History of Quebec - Knowledge

1585: 3796:; between 1960 and 1970, more than 1.2 million Quebeckers reached the age of 14. As more young Québécois rejected Catholic teachings, they made life choices that were a complete change from tradition in the province. Cohabitation rates among young couples rose, as the institution of marriage gradually lost its obligatory status. Births outside of marriage began to rise, from 3.7 percent in 1961 to 10 percent in 1976, then 22 percent by 1984. As of 2015, 62.9% of births were outside of marriage. Student protests at local universities erupted, mirroring the youth protests throughout the United States and Western Europe during the 1960s and early 1970s. Reforms included an expansion of post-secondary educational opportunities for both English- and French-speaking Quebeckers. In 1968, the 2523: 1111: 2911:, and schools. In the first half of the twentieth century, about 2-3% of Quebec's young women became nuns; there were 6,600 in 1901 and 26,000 in 1941. In Quebec in 1917, 32 different teaching orders operated 586 boarding schools for girls. At that time there was no public education for girls in Quebec beyond elementary school. The first hospital was founded in 1701. In 1936, the nuns of Quebec operated 150 institutions, with 30,000 beds to care for the long-term sick, the homeless, and orphans. Between 1870 and 1950, thousands of young girls were sent to Quebec City, to the reform school (1870–1921) and the industrial school (1884–1950) of the Hospice St-Charles, both operated by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd. 3352:("Great Darkness") by his opponents. The Duplessis years were ones of close church-state relations. Quebec society remained culturally insular during this period, in contrast to the modernizing influences sweeping through the rest of North America. Traditional Catholic morality and Church doctrine defined many aspects of daily life, highlighting traditionalism. For example, most schools and hospitals were Church-controlled. Births outside marriage were rare, abortion was illegal, and divorce was not fully legalized in Quebec until 1968. In recent years, many people in Quebec have spoken out about exploitation by Church and government institutions during the Duplessis years, such as the tragedy of the 1354:, which had been created by the Cardinal himself in 1627. This gave the company control over the booming fur trade and land rights across the territory in exchange for the company supporting and expanding settlement in New France (at the time encompassing Acadia, Quebec, Newfoundland, and Louisiana). Specific clauses in the charter included a requirement to bring 4000 settlers into New France over the next 15 years. The company largely ignored the settlement requirements of their charter and focused on the lucrative fur trade, only 300 settlers arriving before 1640. On the verge of bankruptcy, the company lost its fur trade monopoly in 1641 and was finally dissolved in 1662. 2824: 2929: 3210:

shopping, childcare—was essential to the economic maintenance of the family and offered room for economies. Most of her informants also worked outside the home, or took boarders, did laundry for trade or cash, and did sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer. Extended families used mutual aid—extra food, spare rooms, repair-work, cash loans—to help cousins and in-laws. Half the devout Catholics defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births—the number of births nationwide fell from 250,000 in 1930 to about 228,000 and did not recover until 1940.

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the nation against English power.' He believed the powers of the provincial government of Quebec could and should be used within Confederation, to bolster provincial autonomy (and thus Church power), and advocated it would benefit the French-Canadian nation economically, socially, culturally and linguistically. Groulx successfully promoted Québécois nationalism and the ultra-conservative Catholic social doctrine, to which the Church would maintain dominance in political and social life in Quebec. In the 1920s–1950s, this form of traditionalist Catholic nationalism became known as

3998:. The mandate of the Parti Québécois was to govern the province well, and not to bring about independence. The first years of the Parti Québécois government were very productive and the government passed progressive laws that were well accepted by the majority of the population, such as French language protection laws, a law on the financing of political parties, laws for compensating road accident victims, for protecting farm land, and many other social-democracy-type laws. Even opponents of the Parti Québécois occasionally acknowledged that the Party governed the province well. 1792:

report on her work, noting, "The surrender of Quebec only increased our work. The British generals came to our hospital to assure us of their protection and at the same time made us responsible for their sick and wounded." The British officers stationed at the hospital reported on the cleanliness and high quality of the care provided. Most civilians deserted the city, leaving the Hôpital Général as a refugee centre for the poor who had nowhere to go. The nuns set up a mobile aid station that reached out to the cities refugees, distributing food and treating the sick and injured.

1092: 3591: 1145: 4257: 2840: 1412: 2812: 1126: 1757: 10132: 304: 2796: 2852: 3741: 1485: 2949: 802: 2372: 24: 91: 1985:" of Canada for a long time: "I found two nations at war within one state; I found a struggle, not of principles, but of races". Incoming British immigrants would find that Canadiens were as full of national pride as they were, and while these newcomers would see the American territories as a vast ground for colonization and speculation, the Canadiens would regard Quebec as the heritage of their own race - not as a country to colonize, but as a country already colonized. 3495: 2667: 10118: 9348: 3311: 1874: 3289: 2303: 2574:: "I have undertaken this work with the aim of re-establishing the truth so often disfigured, and of repelling the attacks and insults which my compatriots have been and still are the daily target of, from men who would like to oppress and exploit them all at every opportunity. I thought the best way to achieve this was to simply expose their story". His and other written works allowed French Canadians to preserve their 2756:

Though a small group of intellectuals believed French-Canadian culture could be recreated or maintained on U.S. soil, many more elites warned against emigration; they argued that cultural and moral perdition would occur south of the border. Instead they proposed domestic colonization in Quebec and the development of the St. Lawrence River valley's periphery. Nevertheless, more than 200,000 left between 1879 and 1901.

2713:-Quebec- whose territory was to be limited to the region which corresponded to the historic heart of the French Canadian nation and where French Canadians would most likely retain majority status. In the future, Quebec as a political entity would act as a form of protection against cultural assimilation and would serve as a vehicle for the national affirmation of the French-Canadian collective to the face of a 2644:

citizens of British or Irish descent. From 1871 to 1931, the relative size of the French-speaking population stayed much the same, rising to a peak of 80.2% of Quebec's population in 1881. The proportion of citizens of British descent declined slightly in contrast, from a peak of 20.4% of the population in 1871, to 15% by 1931. Other minorities made up the remainder of the population of the province.

4066: 2777:. Montreal's population grew rapidly, from around 9000 in 1800, to 23,000 in 1825, and 58,000 in 1852. By 1911, the population was over 528,000. The City of Montreal annexed many neighbouring communities, expanding its territory fivefold between 1876 and 1918. As Montreal was the financial center of Canada during this era, it was the first Canadian city to implement new innovations, like 2248:(the southern part of present-day Quebec). Newly arrived English-speaking Loyalist refugees had refused to adopt the Quebec seigneurial system of land tenure, or the French civil law system, giving the British reason to separate the English-speaking settlements from the French-speaking territory as administrative jurisdictions. Upper Canada's first capital was Newark (present-day 567:, a time when major changes occurred in the landscape and the settlement of the territory of Quebec. With the end of glaciation, the inhabitable territory increased in size and the environment (such as climate, vegetation, lakes and rivers) became increasingly stable. Migrations became rarer and moving around became a seasonal activity necessary for hunting, fishing or gathering. 3829:, asked the famous question, "What does Quebec want?" as he instituted a royal commission of enquiry into bilingualism and biculturalism to find an answer for this question, and to propose measures to satisfy the demands of the Québécois. French-speaking communities beyond Quebec were also pushing for increased linguistic and cultural accommodations; in 1965 the report of the 1901:, Marquis de Saint-Veran, held the walled city and the north shore. Wolfe laid siege to the city for more than two months, exchanging cannon fire over the river, but neither side could break the siege. As neither side could expect resupply during the winter, Wolfe moved to force a battle. On 5 September 1759, after successfully convincing Montcalm he would attack by the 3107:, providing a link with that region that continues to this day. In 1909, the government passed a law obligating wood and pulp to be transformed in Quebec. This helped slow the Grande Hémorragie by allowing Quebec to export its finished products to the US instead of its labour force. Clerico-nationalists eventually started to fall out of favour in the 6774: 2890:, a member of the Institut, in 1874. A court decision forced Bourget to allow Guibord to be buried in a Catholic cemetery, but Bourget deconsecrated the burial plot of ground, and Guibord was buried under army protection. The conservative approach of the Catholic Church was the major force in Quebec society until the reforms of the 3370:, meaning "total refusal". The pamphlet was an attempt to start a new vision of Quebec. It has been described as "an anti-religious and anti-establishment manifesto and one of the most influential social and artistic documents in modern Quebec history". It would have a lasting impact, influencing the supporters of Quebec's 2005:. The British tolerated the Catholic Church, and protected the traditional social and economic structure of Quebec. Much French law was retained inside a system of British courts, all under the command of the British governor. The goal was to satisfy the Francophile settlers, albeit to the annoyance of British merchants. 2752:

Montreal, emigration seemed the only option for many. As the first wave moved out in the 1850s, word of mouth soon began to move larger crowds by the late 1870s. Mill owners hired these French immigrants to staff their mills more cheaply than American and Irish-born workers, who were themselves displaced.

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in Montreal that same year. The Quiet Revolution combined declericalization with the Church reforms of Vatican II. There was a dramatic change in the role of nuns. Many left the convent while very few young women entered. The Provincial government took over the nuns' traditional role as provider of

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in particular alarmed devout Catholics, who demanded that Canada keep out representatives of the anti-Catholic Loyalist government of Spain. There was a wave of clericalism and Quebec nationalism that represented a conservative reaction of a traditional society which feared social change as a threat

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Many aspects of life for French-speaking Quebeckers remained dominated by the Catholic Church in the decades following 1867. The Church operated many of the institutions of the province, including most French-language schools, hospitals, and charitable organizations. The leader of the Catholic Church

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to sign the document that would eventually become the new Canadian constitution. The next morning, they presented the "fait accompli" to Lévesque. Lévesque refused to sign the document and returned to Quebec. In 1982, Trudeau had the new constitution approved by the British Parliament, with Quebec's

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When World War I broke out, Canada was automatically involved as a Dominion. Many English Canadians voluntarily enlisted to fight. Unlike English Canadians, who felt a connection to the British Empire, French Canadians felt no connection to anyone in Europe. Furthermore, Canada was not threatened by

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wanted to build a nationalistic French-Canadian identity, in purpose to protect the power of the Church and dissuade the public from popular-rule and secularist views. Groulx propagated French-Canadian nationalism and argued that maintaining a Roman Catholic Quebec was the only means to 'emancipate

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Many American colonists who remained loyal to England left the 13 Atlantic colonies before American independence for Canada, with many settling in communities in southern Quebec. In the 19th century, Quebec experienced several waves of immigration, principally from England, Scotland and Ireland. At

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as a result of the rebellions. The Special Council that governed the colony from 1838 to 1841 enacted many reforms with the aim of improving economic and bureaucratic affairs, such as land ownership and the establishment of new schools. These institutional reforms ultimately became the foundation of

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By the end of the 17th century, a census showed that around 10,000 French settlers were farming along the lower St. Lawrence Valley. By 1700, fewer than 20,000 people of French origin were settled in New France, extending from Newfoundland to the Mississippi, with the pattern of settlement following

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The nomadic populations of the Archaic period were better established and were very familiar with the resources of their territories. They adapted to their surroundings and experienced a degree of population growth. Their diet and tools diversified. Aboriginal peoples used a greater variety of local

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to Canada West occurred, which increased its population. Since the two regions continued to have equal representation in the Parliament, this meant that it was now Canada West that was under-represented. The representation issues were frequently called into question by debates on "Representation by

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The new constitution, primarily passed to answer the demands of the Loyalists, created a unique situation in Lower Canada. The Legislative Assembly, the only elected body in the colonial government, was continually at odds with the Legislative and Executive branches appointed by the governor. When,

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With the Quiet Revolution, Quebeckers affirmed their identity, especially in the arts, culture and language. It was during the revolution that the government of Quebec formed the Ministry of Culture which focused mainly on defending the French language and culture. The transformation of Quebec was

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into sandwiches and soups. They sewed and patched clothing, traded with their neighbors for outgrown items, and kept the house colder. New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days. These strategies, Baillargeon finds, show that women's domestic labour—cooking, cleaning, budgeting,

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that began in 1929 hit Quebec hard, as exports, prices, profits and wages plunged and unemployment soared to 30%, and even higher in lumbering and mining districts. Politically there was a move to the right, as Quebec's leaders noted that across the globe the failures attributed to capitalism and

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was instrumental in acting as a leadership figure for the rebels, yet his ideological views were ambiguous concerning the relative importance of seigneurial landowners, the Roman Catholic Church, and the francophone bourgeoisie. Under his influence, the first rebellion of 1837 was directed at the

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During the 1759 Quebec Campaign of the Seven Years' War, Augustinian nun Marie-Joseph Legardeur de Repentigny, Sœur de la Visitation, managed the Hôpital Général in Quebec City and oversaw the care of hundreds of wounded soldiers from both the French and British forces. She wrote in after-action

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was established in Port Royal in 1605, in Acadia. This arrangement was made for protection against perceived threats from the indigenous people. The difficulty of supplying the city of Quebec from France and the lack of knowledge of the area meant that life was hard. A significant fraction of the

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tried, but did not succeed in, avoiding full conscription in Canada, and it became a reality in the final months of World War II. However, the end of the war also meant the end of the crisis. MacKenzie King succeeded in portraying himself as "a moderate", and at the same time "limited the ethnic

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The populist poet Emile Coderre (1893–1970), writing as "Jean Narrache" gave voice to the poor people of Montreal as they struggled for survival during the Great Depression. Writing in the language of the street, Narrache adopted the persona of a man living in poverty who reflects on the ironies

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arrived in Quebec City in 1639, and in Montreal in 1641. They spread as well to small towns. They had to overcome harsh conditions, uncertain funding, and unsympathetic authorities as they engaged in educational and nursing functions. They attracted endowments and became important landowners in

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Urban expansion characterized Montreal around the time of Confederation, as rural French Canadians moved to the city to find work. Immigrants flocked to Montreal, Canada's largest city at the time, and so did many people from other parts of Canada. Major business and financial institutions were

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When the first wave of emigrants left Quebec, the local government did not pay much attention as the numbers were relatively small. However, when the emigration began to increase and the provincial economy was going through a depression, leaders of the province attempted to halt the emigration.

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France was disappointed after the three voyages of Cartier and did not want to invest further large sums in an adventure with such uncertain outcome. A period of disinterest in the new world on behalf of the French authorities followed. Only at the very end of the 16th century interest in these

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rose as a nationalist, liberal and reformist party, a long political struggle started between the majority of the elected representatives of Lower Canada and the colonial government. The majority of the elected representatives in the assembly were members of the francophone professional class:

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farmers adapt to competition and new economic realities. According to some contemporary observers, their farming methods were outdated. About this time the textile industry in New England experienced a boom. With living conditions so harsh, and work very hard to find even in the largest city,

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in 1867, French-speaking Quebeckers, known at that time as Canadiens, remained a majority within Canada East. Estimates of their proportion of the population between 1851 and 1861 are 75% of the total population, with around 20% of the remaining population largely composed of English-speaking

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With so many men unemployed or on lower wages, it was a major challenge for housewives to cope with the shortages of money and resources. Often they updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families. Cheap foods were used, such as soups, beans and noodles. They

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Lord Durham recommended that Upper Canada and Lower Canada be united, in order to make the francophone population of Lower Canada a minority within the united territory and weaken its influence. Durham expressed his objectives in plain terms. His recommendation was followed; the new seat of

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Fur commerce made a permanent residence in the country worthwhile. Good relations with the aboriginal providers were necessary. For some fishermen however, a seasonal presence was sufficient. Commercial companies were founded that tried to further the interest of the Crown in colonizing the

3342:("the boss"). He championed rural areas, provincial rights, and anti-Communism, and opposed the trade unions, modernizers and intellectuals. He worked well with the powerful Anglo businessmen who controlled most of the economy. A highly controversial figure even today, Duplessis and his 3266:

Prosperity returned with the Second World War, as demand soared for the province's manpower, raw materials and manufactures. 140,000 young men, both Francophone and Anglophone, rushed to enlist, although English was the dominant language in all the services and essential for promotion.

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In the 1820s and 1830s, rapid demographic growth made access to land in Lower Canada increasingly difficult for young people. Crop failures and political repression in 1838–1839 placed an additional strain on the agricultural sector in the southern part of the colony. Only slowly did

2724:. Despite this, the objectives of the new federal political regime were going to serve as great obstacles to the assertion of Quebec and the political power given to the provinces would be restricted. Quebec, economically weakened, would have to face political competition from 1905:

east of the city, the British troops crossed close to Cap-Rouge, west of the city, and successfully climbed the steep Cape Diamond undetected. Montcalm, for disputed reasons, did not use the protection of the city walls and fought on open terrain, in what would be known as the

4162:" in his concession speech. Parizeau resigned as Premier and as leader of the Parti québécois the day after his controversial speech, claiming he had always planned to do so in the case of separatist defeat, and Bouchard left federal politics to replace him in January 1996. 1011:

with the Innu, Wolastoqiyik and Micmacs, that would be "a decisive factor in the maintenance of a French colonial enterprise in America despite an enormous numerical disadvantage vis-à-vis the British colonization in the South". Thus also began French military support to the

3164:. By late 1916, the horrific number of casualties were beginning to cause reinforcement problems. After enormous difficulty in the federal government, because virtually every French-speaking MP opposed conscription while almost all the English-speaking MPs supported it, the 3848:

The implementation of the proposed measures only increased the divide between English Canada and Quebec francophones. English Canadians considered the measures put in place to be unacceptable concessions, while francophones considered the measures an insufficient response.

3037:. Educated in both French and English, Laurier remained in office as Prime Minister until October 1911. Laurier had several notable political achievements in Quebec, among them winning Quebec votes for the Liberal Party, against the desires of the powerful Catholic clergy. 890:. There, navigation proved too dangerous for Cartier to continue his journey towards the goal: China. Cartier and his sailors had no choice but to return to Stadaconé and winter there. In the end, Cartier returned to France and took about 10 Native Americans, including the 3606:

were detonated in Montreal. A major recognition of Quebec's cultural importance came in 1964 when, under authority granted by the Government of Canada, the Province of Quebec signed its first international agreement in Paris. The same year, during an official visit by

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arrived in Canada as High Commissioner. Although skirmishes with government troops were relatively bloodless during the second rebellion of 1838, the Crown dealt forcefully in punishing the rebels. 850 of them were arrested; 12 were eventually hanged, and 58 were

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Now in possession of the main city and capital, and further isolating the inner cities of Trois-Rivières and Montreal from France, the rest of the campaign was only a matter of slowly taking control of the land. While the French had a tactical victory in the

4393:. This act expanded the requirement to speak French in many public and private settings and reinforced French as the language of legislation, justice, civil administration, professional orders, employers, commerce and business, and educational instruction. 1335:. On 19 July 1629, with Quebec completely out of supplies and no hope of relief, Champlain surrendered Quebec to the Kirkes without a fight. Champlain and other colonists were taken to England, where they learned that peace had been agreed (in the 1629 2017:, the British were worried that the Canadiens might also support the growing rebellion. At the time, Canadiens formed the vast majority of the population of the Province of Quebec. To secure the allegiance of Canadiens to the British crown, Governor 3217:

There was political alienation as more and more voters complained of the indifference and incompetence of both the national leadership of Prime Minister Bennett and the Conservative party, as well as the provincial leadership of Liberal Premier

3048:. Laurier's compromise was to send a volunteer force, but the seeds were sown for future conscription protests during the world wars. Bourassa challenged, unsuccessfully, the proposal to build warships to help protect the empire. He led the 3582:

wrote a preliminary report underlining Quebec's distinct character, and promoted open federalism, a political attitude guaranteeing Quebec to a minimum amount of consideration. To favour Quebec during its Quiet Revolution, Canada, through

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of the French American territory. Thus, it would not cost the king much money to build the colony. On the other hand, other merchants wanted commerce to stay unregulated. This controversy was a big issue at the turn of the 17th century.

3396:. A USAF B-50 was returning a nuclear bomb to the USA. The bomb was released due to engine troubles, and then was destroyed in a non-nuclear detonation before it hit the ground. The explosion scattered nearly 100 pounds (45 kg) of 7953: 2423:. Following the government defeat of the Patriotes, the Catholic clergy recovered their moral authority among the people and preached for the cohesion and development of the nation in the fields of education, health and civil society. 4170:

Do you agree that Québec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Québec and of the agreement signed on June

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stated, "English Canada must understand very clearly that, no matter what anyone says and no matter what anyone does, Quebec is, today and forever, a distinct society, free and capable of assuming its destiny and development. Thank

948:. Since they were forced to stay for a longer period of time, they started to trade their metal objects for fur provided by the indigenous people. This commerce became profitable and thus the interest in the territory was revived. 6788: 3642:

759:, who was likely part of a fishing trip near Newfoundland, brought back a few Amerindians to France. This indicates that in the early 16th century, French navigators ventured in the gulf of the St. Lawrence, along with the 3001:

With his strong nationalist stance, Mercier was very much a precursor of later nationalist premiers in future decades who confronted the federal government and tried to win more power for Quebec. He promoted contacts with

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was defeated in a federal by-election because of pressure from the Church on voters, but succeeded in getting his loss annulled with the help of a new federal law. He quickly lost the subsequent election. In 1877, the

417:(because anglophones dominated the natural resources and industries of Quebec), the Catholic church, resistance against cultural assimilation, and isolation from non English-speaking populations were important themes. 7539: 4009:, but was rejected by a majority of 60 percent (59.56% "No", 40.44% "Yes"). Polls showed that the overwhelming majority of anglophones and immigrants voted against, and that francophones were almost equally divided. 8000: 874:) to describe the location. 16th-century European cartographers would quickly adopt this name. Cartier also wrote that he thought he had discovered large amounts of diamonds and gold, but this ended up only being 3821:

The growth of Quebec's government bureaucracy and its perceived interventionism produced friction with the federal government, particularly since the federal government followed a policy of close centralization.

3784:). The first phase of the subway was completed in 1966. These mega-projects came in the same era as Canada's Confederation centennial celebrations in 1967, when a wave of patriotism swept through most of Canada. 1203:, who were freelance traders, explored much of the area themselves. They kept trade and communications flowing through a vast network along the rivers of the hinterland. They established fur trading forts on the 3601:

The upheavals of the 1960s were also a time of conflict for some in Quebec. The emergence of extremist nationalist violence marked a dark chapter in the province's history, when in 1963, the first bombs of the

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organized the first census of the colony and counted 3,215 Habitants. Talon also enacted policies to diversify agriculture and encourage births, which, in 1672, had increased the population to 6,700 Canadiens.

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Agitation for reform came from liberal Quebeckers during the Duplessis years, although such provocative attitudes were often frowned upon and marginalized. In 1948, a collective of artists calling themselves

2990:, and won a majority of seats. However, the coalition consisted of mostly Liberals and only a few Conservatives, so the "Liberal" name was soon reinstituted. The Conservatives, reduced to a minority in the 2353: 3514:" ("Masters in our own house"), which, to the Anglo-American conglomerates that dominated the economy and natural resources of Quebec, announced a collective will for freedom of the French-Canadian people. 3160:

the enemy, who was an ocean away and uninterested in conquering Canada. So, French Canadians saw no reason to fight. Nevertheless, a few French Canadians did enlist in the 22nd Battalion - precursor to the

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Catholic women started dozens of independent religious orders, funded in part by dowries provided by the parents of young nuns. The orders specialized in charitable works, including hospitals, orphanages,

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This union, unsurprisingly, was the main source of political instability until 1867. The differences between the two cultural groups of the Province of Canada made it impossible to govern without forming

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seigneurs and the clergy as much as the anglophone governor. The 1837 rebellion resulted in a declaration of martial law, and suspension of Canada's Constitution. To centralize authority under the Crown,

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emerged over time. The vast majority are forgotten today because none of them developed writing. Before contact with Europeans, aboriginals passed down their history and other cultural knowledge through

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outpost. First Nations traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing. In 1616, the Habitation du Québec became the first permanent establishment of the

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population died of hunger and diseases during the first winter. However, agriculture soon expanded and a continuous flow of immigrants, mostly men in search of adventure, increased the population.

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was elected, and formed the first separatist government of the province. The Parti Québécois promised in its campaign that it would not declare independence without obtaining a mandate through a

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and 22 Amerindians successfully pushed back a force of 7,000 Americans. This loss caused the Americans to abandon the Saint Lawrence Campaign, their major strategic effort to conquer Canada.

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Duplessis expected to ride antiwar sentiment to victory when he called an election in the fall of 1939. He miscalculated as the Liberals scored a landslide, with 70 seats to only 14 for the

4672: 10660: 1091: 2276:, the British government assigned the coasts of Labrador to the colony of Newfoundland. The inland border between the jurisdiction of Lower Canada and Newfoundland was not well-defined. 10208: 4658: 3095:

Population migration also characterized life in late 19th century Quebec. In the late 19th century, overpopulation in the Saint Lawrence Valley led many Quebeckers to immigrate to the

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through a tax-funded public delivery system. In 1964, Quebec had recognized the equality between men and women and allows all women to have jobs which were once exclusively for men.

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ended in defeat the following month when British ships arrived and forced the French besiegers to retreat. An attempt to resupply the French military was further dashed in the naval

1176: 534:, theorized to have migrated from Asia to America between 20,000 and 14,000 years ago, were the first people to establish themselves on the lands of Quebec, arriving there after the 11114: 2663:

joined to form the Dominion of Canada. Canada East became the Province of Quebec. Canada remained self-governing locally, but the British continued to control its external affairs.

1847:, and a series of battles were fought there. The French military enjoyed early successes in these frontier battles, gaining control over several strategic points in 1756 and 1757. 1528:. To redress the severe imbalance between single men and women, and boost population growth, King Louis XIV sponsored the passage of approximately 800 young French women (known as 10457: 2795: 1447: 1381:. He chose to found Montreal on an island so that the settlement could be naturally protected against Iroquois invasions. Many heroes of New France come from this period, such as 382:

include the fur trade — because it was the main industry — as well as the exploration of North America, war against the English, and alliances or war with Native American groups.

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many of Quebec's educational and social services. Ex-nuns often continued the same roles in civilian dress, and men for the first time started entering the teaching profession.

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Canadian leaders managed to avoid the depths of the conscription crisis that had soured relations between Anglophones and Francophones during the First World War. During the

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Charpentier, Louise, René Durocher, Christian Laville, et Paul-André Linteau, Nouvelle histoire du Québec et du Canada, Montréal, Éditions du Boréal Express, 1985, 448, p.50

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and resulting in a political crisis between France and Canada. Following this, various civilian groups developed, sometimes confronting public authority, for example in the

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was still seen mostly as a cheap source of natural resources for the metropolis, and had only 60,000 inhabitants. Nevertheless, New France was territorially larger than the

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Charpentier, Louise, René Durocher, Christian Laville, et Paul-André Linteau, Nouvelle histoire du Québec et du Canada, Montréal, Éditions du Boréal Express, 1985, 448 p.47

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that Quebec and all other captured French possessions in North America were returned to New France. Champlain was restored as de facto governor but died three years later.

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Names in bold refer to provinces, others to sub-provincial levels of government; the first names listed are those areas mostly nearly corresponding to contemporary Quebec.

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was subsequently erected. These losses were significant since Plaisance Bay was the primary communication route between New France and France, and Acadia contained 5,000

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Charpentier, Louise, René Durocher, Christian Laville, et Paul-André Linteau, Nouvelle histoire du Québec et du Canada, Montréal, Éditions du Boréal Express, 1985, p.51

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had grown to be close to a full-fledged independent country, something they would actually become a few decades later, with more than 1 million inhabitants. Meanwhile,

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developed the string of fortifications known as the "Valley of Forts" to protect against Iroquois invasions. The Regiment brought along with them 1,200 new men from

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the turn of the 20th century, immigrants to Quebec came mainly from Ireland, but large numbers of immigrants arrived from Germany and other areas of western Europe.

1423:, political restructuring which turned New France into a province of France, ended the period of company rule and marked a new beginning in the colonization effort. 5315: 4086:

Between 1982 and 1992, the Quebec government's attitude changed to prioritize reforming the federation. The subsequent attempts at constitutional amendments by the

3393: 10653: 5389: 4158:, which had earned him a majority government in the province. In the aftermath of the referendum, he faced criticism when he blamed the loss of the referendum on " 2839: 2083:

broke out in early 1775, Quebec became a target for American forces, that sought to liberate the French population there from British rule. In September 1775 the

7263: 2928: 1247:

1734–1738). This network was inherited by the English and Scottish traders after the fall of the French Empire in Quebec, and many of the coureur des bois became

2383:

Key goals for the rebels were to have responsible government and, for many, to terminate prejudicial dominance of the English minority over the French majority.

5979: 7997: 7458: 9580: 6012: 2110:

war in which both the Americans and the British sought to gain the population's support. The Americans succeeded in raising two regiments in Quebec, led by

7830: 7509: 1632: 10450: 9603: 1973:

whose development and culture would be founded upon, among other things, ancestral foundations anchored in Northeastern America. What British Commissioner

1850:

The British sent substantial military forces, while the Royal Navy controlled the Atlantic, preventing France from sending much help. In 1758 the British

3974:

governments, struggling with spending and growing deficits, disengaged itself from some services that citizens now had to pay for out of their own pocket;

2001:

united three Quebec districts into the Province of Quebec. It was the British who were the first to use the name "Quebec" to refer to a territory beyond

10646: 9765: 4423: 3480: 3214:

attending the meagerness of social assistance, the role of class, the pretensions of the commercial elite, and the counterfeit philanthropy of the rich.

3131: 2823: 9809: 7440: 3830: 3825:

English-speaking Canada showed concern at the changes happening in Quebec society and the protests of the Québécois. In 1963, Canada's Prime Minister,

3639: 3579: 2272:

By 1809, the government of Newfoundland was no longer willing to supervise the coasts of Labrador. To solve this issue, and as a result of lobbying in

8139: 3565: 2765:

established in Montreal, including the headquarters of several national banks and corporations. Prominent businessmen included brewer and politician

2162: 571:

material, developed new techniques, such as polishing stone, and devised increasingly specialized tools, such as knives, awls, fish hooks, and nets.

6549: 6336: 4234:

recognizing that the "Québécois form a nation within a united Canada." The motion was introduced in the House of Commons by the federal government.

3876: 1244: 10170: 9760: 9422: 8658: 6190: 1937: 107: 6243: 2204:

When the war ended in 1783, Quebec shrunk as a result, with portions of its southwest being ceded to the new United States in accordance with the

10443: 7916: 6220: 3925:(Long live free Quebec!). The Canadian federal government strongly took offence. De Gaulle abruptly cancelled his visit to Ottawa and went home. 3476: 3442:

ushered in an array of socio-political transformations, from secularism and the welfare state to a specifically Québécois national identity. The

2588: 2480: 3906:, under the leadership of René Lévesque. Pro-independence parties gained 8% of the popular vote in Quebec in 1966, 23% in 1970 and 30% in 1973. 3484: 3014:. Those francophones had not yet been assimilated into the English-Canadian or American culture. Mercier promoted reform, economic development, 2407:

in 1838, guaranteeing human rights and equality for all citizens without discrimination. Their actions resulted in rebellions in both Lower and

9427: 8663: 5664: 2496: 2487:, like other Canada East francophones during the 1840s, had deep concerns about the united entity and the place of the francophones within it. 2445: 2216:. These settlers eventually sought to separate themselves administratively from the French-speaking Quebec population, which occurred in 1791. 2061:

faith. The purpose of this Act was to secure the allegiance of the French Canadians with unrest growing in the American colonies to the south.

756: 112: 3472: 1584: 9477: 6952: 6531: 6424: 3173: 2212:

fled the new United States, with 85% of the rest choosing to stay. These refugees were resettled into parts of the province that bordered on

162: 7807: 6008: 2986:

Seizing the opportunity to build a coalition of his Liberals and dissident Conservatives, Mercier revived the "Parti National" name for the

1469:, would go on to govern the colony of Canada (Montreal, Québec, Trois-Rivières and the Pays-d'en-Haut) and its administrative dependencies: 7426: 7054: 1125: 8195: 5433: 4118:

for Quebec sovereignty was rejected by a slim margin (50.58% "No", 49.42% "Yes"). Instrumental leaders of the Quebec separatist side were

3052:, arguing that Canada's interests were not at stake. He opposed Catholic bishops who defended military support of Britain and its allies. 2595:

a law that compensated French Canadians whose properties were destroyed during the rebellions of 1837–1838. This bill, resulting from the

3725: 3019: 2975:

resulted in protests in Quebec, as the French Canadians thought they were being deliberately persecuted for their religion and language.

2500: 2404: 1452: 332: 7746: 7720: 4165:

Federalists accused the sovereigntist side of asking a vague, overcomplicated question on the ballot. Its English text read as follows:

1339:) before Quebec's surrender, and the Kirkes were obliged to return their takings. However, they refused, and it was not until the 1632 11203: 10936: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 8673: 8668: 8061: 2053:

for public administration (including criminal prosecution), replaced the oath of allegiance so that it no longer made reference to the

157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 6734: 6708: 6040: 1558: 10904: 3797: 2980: 7974: 3917:, who had been temporarily given the rank of general in WWII, undiplomatically declared from the balcony of the Montreal city hall; 3471:. This government made many reforms in the fields of social policy, education, health and economic development. It also created the 2201:

in February 1779. Roughly half of Clark's militia in the theater were French Canadian volunteers sympathetic to the American cause.

903: 8766: 5476: 4131: 2612: 2099:

was slain. The Americans were driven back into New York by the arrival of a large army of British troops and German auxiliaries ("

1951: 8395:

Fyson, Donald. "Between the Ancien Régime and Liberal Modernity: Law, Justice and State Formation in colonial Quebec, 1760–1867,"

4049:

signature still missing (a situation that persists to this day). Quebec is the only province not to have formally assented to the

2134:, a New Yorker living in Quebec City (who actually led the regiment at Yorktown as Hazen had been promoted to brigadier general), 1962:

set out the terms of government for the newly captured territory, as well as defining the geographic boundaries of the territory.

1648: 9384: 9250: 8996: 3729: 3115: 2508:". When Canada West was under-represented, the issue became a rallying cry for the Canada West Reformers and Clear Grits, led by 2190: 2161:, Quebec was used as a base for raiding operations into the northern parts of the United States until the end of the war. In the 355: 10004: 9598: 8912: 7869: 2875: 2522: 2111: 1370: 1340: 8961: 4911: 952:

territory. They demanded that France grant a monopoly to one single company. In return, this company would also take over the

579:

Agriculture appeared experimentally toward the 8th century. It was only in the 14th century that it was fully mastered in the

11138: 10579: 8862: 8592: 7664: 6989: 6622: 5299: 5272: 5245: 5218: 5057: 4999: 4895: 4843: 3080: 1945: 1546: 5193: 3896: 3864: 3060:

As more provinces joined Canadian Confederation, there was a pressing need to formalize provincial boundaries. In 1898, the

10163: 10093: 10052: 8956: 8844: 8620: 7484: 2948: 2495:. Furthermore, despite their population gap, both Canada East and Canada West obtained an identical number of seats in the 2318: 1478: 1466: 555:

Existing archaeological evidence attests to a human presence on the current territory of Quebec sometime around 10,000 BC.

367: 291: 8508: 6464: 11082: 10620: 10469: 10017: 9621: 8643: 7398: 4150:, a major proponent of the federalist "No" side. Parizeau, a longtime separatist who had played an important role in the 3756:

marked Montreal's pinnacle as Canada's largest and most important city and prompted the construction of what is now Parc

3525:

began. As a result, state institutions began to deliver services without the assistance of the church, and many parts of

3415:("Heaven is blue; hell is red"; red is the colour of the Liberal party, and blue was the colour of the Union Nationale). 3066: 2326: 1751: 3587:, adopted a policy of open federalism. In 1966, the Union Nationale was re-elected and continued on with major reforms. 2983:

had reluctantly supported Prime Minister Macdonald's decision in favour of execution. Support for Conservatives eroded.

1768:

Outside the home, Canadian women had few domains which they controlled. An important exception came with Roman Catholic

1181: 9832: 9685: 9498: 9177: 3608: 3603: 3449:

In 1960, the Liberal Party of Quebec was brought to power with a two-seat majority, having campaigned with the slogan "

2509: 2042: 2022: 1854:, gaining control over the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and also took control of key forts on the frontier in battles at 1509: 1508:". Though there was little immigration, the colony still grew because of the Habitants' high birth rates. In 1665, the 484: 398: 215: 3964:

During this time period, several factors contributed to the stagnation or reduction of the buying power of Québécois:

3792:

In the midst of the powerful and urban changes, cultural change took root as well. Quebec was greatly affected by the

3647:

adopted a policy of open federalism. In 1966, the Union Nationale was re-elected and continued on with major reforms.

2811: 1197:

The French quickly established trading posts throughout their territory, trading for fur with aboriginal hunters. The

10774: 9549: 9104: 8490: 8390: 8272: 7838: 7783: 7634: 7308: 7220: 7145:

B. L. Vigod, "The Quebec Government and Social Legislation during the 1930s: A Study in Political Self-Destruction",

6918: 6760: 6650:

Brault, Gerard J. The French-Canadian Heritage in New England. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1986 pp. 54

6307: 6101: 6069: 5878: 5746: 5721: 5152: 5127: 5024: 4753: 4722: 4682: 4628: 4585: 4551: 4526: 4501: 4476: 4451: 1427: 1351: 1085:

The borders of these colonies were not precisely defined, and were open on the western side, as the maps below show:

2269:"lawyers, notaries, doctors, innkeepers or small merchants", who comprised 77.4% of the assembly from 1792 to 1836. 1776:, new orders for women began appearing in the seventeenth century and became a permanent feature of Quebec society. 10764: 9962: 9593: 9397: 9271: 9230: 9019: 5843: 5630: 4181: 3704:

was passed to introduce a linguistic context conducive to Quebec's development. In 1973, the liberal government of

3674: 3178: 2648: 2432: 2389: 1982: 1974: 1959: 1832:

the size. There was warfare along the borders, with the French supporting Indian raids into the American colonies.

1292: 1279: 247: 8560: 8016: 6490: 4196:

On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly voted unanimously to affirm "that the people of Québec form a nation".

3665:" ("Long live free Quebec"). This declaration had a profound effect on Quebec by bolstering the burgeoning modern 3597:, one of the architects of the Quiet Revolution, and the Premier of Quebec's first modern sovereignist government. 2883: 1944:

on 8 September 1760. Because the Seven Years' War was still ongoing in Europe, the British put the region under a

1156:

in 1604 which still exists today, but Quebec was the first to be meant as a permanent settlement and not a simple

10734: 10156: 10067: 9852: 9034: 8951: 8695: 7517: 5909: 4355: 4025:

passed by the British Parliament severed virtually all remaining constitutional and legislative ties between the

3701: 2396: 1907: 1439: 1406: 325: 269: 8086: 3044:

was outspoken against the British government's request for Canada to send a militia to fight for Britain in the

2882:, an opponent of liberalism. Bourget eventually succeeded in gaining more influence than the liberal, reformist 2347: 1707: 11109: 10784: 10251: 10246: 9024: 8941: 8653: 8233: 6164: 4362: 4280: 4139: 3721: 3681:, and especially francophones of Canada, ruptured. This breakdown greatly affected Quebec society's evolution. 3468: 3326:, and held power without serious opposition for the next fifteen years, until his death, winning elections in 3108: 2991: 2729: 2619:

was adopted. Then, the long period of political impasse that was the Province of Canada came to a close as the

2571: 2209: 2018: 1994: 1612: 1332: 1308: 981: 3134:

is still ongoing today, leading some to comment that Quebec's borders are the most imprecise in the Americas.

1270: 10897: 9842: 9837: 9014: 3078:

in 1870. This Act expanded the boundaries of Quebec northward. In 1912, the Canadian Parliament enacted the

1644: 1275: 9804: 7891: 6265: 10996: 10757: 10510: 9920: 9827: 9214: 8922: 6849: 4401: 4340: 4336: 4295: 4291: 4231: 4212: 4155: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3023: 2987: 2903:

sent representatives to force the Quebecois Church to minimize its interventions in the electoral process.

2721: 2690: 2412: 1671: 1663: 1435: 286: 178: 7569: 6660:

Lacroix, Patrick (2018). "Parish and Nation: French Canada, Quebec, and Providential Destiny, 1880–1898".

4283:, Quebec voters rejected the sovereignist Bloc Québécois in favour of the federalist and previously minor 11077: 10752: 10739: 10037: 9750: 9613: 9585: 9377: 8976: 8571: 6553: 6340: 6042:"The Old Northwest Under British Control, 1763-1783" and "Indiana A Part of the Old Northwest, 1783-1800" 5848: 5635: 5104: 4381: 4314: 4070: 4006: 3697: 3666: 3281: 3277: 3255: 3169: 3148: 3096: 3049: 2139: 2038: 1588: 1232: 449: 252: 8331:

The Formal and Informal Politics of British Rule in Post-Conquest Quebec, 1760-1837: A Northern Bastille

6198: 5763: 3909:

During an official visit to Quebec as a guest of the government of Canada, in front of a huge crowd the

1596: 11246: 10422: 9997: 9857: 9680: 9626: 9414: 9119: 8824: 7325: 6601: 5237:

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783

4413: 4227: 3626:, state institutions began to deliver services without the assistance of the church, and many parts of 3219: 3192: 2652: 2616: 2600: 2225: 2080: 1998: 1912: 1851: 1739: 318: 98: 70: 7924: 7119:Émile J. Talbot, "Populist Poetry in the 1930s: Jean Narrache and the Articulation of Powerlessness", 4397: 4328: 4299: 2851: 2567: 2484: 1573:. As a result, the colony of New France's territory grew to extend from Hudson Bay all the way to the 1220: 11001: 10862: 10857: 10625: 9867: 9636: 9313: 9140: 8289: 7834: 6117: 5363: 5049: 4159: 3127: 2505: 2288: 2088: 2070: 1997:

was benign, with the French Canadians guaranteed their traditional rights and customs. The British

36: 4769: 2694: 2670: 2624: 1893:

led a fleet of 49 ships holding 8,640 British troops to the fortress of Quebec. They disembarked on

1889:

In the next phase of the war, begun in 1759, the British aimed directly at the heart of New France.

1415:

Seal of Louis XIV, used in the colony when the King determined New France to be a province of France

1390: 910: 10890: 10844: 10343: 10047: 9554: 9544: 9207: 9135: 9087: 8723: 8613: 7359: 5792: 4344: 4250: 4246: 3570: 3404: 3343: 3119: 3034: 2698: 2575: 2542:

decided to no longer refer to themselves as English or British, and instead appropriated the term "

2420: 2376: 2143: 2046: 1898: 1855: 1715: 1164: 1163:

The first version of the town was a single large walled building, called the Habitation. A similar

1152:

Quebec City was founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. Some other towns were founded before, like

1063: 775: 390: 6956: 4859: 4249:" for other cultures in Quebec. This would start a debate which would lead to the Parti Québécois 3658:. There, he addressed a crowd of more than 100,000, making a speech ending with the exclamation: " 3488: 3464: 2321:, who represented the people, came more and more into conflict with the superior authority of the 10077: 9690: 9539: 9318: 8946: 8917: 8690: 8170:"Francois Legault's CAQ wins majority in Quebec election, ends nearly 50 years of two-party rule" 7799: 7040: 6381: 6016: 4962: 4177: 4143: 3892: 3075: 3018:, and the French language. He was returned to the legislature as the Member for the district of 2830: 2706: 2416: 2198: 2131: 2092: 1859: 1699: 1600: 1535: 1462: 1297: 891: 841: 683: 611: 433: 7300: 7294: 6910: 3968:

the gas price shocks of 1973–1974 and of 1979 generated price inflation and high interest rates;

3920: 3660: 3455:" ("Its time for things to change"). This new Jean Lesage government had the "team of thunder": 1780: 10816: 10669: 10569: 10559: 10490: 10466: 10224: 10179: 10057: 9982: 9887: 9819: 9782: 9718: 9370: 9281: 9266: 8907: 8834: 8814: 8789: 8729: 8680: 8648: 8323: 8031:"Referendum on Quebec sovereignty 'hardly conceivable' right now, Marois tells media in France" 7595: 7106: 6299: 5567: 4989: 4290:

Marois called a provincial election for April 2014, during which her party was defeated by the

4151: 4115: 4054: 4002: 3631: 3530: 3261: 2895: 2802: 2782: 2714: 2640: 2604: 2408: 2365: 2330: 2205: 1955: 1929: 1731: 1683: 1616: 1474: 1458: 1378: 1216: 973: 922: 787: 771: 698: 456: 410: 371: 264: 190: 45: 7773: 7005: 6979: 6139: 5819: 5262: 4833: 968:

had become important in Europe. France returned to America looking for a specific animal: the

10976: 10706: 10500: 9990: 9728: 9665: 9286: 9197: 9182: 7750: 7724: 5289: 5235: 5208: 4885: 4745: 4739: 4714: 4708: 4620: 4614: 4374: 3810: 3720:

by creating one of the largest hydro-electric projects in the world. In 1974, it enacted the

3408: 3154: 2384: 2361: 2357: 2306: 2280: 2123: 2119: 1933: 1910:. The battle was short and bloody; both leaders died in battle, but the British easily won. ( 1902: 1894: 1836: 1811: 1801: 1742:

in 1745, the British were victorious, but returned the city to France after war concessions.

1687: 414: 8505:

The Revolt of French Canada, 1800–1835: A Chapter of the History of the British Commonwealth

8211:"Big gains for the Bloc Québécois, but what did it sacrifice in the process? Social Sharing" 5042: 4219:. Landry stepped down as PQ leader in 2005, and in a crowded race for the party leadership, 3385:

of 1949. It led to a greater appreciation of labour and social-democratic issues in Quebec.

2603:

coalition and Lord Elgin's advice, was a very important one as it established the notion of

1434:, who officially made New France into a royal province of France. New France would now be a 1208: 902:

to the King of France. This inspired the king to order a third expedition, this time led by

9902: 9789: 9328: 9296: 9192: 9049: 8966: 8872: 6946: 5967: 4370: 4348: 4284: 4273: 4204: 4099: 3987: 3903: 3860: 3801: 3773: 3693: 3689: 2492: 2437: 2284: 1925: 1761: 1719: 1695: 1679: 1670:

to control North America's interior and monopolize the fur trade pitted New France and its

1667: 1550: 1004: 961:

the networks of the cod fishery and fur trade, although most Quebec settlers were farmers.

752: 702: 580: 535: 41: 8453:

Lewis, H. Harry. " Population of Quebec Province: Its Distribution and National Origins,"

4991:

French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans

4041: 3590: 3460: 2741: 1296:

large and valuable tracts of land estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the

8: 11172: 10495: 10328: 10289: 10233: 10042: 9847: 9527: 9493: 9351: 9301: 9291: 9157: 9114: 8829: 8799: 8779: 8717: 8606: 8297: 6442: 6235: 4418: 4369:

increased its number of seats from 10 in 2015, to 32 seats in 2019, both over taking the

4366: 4135: 4103: 3910: 3868: 3061: 2919: 2868: 2608: 2296: 2249: 2182: 2178: 2166: 2014: 1840: 1805: 1773: 1691: 1620: 1382: 1366: 1358: 1328: 1037: 1000: 921:

in America. It was Cartier who established the first French settlement on American soil,

899: 862: 853: 830: 471: 386: 350: 281: 210: 200: 10991: 8355:

Power from the North: Territory, Identity, and the Culture of Hydroelectricity in Quebec

6029:

See drop-down essay on "Early European Settlement and the Formation of the Modern State"

4332: 4303: 4044:) Federal Justice Minister Jean Chrétien met with all of the provincial premiers except 3971:

taxes increased to pay for government programs put in place during the period 1960–1975;

3508:

The Quiet Revolution was particularly characterized by the 1962 Liberal Party's slogan "

2979:

became the outspoken leader of the protest movement. The federal Cabinet members of the

2403:

in order to seek an end to the unilateral control of the British governors. They made a

2135: 10837: 10747: 10696: 10602: 10589: 10520: 10318: 10269: 10261: 10098: 10062: 10032: 9799: 9755: 9608: 9568: 8804: 8735: 7099: 6903: 6677: 6292: 5929: 5658: 5527: 4321: 4199:

After winning the provincial election in 1998, Bouchard retired from politics in 2001.

4045: 3991: 3888: 3856: 3594: 3456: 3433: 3222:. Many of the discontented gravitated toward the ultramontane nationalists especially 3161: 3085: 2774: 2686: 2476: 2463:

government was located in Montreal, with the former Upper Canada being referred to as "

2253: 2147: 2096: 1863: 1727: 1723: 1686:

by Americans, and the Intercolonial wars in Quebec. The first three of these wars were

1604: 1347: 1236: 1144: 1067: 1013: 871: 509: 7623: 5838: 5625: 4936: 4256: 4220: 3872: 3809:

also marked by the adoption of the Law on the assurance-hospitalisation, guaranteeing

3611:, the police were required to maintain order during a demonstration by members of the 3389: 826: 11119: 11067: 11006: 10811: 10794: 10417: 10412: 10013: 9955: 9879: 9777: 9740: 9706: 9670: 9653: 9333: 9276: 9060: 8751: 8588: 8486: 8386: 8334: 8268: 7779: 7665:"Proportion de naissances hors mariage selon le rang de naissance, Québec, 1976-2017" 7630: 7394: 7371: 7304: 7216: 6985: 6914: 6681: 6618: 6303: 6214: 6097: 6065: 6046: 5874: 5774: 5742: 5741:. Translated by Howard, Richard. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 6–7. 5717: 5552:

Charpentier, Louise; Durocher, René; Laville, Christian; Linteau, Paul-André (1985).

5502: 5295: 5268: 5241: 5214: 5148: 5123: 5053: 5020: 4995: 4891: 4839: 4749: 4718: 4678: 4624: 4608: 4606: 4581: 4547: 4522: 4497: 4472: 4447: 4208: 4095: 4074: 4022: 3914: 3826: 3709: 3651: 3644: 3612: 3584: 3353: 3315: 3239: 3197: 3123: 2718: 2620: 2543: 2516: 2472: 2170: 2158: 2127: 2100: 2074: 2034: 1941: 1882: 1819: 1570: 1562: 1530: 1386: 1311:, the first two convoys of ships and settlers bound for the colony were waylaid near 1228: 977: 883: 834: 791: 737: 649: 564: 375: 11124: 8794: 8114:"Quebec hardest hit as battle against floods continues in communities across Canada" 7706:

Micheline D'Allaire, "Les Religieuses du Québec dans le Courant de la Laïcisation,"

5460: 5341: 4154:, promised a referendum for sovereignty in his electoral campaign leading up to the 3168:

became law on August 29, 1917. French Canadians protested in what is now called the

2976: 2845:

1908 newspaper advertisement for a movie theatre on Ste.-Catherine Street, Montreal.

2333:, a series of political demands which expressed a genuine loss of confidence in the 2013:

With unrest growing in the colonies to the south, which would one day grow into the

1362: 11158: 10986: 10726: 10691: 10371: 10103: 9926: 9862: 9772: 9723: 9323: 9202: 9152: 9092: 8892: 8882: 8741: 7340: 7132:

Marc LaTerreur, "R. B. Bennett et le Québec: Un Cas d'Incompréhension Réciproque",

6669: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 5921: 5606: 5168: 5147:. Translated by Howard, Richard. University of British Columbia Press. p. 69. 5122:. Translated by Howard, Richard. University of British Columbia Press. p. 49. 4123: 3949: 3880: 3692:

sparked a constitutional debate on the political future of the province by pitting

3446:

generation embraced the changes that liberalized social attitudes in the province.

3439: 3429: 3371: 3361: 3346:

party dominated the province. Duplessis' years in power have been ridiculed as the

3196:

democracy had led to the spread of socialism, totalitarianism, and Civil War. The

2891: 2628: 2551: 2550:" responded to this appropriation of identity by henceforth identifying with their 2334: 2174: 2106:

Before and during the American occupation of the province, there was a significant

2084: 2025:

promoted the need for accommodations. This eventually resulted in enactment of the

1966: 1844: 1756: 1703: 1411: 1394: 1374: 1199: 1079: 695: 671:

Each group had their own languages, way of life, economies, and religious beliefs.

624: 445: 441: 11128: 9897: 6064:. Translated by Howard, Richard. University of British Columbia Press. p. 7. 5594: 4917:. French West Indies Collection, 1712–1757. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 4603: 4147: 2566:

were born. French Canadian writers began to reflect on the survival of their own.

2431:

The second rebellion in 1838 was to have more far-reaching consequences. In 1838,

1312: 686:

to be distinct enough from the other Iroquoians to be considered their own group.

11177: 11148: 10913: 10806: 10789: 10323: 10301: 10122: 9971: 9907: 9794: 9745: 9044: 9039: 8552:. Toronto: Gage, 1983. 344pp; second edition (2003) under the name of Susan Mann. 8262: 8004: 7981: 7067: 5925: 4358:, a law which bars public servants from wearing religious symbols while on duty. 4272:

as its first female premier on September 4, 2012. Marois served as leader of the

4119: 4091: 4078: 4018: 3834: 3724:, which made French the official language of Quebec. In 1975, it established the 3713: 3705: 3547: 3538: 3382: 3348: 3305: 3045: 3030: 2766: 2748: 2710: 2555: 2547: 1698:(1744–1748). Many notable battles and exchanges of land took place. In 1690, the 1656: 1624: 1554: 1327:, Louis and Thomas Kirke. Quebec was effectively cut off. In 1629, there was the 860:. That year, Cartier decided to name the village and its surrounding territories 822: 810: 644: 437: 195: 8867: 6078: 3837:

an official language in the parliaments of Canada, the provincial assemblies of

3717: 1862:. In spite of the spectacular defeat of the supposed main British thrust in the 1274:. Shortly after being appointed, the Compagnie des Cent-Associés introduced the 1187: 906:

and with the goal of finding the Kingdom of Saguenay. But, it was unsuccessful.

11164: 11104: 10552: 10543: 10505: 10381: 10306: 10274: 10241: 9913: 9892: 9167: 9109: 8756: 5411: 4269: 4261: 4200: 4127: 4087: 4036:

On the night of November 4, 1981, (widely known among Quebec sovereigntists as

4026: 3945: 3941: 3929: 3845:, in federal tribunals and in all federal government administration of Canada. 3777: 3761: 3740: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3293: 3223: 3205:

purchased the cheapest cuts of meat—sometimes even horse meat—and recycled the

3041: 3007: 2954: 2908: 2887: 2879: 2596: 2310: 2265: 2233: 1878: 1867: 1735: 1591:

speaking with the envoy of Sir William Phipps at the Battle of Quebec, in 1690.

1574: 1431: 1336: 1287: 1240: 1017: 993: 887: 783: 764: 741: 733: 726: 664: 619: 588: 544: 394: 362:

as well as New France's centre, responsible for a variety of dependencies (ex.

11098: 10701: 9675: 6377: 5595:"Writing the Convent in New France: The Colonialist Rhetoric of Canadian Nuns" 4238: 1484: 1066:, this territory included several colonies, each with its own administration: 11240: 11153: 11059: 11026: 10946: 10801: 10394: 10311: 10284: 10136: 9735: 9082: 8902: 8877: 7485:"Le Québec au fil du temps - Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes" 7375: 6289: 5778: 4324:

spread across southern Quebec, with Montreal declaring a state of emergency.

4294:(PLQ). The PLQ won by a large margin, securing a majority government. In the 4287:(NDP). As the NDP's logo is orange, this event was called the "orange wave". 3842: 3781: 3627: 3559: 3526: 3231: 3089: 2914: 2656: 2539: 2531: 2241: 2154: 1978: 1917: 1764:(c.1700), one of the many women who contributed to their communities as nuns. 1711: 1636: 1566: 1553:

seized three northern forts the English had erected on the lands explored by

1055: 937: 760: 745: 654: 539: 531: 429: 308: 6613:

Blais, Christian; Gallichan, Gilles; Lemieux, Jocelyn; Saint-Pierre (2008).

2728:, the capital of the strongly centralizing federal state. On July 15, 1867, 2329:. In 1834, things hit a breaking point and the Parti canadien presented its 1702:

became the first time Québec's defences were tested. In 1713, following the

801: 10832: 10686: 10678: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10279: 9936: 9503: 8887: 8746: 8463:

Linteau, Paul-André, René Durocher, Jean-Claude Robert, and Robert Chodos.

8196:"Quebec passes bill banning public servants from wearing religious symbols" 7540:"Les relations Québec-Canada - Ensembles thématiques - Musée McCord Museum" 6981:

The White Man's Gonna Getcha: The Colonial Challenge to the Crees in Québec

6953:"ABORIGINAL PEOPLES AND THE 1995 QUEBEC REFERENDUM: A SURVEY OF THE ISSUES" 6933:

Rolando Gomes, "Henri Bourassa et l'Imperialisme Britannique (1899-1918),"

5871:

Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated with Original Maps

5826:, Toronto: Ryerson Press, pp. 49–62 – via University of Victoria 5714:

Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated with Original Maps

5017:

Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated with Original Maps

4216: 4188:

within which their respective governments would act in another referendum.

3884: 3765: 3757: 3553: 3206: 2995: 2674: 2399:

led residents of Lower Canada to form an armed resistance group called the

2371: 2245: 2237: 2229: 2213: 2194: 1785: 1652: 1191: 1157: 1101: 1008: 985: 953: 492: 402: 220: 8304: 6775:"Chronique Montréalité no 48 : Les débuts de l'automobile à Montréal" 4380:

Between 2020 and 2021, Quebec took measures to protect itself against the

3902:

In 1968, the sovereignists reorganized into a single political party, the

3800:

opened. Protests by English-speaking students led to the establishment of

1772:. Stimulated by the influence in France of the popular religiosity of the 1631:. During this time, the town had a population of 2,000 settlers. In 1738, 459:

with three fleur-de-lis, followed by a lion, and then three maple leaves.

23: 11016: 10564: 10351: 10223: 10148: 9508: 9308: 7085:

Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression

4310: 4242: 4185: 3937: 3852:

Frictions with English popularized the idea of independence from Canada.

3494: 3172:. The conscription protests grew so much that they eventually led to the 3104: 3100: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2886:. At his most extreme, Bourget went so far as to deny a Church burial to 2778: 2770: 2678: 2666: 2660: 2527: 2468: 2464: 2292: 2115: 2002: 1890: 1843:. The territory of New France at that time included parts of present-day 1628: 1608: 1578: 1493: 1443: 1324: 1204: 1025: 932:

Still, even during the time when France did not send official explorers,

849: 722: 679: 675: 639: 504: 497: 425: 406: 225: 90: 6394: 3634:, the reform of Quebec's institutions was overseen and supported by the 3533:, the reform of Quebec's institutions was overseen and supported by the 3504:" was the electoral slogan of the Liberal Party during the 1962 election 2302: 2185:

without any loss of life. From there, his men marched into and captured

1513: 1024:

attacks and invasions. These Iroquois attacks would become known as the

11215: 10956: 10951: 10538: 10477: 9631: 9235: 8897: 8629: 8421: 6673: 4050: 3995: 3542: 3378: 2972: 2587:

Political unrest came to a head in 1849, when English Canadian rioters

2580: 2107: 2054: 2050: 2026: 1815: 1538: 1489: 1301: 1283: 1261: 1224: 1212: 1075: 1051: 1041: 914: 795: 476: 359: 10966: 9187: 8458: 7344: 5937: 5933: 5610: 3887:, were founded in 1960 and quickly became political parties. In 1967, 2483:

led to the relocation of the seat of government to Toronto. Historian

1331:, without battle, to English privateers led by David Kirke during the 11221: 9931: 9245: 9240: 9147: 9097: 9066: 9029: 3953: 3793: 3564:

confirmed that the laity had a particular role in the "management of

3443: 2935: 2400: 2322: 2186: 1640: 1505: 1501: 1316: 1249: 1172: 1153: 989: 965: 945: 895: 845: 629: 592: 455:

These three large periods of Quebec's history are represented on its

10399: 8385:, Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press; 2nd edition, 434 pages 4390:

An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Québec

3310: 964:

Around 1580, France became interested in America again, because the

840:

On his second voyage on May 26, 1535, Cartier sailed upriver to the

794:. Though this expedition was unsuccessful, it established the name " 10711: 10528: 9162: 7950:"Hansard; 39th Parliament, 1st Session; No. 087; November 27, 2006" 6828: 3654:

visited Quebec, the first French head of state to do so, to attend

3635: 3534: 3088:. This extended the borders of Quebec northward all the way to the 2805:

in 1868 drew a crowd of 80,000 out of a city population of 110,000.

2058: 1873: 1866:(in which a banner was supposedly carried that inspired the modern 1675: 1521: 1320: 1160:. Over time, it became a province of Canada and all of New France. 1021: 933: 857: 806: 729: 718: 706: 10548: 9362: 9172: 8522:

La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada a Cultural History

7416:, Première Chaîne de la radio de Radio-Canada, 2009, coffret 10 CD 5953:

French Canadians, 1759–1766: Conquered? half-conquered? liberated?

4065: 3246:

party to victory in 1936 with 58% of the vote and became premier.

2968: 2578:

and to protect themselves from assimilation, much like works like

2411:. The Patriotes forces were victorious in their first battle, the 2045:. Among other components, this act restored the use of the French 1965:

The rupture from France would provoke a transformation within the

11209: 10961: 10597: 10533: 10389: 10333: 9054: 8485:. : Harvest House, 1984. 324 p., ill. with b&w port. photos. 8257:(1929), French documents are not translated by Harold Adams Innis 6612: 5551: 5073: 3838: 3769: 3753: 3745: 3655: 3397: 3288: 2257: 1517: 659: 607: 436:. Important events that mark this period are the World Wars, the 421: 10012: 8483:

From Bourassa to Bourassa: a Pivotal Decade in Canadian History

8416:

Heintzman, Ralph. "The political culture of Quebec, 1840–1960."

7510:"La Commission Laurendeau-Dunton - Les Archives de Radio-Canada" 7199:

The Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec

7186:

The Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec

7173:

The Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec

7160:

The Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec

6290:

Linteau, Paul André; Durocher, René; Jean-Claude Robert (1983).

4138:) in 1991 and had become the leader of the Opposition after the 4134:

government to form Canada's first federal separatist party (the

3677:

in November 1967 marked a tipping point where relations between

1981:

would be the kind of relationship that would reign between the "

1500:

The French settlers were mostly farmers and they were known as "

462: 10574: 10485: 10294: 9513: 9393: 8711: 8476:

The History of Montreal: The Story of Great North American City

6384:

from the original on December 12, 2021 – via youtube.com.

5556:(in French). Montréal: Éditions du Boréal Express. p. 115. 5291:

North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent

4741:

North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent

4710:

North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent

4616:

North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent

4030: 3977:

globalization of the economy put downward pressure on salaries.

3619: 3518: 3292:

On March 9, 1950, the Fleurdelisé was approved as the official

3071: 2725: 2443:

In 1839, Lord Durham was called upon by the Crown to deliver a

2338: 2287:

became a hero by leading the Canadian troops to victory at the

2273: 1970: 1470: 1071: 1059: 1047: 969: 918: 879: 875: 818: 779: 710: 517: 448:

and secularized Quebec), and the emergence of the contemporary

363: 345: 230: 10668: 2515:

In 1844, the capital of the Province of Canada was moved from

2426: 10716: 10607: 8598: 8087:"Only 1 suspect in deadly Quebec mosque shooting, police say" 6617:. Québec: Les Publications du Québec. pp. 334–335, 337. 6364:

The Road to Confederation: The Emergence of Canada, 1863–1867

4060: 3623: 3522: 3126:

did not recognize the ruling of this council, resulting in a

2786: 2634: 2049:

for private matters while maintaining the use of the English

1897:

and on the south shore of the river; the French forces under

1795: 1525: 603: 584: 8550:

Dream of Nation: a Social and Intellectual History of Quebec

8140:"Montreal declares state of emergency as flooding continues" 7391:

La souveraineté du Québec : Hier, aujourd'hui et demain

7324:

Norris, Robert S.; Arkin, William M.; Burr, William (1999).

7237:

Render Unto Caesar: The Life and Legacy of Maurice Duplessis

6366:(Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 43–45. 6339:(in French). Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. Archived from 5044:

The Seigneurial System in Early Canada: A Geographical Study

4264:, campaigning before the September 2012 provincial election. 3952:, which allowed anyone suspected of being involved with the 3006:

in other parts of North America outside of Quebec including

413:. During this period, the inferior socio-economic status of 8555:

Vacante, Jeffery. "The Posthumous Lives of René Lévesque,"

7087:(Wilfrid Laurier U. Press, 1999) pp. 70, 108, 136–138, 159. 6878:

Mason Wade, The French-Canadians 1760–1967, vol. 2, p. 894.

6698:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004 pp. 40–42 6536:

Encyclopédie du Patrimoine Culturel de l'Amérique Française

6425:"Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours" 5320:

Encyclopédie du Patrimoine Culturel de L'Amérique Française

4737: 4706: 4612: 3944:. Pierre Laporte was later found murdered. Prime Minister 2900: 714: 634: 596: 10465: 7975:

Herouxville wants immigrants that fit in with its citizens

7055:"FRENCH CANADA AND RECRUITMENT DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR" 6510:"The Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 to 1866" 5773:(in French). Institut d'histoire de l'Amérique française. 4373:

to become the third largest party in Canada and regaining

4241:

received attention when it approved a code of conduct for

3285:

bitterness" that had marked the 1917 conscription crisis.

1954:

forced France to cede all of Canada to the British at the

7389:

Parizeau, Jacques (2009). "189". In Brûlé, Michel (ed.).

7211:

Francis, R. D.; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B. (2009).

7072:

William Lyon Mackenzie King: 1932–1939 The Prism of Unity

6696:

The Franco-Americans of New England: Dreams and Realities

6411:

Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours

6397:

Le français au Québec : 400 ans d'histoire et de vie

4033:. The Act was signed by all the provinces except Quebec. 2862: 1769: 941: 8435:

The Quebec Democracy: Structures, Processes and Policies

8255:

Select documents in Canadian economic history, 1497–1783

7919:[Resolution by the National Assembly of Québec] 7210: 3137: 1788:(1599–1672) was the mother superior at Quebec, 1639–72. 1028:

and would last from the early 1600s to the early 1700s.

8515:

France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History

7033: 6641:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1986 p. 52 4575: 4541: 4516: 4491: 4400:

Government increased its parliamentary majority in the

4126:. Bouchard had left the senior ranks of Prime Minister 3418: 3118:

drew a clear border between northeast Quebec and south

3084:, which gave Quebec another part of Rupert's Land: the 3050:

opposition to mandatory conscription during World War I

2546:", referring to Canada, their place of residence. The " 1260:

received the royal mandate to manage the operations of

778:

to commission an expedition to find a western route to

8557:

Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes

7775:

Alliance and Illusion: Canada and the World, 1945-1984

6443:"Émeute du 25 avril 1849 : Incendie du Parlement" 4884:

Lea, David; Milward, Colette; Rowe, Annamarie (2001).

4646:

Brief recit de la navigation faicte es ysles de Canada

4578: