–19.

831:

It was also in 1840 that the British government acceded to a French request for Napoleon's body to be returned to France in what became known as the

2687:

Smallman, David L., Quincentenary, a Story of St Helena, 1502–2002; Jackson, E. L. St Helena: The Historic Island, Ward, Lock & Co, London, 1903

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and was published until 1945 by Canon Wallcot, who extended news coverage from church matters to also include island news after the closure of the

439:

of the monarchy in 1660, the fort was renamed James Fort, the town Jamestown and the valley James Valley, all in honour of the Duke of York, later

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very earnestly desired to be released from that Prison, having no other way to compass this but by marrying Seamen of Passengers that touch here

189:

The long tradition that João da Nova built a chapel from one of his wrecked carracks has been shown to be based on a misreading of the records.

1560:. The first branch of the Equiano Subsea Cable was landed in August 2021 on Ruperts Beach. Since September 2023 the island is connected to it. 886:

Pavilion, where Napoleon lived during his earliest period of exile, were much later given to the French Government in 1959. Coincidentally the

151:

certainly celebrated Whitsunday that day but their feast-day of Saint Helena was on 18 August. Linschoten's statement did not fit in with the

1268:

A comparative review of the different sources for the history of St Helena has been published on the St Helena Institute web site.

2697: 1759:

Harold Livermore, ‘Santa Helena, A Forgotten Portuguese Discovery’’, Estudos Em HOmenagem a Louis Antonio de Oliveira Ramos, 2004, 623–31,

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By the 1860s it was apparent that wood sourced from some condemned slave ships (possibly a Brazilian ship) from the 1840s were infested by

523:, was reported in 1710 as not having a single tree left standing. An early mention of the problems of soil erosion was made in 1718 when a 3144: 2590: 104:

with one of six islands marked as "ilha achada e chamada Ascenssam"), yet this map fails to show St Helena. Second, when a section of the

37:, this is one of the most remote settlements in the world and was for several centuries of vital strategic importance to ships sailing to 3255: 2204: 1910:

Schulenburg, Alexander H. ‘Joao Da Nova and the Lost Carrack’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 16 (Autumn 1997): 19–23.

713: 3153: 1396:, published in 1851, was the first island newspaper, but closed two years later mainly due to competition from the government-funded St 505:(1678–1689) led to the death of three mutineers in an attack on Fort James and the later execution of four others. The formation of the 2542: 2510: 2399: 1839:

Nocentelli, Carmen. Empires of Love: Europe, Asia, and the Making of Early Modern Identity. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013, 70

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its peak in 1901 to only 3,520 inhabitants. Some 4,800 rats tails were presented to the Government in 1913, who paid a penny per tail.

229:

Additional references to Saint Helena as a rendezvous point were publicly documented in the early 16th century, such as the account of

2135: 2101:

Schulenburg, A. H. ‘St Helena and the Great Fire of London’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 19 (Summer 1999): 5–8.

2386:

Clements, Bill. ‘Second World War Defences on St Helena’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 33 (Autumn 2006): 11–15.

699:

During this period the island was strongly garrisoned by regular British regimental troops and by the local St Helena Regiment, with

2157: 887: 105: 74: 3478: 2459: 1787:

George E. Nunn, The Mappemonde of Juan de La Cosa: A Critical Investigation of Its Date (Jenkintown: George H. Beans library, 1934

3318: 1323: 473: 2231:"A dataset to accompany the excavation report for a 'liberated African' graveyard in Rupert's Valley, St Helena, South Atlantic" 1941:

Rowlands, Beau W. ‘Ships at St Helena, 1502-1613’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena No 28 (Spring 2004): 5–10.

1299: 836: 1349: 1035:, was imported into the island in 1929. A census in 1931 showed a population of 3,995 (and a goat population of nearly 1,500). 428:

arrived at St Helena in 1659. It is from this date that St Helena claims to be Britain's second oldest colony (after

317: 2375:

Ian Bruce, 'Thomas R. Bruce – The Life of a Saint (1862–1956)’, Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena, 2008, 3–20

1760: 1526:

SaintFM Community Radio launched at 8am on 10 March 2013, taking over the studios and frequencies of the former Saint FM. See

3010:

St Helena: A Physical, Historical and Topographical Description of the Island Including Geology, Fauna, Flora and Meteorology

1412:(weekly, 1861–1925). The proprietor of the latter, Benjamin Grant, also published the St Helena Advertiser (1865–1866). 1307: 1217: 2387: 2272:

Hearl, Trevor W. ‘St Helena’s Early Baptists’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 12 (Autumn 1995): 40–46. .

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in January 1839 and the establishment of a coal station there, the journey time to the Far East (via the Mediterranean, the

164:

and start of Protestantism. An alternative discovery date of 3 May on the Catholic feast-day celebrating the finding of the

3338: 2485: 2261:

Ian Bruce and Nick Thorpe,'William A Thorpe, 1842–1918', Wirebird The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 43 (2014): 4–20).

1900: 1523:

Radio St. Helena closed down at Midnight on Christmas Day, 25 December 2012. This left the island with no broadcast radio.

2645: 2114: 506: 3023:: The Journal of the St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Philatelic Society, Vol. XXIII, No.3, pp. 3–6, 1999 1340:

is the only reigning monarch to visit the island. This was in 1947 when the King, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth (later

405:

The idea for the English to make claim to the island was first made in a 1644 pamphlet by Richard Boothby. By 1649, the

1975: 1911: 1673:

Damião de Góis, Chronica do serenissimo senhor rei D. Manoel (Lisbon: Na officina de M. Manescal da Costa, 1749), 85;

3124: 3108: 3087: 3066: 3039: 2960: 2947: 2934: 2914: 2901: 2076: 1331: 812:. The squadron was based at St Helena and a Vice Admiralty Court was based at Jamestown to try the crews of the 709: 582: 2667: 3667: 2620: 1942: 1717:

Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:477; Góis, Chronica do serenis-simo, 477

1355: 1341: 1327: 942: 835:. The body, in excellent state of preservation, was exhumed on 15 October 1840 and ceremonially handed over to the 742: 143:

in 1596. This described how his ships left St Helena on 21 May 1589, this being both the feast of Saint Helena and

361:

English sailors. In 1603 Lancaster again visited Saint Helena on his return from the first voyage equipped by the

3248: 2434: 1337: 1010: 681: 570: 399:

A View of the Town and Island of St Helena in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to the English East India Company

192:

The Portuguese found it uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock (mainly

1377:

The St Helena Press was set up by Saul Soloman in 1806 and produced a number of publications including the

875:

Jamestown in 1857, one motivation being to counter the levels of vice and prostitution at that end of the town.

2273: 1990:

Beau W. Rowlands, Fernão Lopes: A South Atlantic 'Robinson Crusoe' (Winchester: George Mann Publications, 2007)

1174:

began his relationship with St Helena in 1984 with a visit to the island as a member of the armed forces.

840: 605:

to death. These mutineers were then decimated; lots were drawn, with one in every ten being shot and executed.

109: 86: 1629:

Bruce, Ian. ‘The Discovery of St Helena’. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 51 (2022): 26–43.

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and were planted at various locations around the Island where the plants flourished, despite general neglect.

186:

been assigned, the most obvious and plausible alternative name for him to give the island was "Santa Helena".

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Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Asia Portuguesa, vol. 1 (En La Officina de Henrique Valente de Oliueira, 1666), 50;

374:

expedition reported plentiful supplies of lemons in 1614, only 40 lemon trees were observed by the traveller

346: 3353: 1875: 1774:

Calcoen: a Dutch narrative of the second voyage of Vasco da Gama to Calicut, printed at Antwerp circa 1504;

1221: 1132: 824:

as labourers. About 500 remained on St Helena, where they were employed. In later years, some were sent to

983:

industry in 1907 did much to counter these problems, generating considerable income during the war years.

196:), fruit trees, and vegetables, built a chapel and one or two houses, and left their sick, suffering from 3636: 3632: 2177: 1749: 1359: 1171: 1140: 3212: 1389:

was published with the press in 1842 (the last and most comprehensive edition being published in 1913).

366: 3241: 2302: 1726:

Marino Sanuto, I Diarii di Marino Sanuto, ed. Nicolò Barozzi, vol. 4 (Venice: F. Visentini, 1880), 486

1293: 493: 371: 362: 136: 3645: 2313:

Ian Bruce, 'The First Dozen Years', Wirebird The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 45 (2016): 6–25

1557: 1556:

to connect St Helena Island to the Equiano Subsea Fibre Optic Cable. The project was financed by the

1516:

SaintFM closed down on Friday 21 December 2012. The reasons for its closure can be read on its page:

1040: 967: 255: 2163:

Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington KG

1630: 1067:

was torpedoed off Jamestown bay in October 1941. As part of the Lend-Lease agreement, America built

289:

landed at St Helena in 1557 on a voyage to Portugal, remaining on the island for a year. Three

247: 3393: 1805:

Ian Bruce, 'St Helena Day', Wirebird The Journal of the Friends of St Helena, no. 44 (2015): 32–46.

1641: 1527: 456: 357:

claimed in his autobiography he was robbed by the Dutch when sailing on a Portuguese ship in 1602.

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that none of those who survived the 1807 outbreak contracted the disease a second time. The first

230: 3503: 3493: 3298: 3046:

Island of St Helena, Listing and Preservation of Buildings of Architectural and Historic Interest

2324:

Ian Bruce, 'Alfred Mosely', Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 46 (2017): 13–27.

2065:. Translated by Weinstock, Herbert. Internet Archive. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 230–240. 1583: 1404:

was published from 1853 but ceased publication in 1860 when the editor launched a new paper, the

1036: 804:

In 1839, London coffee merchants Wm Burnie & Co described St Helena coffee as being of "

418: 152: 2288:

The Royal Kalendar, and Court and City Register for England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Colonies

539:

employed on their plantations further in the island. He described how women born on the island "

182: 3508: 3398: 3328: 2598: 1806: 1104:

poliomyelitis. A census in 1966 showed a relatively unchanged population of 4,649 inhabitants.

801:

at the island fell from 1,100 in 1855; to 853 in 1869; to 603 in 1879 and to only 288 in 1889.

693: 497: 413:

to convoy the fleet home from there. Having been granted a charter to govern the island by the

365:. In 1610, by which time most Dutch and English ships visited the island on their home voyage, 328:

Another English seaman, Captain Abraham Kendall, visited Saint Helena in 1591, and in 1593 Sir

2726:"Radio St Helena | Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean" 2286: 1864: 1738: 1727: 1685: 1663: 1652: 3568: 3488: 3453: 3438: 3423: 3378: 3313: 3204: 2463: 2348: 1840: 1707: 1696: 1674: 1587: 766: 746: 461: 157: 148: 125: 3619: 2517: 2403: 2314: 1315: 1220:, which restored full passports to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories the 1123:, believed to have been extinct for over a century, was rediscovered on the island in 1981. 3443: 1363: 1303: 1254: 1250: 1167: 1120: 1113: 1068: 989: 950: 898: 859: 689: 520: 477: 448: 218: 58: 2967:

A History of the Island of St Helena from its Discovery by the Portuguese to the Year 1806

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was landed in November 1899 and extended to Ascension by December and was operated by the

8: 3543: 3518: 3368: 3363: 3343: 3308: 3293: 2325: 1400:(1852). This short publication period was a fate suffered by most island newspapers. The 1233:

although final UK ministerial approval had still not been given. The following December,

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had also stayed at the property prior to Napoleon, when he was en route home from India.

821: 601:

visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world.

489: 440: 93: 878:

The following year, the lands forming the sites of Napoleon's burial and of his home at

667: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3528: 3498: 3483: 3468: 3458: 3448: 3413: 3408: 3358: 3303: 3278: 1772: 1229: 1163: 1095:

was substantially higher than world prices. The decision by a major buyer, the British

902: 832: 809: 717: 436: 406: 354: 337: 177: 113: 54: 49:. Since the early 19th century, the British occasionally used the island as a place of 3115:, published by the author in 1914. This has recently been republished under the title 2060: 1569:

size, allowed ecologists to study the effects of man and time with limited variables.

928:

plants were introduced in 1868 by Charles Elliot (1863–1870) with a view to exporting

3538: 3533: 3473: 3428: 3388: 3283: 3264: 3120: 3113:

A St Helena's Who's Who or a Directory of the Island During the Captivity of Napoleon

3104: 3083: 3062: 3035: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2910: 2897: 2536: 1971: 1538: 1513:

The St. Helena Herald closed down in 2012, its last edition being on Friday 9 March.

1408:. This closed in 1861 and was immediately replaced by the longest running paper, the 1276: 1112:, Curnow Shipping replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977, using the 1014: 883: 751: 641: 206: 129: 2336: 3593: 3513: 3463: 3418: 3403: 3383: 3373: 3348: 3288: 2998:, Printed and Published at the "Guardian" Office by Benjamin Grant, St Helena, 1885 2242: 1311: 1148: 1144: 1044: 1022: 867: 863: 808:". In 1840 the British Government deployed a naval station to suppress the African 586: 485: 350: 313: 267: 224: 97: 3227: 3075:, published and printed by the Education Department of the Government of St Helena 3031: 3020: 2725: 1817:

Portugesen aldaer residerende als van de ingeboornen Indianen. (C. Claesz, 1596).

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In 1815 the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of

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spent six days of observation on the island in 1836 during his return journey on

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attacked a large Spanish Caravel, only to be beaten off and forced to retreat to

329: 73:

By long tradition the island was sighted on 21 May 1502 by the four ships of the

46: 1684:

Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:118;

1151:, a period during which the island was often referred to as the "South Atlantic 484:

visited Saint Helena and set up an observatory with a 24-foot-long (7.3 m)

445:

in such legal and reasonable manner the said Governor and Company should see fit

270:

granted him an audience. Lopes returned to Saint Helena, where he died in 1545.

82: 3176: 3053:

A Handbook of St Helena Including a short History of the island Under the Crown

2646:"Saint Helena: Containing COVID-19 at the price of development, 30 August 2020" 1330:

arrived in 1911 on his journey back from Cape Town. The Prince of Wales (later

1162:

was requisitioned in 1982 by the Ministry of Defence to help in support of the

1136: 879: 871: 789: 755: 671: 613:

arrived at St Helena in 1792 during his second attempt to ship a cargo of

515: 455:

Finding that the cape was not the ideal harbour they originally envisaged, the

414: 382: 210: 30: 2118: 543:". Dampier described the island, which he called 'Santa Hellena', in his book 116: 3661: 3217: 3190: 3148: 3138: 1595: 1579: 1570: 1079: 610: 481: 306: 297: 2749:

Governor Broadcast & St Helena Independent, both on 31 October 2008

796:(1869), coupled with the advent of steam shipping that was not dependent on 85:

during the return voyage to Lisbon, and that he named it Santa Helena after

1345: 1319: 1261:. The first scheduled commercial airline flight landed on 14 October 2017. 1061: 1051: 1027: 825: 556: 464:

and this granted the island free title as though it was a part of England "

293:

ambassadors on an embassy to the Pope also visited St Helena in 1583.

241: 169: 17: 2780: 2247: 2230: 2080: 1447:, a censored Dutch newspaper, was published for Boer prisoners from 1901. 476:

enabled the permanent garrison to be reduced to 50 troops. On leaving the

3157:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–9. 1478:

was published in the early 1960s, closing in 1965. The government-funded

1096: 1006: 813: 797: 705: 375: 202: 161: 101: 1828: 1606: 1258: 1246: 958: 906: 793: 777: 759: 700: 656: 645: 614: 598: 524: 501: 410: 309:

at the very least knew the approximate location of the island in 1582.

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sighted and landed at St Helena the following year on 30 July 1503 its

1796:

Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15.

394: 340:

and I of Portugal (1581–1598) ordered the annual fleet returning from

1209: 1194: 1109: 1083: 997: 963: 954: 897:

grown on the Bamboo Hedge Estate at Sandy Bay won a premier award at

854: 817: 529: 254:) who had turned traitor in India and had been mutilated by order of 173: 78: 3233: 3073:

South Atlantic Haven, a Maritime History for the Island of St Helena

2991:, London, Printed For R Phillips, 6 Bridge Street, Blackfriars, 1805 3017:

St Helena Historiography, Philately, and the "Castella" Controversy

2335:

Ian Bruce, 'The Papanui' , The Sentinel, 15, 22 & 29 June 2017.

1517: 1240: 1186: 1152: 1060:

was observed passing the island in 1939 and the British oil tanker

1032: 925: 913: 660: 333: 286: 147:. At first sight, this statement seems to be a contradiction - the 26: 3137:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2621:"Want to Go Really Remote? Visit St. Helena Island, 14 March 2019" 1021:

islands population was 3,747. The first islanders left to work at

2702: 2668:"Foreign travel advice St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" 1190: 1100: 929: 850: 785: 618: 429: 259: 140: 34: 22: 1362:

visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984. His sister the

1553: 894: 651: 197: 38: 2556: 2181: 1283: 862:

was set up for St Helena, including Ascension Island and

96:

completed by the following November includes his discovery of

3143:

Antrobus, Reginald Laurence; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "

1213: 1087: 920: 781: 692:. He was brought to the island in October 1815 and lodged at 621:. That same year saw the importation of slaves made illegal. 560: 290: 50: 2486:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 17 Mar 2009 (pt 0009)" 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 2136:"A Visit to St Helena, One of the World's Remotest Islands" 1829:

Side-by-side Easter calendar reference for the 16th century

1503: 1257:

in 2016, but its opening was delayed by concerns regarding

1234: 1092: 1072: 984: 980: 971: 934: 282: 263: 193: 62: 42: 3032:

Thirty years of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan Philately

2801: 1532:

Broadband, Mobile, Home Phone & TV | Sure Saint Helena

1531: 736: 466:

in the same manner as East Greenwich in the County of Kent

2954:

St Helena including Ascension Island and Tristan Da Cunha

1916: 1272:

service on the Royal Mail ship was discontinued in 2018.

386:

favour of their colony founded at the Cape of Good Hope.

341: 2759: 2435:"Lords Hansard text for 8 Dec 200808 Dec 2008 (pt 0003)" 2424:

The St Helena Guardian, 3 October 2008, insert page

1552:

In December 2019, the government signed a contract with

1369:

The last serving British Ministerial visit was in 1699.

727: 3003:

His Discours of Voyages into ye Easte & West Indies

2580:

The St Helena Guardian, 19 September 2008, page 10

1899:

Corrêa and Felner, Lendas da India, , Vol 1 Part 1:152.

962:

the island. A submarine cable en route to Britain from

277:

Sometime before 1557 five people (two male slaves from

68: 2969:, Printed for Black, Parry and Kingsbury, London, 1808 957:, was exiled at St Helena between 1890 and 1897. 296:

Strong circumstantial evidence supports the idea that

25:

of over 500 years since its recorded discovery by the

2130: 2128: 1249:

ship will cease operations soon after flights begin.

3166: 3028:

Thomas Buce: St Helena Postmaster and Stamp Designer

2847: 2845: 2843: 1530:. The station is also available via the TuneIn app. 1415:

Two other newspapers published about this time, the

1372: 1292:

The first royal visit is speculated to have been by

514:

Neither an increase on duty on the locally produced

1358:arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his son 788:) was roughly halved compared with the traditional 176:, as quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes in 1591 and by 2984:, Chapter 4, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1844. 2125: 2115:"Gazetteer – p. 7. MONUMENTS IN FRANCE – page 338" 1777:. University of Michigan. London, B. M. Pickering. 1394:St Helena Advocate and Weekly Journal of News 3080:Schooling in the South Atlantic Islands 1661–1992 3061:, Mallet & Bell Publications, Norfolk, 1994, 2840: 2278: 1047:was made a dependency of St Helena in 1938. 3659: 2928:Churches of the South Atlantic Islands 1502–1991 1544: 389: 2982:Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands 2202: 674:, St Helena: site of Napoleon's captivity. 488:and observed the positions of 341 stars in the 2908:Quincentenary, a Story of St Helena, 1502–2002 2030:, privately published by Robin Castell in 2005 474:part-time recruitment of settlers in a Militia 3249: 2400:"Kew: Plants: Island Plants: St Helena Ebony" 2196: 708:(1816–1821), was duly appointed reporting to 593:Paul’s Cathedral was built outside the town. 585:set up an observatory in 1761 to observe the 3213:The Saint Helena Virtual Library and Archive 3142: 1929: 1387:St Helena Almanack and Annual Registers 792:route. This precursor to the effects of the 652:British rule 1815–1821, and Napoleon's exile 3117:Napoleon's Captivity on St Helena 1815–1821 2291:. London: R. & A. Suttaby. p. 510. 1586:performed on the famous Cook Voyage aboard 1284:History of British and other Royal visitors 1275:The travel restrictions imposed due to the 1181:Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS 1050:Some six islanders gave their lives during 970:. For the next two years over six thousand 714:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 682:Napoleon I of France: Exile on Saint Helena 3256: 3242: 2866:Comparative Studies in Society and History 1563: 1486:followed this. Between 1990 and 1991, the 1135:reclassified St Helena and the other 2246: 2156: 1966:Strobel, Christopher (11 February 2015). 1189:. The vessel was specially built for the 318:first attempt to circumnavigate the world 2205:"The 'male' military surgeon who wasn't" 2058: 666: 655: 393: 336:on their way home. As a result, in 1592 2640: 2638: 2228: 1965: 1876:"Saint Helena | island, Atlantic Ocean" 1770: 1310:visited the island in 1860 en route to 737:British rule, a Crown colony, 1834–1981 3660: 2541:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1302:arrived in 1840 to return the body of 312:It therefore seems unlikely that when 3263: 3237: 3119:, Savannah Paperback Classics, 2002, 2871: 1970:. Taylor & Francis. p. 117. 1466:from 1912 The latter was renamed the 1218:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 728:British East India Company, 1821–1834 2802:"Welcome to Sure Saint Helena, Sure" 2635: 2284: 1322:) arrived in 1880 and the same year 69:Discovery and early years, 1502–1658 3096:, Robson Lowe Limited, London, 1979 3094:St Helena Postal History and Stamps 2996:Extracts from the St Helena Records 2923:, Ward, Lock & Co, London, 1903 1541:) and the SaintFM Community Radio. 1352:were travelling from South Africa. 13: 2941:St Helena – the Chinese Connection 2855:. Cambridge University Press, 1995 2557:"The Times & The Sunday Times" 2009:Sciences Zoologiques, 181:37 p. 44 1126: 979:successful reestablishment of the 353:for repairs. The Italian merchant 14: 3679: 3162: 3099:Weider, Ben & Hapgood, David 3012:, L. Reeve & Co, London, 1875 2346: 1373:History of the media in St Helena 806:very superior quality and flavour 3564:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 3334:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3197: 3183: 3169: 3130: 2235:Journal of Open Archaeology Data 2203:Pain, Stephanie (6 March 2008). 1771:Berjaeu, Jean Philibert (1874). 1342:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 1015:1918 world pandemic of influenza 743:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3230:– various island history topics 3220:– From the 1910 version of the 2858: 2815: 2794: 2773: 2752: 2743: 2718: 2703:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2690: 2681: 2660: 2613: 2583: 2574: 2549: 2503: 2478: 2452: 2427: 2418: 2392: 2380: 2369: 2340: 2329: 2318: 2307: 2295: 2266: 2255: 2222: 2170: 2150: 2107: 2095: 2069: 2052: 2043: 2033: 2021: 2012: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1959: 1954:The Voyage from Lisbon to India 1947: 1935: 1904: 1893: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1833: 1822: 1810: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1764: 1753: 1742: 1731: 1720: 1383:St Helena Monthly Register 696:, where he died on 5 May 1821. 492:. His observation site is near 233:'s voyage to Portugal in 1515. 3001:Van Linschoten, Iohn Huighen, 2921:St Helena: The Historic Island 2077:"History: St. Helena homepage" 1968:The Global Atlantic: 1400-1900 1711: 1700: 1689: 1678: 1667: 1656: 1645: 1634: 1623: 1468:St Helena Church Magazine 866:(initially also including the 205:which took ships rounding the 87:Saint Helena of Constantinople 1: 2059:Carletti, Francesco (1964) . 1617: 1545:Communications and television 1490:was published independently. 1454:was published from 1888, the 1344:), Princess Elizabeth (later 1326:arrived in a German frigate. 1141:British Dependent Territories 390:East India Company, 1658–1815 347:John Davis (English explorer) 1222:British Overseas Territories 1133:British Nationality Act 1981 1054:. The German battle cruiser 765:. Controversial figure, Dr. 545:A New Voyage Round The World 33:second oldest colony, after 7: 2823:"Fibre Optic Cable Project" 1506:channels of entertainment. 996:, en route from Britain to 316:arrived in 1588 during his 10: 3684: 2591:"ST HELENA HISTORIOGRAPHY" 2490:publications.parliament.uk 2439:publications.parliament.uk 2062:My voyage around the world 1500:St Helena Independent 1480:St Helena News Review 1452:St Helena Church News 1294:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1011:Seyyid Khalid Bin Barghash 784:overland crossing and the 372:British East India Company 363:British East India Company 137:Jan Huyghen van Linschoten 3577: 3552: 3271: 2158:Wellesley, Arthur Richard 1558:European Development Fund 1417:St Helena Advertiser 1253:was finally completed on 1041:Eastern Telegraph Company 1017:bypassed St Helena. 968:Eastern Telegraph Company 3319:Central African Republic 3082:, Anthony Nelson, 1994, 3021:South Atlantic Chronicle 2887: 2028:Drake and St Helena 1930:Antrobus & Cana 1911 1528:Saint fm community radio 1474:. The government-funded 1429:the St Helena Times 1425:St Helena Spectator 1198:UK to just four a year. 1078:There were 217 cases of 909:interest in the island. 457:Dutch East India Company 367:François Pyrard de Laval 29:in 1502. Claiming to be 3668:History of Saint Helena 3154:Encyclopædia Britannica 2994:Janisch, Hudson Ralph, 2977:, 1598–1600, Volume XI. 2895:Saint Helena, 1502–1938 1880:Encyclopedia Britannica 1584:Johann Reinhold Forster 1564:Ecological significance 1476:St Helena Wirebird 1472:St Helena Guardian 1441:St Helena Observer 1410:St Helena Guardian 1324:Prince Henry of Prussia 1300:The Prince de Joinville 1237:announced they and the 953:, son of the Zulu king 496:in Hutt's Gate, in the 153:Eastern Orthodox Church 139:in a book published in 3101:The Murder of Napoleon 2730:sainthelenaisland.info 2356:sainthelenaisland.info 2229:Pearson, A.F. (2012). 2178:"Friends of St Helena" 1091:price of the island's 853:minister arrived from 675: 664: 402: 256:Alphonso d'Albuquerque 221:from the East Indies: 3479:São Tomé and Príncipe 3339:Republic of the Congo 3222:Catholic Encyclopedia 3205:British Empire portal 3008:Melliss, John C. M., 3005:, Wolfe, London, 1598 2595:archeion.talktalk.net 2248:10.5334/4f7b093ed0a77 1496:St Helena Herald 1445:De Krisgsgevangenewas 1406:St Helena Record 1402:St Helena Herald 1356:The Duke of Edinburgh 1328:The Duke of Connaught 1168:South Atlantic Medals 670: 659: 547:, published in 1697. 462:Charles II of England 397: 158:Dutch Reformed Church 149:Roman Catholic Church 126:Afonso de Albuquerque 108:under the command of 75:3rd Portuguese Armada 2906:Smallman, David L., 2827:St Helena Government 2781:"BROADCAST STATIONS" 2349:"THE CORDEAUX YEARS" 2121:on 11 December 2007. 1605:voyage with Captain 1381:(from 1807) and the 1255:Prosperous Bay Plain 1251:Saint Helena Airport 1121:St Helena Ebony 990:Coronado, California 951:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo 899:the Great Exhibition 860:Diocese of St Helena 563:, on a Company ship 521:Prosperous Bay Plain 478:University of Oxford 449:Great Fire of London 401:, engraving c. 1790. 219:Francisco de Almeida 183:Pedro Álvares Cabral 59:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo 3554:States with limited 3015:Schulenburg, A.H., 2939:George, Barbara B. 2698:"St Helena: Access" 2601:on 16 November 2007 2460:"Welcome to nginx!" 2184:on 15 February 2013 1484:St Helena News 1421:St Helena Star 1334:) visited in 1925. 1212:was handed back to 839:in the French ship 837:Prince de Joinville 822:British West Indies 490:Southern hemisphere 441:James II of England 94:Cantino planisphere 53:, most notably for 3059:St Helena Lifeline 2561:www.thetimes.co.uk 2138:. 18 December 2019 1575:Green Imperialism, 1462:from 1901 and the 1379:Government Gazette 1230:British Government 1164:Falklands Conflict 1037:Cable and Wireless 903:the Crystal Palace 888:Duke of Wellington 833:retour des cendres 718:East India Company 690:Napoleon Bonaparte 676: 665: 494:St Mathew's Church 407:East India Company 403: 355:Francesco Carletti 338:Philip II of Spain 258:, the Governor of 238:Lopo Homem-Reineis 231:Dürer's Rhinoceros 178:Sir Thomas Herbert 55:Napoleon Bonaparte 3655: 3654: 3581:other territories 3354:Equatorial Guinea 3265:History of Africa 3092:Hibbert, Edward, 3057:Eriksen, Ronnie, 3051:Kitching, G. C., 3034:, pp 7–10, 2006, 2987:Duncan, Francis, 2980:Darwin, Charles, 2853:Green Imperialism 2706:. 7 November 2000 1539:BBC World Service 1464:Jamestown Monthly 1460:Diocesan Magazine 1366:arrived in 2002. 1350:Princess Margaret 1308:The Prince Alfred 1277:COVID-19 pandemic 1057:Admiral Graf Spee 752:George Middlemore 642:Alexander Beatson 583:Robert Waddington 298:Sir Francis Drake 207:Cape of Good Hope 130:Cape of Good Hope 3675: 3642: 3641:(United Kingdom) 3637:Tristan da Cunha 3633:Ascension Island 3625: 3612: 3603: 3579:Dependencies and 3272:Sovereign states 3258: 3251: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3207: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3158: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3078:Evans, Dorothy, 2882: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2851:Grove, Richard. 2849: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2648:. 30 August 2020 2642: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2597:. 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H., 2926:Cannan, Edward 2919:Jackson, E. L. 2890: 2885: 2879:New Phytologist 2876: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2623:. 14 March 2019 2619: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2511:"Archived copy" 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2083:on 16 July 2012 2075: 2074: 2070: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1566: 1547: 1458:from 1889, the 1456:Parish Magazine 1439:(1895) and the 1375: 1316:Empress Eugénie 1286: 1129: 1127:1981 to present 939:Royal Engineers 893:St Helena 739: 730: 706:Sir Hudson Lowe 654: 627:High Knoll Fort 579:Nevil Maskelyne 536:William Dampier 437:the restoration 422:Oliver Cromwell 392: 330:James Lancaster 303:William Barrett 243:Atlas Universal 110:Estêvão da Gama 71: 61:and over 5,000 12: 11: 5: 3681: 3671: 3670: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646:Western Sahara 3643: 3626: 3613: 3604: 3590:Canary Islands 3586: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3228:Island History 3225: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3194: 3180: 3177:History portal 3164: 3163:External links 3161: 3160: 3159: 3149:Chisholm, Hugh 3127: 3097: 3090: 3076: 3071:Denholm, Ken, 3069: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3026:Bruce, I. 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