History of printing

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suggests that they were printed using the same brush and pad process used by the Chinese rather than by pressure. Carter compares their religious nature in similarity to the early Buddhist prints of China. The theory of Chinese origin for these fragments is disputed by Richard W. Bulliet. According to Bulliet, some of the Arabic prints are too rough to have been based on the same method used by the Chinese. Instead, he proposed that they were printed using metal plates, possibly tin or lead, made with a clay mold. They also did not have a major impact the same way that other known Chinese products such as Tang pottery did. Thousands of imitation pieces of Tang pottery were created in the Middle East because of how rare and valuable genuine Tang pieces were. The Arabic print fragments evidently did not share the same prestige or quality as Chinese prints and were likely circulated among lower class society.

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to Europe due to communications during the Mongol Empire era and based on similarities between blockprints in both areas. Tsien suggests that European missionaries to China during the 14th century could have borrowed the practice of creating prints to be colored manually later on, which had been prevalent in China for a long time with Buddhist prints. The block books of Europe were produced using methods and materials similar to those in China and sometimes in ways contrary to prevailing European norms: European wood blocks were cut parallel with the grain in the same way as the Chinese method rather than the prevailing European practice of cutting across the grain, water-based ink was used rather than oil-based ink, only one side of the paper was printed rather than both, and rubbing rather than pressure was employed leave the print.

2029: 716:... there were some major diversities which led perhaps to development in different directions. Chinese seals were mostly made in a square or rectangular shape with a flat base, inscribed with characters in reverse, and used to stamp on paper. These characteristics are very close to those of block printing. Although the surface and inscriptions of most seals were small or limited, some wooden seals were as large as printing blocks and were inscribed with texts more than one hundred characters long. The seals of the West, on the other hand, were cylindrical or scaraboid, round or oval, and inscribed primarily with pictures or designs and only occasionally with writing. The cylindrical seals used to roll over clay had no potential to develop into a printing surface. 3226:

done for the best quality results. Depending on the number of colors present, a chromolithograph could take months to produce, by very skilled workers. However much cheaper prints could be produced by simplifying both the number of colors used, and the refinement of the detail in the image. Cheaper images, like the advertisement illustrated, relied heavily on an initial black print (not always a lithograph), on which colors were then overprinted. To make an expensive reproduction print as what was once referred to as a "’chromo’", a lithographer, with a finished painting in front of him, gradually created and corrected the many stones using proofs to look as much as possible like the painting in front of him, sometimes using dozens of layers.

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imprint in Europe before 1450. The material evidence is even more conclusive." Gutenberg's production process, with the exception of the metal type, had no counterpart in traditional East Asian technology. Type molds are not described in any pre-Gutenberg Chinese record while metal-type frames in Korea were more primitive than in Europe. There are no texts indicating knowledge of Chinese movable type in Europe before 1450. There is also no archaeological evidence of Asian movable type west of Dunhuang and Turfan prior to 1450. McDermott considers both the transmission of woodblock and movable type printing to Europe to be highly conjectural.

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prints apparently made little impact on the region. There are no surviving printed playing cards from the Middle East while pre-1450 printed cards from medieval Europe contained no text. Although some elite Europeans were aware of printed paper money by the late 13th century, the earliest evidence that Europeans were aware of Chinese book printing only appeared in the early 16th century. McDermott argues that modern comparisons of techniques used in European and Chinese block books are ahistorical and that rather than direct transmission of technique, similarities between them were just as likely the result of convergent evolution.

1552:. If they were lucky enough to get one, they thought nothing of copying the entire text out by hand, so they could recite it day and night. In recent years merchants engrave and print all manner of books belonging to the hundred schools, and produce ten thousand pages a day. With books so readily available, you would think that students' writing and scholarship would be many times better than what they were in earlier generations. Yet, to the contrary, young men and examination candidates leave their books tied shut and never look at them, preferring to amuse themselves with baseless chatter. Why is this? 872: 3102: 2482:(1523–99) disputed the theory of European movable type originating in China. Panciroli stated that Gutenberg's movable type was different from that of China and was a "modern thing" although he did not specify what the differences were. André Blum based the difference on the production of movable characters made from a fusible metal. This required three things: "a matrix or mould in which the letter is engraved in intaglio, an alloy cast in the matrix, and a reproduction of the character in relief on the punch". However, a similar metal casting method was used in 2011: 3110: 2627:, printer's lead, or printer's metal, which was critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books, and proved to be more suitable for printing than the clay, wooden or bronze types used in East Asia. To create these lead types, Gutenberg used what some considered his most ingenious invention: a special matrix which enabled the moulding of new movable types with an unprecedented precision at short notice. Within a year of printing the Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg also published the first coloured prints. 46: 581: 805: 1815: 2546: 1226: 2736: 1969:

piece. These separate characters are finished off with a knife on all four sides, and compared and tested till they are exactly the same height and size. Then the types are placed in the columns and bamboo strips which have been prepared are pressed in between them. After the types have all been set in the form, the spaces are filled in with wooden plugs, so that the type is perfectly firm and will not move. When the type is absolutely firm, the ink is smeared on and printing begins.

841: 1600:, "if no printed edition were available on the market, the hand-copied manuscript of a book would cost ten times as much as the printed work," also "once a printed edition appeared, the transcribed copy could no longer be sold and would be discarded." The result is that despite the mutual co-existence of hand-copied manuscripts and printed texts, the cost of the book had declined by about 90 percent by the end of the 16th century. As a result, literacy increased. In 1488, the 1167:

Pingyang prefecture in southern Shanxi Province and, once again for southeast China, Hangzhou and Jianyang. By the late Ming, the lower Yangzi delta, mainly Suzhou and Nanjing, would dominate along with Jianyang. By the early seventeenth century, carvers would also have found their way to provinces that, in the Song and Yuan, had produced only a few books (e.g., Hunan, Shaanxi, and Guangdong) but had recently started to print a fair number of imprints for the book market.

4374:"The minimum age for (the outline of the hand) is 39,900 years old, which makes it the oldest hand stencil in the world," said Dr Aubert. "Next to it is a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old, and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world, if not the oldest one," he told BBC News. There are also paintings in the caves that are around 27,000 years old, which means that the inhabitants were painting for at least 13,000 years." 696: 3266: 3265: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3004: 1532:

together with standard commentaries, are all fully represented. When I was young and devoted myself to learning, there were only one or two scholars in every hundred who possessed copies of all the classics and commentaries. There was no way to copy so many works. Today, printed editions of these works are abundant, and officials and commoners alike have them in their homes. Scholars are fortunate indeed to have been born in such an era as ours!

970:. According to Mahayana beliefs, religious texts hold intrinsic value for carrying the Buddha's word, and act as talismanic objects containing sacred power capable of warding off evil spirits. By copying and preserving these texts, Buddhists could accrue personal merit. As a consequence the idea of printing and its advantages in replicating texts quickly became apparent to Buddhists. By the 7th century CE, they were using woodblocks to create 3270: 2791: 3354: 2943: 932:

mystify a local governor. Eventually he was dealt with by the governor's successor, who presumably executed Gong. Timothy Hugh Barrett postulates that Gong's magical jade block was actually a printing device, and Gong was one of the first printers, if not the first. The semi-mythical record of him therefore describes his usage of the printing process to deliberately bewilder onlookers and create an image of mysticism around himself.

3773: 3268: 789: 612:, made by blowing pigment over a hand held against a wall, have been found in Asia and Europe dating from over 35,000 years ago, and later prehistoric dates in other continents. More recently, stencilling has historically been used as a painting technique on all kinds of materials. Stencils may have been used to colour cloth for a very long time; the technique probably reached its peak of sophistication in 3781: 821: 1523:. The Three Institutes were one of several imperial libraries, with eight other major palace libraries, not including imperial academies. According to Weng Tongwen, by the 11th century, central government offices were saving tenfold by substituting earlier manuscripts with printed versions. The impact of woodblock printing on Song society is illustrated in the following exchange between 3463:) pierced with holes to serve as guides for the pins. The moving portion of the printer is called the print head, and when running the printer as a generic text device generally prints one line of text at a time. Most dot matrix printers have a single vertical line of dot-making equipment on their print heads; others have a few interleaved rows in order to improve dot density. 2393:

instantaneous arrival of both xylography and movable type in Europe. The early Jesuit missionaries of late 16th century China, for instance, had a similar distaste for wood based printing for very different reasons. These Jesuits found that "the cheapness and omnipresence of printing in China made the prevailing wood-based technology extremely disturbing, even dangerous."

3152:. A photographic negative of the desired image is placed in contact with the emulsion and the plate is exposed to ultraviolet light. After development, the emulsion shows a reverse of the negative image, which is thus a duplicate of the original (positive) image. The image on the plate emulsion can also be created through direct laser imaging in a CTP ( 2136:, but no copies survived to the present. Ch'oe Yun-ŭi built on an earlier Chinese method of creating movable type, he adapted a method for minting bronze coins to cast 3-dimensional characters in metal. Because of the length of the text Ch'oe Yun-ŭi did not complete the project until 1250. The oldest extant book printed with movable metal type is the 2709:, over 300 years later. By 1800, Lord Stanhope had constructed a press completely from cast iron, reducing the force required by 90% while doubling the size of the printed area. While Stanhope's "mechanical theory" had improved the efficiency of the press, it was only capable of 250 sheets per hour. German printer 857: 3140:

older physical methods of imaging (e.g., embossing or engraving). High-volume lithography is used today to produce posters, maps, books, newspapers, and packaging — just about any smooth, mass-produced item with print and graphics on it. Most books, indeed all types of high-volume text, are now printed using

1669:. Some of them had titles and page numbers in Chinese which suggests that they were produced by Chinese craftsmen. Fragments of Buddhist texts were printed in both Uyghur and Chinese while bearing a red Chinese seal. A Mongolian calendar dated to 1324 with printed Uyghur text was discovered in Turfan. 3139:

chemical, while the negative image would be water. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a compatible ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image and the water will clean the negative image. This allows for a relatively flat print plate which allows for much longer runs than the

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Print shop apprentices: Apprentices, usually between the ages of 15 and 20, worked for master printers. Apprentices were not required to be literate, and literacy rates at the time were very low, in comparison to today. Apprentices prepared ink, dampened sheets of paper, and assisted at the press. An

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European book production began to catch up with China after the introduction of the mechanical printing press in the mid fifteenth century. Reliable figures of the number of imprints of each edition are as hard to find in Europe as they are in China, but one result of the spread of printing in Europe

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Other modern scholars such as Endymion Wilkinson hold a more conservative and skeptical view. While Wilkinson does not deny "China's dominance in book production from the fourth to the fifteenth century," he also insists that arguments for the Chinese advantage "should not be extended either forwards

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Only during the Ming and Qing dynasties did wooden and metal movable types see any considerable use, but the preferred method remained woodblock. Usage of movable type in China never exceeded 10 percent of all printed materials while 90 percent of printed books used the older woodblock technology. In

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Korean printing with movable metallic type developed mainly within the royal foundry of the Yi dynasty. Royalty kept a monopoly of this new technique and by royal mandate suppressed all non-official printing activities and any budding attempts at commercialization of printing. Thus, printing in early

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The rise of woodblock printing technology led to a decline in book prices by about one tenth what they had been before the 11th century. Not all areas experienced the same price reductions, which was also dependent on other factors besides the technology, resulting in regional variations in the price

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According to the Book of the Southern Qi, in the 480s, a man named Gong Xuanyi (龔玄宜) styled himself Gong the Sage and "said that a supernatural being had given him a 'jade seal jade block writing,' which did not require a brush: one blew on the paper and characters formed." He then used his powers to

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used seals as healing devices by impressing therapeutic characters onto the flesh of sick people. They were also used to stamp food, creating a talismanic character to ward off disease. The first evidence of these practices appeared under a Buddhist context in the mid 5th century CE. Centuries later,

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Installment publishing: books were issued in parts until a complete book had been issued. This was not necessarily done within a fixed time period. It was an effective method of spreading the cost over a period of time. It also allowed earlier returns on investment to help cover the production costs

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As with woodblock printing, Joseph P. McDermot considers the theory of transmission for movable type to be untenable and disputes that European movable type was transmitted from China. He points out that "No text indicates the presence or knowledge of any kind of Asian moveable type or moveable-type

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Despite the appeal of moveable type, however, craftsmen soon decided that the semi cursive and cursive script style of Japanese writings was better reproduced using woodblocks. By 1640 woodblocks were once again used for nearly all purposes. After the 1640s, movable type printing declined, and books

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Joseph P. McDermott disputes the theory of Chinese printing being transmitted to Europe and emphasizes the lack of evidence. Although the Mongols planned to use printed paper currency in Persia, the scheme failed shortly thereafter. No books were printed in Persia before the 19th century and Chinese

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colors in that the black dye is eliminated in favour of a clear overcoating. This overcoating (which has numerous names depending on the manufacturer) is effectively a thin laminate which protects the print from discoloration from UV light and the air while also rendering the print water-resistant.

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in a work from the author, and made some arrangement about the possible profits. This required a substantial amount of capital in addition to that needed for the physical equipment and staff. Alternatively, an author with some capital available would sometimes keep the copyright himself, and simply

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1500 and 1700 the role of the Master Printer was dying out and giving way to the bookseller—publisher. During this period, printing had a stronger commercial imperative than previously. Risks associated with the industry however were substantial, although dependent on the nature of the publication.

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According to court records from the city of Mainz, Johannes Fust was for some time Gutenberg's financial backer. By the 16th century jobs in printing were becoming increasingly specialized. Structures supporting publishers were more and more complex, leading to division of labour. In Europe between

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in Kyoto and started publishing books using domestic wooden movable type printing-press instead of metal from 1599. Ieyasu supervised the production of 100,000 types, which were used to print many political and historical books. In 1605, books using domestic copper movable type printing-press began

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Now, however, there is another method that is both more exact and more convenient. A compositor's form is made of wood, strips of bamboo are used to mark the lines and a block is engraved with characters. The block is then cut into squares with a small fine saw till each character forms a separate

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There is no hard evidence that Chinese printing technology spread to Europe. However a number of authors have advanced theories in favor of a Chinese origin for European printing based on early references and circumstantial evidence. Tsien suggests that woodblock printing may have spread from China

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Woodblock printing also changed the shape and structure of books. Scrolls were gradually replaced by concertina binding (經摺裝) from the Tang period onward. The advantage was that it was now possible to flip to a reference without unfolding the entire document. The next development known as whirlwind

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documents. These Buddhist texts were printed specifically as ritual items, and were not widely circulated or meant for public consumption. Instead they were buried in consecrated ground. The earliest extant example of this type of printed matter is a fragment of a dhāraṇī (Buddhist spell) miniature

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which became the world's first periodical to successfully employ this photo-mechanical technique; featuring a full page half-tone image of His Royal Highness Prince Arthur, from a photograph by Notman. Ambitious to exploit a much larger circulation, Debarats and Leggo went to New York and launched

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Etching is the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal (the original process—in modern manufacturing other chemicals may be used on other types of material). As an intaglio method of printmaking it is,

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maps were colored by hand by boys until 1875. Chromolithography developed from lithography and the term covers various types of lithography that are printed in color. The initial technique involved the use of multiple lithographic stones, one for each color, and was still extremely expensive when

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Subscription publishing: pioneered by the English in the early 17th century. A prospectus for a publication was drawn up by a publisher to raise funding. The prospectus was given to potential buyers who signed up for a copy. If there were not enough subscriptions the publication did not go ahead.

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to Qing China, also remarked with some amazement that the printing industry was "as free as in England, and the profession of printing open to everyone." The commercial success and profitability of woodblock printing was attested to by one British observer at the end of the nineteenth century, who

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In the Jin dynasty, copper-block prints were slotted with two square holes for embedding bronze movable type characters, each selected from 1000 different characters, such that each printed paper money had a different combination of markers. A copper block printed paper banknote dated between 1215

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on the border. It is disputed whether or not these printed fragments originated from Chinese printing. According to some historians such as Thomas Frances Carter, J. Karabacek, Adolf Grohmann, and Tsuen-Hsuin Tsien, they are likely connected to printing in Central Asia and China. Their appearance

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by elite scholars and collectors. The age of printing gave the act of copying by hand a new dimension of cultural reverence. Those who considered themselves real scholars and true connoisseurs of the book did not consider imprints to be real books. Under the elitist attitudes of the time, "printed

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The emperor went to the Directorate of Education to inspect the Publications Office. He asked Xing Bing how many woodblocks were kept there. Bing replied, "At the start of our dynasty, there were fewer than four thousand. Today, there are more than one hundred thousand. The classics and histories,

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Carvers tended to congregate in centers of book production. By the mid-thirteenth century, thus, they worked in at least ninety-one prefectures in south China, but mainly in Hangzhou, Jianyang in northern Fujian, and Chengdu in Sichuan. In the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the centers of production were

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slide, which was placed on top of more sulfur and under a bright light. After the slide was removed, a mirror image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his invention to some companies, but because the process was still underdeveloped he failed. At the time multiple copies were made using

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Woodblock printing was used for textile patterns in Europe by the mid-14th century and for images on sheets by the end of the century. Block prints were produced in southern Germany and Venice and across central Europe between 1400 and 1450. They were all religious in nature and most of them are

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artistic technique in printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with the printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed, typically with gouges. The areas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife or chisel, leaving the

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cloth to remove most of the excess. The final smooth wipe is usually done by hand, sometimes with the aid of newspaper or old public phone book pages, leaving ink only in the incisions. A damp piece of paper is placed on top and the plate and paper are run through a printing press that, through

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was done through woodblock prints. The general assumption is that movable type did not replace block printing in places that used Chinese characters due to the expense of producing more than 200,000 individual pieces of type. Even woodblock printing was not as cost productive as simply paying a

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In the West the practice of sealing documents with an impressed personal or official insignia, typically from a worn signet ring, became established under the Roman Empire, and continued through the Byzantine and Holy Roman empires, into the 19th century, when a wet signature became customary.

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Early printing houses (near the time of Gutenberg) were run by "master printers." These printers owned shops, selected and edited manuscripts, determined the sizes of print runs, sold the works they produced, raised capital and organized distribution. Some master printing houses, like that of

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Following the maturation of woodblock printing, official, commercial, and private publishing businesses emerged while the size and number of collections grew exponentially. The Song dynasty alone accounts for some 700 known private collections, more than triple the number of all the preceding

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in the mid-15th century. Printing methods based on Gutenberg's printing press spread rapidly throughout first Europe and then the rest of the world, replacing most block printing and making it the sole progenitor of modern movable type printing. As a method of creating reproductions for mass

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Recent commentaries on printing in China using contemporary European observers with first hand knowledge complicate the traditional narrative. T. H. Barrett points out that only Europeans who had never seen Chinese woodblock printing in action tended to dismiss it, perhaps due to the almost

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In late Ming/early Qing China, cost for copying 20 to 30 pages was around .02 to .03 tael, which worked out to something like 0.005 tael per hundred characters, while a carver was typically paid .0.02 to 0.03 tael per hundred characters carved, and could carve 100 to 150 characters a day.

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Publishing trade organizations allowed publishers to organize business concerns collectively. These arrangements included systems of self-regulation. For example, if one publisher did something to irritate other publishers he would be controlled by peer pressure. Such systems are known as

684:, sets of seal stamps were encased in blocks of type and used on clay moulds for casting bronzes. By the end of the 3rd century BCE, seals were also used for printing on pottery. In the Northern dynasties textual sources contain references to wooden seals with up to 120 characters. 1569:

with alternate openings of printed and blank pairs of pages. In the 14th century the folding was reversed outwards to give continuous printed pages, each backed by a blank hidden page. Later the sewn bindings were preferred rather than pasted bindings. Only relatively small volumes

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observed during his trip to China that "even village children, ferrymen, and sailors" could read, although this applied mainly to the south while northern China remained largely illiterate. Manuscripts also gained new cultural value as imprints became more common, and were even

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In the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate and inscribe metalwork. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to produce artistic images on paper, known as

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Wang Zhen used two rotating circular tables as trays for laying out his type. The first table was separated into 24 trays in which each movable type was categorized based on a number corresponding with a rhyming pattern. The second table contained miscellaneous characters.

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The invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and book production, leading to the spread of knowledge. Printing was rapidly spread from Germany by emigrating German printers, but also by foreign apprentices returning home. A printing press was built in

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Around the year 1000, butterfly binding was developed. Woodblock prints allowed two mirror images to be easily replicated on a single sheet. Thus two pages were printed on a sheet, which was then folded inwards. The sheets were then pasted together at the fold to make a

2887:, and are in most countries now considered to be in restraint of trade. These arrangements helped deal with labour unrest among journeymen, who faced difficult working conditions. Brotherhoods predated unions, without the formal regulations now associated with unions. 2697:

in 1593. The Rev. Jose Glover intended to bring the first printing press to England's American colonies in 1638, but died on the voyage, so his widow, Elizabeth Harris Glover, established the printing house, which was run by Stephen Day and became The Cambridge Press.

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The ceramic type did not hold the water-based Chinese calligraphic ink well, and had the additional disadvantage of the size of the type sometimes changing during the baking process, resulting in uneven matching of the type, and preventing it from becoming popular.

668:". Not all the bricks of a temple would be imprinted in this way, but only several of them, enough to make clear who built the temple and for which god. The reason for using stamps was to replace the slow and cumbersome process of inscribing the bricks by hand. 4141:

patented a halftone process in England. His invention was based on the previous ideas of Berchtold and Swan. He used single lined screens which were turned during exposure to produce cross-lined effects. He was the first to achieve any commercial success with

1653:. To date no manuscripts or fragments using Uyghur movable type have been identified, but traces of ink on the movable type have been found, confirming their use. The Uyghurs also made use of woodblock printing by the 14th century. Printed texts discovered in 3147:

In offset lithography, which depends on photographic processes, flexible aluminum, polyester, mylar or paper printing plates are used in place of stone tablets. Modern printing plates have a brushed or roughened texture and are covered with a photosensitive

4893: 963:, includes several ink-squeeze rubbings, believed to have led to the early duplication of texts that inspired printing. A stone inscription cut in reverse dating from the first half of the 6th century implies that it may have been a large printing block. 1629:, which urges the devout not only to hear, learn, remember and study the text but to obtain a good copy and to preserve it. This "cult of the book" led to techniques for reproducing texts in great numbers, especially the short prayers or charms known as 628:. This was especially the case with playing-cards, which continued to be coloured by stencil long after most other subjects for prints were left in black and white. Stencils were used for mass publications, as the type did not have to be hand-written. 4033:, the only engraving that could be carried out is evident in the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after the beginning of the 1st Millennium B.C. The majority of so-called engraved designs on ancient gold rings or other items were produced by 3863:

technology. 3D printers typically work by 'printing' successive layers on top of the previous to build up a three dimensional object. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive fabrication technologies.

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Traditionally it has been assumed that the prevalence of woodblock printing in East Asia as a result of Chinese characters led to the stagnation of printing culture and enterprise in that region. S. H. Steinberg describes woodblock printing in his

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Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; García-Diaz, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbín, R.; González-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhão, J. (15 June 2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain".

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In the 4th century the practice of creating paper rubbings of stone carvings such as calligraphic models and texts took hold in East Asia. Among the earliest evidence of this is a stone inscription cut in mirror image from the early 6th century.

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Several different kinds of screens were proposed during the following decades, but the first half-tone photo-engraving process was invented by Canadians George-Édouard Desbarats and William Leggo Jr. On October 30, 1869, Desbarats published the

4026:. These should all mean exactly the same, but especially in the past were often used very loosely to cover several printmaking techniques, so that many so-called engravings were in fact produced by totally different techniques, such as etching. 2486:

as noted by G. F. Hudson. According to Hudson, the Korean movable type preceded the European process and he argues that the burden of proof rests on those who assert an independent European invention of movable type. Other historians such as

3156:) device called a platesetter. The positive image is the emulsion that remains after imaging. For many years, chemicals have been used to remove the non-image emulsion, but now plates are available that do not require chemical processing. 2763:

Johannes Gutenberg's work in the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehen—a man he had previously instructed in gem-cutting—and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill. It was not until a 1439

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in France was awarded a patent on chromolithography in July 1837, but there are disputes over whether chromolithography was already in use before this date, as some sources say, pointing to areas of printing such as the production of

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Movable type printing was hardly used for the first 300 years after its invention by Bi Sheng. Even in Korea where metal movable type was most widespread, it still never replaced woodblock printing. Indeed, even the promulgation of

3327:) user who cut banana leaves and inserted ink through the design holes on textiles, mostly for clothing. This was taken up in France. The modern screenprinting process originated from patents taken out by Samuel Simon in 1907 in 1751:

undated, but they are believed to have been produced in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. They were printed as outlines and filled in with color manually by hand or stencil. Block books appeared in Germany around ca. 1400.

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of print works by as high as 600 percent during the 12th century. Woodblock printing did not replace manuscripts either, which continued to remain commercially viable through substantially reducing their prices. According to the

2717:; he secured financial support for his project in 1807. With a patent in 1810, Koenig designed a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a steam engine." The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811. 1885:. After his death, the ceramic movable-type passed onto his descendants. The next mention of movable type occurred in 1193 when a Southern Song chief counselor, Zhou Bida (周必大), attributed the movable-type method of printing to 2846:

by Matthias Huss, at Lyon, 1499. This image depicts a compositor standing at a compositor's case being grabbed by a skeleton. The case is raised to facilitate his work. At the right of the printing house a bookshop is shown.

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Some scholars claim that movable type was not an original invention at all and was nothing more than previous methods of creating impressions such as seals, hand stamps, and the combining of movable letters as suggested by

2608:, and later all around the world. Today, practically all movable type printing ultimately derives from Gutenberg's movable type printing, which is often regarded as the most important invention of the second millennium. 3545:

in 1976, used for high-volume printing of documents such as invoices and mailing labels. It is often cited as "taking up a whole room," implying that it was a primitive version of the later familiar device used with a

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in 1426 and Gutenberg's wife saw the Chinese printing blocks, which inspired their own invention of printing. This story was recorded by Robert Curzon citing a news article written by a doctor from Feltre dated 1843.

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Inscribed seals made of metal or stone, especially jade, and inscribed stone tablets probably provided inspiration for the invention of printing. Copies of classical texts on tablets were erected in a public place in

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printed between 900 and 1300 in black ink on paper. These fragments are all religious in nature, used for amulets and prayers, and in Arabic script with the exception of one which contains a transliteration in the

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Originally flexo printing was basic in quality. Labels requiring high quality have generally been printed by offset printing until recently. Great advances have been made to the quality of flexo printing presses.

4211:

found that when placed into electric field and exposed to light, some dielectrics acquire permanent electric polarization in the exposed areas. That polarization persists in the dark and is destroyed in light.

3233:, where he told of his plans to print using color and explained the colors he wished to be able to print someday. Although Senefelder recorded plans for chromolithography, printers in other countries, such as 2384:

as having "outlived their usefulness" and their printed material as "cheap tracts for the half-literate, which anyway had to be very brief because of the laborious process of cutting the letters." John Man's

1506:

Imperial establishments such as the Three Institutes: Zhaowen Institute, History Institute, and Jixian Institute also followed suit. At the start of the dynasty the Three Institutes' holdings numbered 13,000

3756:

does not absorb into the substrate, as does conventional ink, but forms a layer on the surface and may be fused to the substrate by using an inline fuser fluid with heat process (toner) or UV curing process

3655:, printer paper or poster paper. The process is usually to lay one color at a time using a ribbon that has color panels. Most dye-sublimation printers use CMYO colors which differs from the more recognized 3186:

According to Michael Sullivan, the earliest known example of color printing "is a two-color frontispiece to a Buddhist sutra scroll, dated 1346". Color printing continued to be used in China throughout the

2743:

A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring an image. The systems involved were first assembled in

1923:, but it was abandoned in favor of ceramic types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink. However wooden movable type had evidently reached the 3926:

contains a large image as frontispiece, and many Buddhist texts contain some images. Later some notable Chinese artists designed woodcuts for books, the individual print develop in China in the form of

4049:

in Germany in the 1430s; Italy soon followed. Many early engravers came from a goldsmithing background. The first and greatest period of the engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as

5005: 2867:

Lists of subscribers were included in the books as endorsements. If enough people subscribed, there might be a reprint. Some authors used subscription publication to bypass the publisher entirely.

2397:

made note of "the exceedingly large numbers of books in circulation here and the ridiculously low prices at which they are sold." Two hundred years later the Englishman John Barrow, by way of the

3627:

Continuous inkjet flows a continuous pressurized stream of ink toward a paper. Electrically charged droplets are deflected by an electrical field to print on paper or go into a basin and reused.

2432:

was that public and private libraries were able to build up their collections and for the first time in over a thousand years they began to match and then overtake the largest libraries in China.

3938:, developing about 1400, by using on paper existing techniques for printing on cloth. The explosion of sales of cheap woodcuts in the middle of the century led to a fall in standards, and many 3745:

Every impression made onto the paper can be different, as opposed to making several hundred or thousand impressions of the same image from one set of printing plates, as in traditional methods.

2147:(造活字印書法) of 1298, but it was considered unsatisfactory due to incompatibility with the inking process. Only in the late 15th century did bronze movable type begin to be widely used in China. 1429:

Prior to the introduction of printing, the size of private collections in China had already seen an increase since the invention of paper. Fan Ping (215–84) had in his collection 7,000 rolls (

1195:'s accession to the throne. The completed work, amounting to some 6,000 volumes, was finished in 1087. Unfortunately the original set of woodblocks was destroyed in a conflagration during the 1181:

sent the monk Yeoga to request from the Song a copy of the complete Buddhist canon. The request was granted in 991 when Seongjong's official Han Eongong visited the Song court. In 1011,

6214:

Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries",

2859:

Bookseller publishers negotiated at trade fairs and at print shops. Jobbing work appeared: some printers performed menial tasks at the beginning of their careers to support themselves.

2389:

makes a similar case: "wood-blocks were even more demanding than manuscript pages to make, and they wore out and broke, and then you had to carve another one – a whole page at a time."

3135:

is a method for printing on a smooth surface. Lithography is a printing process that uses chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the positive part of an image would be a

1934:, a 449-page text considered to be the earliest extant example of a text printed using the wooden movable type. Twelve Tangut titles printed in movable type survive to this day. The 1625:, the 4th-century master listed the copying of scripture as the first of ten essential religious practices. The importance of perpetuating texts is set out with special force in the 4904: 1946:. They are believed to date to the 12th century when the Uyghurs also made use of woodblock printing. To date no manuscripts or fragments of Uyghur movable type have been found. 753:

described clay block printing of textiles in 1st century CE Egypt, with extant Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine, Ukrainian, and Russian examples known, dating from the 4th century CE.

4249:

carbon paper or duplicating machines and people did not feel the need for an electronic machine. Between 1939 and 1944, Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including

4912: 1938:

too seem to have used wooden movable type although it is unknown where they got the technology. In 1908, more than a thousand pieces of Uyghur type made of wood, engraved in

6672: 6466: 5134: 3398:

The greatest advances though have been in the area of photopolymer printing plates, including improvements to the plate material and the method of plate creation. Usually,

2296:

and Suminokura Soan. At their studio in Saga, Kyoto, the pair created a number of woodblock versions of the Japanese classics, both text and images, essentially converting

1130:

in 956, 965, and 975. Each purportedly in the form of 84,000 miniature scrolls. A copy of the 956 edition was reprinted in Korea in 1007. In 971 work began on the complete

1114:, the directorate of education and other agencies used these block prints to disseminate their standardized versions of the Classics. Other disseminated works include the 4012:

in its commercial applications and, partly because of the difficulty of learning the technique, is much less common in printmaking, where it has been largely replaced by

4004:

or another metal, for printing images on paper, which are called engravings. Engraving was a historically important method of producing images on paper, both in artistic

2190:

one case an entire set of wooden type numbering 250,000 pieces was used for firewood. Woodblocks remained the dominant printing method in China until the introduction of

889:雕版印刷), known as xylography today, was the first method of printing applied to a paper medium. It became widely used throughout East Asia both as a method for printing on 7256:

Colonial Printing in Mexico: Catalog of an exhibition held at the Library of Congress in 1939 commemorating the four hundredth anniversary of printing in the New World.

4493: 3962:). Both of these produced mainly book-illustrations, as did various Italian artists who were also raising standards there at the same period. At the end of the century 3557:

8010 in 1981. Although it was innovative, the Star was an expensive ($ 17,000) system that was only purchased by a small number of laboratories and institutions. After

1278:, and people lent woodblock-printed illustrated books of various genres. The content of these books varied widely, including travel guides, gardening books, cookbooks, 1250:

in the 1600s, books and illustrations were mass-produced by woodblock printing and spread among the common people. This is due to economic development and a very high

1075:

in 1906. They have been dated to the reign of Wu Zetian using character form recognition. The oldest text containing a specific date of printing was discovered in the

552:

that emerged in the British-American colonies. This industry enabled the communication of ideas and the sharing of knowledge on an unprecedented scale, leading to the

3763:

It is excellent for rapid prototyping, or small print runs which means that it is more accessible to a wider range of designers and more cost effective in short runs.

3297:

process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains

2422:

in China. When it is considered, too, that a block has been laboriously cut for each leaf, the cheapness of the result is only accounted for by the wideness of sale.

2476:(1820 – 1889), who translated Marco Polo's works, viewed the story with skepticism but believed that Chinese wood blocks could have been transferred via travelers. 2611:

Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink which was more durable than previously used water-based inks. Having worked as a professional

2344:), in which several characters are written in succession with smooth brush strokes. As a result, a single typeface was sometimes created by combining two to four 4102:

imagery through the use of equally spaced dots of varying size. 'Halftone' can also be used to refer specifically to the image that is produced by this process.

4427:

Abstract: "... minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk, 37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil, and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform-like symbol".

2596:, movable type page-setting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and 3922:

In China and Tibet printed images mostly remained tied as illustrations to accompanying text until the modern period. The earliest woodblock printed book, the

3293:

technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the

2582: 3984:

Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when

1692:

in 1294 to alleviate the shortage of coinage but the markets refused to accept the new currency and the khan was forced to abandon it. Between 1301 and 1311,

6765: 6389:""The Beginnings of Subscription Publication in the Seventeenth Century", Sarah L. C. Clapp. Vol. 29 No. 2, 1931, pp. 199–224, University of Chicago Press". 3760:

It generally requires less waste in terms of chemicals used and paper wasted in set up or makeready (bringing the image "up to color" and checking position).

2292:

The great pioneers in applying movable type printing press to the creation of artistic books, and in preceding mass production for general consumption, were

6980: 5678:

Hou Jianmei (侯健美); Tong Shuquan (童曙泉) (20 December 2004). "《大夏寻踪》今展国博" ['In the Footsteps of the Great Xia' now exhibiting at the National Museum].

4879: 1782:(1545 – 1618) made similar claims about printing coming from China through Russia but also added another route through Arabia by sea and that it influenced 1054:

paper scroll. A dhāraṇī sutra was printed in Japan around 770 CE. One million copies of the sutra, along with other prayers, were ordered to be produced by

5002: 1099:. It is considered the world's oldest securely-dated woodblock scroll. The Diamond Sutra was closely followed by the earliest extant printed almanac, the 6258: 4630: 4138: 1213:

and its surprisingly enduring nature, having survived completely intact over 760 years, it is considered the most accurate of Buddhist canons written in

7022: 2217:

in 1591. However, western printing-press were discontinued after the ban on Christianity in 1614. The moveable type printing-press seized from Korea by

1676:. A large number of Uyghurs were recruited by the Mongol army and Uyghur culture played an important role in the empire. After the Mongols incorporated 1461:. The combined total of all known private book collectors prior to the Song dynasty number around 200, with the Tang alone accounting for 60 of them. 5965: 3455:, either directly or through small levers (pawls). Facing the ribbon and the paper is a small guide plate (often made of an artificial jewel such as 2341: 2305: 2261: 5058: 3821:

motifs. Since architectural elements such as beams, windows or doors can be integrated, the design will result in an accurately and tailor-fit wall

1580:, with wooden boards at front and back, and loops and pegs to close up the book when not in use. For example, one complete Tripitaka had over 6,400 7095: 3538:, who had a fully functional networked printer system working by 1971. Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business for Xerox. 2418:

can for even less. A penny Prayer-book, admittedly sold at a loss, cannot compete in mass of matter with many of the books to be bought for a few

1097:

Reverently made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong

3424:

with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a

2174:

in the 20th century. And unlike China, the movable type system was kept mainly within the confines of a highly stratified elite Korean society:

3436:, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Because the printing involves mechanical pressure, these printers can create 1209:

numbered 81,258 printing blocks, 52,330,152 characters, 1496 titles, and 6568 volumes. Due to the stringent editing process that went into the

2768:

against Gutenberg that official record exists; witnesses testimony discussed type, an inventory of metals (including lead) and his type mold.

636: 5936: 4137:

in 1881. But although he found a way of breaking up the image into dots of varying sizes he did not make use of a screen. In 1882 the German

2909:

In a rotary printing press, the impressions are carved around a cylinder so that the printing can be done on long continuous rolls of paper,

410: 6823: 2569:

around 1439 and in just over a decade, the European age of printing began. However, the evidence shows a more complex evolutionary process,

6650: 4926: 1003:, which advocates the practice of printing apotropaic and merit-making texts and images, was translated by Chinese monks. From 658 to 663, 765: 5907: 1633:. Stamps were carved for printing these prayers on clay tablets from at least the 7th century, the date of the oldest surviving examples. 4901: 7068: 5359: 5085: 4528: 2784: 1544:

I can recall meeting older scholars, long ago, who said that when they were young they had a hard time getting their hands on a copy of

6719: 5249: 5073: 485: 6691: 5790:

Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp.15–23, 61–73.

4674: 2515:(1650/51 – 1716) argues that because they did not know of the Chinese in the past, it was more likely that they took inspiration from 2140:

of 1377. This form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's".

7769: 5099: 2300:

to printed books, and reproducing them for wider consumption. These books, now known as Kōetsu Books, Suminokura Books, or Saga Books

1904: 6617:"Dot matrix printing device employing a novel image transfer technique to print on single or multiple ply print receiving materials" 5472: 875:

Song dynasty (960–1279) bronze plate advertising print for the Liu family needle shop at Jinan. Earliest extant print advertisement.

507:

were made in 1161. The technology also spread outside China, with the oldest extant printed book using metal movable type being the

1645:

used wooden movable type by the 12th-13th centuries. In 1908, more than a thousand pieces of Uyghur type made of wood, engraved in

7351: 6715: 6669: 6295: 5732:, by Pan Jixing, Professor of the Institute for History of Science, Academy of Science, Beijing, China, English Abstract, p. 273. 5131: 1931: 3182:

c. 1880. Noel Wisdom Chromolithograph Collection, Special Collections Department, The University of South Florida Tampa Library.

1493:. The majority of which were secular in nature. Texts contained material such as medicinal instruction or came in the form of a 6018: 4267: 2318:, are considered the first and finest printed reproductions of many of these classic tales; the Saga Book of the Tales of Ise ( 2028: 1759:(1810 – 1873) said that European and Chinese block books were so similar in every way that they must have originated in China. 549: 5631: 2825:

apprentice who wished to learn to become a compositor had to learn Latin and spend time under the supervision of a journeyman.

7150: 6935: 6911: 6504: 5568: 5369: 4643: 3088:

may also be printed as intaglio plates. To print an intaglio plate the surface is covered in thick ink and then rubbed with

1000: 3903:

Woodcut first appeared in ancient China. From 6th century onward, woodcut icons became popular and especially flourished in

6620: 4933:

The Xiantong era (咸通 Xián tōng) ran from 860–74, crossing the reigns of Yi Zong (懿宗 Yì zōng) and Xi Zong (僖宗 Xī zōng), see

3888:

characters or image to show in 'black' at the original surface level. The block is cut along the grain of the wood (unlike

2964: 2463:(1398 – 1490) introduced movable type to Europe. He was introduced to wooden movable type through Chinese books brought by 1203:

ordered another set to be created and work began in 1237, this time only taking 12 years to complete. In 1248 the complete

1561:旋風裝) was to secure the first and last leaves to a single large sheet, so that the book could be opened like an accordion. 7680: 5969: 5267: 4272: 3447:

Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a "wire" or "pin", which is driven forward by the power of a tiny

2730: 2604:(1455) established the superiority of movable type, and printing presses rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the 2570: 2550: 660:

in order to dedicate the bricks used in temples, by inscribing the name of the ruler. A typical brick stamp of the ruler

560:. Alongside the development of text printing, new and lower-cost methods of image reproduction were developed, including 553: 17: 4853: 2036: 6542:"Clapper, Michael. "'I Was Once a Barefoot Boy!': Cultural Tensions in a Popular Chromo." American Art 16(2002): 16–39" 5159: 5120: 5003:

https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/24231/Hyun_washington_0250E_12384.pdf?sequence=1

4866: 2649: 1849: 1798: 435:

civilizations used cylinder seals to certify documents written in clay tablets. Other early forms include block seals,

4194:(writing), because there are no liquid chemicals involved in the process, unlike earlier reproduction techniques like 3598:

software, in 1985. With these products, users could create documents that would previously have required professional

7303: 7237: 7016: 6974: 6862: 6833: 6803: 6477: 6431: 6359: 6331: 6247: 6167: 6146: 5876: 5849: 5753: 5641: 4960: 4772: 2990: 2406:

had already reached an astoundingly low price compared to what could be found in his home country. Of this, he said:

2248: 1826: 403: 3174: 3007:

Intaglio printing. The top line is the paper, to which a slightly raised layer of ink adheres; the matrix is beneath

2972: 2832:

printers were free to move employers. This facilitated the spread of printing to areas that were less print-centred.

7416: 7049: 6740: 1756: 941: 460: 6595: 6553: 7411: 4874: 3301:

from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

1710:

repeated the same description in another work dated 1317. A print was discovered in an excavation at the port of

593: 7216:

Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing on Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments

6761: 4008:, and also for commercial reproductions and illustrations for books and magazines. It has long been replaced by 7612: 5333:"Publishing, Culture, and Power in Early Modern China", Kai-Wing Chow, 2004, Stanford University Press, page 36 4471: 4448: 2968: 440: 4649: 3966:

brought the Western woodcut to a level that has never been surpassed, and greatly increased the status of the

2701:

The Gutenberg press was much more efficient than manual copying. It remained largely unchanged in the eras of

731:

Stone and bronze blocks have been used to print fabric. Archaeological evidence of them has been unearthed at

7627: 7607: 4911:, by the Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea (in Korean), jikimi.cha.go.kr, accessed 2009-12-28; 1745: 1118:, philosophical works, encyclopedias, collections, and books on medicine and the art of war. In the state of 987:無垢淨光大陀羅尼經) and was printed using woodblock during the Tang dynasty, c. 650–670 CE. Radiocarbon dating by the 6315:

The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early Modern Europe

3572:

engine controlled by HP software. The HP LaserJet printer was quickly followed by other laser printers from

2798:

from 1568, the printer at left is removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks

2402:

noted that even before the arrival of western printing methods, the price of books and printed materials in

2166:

copyist to write out a book by hand if there was no intention of producing more than a few copies. Although

1340: 7779: 7764: 7622: 6134: 4328: 4312: 2488: 2015: 1774:(1483 – 1552), an Italian historian who had come into possession of several Chinese books and maps through 396: 5973: 4236:" in his kitchen and in 1938, applied for a patent for the process. He made the first "photocopy" using a 4109:. In the early 1850s he suggested using "photographic screens or veils" in connection with a photographic 3817:

software programs then allow to enter the measurements of a wall or ceiling to create a mural design with

848:(1038–1277) wooden printing block for a Buddhist text written in Tangut script. Discovered in 1990 in the 7774: 7344: 7054: 3229:

Aloys Senefelder, the inventor of lithography, introduced the subject of colored lithography in his 1818

2615:, Gutenberg made skillful use of his knowledge of metals. He was also the first to make his type from an 2537: 2074: 2069:

Metal movable type appeared in the late Song and Yuan dynasties. Bronze movable types were used to print

2018: 1983:

Using more than 30,000 wooden movable types, Wang Zhen printed a hundred copies of his county gazetteer,

1762:

The question of whether printing originated in Europe or China was raised in the early 16th century by a

1230: 480:, printed by woodblock on 11 May 868, is the earliest known printed book with a precise publishing date. 7103: 2787:

had attributed the invention of the printing press to Coster, the company now states that is incorrect.

2371:, when Japan opened the country to the West and began to modernize, that this technique was used again. 2221:'s forces in 1593 was also in use at the same time as the printing press from Europe. An edition of the 1779: 1357:

depicting secular subjects became very popular among the Japanese common people and were mass-produced.

7389: 7384: 7219: 6886: 2926: 2520: 2349: 2105:

there is an empty square hole; apparently the associated copper metal type was lost. Another sample of

2057: 1067:

The oldest extant evidence of woodblock prints created for the purpose of reading are portions of the

7759: 4287: 3500:

A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated

3332: 1196: 357: 3809:, and patented in 2000. The frescography is based on digitally cut-out motifs which are stored in a 2523:

argues Europeans may have learned of printing as an idea from Asia but not the process of printing.

1330: 1138:. It took 10 years to finish the 130,000 blocks needed to print the text. The finished product, the 7447: 7044: 3276: 2953: 991:

confirmed that the material was likely produced sometime between 618 and 770. A similar piece, the

312: 7255: 6741:"OKI's Wiredot Printer Receives Information Processing Technology Heritage Certification in Japan" 5942: 2713:

was the first to design a non-manpowered machine—using steam. He moved to London in 1804, and met

7722: 4277: 3642: 3369: 3210: 3206: 3056:

techniques in which the image is incised into a surface, known as the matrix or plate. Normally,

2957: 2776: 1015: 793: 645: 6795: 4923: 4788:

Pan, Jixing (1997). "On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries".

1778:(1496 – 1570), claimed that printing was invented in China and spread to Europe through Russia. 1684:, which was based on the exact same model as Chinese paper money. Even the Chinese name for it ( 7660: 7567: 7432: 7399: 7337: 5913: 4913:

National Treasure No. 126-6, by the Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea (in Korean)

4297: 4110: 4034: 3997: 3550:. While large, it was designed for an entirely different purpose. Many 3800s are still in use. 3012: 1693: 1185:

issued the carving of their own set of the Buddhist canon, which would come to be known as the

1028: 704: 82: 6644: 5743: 4952: 4764: 1369:

wrestlers, beautiful women, landscapes of sightseeing spots, historical tales, and so on, and

1050:

era. The document is printed on a 8 cm × 630 cm (3 in × 248 in)

7617: 7517: 7497: 7492: 7467: 7437: 7360: 7142: 7072: 6354:

Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 130–133)

5891: 4934: 3441: 3391:

roll. The print surface then rotates, contacting the print material which transfers the ink.

2904: 2359:

characters. In one book, 2,100 characters were created, but 16% of them were used only once.

1874: 1707: 1500: 1454: 1191:. The project was suspended in 1031 after Heyongjong's death, but work resumed in 1046 after 1092: 1058:. As each copy was then stored in a tiny wooden pagoda, the copies are together known as the 988: 871: 504: 202: 172: 6711: 6496: 5253: 3101: 2783:. They are not known to have contributed specific advances to the printing press. While the 7597: 7452: 6688: 6311: 5837: 4797: 4394: 4130: 3814: 3553:

The first laser printer designed for use with an individual computer was released with the

3361:

Flexography (also called "surface printing"), often abbreviated to "flexo", is a method of

3114: 1949: 1819: 1702: 1205: 1187: 901:. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to the 700: 222: 4383: 4228:, found this a painful and tedious process. This prompted him to conduct experiments with 3907:. Since the 10th century, woodcut pictures appeared as illustrations in Chinese books, on 2879:, by Joseph Moxon, in London, 1683, was said to be the first publication in installments. 2279: 2047:

Movable type used in the creation of the earliest extant book printed using movable type,

1254:

for the time. The literacy rate of the Japanese in the Edo period was almost 100% for the

1060: 809: 8: 7675: 7577: 7527: 7477: 6371: 5469: 4863:

A History of Writings in Japanese and Current Studies in the Field of Rare Books in Japan

4554:"The Use of Monograms on Byzantine Seals in the Early Middle-Ages (6th to 9th Centuries)" 3834: 3806: 3501: 3467: 3429: 3415: 3221:

with the colors. Hand-coloring also remained important; elements of the official British

2772: 2706: 2586: 2419: 2345: 1831: 1626: 1540:

remarked upon the unforeseen effect an abundance of books had on examination candidates:

1182: 1178: 557: 262: 6448: 6274:

magazine picked Gutenberg's invention to be the most important of the second millennium.

4801: 4398: 4365: 4331:(rare book library with extensive collections on the history of printing and typography) 2231: 1150:, was printed in 983. During the Song dynasty, the three major centers of printing were 7487: 7482: 7243: 7193: 7129: 7069:"Canadian Illustrated News: - Canadian Illustrated News: Images in the news: 1869-1883" 6880: 6788: 6587: 6545: 6402: 4821: 4418: 4307: 4302: 4233: 4106: 3711: 3695: 3624:

onto paper. There are two types of inkjet technologies: Continuous and Drop-On-Demand.

3580: 3573: 3242: 3141: 2795: 2752: 2593: 2558: 2218: 2010: 1783: 1489:(1077–1148) as well as one other individual owned libraries of 6,000 titles in 100,000 1316: 880: 661: 585: 545: 525: 444: 62: 6292: 3651:

which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a

2414:

cottager cannot buy anything like the amount of printed matter for his penny that the

2245:

to be published, but copper type did not become mainstream after Ieyasu died in 1616.

2133: 1889:. However Shen Kuo did not invent the movable type but credited it to Bi Sheng in his 1055: 7299: 7287: 7247: 7233: 7146: 7012: 6970: 6917: 6907: 6868: 6858: 6829: 6799: 6500: 6473: 6464:

6427: 6406: 6355: 6327: 6243: 6163: 6142: 5894: 5872: 5845: 5749: 5637: 5564: 5365: 5155: 5116: 4956: 4813: 4768: 4639: 4467: 4444: 4410: 4229: 4050: 3912: 3860: 3699: 3558: 3547: 3535: 3198: 3153: 2922: 2398: 2170:

introduced Hangeul, an alphabetic system, in the 15th century, Hangeul only replaced

1891: 1767: 1763: 1214: 1192: 1155: 1104: 995:

sutra, was also discovered and dated to 690 to 699. This coincides with the reign of

967: 252: 232: 162: 6014: 5023:"Printing woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous Buddhist scriptures" 4825: 4325:(a stamping technology considered by some researchers to be a precursor of printing) 4224:

required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was

4054: 3963: 3387:

is deposited upon the surface of the printing plate (or printing cylinder) using an

3109: 2578: 2210: 1775: 7700: 7690: 7632: 7602: 7555: 7522: 7512: 7457: 7379: 7223: 7185: 6394: 5997: 5868:

Bonds of Civility: Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture

4805: 4565: 4422: 4402: 4292: 4282: 4254: 4077: 4058: 4046: 4038: 3951: 3935: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3802: 3681: 3648: 3617: 3561:

became more widespread, the first laser printer intended for a mass market was the

3509: 3421: 3368:

A flexo print is achieved by creating a mirrored master of the required image as a

3128: 3020: 2710: 2702: 2670: 2460: 2403: 2214: 2167: 1666: 1524: 1200: 971: 778: 740: 641: 621: 533: 472: 468: 464: 452: 436: 377: 332: 292: 45: 6939: 6490: 3365:

most commonly used for packaging (labels, tape, bags, boxes, banners, and so on).

2293: 2230:

was printed in 1598, using a Korean moveable type printing press, at the order of

1473:. The earliest extant private Song library catalogue lists 1,937 titles in 24,501 495:, but it received limited use compared to woodblock printing. However, the use of 7710: 7665: 7562: 7169: 7162:

Annals of Printing: A Chronological Encyclopaedia From the Earliest Times to 1950

7006: 6964: 6695: 6676: 6654: 6470: 6463: 6453:. University of California Libraries. Boston : Small, Maynard & company. 6421: 6299: 5866: 5476: 5138: 5009: 4930: 4908: 4897: 4883: 4870: 4857: 4703:

American Printing History Association: To Encourage the Study of Printing History

4217: 4213: 4208: 4165: 4099: 4030: 3954:

was significant in making German woodcut more sophisticated from about 1475, and

3884: 3830: 3595: 3569: 3562: 3495: 3403: 3222: 3202: 2757: 2601: 2479: 2415: 2237: 2110: 1621:

In Buddhism, great merit is thought to accrue from copying and preserving texts.

1418: 1378: 1019: 833: 804: 750: 653: 580: 565: 541: 540:. By the end of the 15th century, his invention and widescale circulation of the 302: 242: 192: 132: 6616: 4876:

Gutenberg and the Koreans: The Invention of Movable Metal Type Printing in Korea

3205:

developed by the 19th century; other methods were developed by printers such as

2862:

From 1500 to 1700 publishers developed several new methods of funding projects:

2838:

Pressmen: the person who worked the press. This was physically labour-intensive.

2771:

Others in Europe were developing movable type at this time, including goldsmith

2495:

hold similar stances that printing was likely transmitted from China to Europe.

2101:

there is a small character (輶) printed with movable copper type, while over the

915:

art print. Most European uses of the technique on paper are covered by the term

7738: 7717: 7582: 7507: 7462: 7442: 6936:"Close-Up On Technology – 3D Printers Lead Growth of Rapid Prototyping – 08/04" 6326:

Stowell, Marion B. (1977) Early American Almanacs: The Colonial Weekday Bible.

6317:, Volumes I and II. 14th printing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. 5561:

The Book Worlds of East Asia and Europe, 1450–1850: Connections and Comparisons

4459: 4436: 4022: 3955: 3939: 3889: 3826: 3818: 3687: 3611: 3584: 3406:

of an ablative surface allows direct-to-plate exposure of photopolymer plates.

3310: 3165: 2809: 2726: 2714: 2694: 2686: 2678: 2662: 2644: 2636: 2566: 2492: 2411: 2320: 2206: 1939: 1814: 1646: 1345: 1335: 1051: 589: 544:

became responsible for a burgeoning economical book publishing industry across

529: 322: 282: 92: 6293:

1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium

6283:

In 1999, the A&E Network voted Johannes Gutenberg "Man of the Millennium".

5966:"About the Japanese and Composition, the reconstruction of history and future" 5633:

The Book: A Cover-to-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of Our Time

5271: 4174: 2917:, or a large number of other substrates. Rotary drum printing was invented by 1786:. Several other authors throughout the 16th century repeated such statements. 1225: 832:

China, the earliest extant printed text bearing a date of production, AD 868 (

7753: 7374: 6921: 5680: 4850: 4817: 4322: 4221: 3923: 3525: 3505: 3479: 3478:, the world's first dot-matrix printer. The same year, Japanese manufacturer 3448: 3231:

Vollstaendiges Lehrbuch der Steindruckerey (A Complete Course of Lithography)

2918: 2585:

as claimed by extensive research, printed in 1444-1446 possibly assigned to

1924: 1732: 1673: 1662: 1400: 1325: 1251: 1131: 1088: 849: 825: 677: 609: 521: 476: 428: 7283:, ed. Herbert Davis and Harry Carter (London:Oxford University Press, 1958). 6903:

Connecting the dots : my life and inventions, from X-rays to death rays

6872: 6580:"Ferry, Kathryn. "Printing the Alhambra: Owen Jones and Chromolithography." 6139:

Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Age

4861: 4406: 3633:

Hot-melt inks were introduced in 1984. Hot-melt inks printed in full color.

2735: 2545: 1672:

It is speculated that printing was spread further west by Uyghurs under the

1576:) were bound up, and several of these would be enclosed in a cover called a 1572: 840: 7695: 7314:

The Cambridge History of China Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part 2

6520: 4569: 4414: 4161: 4143: 4134: 4095: 3958:

was the first to use cross-hatching (far harder to do than in engraving or

3789: 3665: 3652: 3530:

The laser printer, based on a modified xerographic copier, was invented at

3353: 3320: 3284: 3251: 3214: 3192: 3188: 2813: 2674: 2658: 2516: 2512: 2394: 2368: 2203: 2179:

Korea served only the small, noble groups of the highly stratified society.

2106: 1999: 1995: 1953: 1843: 1807: 1771: 1593: 1414: 1413:

with the techniques of Western paintings, became popular, and the works of

1143: 1111: 1014:

Evidence of woodblock printing appeared in Korea and Japan soon afterward.

860: 829: 782: 739:, while block printed fabrics have been discovered at Mashan Zhuanchang in 681: 569: 492: 481: 456: 72: 7228: 6966:

6901: 3339:

in a subtractive mode, differing from screenprinting as it is done today.

2842:

The earliest-known image of a European, Gutenberg-style print shop is the

1641:

Printing started appearing further west after its invention in China. The

1469:

became commonplace while six individuals owned collections of over 30,000

1310: 620:

in Japan. In Europe, from about 1450 AD they were commonly used to colour

7670: 7637: 7592: 7572: 6852: 4009: 4005: 3850: 3738: 3730: 3599: 3587: 3483: 3437: 3399: 3348: 3336: 3294: 3136: 3122: 3093:

pressure, transfers the ink from the recesses of the plate to the paper.

3085: 3053: 2780: 2690: 2682: 2605: 2574: 2363:

were mass-produced by conventional woodblock printing during most of the

2191: 2021: 1927: 1896: 1835: 1803: 1681: 1433:), or a few hundred titles. Two centuries later, Zhang Mian owned 10,000 1084: 1076: 1068: 1047: 1008: 960: 952: 920: 902: 856: 845: 657: 561: 500: 367: 152: 4698: 4257:, neither of which believed there was a significant market for copiers. 1298: 1280: 7550: 6591: 6579: 6549: 6541: 4809: 4317: 4245: 4220:

and part-time researcher and inventor. His job at the patent office in

4155: 3838: 3772: 3726: 3669: 3630:

Drop-On-Demand inkjets propel single drops with each electrical pulse.

3554: 3433: 3425: 3335:, by John Pilsworth in 1914 who used screenprinting to form multicolor 2910: 2624: 2473: 2464: 2364: 2324:), printed in 1608, is especially renowned. For aesthetic reasons, the 2288:

is one of the earliest works produced on a movable type press in Japan.

2082: 1862: 1597: 1405: 1247: 912: 695: 617: 537: 520:

Woodblock printing was also used in Europe until the mid-15th century.

461:

spread of book production and woodblock printing in other parts of Asia

272: 212: 182: 7197: 6762:"OKI Printer aus 1968 als technologisch wertvolles Erbe ausgezeichnet" 6261:

by Paul Needham and Blaise Aguera y Arcas at the BBC / Open University

3579:

Most noteworthy was the role the laser printer played in popularizing

2541:

European output of books printed by movable type from ca. 1450 to 1800

499:

was documented in a Song-era book from 1193, and the earliest printed

7705: 6658: 6271: 5470:

Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing

4225: 4205: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4179: 3979: 3947: 3591: 3081: 3069: 2891: 2790: 2756:

consumption, the printing press has been superseded by the advent of

2749: 2612: 2532: 2519:

medals, seals, and marks or names at the bottom of sacrificial pots.

2222: 2070: 1920: 1882: 1711: 1486: 1446: 1383: 1374: 1292: 996: 732: 597: 496: 347: 122: 4553: 3003: 2942: 2654: 1657:

dating to around 1300 contained multiple languages such as Sogdian,

1260: 7325:, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute 7189: 6398: 5677: 4202: 4089: 3943: 3908: 3856: 3810: 3661: 3565: 3542: 3456: 3452: 3362: 3324: 3290: 3246: 3149: 3089: 3077: 3073: 2666: 2620: 2456: 2452: 2356: 2325: 2226: 2062: 1943: 1886: 1878: 1858: 1658: 1650: 1438: 1396: 1286: 1270: 1217:

as well as a standard edition for East Asian Buddhist scholarship.

1151: 1123: 1080: 1043: 1004: 976: 894: 774: 613: 488: 424: 142: 6015:"History of printing. The Japan Federation of Printing Industries" 3482:

introduced the first serial impact dot matrix printer (SIDM), the

3180:

Uncle Sam Supplying the World with Berry Brothers Hard Oil Finish,

1387:

and greatly developed Japanese woodblock printing culture such as

1381:

established the technique of multicolor woodblock printing called

1320:(puppet) theatre, etc. The best-selling books of this period were 7655: 7207:

Knowledge and Text Production in an Age of Print: China, 900-1400

6857:. P. Gregory. London: Blackie Academic & Professional. 1996. 6825:

A History of the Personal Computer: The People and the Technology

4126:

in March 1873, which became the world's first illustrated daily.

4070: 4013: 3959: 3878: 3734: 3715: 3707: 3380: 3328: 3316: 3238: 3218: 3169: 3065: 2914: 2817: 2765: 2745: 2241: 2162: 2035:, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. 1994:

Wooden movable type printing became relatively common during the

1935: 1900: 1642: 1604: 1601: 1370: 1353: 1304: 1255: 1239: 1235: 1159: 1139: 1135: 948: 916: 907: 890: 770: 688: 664:

for example would read "Naram-sin builder, the temple of Goddess

625: 604: 107: 7329: 5718:

A history of movable metal type printing technique in China 2001

4016:

and other techniques. Other terms often used for engravings are

3508:

as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal

2581:

experimented with Gutenberg in Mainz. A finding in 2015 brought

1930:

to the west by the 12th century. There, the Tanguts printed the

788: 5701: 5061:

Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.

4241: 4169: 4001: 3985: 3897: 3855:

Three-dimensional printing is a method of converting a virtual

3780: 3719: 3541:

The first commercial implementation of a laser printer was the

3475: 3388: 3376: 3372: 3234: 3064:

plates are used as a surface, and the incisions are created by

3057: 2884: 2632: 2565:, developed European movable type printing technology with the 2508: 2504: 2468: 2448: 2125: 1697: 1689: 1677: 1654: 1622: 1537: 1495: 1362: 1072: 736: 665: 514: 6712:"Information Processing Technology Heritage – Wiredot printer" 4873:– 62nd IFLA General Conference, Ifla.org, accessed 009-12-03; 4443:, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, no. 51, 65, 80, 3841:

like procedure and will then look like on-site created mural.

2925:

in 1843, patented in 1847, and then significantly improved by

820: 7685: 6699: 4924:

http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/hightours/diamsutra/index.html

4900:, November 22, 2004, Eng.buddhapia.com, accessed 2009-12-03; 4632:

Patterns of Culture – Techniques of Decoration and Coloration

4129:

The first truly successful commercial method was patented by

3993: 3893: 3822: 3798: 3753: 3703: 3691: 3668:

dye-sublimation printers are designed and used for producing

3531: 3513: 3471: 2828:

Journeyman printers: After completing their apprenticeships,

2640: 2616: 2562: 2483: 2352: 2297: 2171: 2137: 2049: 1727: 1723: 1706:, which described the process of Chinese woodblock printing. 1566: 1119: 1036: 898: 864: 813: 797: 744: 509: 448: 432: 6302:

which was composed by four prominent US journalists in 1998.

5827:, Vol. 79, No. 2 (April -June, 1959), pp. 96–103 (103). 3402:

exposure followed by chemical etch or water washout. Direct

2043: 2033:

Jikji: Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters

1722:

Some fifty pieces of medieval Arabic blockprinting known as

1680:

under their dominion, woodblock printing was used there for

6091: 6089: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5232: 5230: 5169: 5167: 4940: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4237: 3989: 3656: 3460: 3420:

A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer is a type of

3061: 3044: 3041: 2597: 2150: 1366: 1046:, South Korea in 1966 and dated between 704 and 751 in the 6495:(Third ed.). University of California Press. p. 6184: 6172: 5577: 5450: 5395: 5393: 5354: 5352: 4558:

Parekbolai. An Electronic Journal for Byzantine Literature

4511: 4509: 4507: 2739:

Printing press from 1811, photographed in Munich, Germany.

2334:, like that of traditional handwritten books, adopted the 1688:) was adopted by the Persians. Paper money was printed in 1613:

books were for those who did not truly care about books."

616:

and other techniques used on silks for clothes during the

7281:

Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing (1683–4)

6790:

Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology

6062: 5302: 4974: 4972: 4250: 3749: 3621: 3384: 3298: 3035: 3023: 2269: 1499:(類書), a type of encyclopedic reference book used to help 1481:, Chen Zhensun's collection lists 3,096 titles in 51,180 1275: 6854:

Chemistry and technology of printing and imaging systems

6218:, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (417, table 2) 6162:, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos. 1–4. 6101: 6086: 6052: 6050: 6037: 6035: 5650: 5589: 5540: 5405: 5227: 5164: 4595: 3784:

Screenshot of a CAM program for designing frescographies

3241:, were also trying to find a new way to print in color. 2635:

in 1469, and by 1500 the city had 417 printers. In 1470

7127:

Barker, Nicolas. "Printing and the Mind of Man." 2013.

6118: 6116: 5844:. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky. p. 33. 5780:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 330. 5689: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5390: 5349: 5292: 5290: 5288: 4984: 4752: 4504: 4076:

along with engraving, the most important technique for

3470:

were invented in Japan. In 1968, Japanese manufacturer

2410:

We have an extensive penny literature at home, but the

1449:

and his cousin Xiao Mai both had collections of 30,000

6364: 5417: 4969: 4466:, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, no. 15, 3931:

as an art-form in the way it did in Europe and Japan.

2681:. The Italian Juan Pablos set up an imported press in 2442: 2374: 2335: 2329: 2283: 2273: 2097:, for the purpose of preventing counterfeit. Over the 1991:旌德縣志), a text containing more than 60,000 characters. 1834:, dated to the 12th–13th centuries. Discovered in the 1457:(508–555) was said to have had a collection of 80,000 7008:

Twyman, Michael. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1970

6074: 6047: 6032: 5912:(in Japanese). Printing Museum, Tokyo. Archived from 4886:, Rightreading.com, 2006-09-13, accessed 2009-12-03; 4740: 4728: 4716: 4366:"Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art" 3859:

into a physical object. 3D printing is a category of

3516:

in the areas where it is heated, producing an image.

3026: 2669:) in 1473. He printed a book about the two lovers of 1268:(farmer) class due to the spread of private schools ( 692:

seals were used to create hundreds of Buddha images.

6196: 6113: 5805: 5776:

Needham, Joseph; Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985).

5745:

Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese

5612: 5528: 5501: 5438: 5378: 5285: 5268:"The Schoyen Collection: 21. Pre-Gutenberg printing" 4947:

Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R., eds. (2013).

4937:. The book was thus prepared in the time of Yi Zong. 4759:

Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R., eds. (2013).

3934:

In Europe, woodcut is the oldest technique used for

3896:

was most commonly used; in Japan, a special type of

3892:

where the block is cut in the end-grain). In Europe

3647:

A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a

3620:

that operates by propelling tiny droplets of liquid

3038: 3032: 2677:. In 1476 a printing press was set up in England by 1818:

A revolving typecase for wooden type in China, from

1033: 439:, pottery imprints, and cloth printing. Initially a 7176:: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing". 4182:. The name xerography came from the Greek radicals 3029: 2600:. The high quality and relatively low price of the 1465:centuries combined. Private libraries of 10–20,000 7298:, vol. 5 part 1, Cambridge University Press, 6787: 6128: 6003:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 5996: 5361:Languages, scripts, and Chinese texts in East Asia 5314: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5059:The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan. 4832: 4583: 3837:. The canvas then can be applied to the wall in a 2130:Prescribed Texts for Rites of the Past and Present 1377:are the most famous artists. In the 18th century, 975:scroll written in Sanskrit unearthed in a tomb in 676:In China, seals have been used since at least the 4675:"Pliny Natural History: Book XXXV: Chapter XLIII" 4494:"The Appearance of Bricks in Ancient Mesopotamia" 4244:. The words "10-22-38 Astoria" were written on a 4216:, the inventor of photocopying, was originally a 3201:became the most successful of several methods of 2835:Compositors: Those who set the type for printing. 2089:, 1914, shows two special characters: one called 1895:. The ceramic movable type was also mentioned by 1274:). There were more than 600 rental bookstores in 959:, the blibography of the official history of the 7751: 7273:THE BOOK: The Story of Printing & Bookmaking 6574: 6572: 6570: 6488: 6372:"Typography – Gutenberg and printing in Germany" 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 5090:. Konosuke Hashiguchi. (2013) Seikei University. 4946: 4781: 4758: 1956:, also described the wooden movable type in his 726: 7053:. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). 6785: 6670:40 years since Epson's first Electronic Printer 5941:(in Japanese). Letterpress Labo. Archived from 2526: 2311: 2252: 2121:, due to the loss of two copper movable types. 1424: 1107:and an assortment of other texts were printed. 966:The rise of printing was greatly influenced by 7001: 6999: 6997: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 5636:. W. W. Norton & Company. 22 August 2016. 5563:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 25–26. 4105:The idea of halftone printing originates from 3117:(Collection: Princeton University Library, NJ) 3105:Lithography press for printing maps in Munich. 2303: 2259: 2109:money of the same period in the collection of 1322:Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko (Life of an Amorous Man) 7345: 6567: 6457: 6337: 6242:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58–69) 5671: 3867: 2143:Tin movable type is mentioned in Wang Zhen's 2124:In 1234, cast metal movable type was used in 1907:to print language primers using this method. 1348:, and these books were reprinted many times. 1314:, art books, play scripts for the kabuki and 1064:(百万塔陀羅尼, "1,000,000 towers/pagodas Darani"). 404: 7088: 6958: 6956: 6821: 6450:Josiah Warren, the first American anarchist; 5775: 5741: 5730:A History of Moveable Type Printing in China 5364:. Oxford University Press. 11 January 2018. 3409: 2921:in 1832, whose design was later imitated by 2802: 2073:and official documents by both the Song and 2024:with bronze movable type counterfeit markers 1103:(乾符四年曆書), dated to 877. From 932 to 955 the 1091:is 14 feet (4.3 metres) long and contains a 7160:Berry, W. Turner; Poole, H. Edmund (1966), 6994: 6754: 6743:. Mount Laurel, New Jersey, USA. 2013-03-14 6733: 6221: 5069: 5067: 4951:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4763:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3178:Calvert Lithographic Company, Detroit, MI. 3113:Stone used for a lithograph with a view of 2971:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2087:Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties 1007:printed one million copies of the image of 687:The seals had a religious element to them. 7352: 7338: 7311: 7275:, Oxford University Press, seventh edition 7213: 7159: 6704: 6426:. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. 6068: 5963: 5748:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 266. 5308: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 4851:North Korea — Silla Countrystudies.us 3741:printing in many ways, some of which are; 3636: 2720: 1714:where Chinese wares were also discovered. 411: 397: 44: 7320: 7270: 7262: 7227: 7042: 6953: 6523:. The New York Public Library. 1999-10-23 6482: 6423:Serial Publication in England Before 1750 6190: 6178: 6095: 5742:Taylor, Insup; Taylor, Martin M. (1995). 5695: 5606: 5583: 5558: 5552: 5522: 5495: 5399: 5236: 5173: 5132:Shin hanga bringing ukiyo-e back to life. 4990: 4978: 4616: 4515: 3970:(i.e. an image sold separately) woodcut. 3797:is a method for reproduction/creation of 3315:Screenprinting has its origins in simple 2991:Learn how and when to remove this message 7178:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6962: 6646:Encyclopedia of Microcomputers: Volume 6 6639: 6637: 5825:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5823:Sohn, Pow-Key, "Early Korean Printing," 5481:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5064: 4160:Xerography (or electrophotography) is a 3919:are also very popular with the Chinese. 3779: 3776:Frescography created using a CAM program 3771: 3686:Digital printing is the reproduction of 3352: 3304: 3261: 3173: 3108: 3100: 3002: 2898: 2789: 2785:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 2734: 2544: 2536: 2247: 2151:Impact of movable type in the Sinosphere 2056: 2042: 2027: 2009: 1825: 1813: 1797: 1636: 1224: 1134:Buddhist Canon (Kaibao zangshu 開寶藏書) in 870: 855: 839: 819: 803: 787: 764: 694: 635: 579: 7168: 7136: 6716:Information Processing Society of Japan 6413: 6080: 6056: 6041: 5864: 5456: 5423: 5041: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4491: 3829:motifs are converted into the original 3675: 3519: 3257: 2065:'s revolving typecase tables in Beijing 1932:Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union 1881:. Bi Sheng's movable type was fired in 1868: 1477:. Zhou Mi's collection numbered 42,000 955:for scholars and students to copy. The 14: 7752: 6899: 6847: 6845: 6643:Allen Kent, James G. Williams (1990), 6446: 5994: 5934: 5250:"Dunhuang concertina binding findings" 5015: 4638:. The University of Leeds. p. 7. 4268:Early American publishers and printers 3915:, and as single sheet images. Woodcut 3767: 3275:A modern offset printing press at the 1914: 1793: 513:, printed in Korea in 1377 during the 503:using movable metal type to print the 427:starts as early as 3000 BCE, when the 7333: 7286: 6634: 6419: 6202: 6122: 6107: 5811: 5799: 5656: 5618: 5546: 5534: 5510: 5444: 5411: 5384: 5296: 5074:Edo Picture Books and the Edo Period. 4672: 4589: 4551: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4363: 3217:, and mostly relied on using several 3096: 2890:In most cases, publishers bought the 2685:in 1539. The first printing press in 2367:. It was after the 1870s, during the 2005: 1877:around the year 1041 by the commoner 923:produced mainly in the 15th century. 760: 7265:A Social History of the Chinese Book 7204: 5836: 5830: 5320: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5185: 4628: 4098:technique that simulates ones it is 3942:were very crude. The development of 3833:images and are printed on canvas by 2969:adding citations to reliable sources 2936: 2850: 1011:to distribute to Buddhist devotees. 926: 624:printed in black and white, usually 592:, near the town of Perito Moreno in 441:method of printing patterns on cloth 6842: 5970:Japan Science and Technology Agency 5707:Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 206–207. 4838: 4787: 4529:"The History Behind … Signet Rings" 4273:Global spread of the printing press 2895:pay the printer to print the book. 2731:Global spread of the printing press 2467:. He printed several broadsides at 2443:Theory of movable type transmission 2375:Movable type vs. woodblock printing 1351:From the 17th to the 19th century, 981:Great spell of unsullied pure light 554:global spread of the printing press 24: 7296:Science and Civilization in China: 7045:"Desbarats, George-Édouard-Amable" 5559:McDermott, Joseph P., ed. (2015). 4476: 3489: 2650:Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474 2557:It is traditionally surmised that 2213:in 1590, and was first printed in 1850:History of typography in East Asia 893:and later, under the influence of 25: 7791: 7359: 7139:The Woman Who Discovered Printing 7047:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 7011:. Eyre & Spottiswoode. 1970. 6489:Michael Sullivan (18 June 1984). 6141:, New York : HarperCollins, 5778:Science and Civilisation in China 4080:, and remains widely used today. 3946:followed on rather later than in 3825:. Once a design is finished, the 3605: 3289:Offset printing is a widely used 3159: 2812:, became the cultural center for 2240:established a printing school at 2202:In Japan the first Western style 2113:has two empty square holes above 1998:and became widespread during the 1873:Movable type was invented in the 1865:using individual pieces of type. 1421:gained international popularity. 1035:Muggujeonggwang Daedharanigyeong 536:and a process for mass-producing 7770:History of science by discipline 7079: 7061: 7050:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 7036: 6928: 6893: 6815: 6779: 6682: 6663: 6609: 6534: 6513: 6440: 6382: 6320: 6305: 6286: 6277: 6264: 6252: 6208: 4364:Ghosh, Pallab (8 October 2014). 4329:RIT Cary Graphic Arts Collection 4172:on October 6, 1942. He received 3996:are engraved, or may provide an 3568:8ppm, released in 1984, using a 3383:material. A measured amount of 3331:. This idea was then adopted in 3019: 2941: 2037:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 1802:Ceramic movable type print from 1757:Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche 1527:and Xing Bing in the year 1005: 985:Wugou jingguang da tuoluoni jing 942:History of printing in East Asia 550:colonial publishers and printers 7412:History of Western civilization 7121: 7025:from the original on 2022-11-16 6983:from the original on 2022-11-16 6768:from the original on 2016-10-31 6722:from the original on 2016-10-31 6623:from the original on 2007-09-29 6598:from the original on 2022-11-16 6556:from the original on 2022-04-12 6216:The Journal of Economic History 6152: 6021:from the original on 2021-12-08 6007: 5988: 5957: 5928: 5900: 5885: 5858: 5817: 5793: 5784: 5769: 5735: 5723: 5710: 5662: 5624: 5462: 5429: 5346:(London: British Museum, 1985). 5336: 5326: 5260: 5242: 5144: 5125: 5105: 5093: 5079: 4996: 4917: 4844: 4691: 4666: 4622: 3690:on a physical surface, such as 2128:(Korea) to print the 50-volume 1409:, which fused the tradition of 1095:at the inner end, which reads: 735:and in the tomb of the King of 631: 491:in the 11th century during the 7613:Second Agricultural Revolution 7271:McMurtrie, Douglas C. (1962), 7137:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), 7071:. May 23, 2008. Archived from 6906:. New York, NY: Welcome Rain. 6135:Gies, Frances and Gies, Joseph 5871:. Cambridge University Press. 4699:"History of Printing Timeline" 4552:Seibt, Werner (19 June 2016). 4545: 4521: 4492:Hnaihen, Kadim Hasson (2020). 4453: 4430: 4377: 4357: 4348: 4342: 4037:or sometimes a combination of 3844: 3725:It can be differentiated from 3616:Inkjet printers are a type of 3357:A flexographic printing plate. 3342: 2571:spread over multiple locations 2553:from Mainz in the 15th century 2382:Five Hundred Years of Printing 2081:and 1216 in the collection of 2014:Copperplate of 1215–1216 5000- 707:to Wana (Yayoi Japan) in 57 AD 652:Brick stamps were used by the 455:by the 7th century during the 13: 1: 7323:Chinese History: A New Manual 7263:McDermott, Joseph P. (2006), 7253:Library of Congress. (1939). 7096:"Academician Georgi Nadjakov" 5999:A History of Japan: 1334–1615 4336: 4232:. Carlson experimented with " 4149: 4083: 3805:methods, invented in 1998 by 3583:with the introduction of the 3432:, letters are drawn out of a 1746:History of Western typography 1403:. In the early 20th century, 1258:class and 50% to 60% for the 1220: 812:, the oldest printed text in 796:, the oldest printed text in 727:Stone, clay and bronze blocks 680:(2nd millennium BCE). In the 337: 112: 97: 7623:Second Industrial Revolution 7321:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012), 7316:, Cambridge University Press 7102:(in Chinese). Archived from 6259:"What Did Gutenberg Invent?" 6240:A History of Graphic Design. 5865:Ikegami, Eiko (2005-02-28). 5842:Images of the Floating World 5468:Richard W. Bulliet (1987), " 4313:Printing and the Mind of Man 4190: 4184: 3973: 3127:Invented by Bavarian author 2527:European movable type (1439) 2489:Frances Gies and Joseph Gies 2447:According to a tradition in 1425:Impact of woodblock printing 1126:published the dharani-sutra 935: 919:(see below), except for the 7: 7055:University of Toronto Press 6963:Campbell, Alastair (2000). 6810:starkweather laser-printer. 6794:. Greenwood Press. p. 4902:National Treasure No. 126-6 4260: 3698:or paperboard-cover stock, 2932: 2871:of subsequent installments. 2661:set up a printing press in 2639:set up a printing press in 2336: 2330: 2312: 2284: 2274: 2253: 1627:longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra 1231:Under the Wave off Kanagawa 1034: 1001:Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra 10: 7796: 7628:Britain's Imperial Century 7390:Timelines of world history 7385:List of historical periods 7312:Twitchett, Denis (1998b), 7220:Cambridge University Press 7214:Condorelli, Marco (2022), 7043:Galarneau, Claude (1990). 5668:Shen Kua: Dream Pool Essay 5111:Keizaburo Seimaru. (2017) 5027:UNESCO Memory of the World 4949:The Book: A Global History 4761:The Book: A Global History 4153: 4087: 4068: 4064: 3977: 3876: 3872: 3868:Technological developments 3848: 3787: 3679: 3640: 3609: 3523: 3493: 3413: 3346: 3308: 3282: 3163: 3120: 3010: 2902: 2724: 2530: 2521:Douglas Crawford McMurtrie 2194:in the late 19th century. 1903:, who convinced his pupil 1847: 1841: 1743: 1511:, by the year 1023 39,142 1290:(books on urban culture), 939: 911:is the best known type of 878: 602: 575: 532:based on previously known 7731: 7646: 7546:Chronological world eras: 7536: 7425: 7367: 7172:(1987). "Medieval Arabic 6764:(in German). 2013-03-26. 4498:Athens Journal of History 4288:History of graphic design 4119:Canadian Illustrated News 3428:. Unlike a typewriter or 3410:Dot matrix printer (1968) 3333:San Francisco, California 2803:Printing houses in Europe 2304: 2260: 1822:'s book published in 1313 1739: 1536:In 1076, the 39 year old 1023: 852:at Helan County, Ningxia. 548:and eventually among the 376: 366: 358:Thermal-transfer printing 356: 346: 331: 321: 311: 301: 291: 281: 271: 261: 251: 241: 231: 221: 211: 201: 191: 181: 171: 161: 151: 141: 131: 121: 106: 91: 81: 71: 61: 7448:History of communication 6786:Edwin D. Reilly (2003). 6447:Bailie, William (1906). 6312:Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. 5937: 5908: 5435:Carter, 1955, pp 179–180 5150:Junko Nishiyama. (2018) 4790:Chinese Science Bulletin 3277:Las Vegas Review-Journal 2561:, of the German city of 2387:The Gutenberg Revolution 2209:was brought to Japan by 2197: 2155: 1985:Records of Jingde County 1919:Bi Sheng also developed 1830:Wooden movable type for 1780:Juan González de Mendoza 1717: 1696:, the prime minister of 1616: 863:woodblocks edition of a 824:The frontispiece of the 671: 233:Photostat and rectigraph 7608:Agricultural Revolution 6900:Howard, Robert (2009). 6521:"Planographic Printing" 6376:Encyclopædia Britannica 5995:Sansom, George (1961). 5344:Buddhism: Art and Faith 4407:10.1126/science.1219957 4278:History of the alphabet 4164:technique developed by 3643:Dye-sublimation printer 3637:Dye-sublimation printer 3207:Jacob Christoph Le Blon 2777:Laurens Janszoon Coster 2721:Flat-bed printing press 2427:or backwards in time." 2019:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 1016:The Great Dharani Sutra 794:The Great Dharani Sutra 646:National Museum of Iraq 32:Part of a series on the 7568:Post-classical history 7433:History of agriculture 7400:Cradle of civilization 7205:Chia, Lucille (2011), 7133:62 (3) Autumn: 371–83. 6885:: CS1 maint: others ( 6679:, Digital Photographer 5154:. p18. Tokyo Bijutsu. 5076:National Diet Library. 4679:Loeb Classical Library 4570:10.26262/par.v6i0.5082 4298:History of photography 4124:New York Daily Graphic 4018:copper-plate engraving 3785: 3777: 3534:in 1969 by researcher 3358: 3319:, most notably of the 3280: 3183: 3118: 3106: 3013:Intaglio (printmaking) 3008: 2799: 2740: 2554: 2542: 2440: 2424: 2289: 2187: 2066: 2054: 2040: 2025: 1977: 1839: 1823: 1811: 1694:Rashid al-Din Hamadani 1554: 1534: 1331:Nansō Satomi Hakkenden 1243: 1175: 1128:Baoqieyin tuoluonijing 876: 868: 853: 837: 817: 801: 785: 724: 708: 705:Emperor Guangwu of Han 649: 600: 83:Intaglio (printmaking) 7701:Agricultural/Agrarian 7618:Industrial Revolution 7518:History of literature 7498:History of navigation 7493:History of technology 7468:History of philosophy 7438:History of government 7229:10.1017/9781009099912 7143:Yale University Press 6822:Roy A. Allan (2001). 6582:Architectural History 6420:Wiles, R. M. (2012). 4935:List of Tang Emperors 4860:accessed 2009-12-03; 4175:U.S. patent 2,297,691 3783: 3775: 3466:The first dot-matrix 3356: 3305:Screenprinting (1907) 3274: 3177: 3112: 3104: 3006: 2905:Rotary printing press 2899:Rotary printing press 2793: 2738: 2548: 2540: 2429: 2408: 2251: 2176: 2060: 2046: 2031: 2013: 1966: 1942:, were discovered in 1875:Northern Song dynasty 1829: 1817: 1801: 1708:Abu Sulayman Banakati 1649:, were discovered in 1637:Central Asia and Iran 1542: 1529: 1519:, and by 1127 73,877 1455:Emperor Yuan of Liang 1341:Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige 1228: 1164: 989:University of Arizona 874: 859: 843: 823: 807: 791: 768: 714: 698: 639: 583: 203:Hot metal typesetting 7598:Age of Enlightenment 7453:History of economics 7417:Eastern civilization 6828:. Allan Publishing. 5916:on 29 September 2022 5892:Kotobank Saga Books. 4673:Henderson, Jeffrey. 4629:Hann, M. A. (2007). 3835:Wide-format printers 3676:Digital press (1993) 3520:Laser printer (1969) 3512:. The coating turns 3258:Offset press (1870s) 3115:Princeton University 2965:improve this section 1869:Ceramic movable type 1395:influenced European 1284:(satirical novels), 1211:Goryeo Daejanggyeong 1206:Goryeo Daejanggyeong 1188:Goryeo Daejanggyeong 1146:, also known as the 1042:) was discovered at 885:Woodblock printing ( 701:King of Na gold seal 497:copper movable types 223:Daisy wheel printing 7780:Textual scholarship 7765:History of printing 7578:Early modern period 7528:History of painting 7478:History of medicine 7473:Science/Technology: 7106:on November 1, 2007 6969:. Chronicle Books. 5659:, pp. 201–217. 4802:1997ChSBu..42..976P 4399:2012Sci...336.1409P 4393:(6087): 1409–1413. 4240:plate covered with 4000:printing plate, of 3807:Rainer Maria Latzke 3768:Frescography (1998) 3576:, IBM, and others. 3502:thermochromic paper 3430:daisy wheel printer 3416:Dot matrix printing 3279:, installed in 2000 2877:Mechanick Exercises 2773:Procopius Waldvogel 2707:Giambattista Bodoni 2587:Procopius Waldvogel 2298:emaki (handscrolls) 2268:: libretto for the 2093:, the other called 1958:Book of Agriculture 1952:, who lived in the 1921:wooden movable type 1915:Wooden movable type 1832:Old Uyghur alphabet 1794:Movable type (1041) 1726:have been found in 1246:In Japan, from the 1183:Hyeonjong of Goryeo 1179:Seongjong of Goryeo 1172:Joseph P. McDermott 1101:Qianfu sinian lishu 1087:. This copy of the 999:, during which the 993:Saddharma pundarika 979:. It is called the 656:(2334–2154 BCE) in 594:Santa Cruz Province 586:Cuevas de las Manos 558:early modern period 263:Dot matrix printing 38:History of printing 18:History of Printing 7775:History of writing 7488:History of writing 7483:History of science 7294:, Needham, Joseph 7292:Paper and Printing 7288:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 7130:The Book Collector 7085:Meggs (1998), 141. 6694:2017-02-27 at the 6675:2018-06-16 at the 6653:2022-11-16 at the 6584:46(2003): 175–188" 6469:2022-11-17 at the 6298:2007-10-12 at the 6110:, p. 316-317. 5945:on 30 January 2023 5549:, p. 314-316. 5475:2017-09-21 at the 5459:, p. 433-436. 5414:, p. 304-305. 5152:新版画作品集 ―なつかしい風景への旅 5137:2021-05-02 at the 5087:第6回和本の楽しみ方4 江戸の草紙 5008:2016-06-30 at the 4929:2010-04-26 at the 4907:2011-10-04 at the 4896:2011-07-19 at the 4882:2021-05-15 at the 4869:2008-11-20 at the 4856:2011-06-29 at the 4810:10.1007/BF02882611 4308:Museum of Printing 4303:History of writing 4234:electrophotography 4107:William Fox Talbot 3900:wood was popular. 3786: 3778: 3696:photographic paper 3581:desktop publishing 3574:Brother Industries 3559:personal computers 3359: 3281: 3243:Godefroy Engelmann 3184: 3142:offset lithography 3119: 3107: 3097:Lithography (1796) 3009: 2800: 2753:Johannes Gutenberg 2741: 2689:was set up in the 2619:of lead, tin, and 2594:woodblock printing 2583:evidence of quires 2559:Johannes Gutenberg 2555: 2551:spread of printing 2543: 2437:Endymion Wilkinson 2290: 2219:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2145:Zao Huozi Yinshufa 2067: 2055: 2041: 2026: 2006:Metal movable type 1840: 1824: 1812: 1784:Johannes Gutenberg 1244: 913:Japanese woodblock 881:Woodblock printing 877: 869: 854: 838: 818: 802: 786: 761:Woodblock printing 709: 650: 601: 546:Renaissance Europe 534:mechanical presses 528:created the first 526:Johannes Gutenberg 445:woodblock printing 348:Solid ink printing 63:Woodblock printing 7747: 7746: 7218:, Great Britain: 7164:, Blandford Press 7152:978-0-300-12728-7 7141:, Great Britain: 6913:978-1-56649-957-6 6506:978-0-520-04918-5 6492:The Arts of China 6238:Meggs, Philip B. 6160:Prints and People 5895:The Asahi Shimbun 5570:978-988-8208-08-1 5371:978-0-19-251868-2 5256:on March 9, 2000. 4645:978-0-9549640-0-9 4464:Prints and People 4441:Prints and People 4353:. pp. 41–54. 4230:photoconductivity 4139:George Meisenbach 4078:old master prints 4051:Martin Schongauer 4047:old master prints 3936:old master prints 3917:New Year pictures 3913:Jiaozi (currency) 3861:rapid prototyping 3839:wall-paperhanging 3548:personal computer 3536:Gary Starkweather 3442:carbonless copies 3272: 3199:Chromolithography 3154:Computer-To-Plate 3052:) is a family of 3001: 3000: 2993: 2923:Richard March Hoe 2851:Financial aspects 2399:Macartney mission 1892:Dream Pool Essays 1857:is the system of 1768:Garcia de Resende 1703:Jami' al-tawarikh 1515:, by 1068 47,588 1441:(441–513) 20,000 1302:(romance novel), 1296:(comical books), 1215:Classical Chinese 1061:Hyakumantō Darani 1032: 968:Mahayana Buddhism 927:Legendary origins 905:(before 220 CE). 810:Hyakumantō Darani 721:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin 622:old master prints 505:identifying codes 459:, leading to the 421: 420: 386: 385: 253:Spirit duplicator 163:Chromolithography 16:(Redirected from 7787: 7760:History by topic 7633:American Century 7603:Age of Discovery 7556:Three-age system 7523:History of music 7513:History of drama 7458:History of trade 7380:Recorded history 7354: 7347: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7317: 7308: 7276: 7267: 7250: 7231: 7210: 7201: 7165: 7155: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7003: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6960: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6938:. Archived from 6932: 6926: 6925: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6884: 6876: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6793: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6708: 6702: 6686: 6680: 6667: 6661: 6641: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6576: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6486: 6480: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6391:Modern Philology 6386: 6380: 6379: 6368: 6362: 6352: 6335: 6324: 6318: 6309: 6303: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6236: 6219: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6193:, p. 24-26. 6188: 6182: 6181:, p. 25-26. 6176: 6170: 6156: 6150: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6045: 6039: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5972:. Archived from 5964:Noriyuki Kasai. 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5904: 5898: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5587: 5586:, p. 19-24. 5581: 5575: 5574: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5486:(3), pp. 427–38. 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5356: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5270:. Archived from 5264: 5258: 5257: 5252:. Archived from 5246: 5240: 5234: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5162: 5148: 5142: 5141:The Japan Times. 5129: 5123: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5029:. United Nations 5019: 5013: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4944: 4938: 4921: 4915: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4796:(12): 976–981 . 4785: 4779: 4778: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4654: 4648:. Archived from 4637: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4533:National Jeweler 4525: 4519: 4513: 4502: 4501: 4489: 4474: 4457: 4451: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4293:History of paper 4283:History of books 4193: 4187: 4177: 4094:Halftone is the 4059:Lucas van Leiden 4039:lost-wax casting 3952:Michael Wolgemut 3929:New Year picture 3905:Chinese Buddhism 3803:digital printing 3682:Digital printing 3649:computer printer 3618:computer printer 3422:computer printer 3273: 3129:Aloys Senefelder 3051: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2945: 2937: 2711:Friedrich Koenig 2703:John Baskerville 2671:Enea Piccolomini 2461:Panfilo Castaldi 2438: 2339: 2333: 2317: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2287: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2256: 2232:Emperor Go-Yōzei 2215:Kazusa, Nagasaki 2185: 2168:Sejong the Great 1975: 1525:Emperor Zhenzong 1173: 1148:Kaibao Tripitaka 1041: 1027: 1025: 957:Suishu jingjizhi 769:A fragment of a 722: 642:Shar-Kali-Sharri 524:German inventor 484:was invented by 473:Chinese Buddhist 437:hammered coinage 413: 406: 399: 378:Digital printing 342: 339: 333:Thermal printing 293:Phototypesetting 117: 114: 102: 99: 59: 58: 48: 29: 28: 21: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7727: 7723:Post-industrial 7666:Hunter-gatherer 7648: 7642: 7563:Ancient history 7538: 7532: 7421: 7395:Major concepts: 7363: 7358: 7306: 7279:Moxon, Joseph. 7240: 7153: 7124: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7041: 7037: 7028: 7026: 7019: 7005: 7004: 6995: 6986: 6984: 6977: 6961: 6954: 6945: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6914: 6898: 6894: 6878: 6877: 6865: 6851: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6784: 6780: 6771: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6725: 6723: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6696:Wayback Machine 6687: 6683: 6677:Wayback Machine 6668: 6664: 6655:Wayback Machine 6642: 6635: 6626: 6624: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6601: 6599: 6578: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6557: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6526: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6507: 6487: 6483: 6471:Wayback Machine 6462: 6458: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6418: 6414: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6353: 6338: 6334:/ 9780891020639 6325: 6321: 6310: 6306: 6300:Wayback Machine 6291: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6237: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6158:A Hyatt Mayor, 6157: 6153: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6069:Twitchett 1998b 6067: 6063: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6033: 6024: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6008: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5976:on 23 July 2022 5968:(in Japanese). 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5477:Wayback Machine 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5358: 5357: 5350: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5309:Twitchett 1998b 5307: 5303: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5139:Wayback Machine 5130: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5010:Wayback Machine 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4945: 4941: 4931:Wayback Machine 4922: 4918: 4909:Wayback Machine 4898:Wayback Machine 4884:Wayback Machine 4871:Wayback Machine 4858:Wayback Machine 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4681: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4505: 4490: 4477: 4460:Mayor, Hyatt A. 4458: 4454: 4437:Mayor, Hyatt A. 4435: 4431: 4382: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4263: 4218:patent attorney 4214:Chester Carlson 4209:Georgi Nadjakov 4173: 4166:Chester Carlson 4158: 4152: 4100:continuous tone 4092: 4086: 4073: 4067: 3982: 3976: 3885:relief printing 3881: 3875: 3870: 3853: 3847: 3831:high resolution 3792: 3770: 3684: 3678: 3645: 3639: 3614: 3608: 3596:Aldus PageMaker 3528: 3522: 3498: 3496:Thermal printer 3492: 3490:Thermal printer 3418: 3412: 3404:laser engraving 3351: 3345: 3313: 3307: 3287: 3262: 3260: 3223:Ordnance Survey 3203:colour printing 3172: 3164:Main articles: 3162: 3125: 3099: 3022: 3018: 3015: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2962: 2946: 2935: 2927:William Bullock 2907: 2901: 2853: 2805: 2758:offset printing 2733: 2725:Main articles: 2723: 2602:Gutenberg Bible 2535: 2529: 2480:Guido Panciroli 2459:engraver named 2445: 2439: 2436: 2377: 2301: 2257: 2238:Tokugawa Ieyasu 2200: 2186: 2183: 2158: 2153: 2111:Shanghai Museum 2008: 1976: 1973: 1917: 1871: 1852: 1846: 1796: 1770:(1470 – 1536). 1748: 1742: 1720: 1639: 1619: 1559:xuanfeng zhuang 1427: 1419:Hiroshi Yoshida 1379:Suzuki Harunobu 1223: 1197:Mongol invasion 1174: 1171: 1142:edition of the 1105:Twelve Classics 1056:Empress Shōtoku 944: 938: 929: 887:diaoban yinshua 883: 834:British Library 763: 751:Pliny the Elder 729: 723: 720: 674: 654:Akkadian Empire 640:Brick stamp of 634: 607: 578: 566:screen printing 542:Gutenberg Bible 486:Chinese artisan 423:The history of 417: 388: 387: 340: 313:Dye-sublimation 303:Inkjet printing 243:Screen printing 193:Offset printing 133:Relief printing 115: 100: 56: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7793: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7739:Historiography 7735: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7661:Pre-industrial 7658: 7652: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7588:Societal eras: 7585: 7583:Modern history 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7508:History of art 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7463:History of war 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7443:History of law 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7407:World regions: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7357: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7318: 7309: 7304: 7284: 7277: 7268: 7260: 7251: 7238: 7211: 7202: 7190:10.2307/603463 7184:(3): 427–438. 7170:Bulliet, R. W. 7166: 7157: 7151: 7134: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7087: 7078: 7075:on 2008-05-23. 7060: 7035: 7017: 6993: 6975: 6952: 6927: 6912: 6892: 6863: 6841: 6834: 6814: 6804: 6778: 6753: 6732: 6718:(IPSJ). 2012. 6703: 6681: 6662: 6633: 6608: 6566: 6533: 6512: 6505: 6481: 6456: 6439: 6432: 6412: 6399:10.1086/387957 6381: 6363: 6336: 6319: 6304: 6285: 6276: 6263: 6251: 6220: 6207: 6205:, p. 318. 6195: 6191:McDermott 2015 6183: 6179:McDermott 2015 6171: 6151: 6127: 6125:, p. 317. 6112: 6100: 6098:, p. 935. 6096:Wilkinson 2012 6085: 6073: 6071:, p. 637. 6061: 6046: 6031: 6006: 5987: 5956: 5927: 5899: 5884: 5877: 5857: 5850: 5829: 5816: 5814:, p. 211. 5804: 5792: 5783: 5768: 5754: 5734: 5722: 5709: 5700: 5696:McDermott 2015 5688: 5670: 5661: 5649: 5642: 5623: 5621:, p. 221. 5611: 5609:, p. 911. 5607:Wilkinson 2012 5588: 5584:McDermott 2015 5576: 5569: 5551: 5539: 5537:, p. 303. 5527: 5523:McDermott 2015 5515: 5513:, p. 313. 5500: 5496:McDermott 2015 5488: 5461: 5457:Bulliet (1987) 5449: 5447:, p. 307. 5437: 5428: 5426:, p. 435. 5416: 5404: 5400:McDermott 2015 5389: 5387:, p. 304. 5377: 5370: 5348: 5335: 5325: 5313: 5311:, p. 636. 5301: 5299:, p. 373. 5284: 5259: 5241: 5239:, p. 912. 5237:Wilkinson 2012 5226: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5176:, p. 930. 5174:Wilkinson 2012 5163: 5160:978-4808711016 5143: 5124: 5121:978-4800312556 5104: 5102:Mitsui Fdosan. 5092: 5078: 5063: 5040: 5014: 4995: 4991:McDermott 2006 4983: 4979:McDermott 2006 4968: 4961: 4939: 4916: 4890:JoongAng Daily 4843: 4841:, p. 979. 4831: 4780: 4773: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4690: 4665: 4644: 4621: 4619:, p. 910. 4617:Wilkinson 2012 4594: 4582: 4544: 4520: 4518:, p. 909. 4516:Wilkinson 2012 4503: 4475: 4452: 4429: 4376: 4356: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4154:Main article: 4151: 4148: 4088:Main article: 4085: 4082: 4069:Main article: 4066: 4063: 4055:Albrecht Dürer 4023:Line engraving 3978:Main article: 3975: 3972: 3964:Albrecht Dürer 3956:Erhard Reuwich 3940:popular prints 3890:wood engraving 3877:Main article: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3849:Main article: 3846: 3843: 3827:low resolution 3819:low resolution 3788:Main article: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3746: 3688:digital images 3680:Main article: 3677: 3674: 3641:Main article: 3638: 3635: 3612:Inkjet printer 3610:Main article: 3607: 3606:Inkjet printer 3604: 3590:for the Apple 3543:IBM model 3800 3524:Main article: 3521: 3518: 3494:Main article: 3491: 3488: 3414:Main article: 3411: 3408: 3347:Main article: 3344: 3341: 3311:Screenprinting 3309:Main article: 3306: 3303: 3283:Main article: 3259: 3256: 3166:Color printing 3161: 3160:Color printing 3158: 3121:Main article: 3098: 3095: 3011:Main article: 2999: 2998: 2949: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2903:Main article: 2900: 2897: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2852: 2849: 2844:Dance of Death 2840: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2826: 2810:Aldus Manutius 2804: 2801: 2775:of France and 2727:Printing press 2722: 2719: 2715:Thomas Bensley 2687:Southeast Asia 2679:William Caxton 2647:published the 2645:Kasper Straube 2637:Johann Heynlin 2579:Peter Schöffer 2567:printing press 2528: 2525: 2493:A. Hyatt Mayor 2444: 2441: 2434: 2376: 2373: 2321:Ise monogatari 2280:Hon'ami Kōetsu 2211:Tenshō embassy 2207:printing-press 2199: 2196: 2181: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2132:, compiled by 2007: 2004: 1989:Jingde xianzhi 1971: 1940:Sogdian script 1916: 1913: 1870: 1867: 1842:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1776:João de Barros 1741: 1738: 1719: 1716: 1647:Sogdian script 1638: 1635: 1618: 1615: 1426: 1423: 1346:Jippensha Ikku 1336:Takizawa Bakin 1222: 1219: 1199:of 1232. King 1169: 1071:discovered at 940:Main article: 937: 934: 928: 925: 879:Main article: 781:, c. 650–670, 762: 759: 728: 725: 718: 703:, bestowed by 673: 670: 633: 630: 603:Main article: 577: 574: 530:printing press 451:originated in 443:such as silk, 419: 418: 416: 415: 408: 401: 393: 390: 389: 384: 383: 380: 374: 373: 370: 364: 363: 360: 354: 353: 350: 344: 343: 335: 329: 328: 325: 323:Laser printing 319: 318: 315: 309: 308: 305: 299: 298: 295: 289: 288: 285: 283:Spark printing 279: 278: 275: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 255: 249: 248: 245: 239: 238: 235: 229: 228: 225: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 205: 199: 198: 195: 189: 188: 185: 179: 178: 175: 169: 168: 165: 159: 158: 155: 149: 148: 145: 139: 138: 135: 129: 128: 125: 119: 118: 110: 104: 103: 95: 93:Printing press 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 75: 69: 68: 65: 57: 54: 53: 50: 49: 41: 40: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7792: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7696:Horticultural 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Human history 7373: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7361:World history 7355: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7341: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7307: 7305:0-521-08690-6 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7239:9781009099912 7235: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7024: 7020: 7018:9780413264206 7014: 7010: 7009: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6982: 6978: 6976:9780811826259 6972: 6968: 6967: 6959: 6957: 6942:on 2010-01-23 6941: 6937: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6864:0-7514-0238-9 6860: 6856: 6855: 6848: 6846: 6837: 6835:0-9689108-0-7 6831: 6827: 6826: 6818: 6811: 6807: 6805:1-57356-521-0 6801: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6782: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6742: 6736: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6640: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6583: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6522: 6516: 6508: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6478:0-471-29198-6 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6460: 6452: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6433:9780521170680 6429: 6425: 6424: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6360:0-471-29198-6 6357: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6333: 6332:0-89102-063-2 6329: 6323: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6248:0-471-29198-6 6245: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6168:0-691-00326-2 6165: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6147:0-06-016590-1 6144: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6109: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6083:, p. 14. 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6059:, p. 11. 6058: 6053: 6051: 6044:, p. 10. 6043: 6038: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5991: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5880: 5878:9780521601153 5874: 5870: 5869: 5861: 5853: 5851:1-56852-481-1 5847: 5843: 5839: 5838:Lane, Richard 5833: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5802:, p. 217 5801: 5796: 5787: 5779: 5772: 5757: 5755:9789027285768 5751: 5747: 5746: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5704: 5698:, p. 17. 5697: 5692: 5684: 5682: 5681:Beijing Daily 5674: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5645: 5643:9780393244809 5639: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5525:, p. 16. 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5498:, p. 21. 5497: 5492: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5432: 5425: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5402:, p. 19. 5401: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5329: 5323:, p. 41. 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5274:on 2006-11-04 5273: 5269: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5224:, p. 38. 5223: 5218: 5212:, p. 33. 5211: 5206: 5200:, p. 21. 5199: 5194: 5188:, p. 43. 5187: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5004: 4999: 4993:, p. 32. 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4962:9780191668746 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4888:Cho Woo-suk, 4885: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4774:9780191668746 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4749:, p. 61. 4748: 4743: 4737:, p. 50. 4736: 4731: 4725:, p. 60. 4724: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4655:on 2023-06-02 4651: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4633: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4586: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4345: 4341: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4323:Phaistos Disc 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222:New York City 4219: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4131:Frederic Ives 4127: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4041:and chasing. 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3924:Diamond Sutra 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883:Woodcut is a 3880: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3782: 3774: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3594:, along with 3593: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3526:Laser printer 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3506:thermal paper 3503: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3474:released the 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449:electromagnet 3445: 3443: 3439: 3438:carbon copies 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3278: 3255: 3253: 3252:playing cards 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211:George Baxter 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3116: 3111: 3103: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3014: 3005: 2995: 2992: 2984: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2950:This section 2948: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919:Josiah Warren 2916: 2912: 2906: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2848: 2845: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2547: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2517:Ancient Roman 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2294:Honami Kōetsu 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266:, Saga Books) 2263: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1970: 1965: 1964:農書) of 1313. 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1899:'s councilor 1898: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1752: 1747: 1737: 1734: 1733:Coptic script 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674:Mongol Empire 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1401:Impressionism 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326:Ihara Saikaku 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1252:literacy rate 1249: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089:Diamond Sutra 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1030: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 943: 933: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 882: 873: 866: 862: 858: 851: 850:Hongfo Pagoda 847: 842: 835: 831: 827: 826:Diamond Sutra 822: 815: 811: 806: 799: 795: 790: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 758: 754: 752: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 717: 713: 706: 702: 697: 693: 690: 685: 683: 679: 678:Shang dynasty 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 647: 643: 638: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:Hand stencils 606: 599: 595: 591: 587: 584:Hands at the 582: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 522:Late medieval 518: 516: 512: 511: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 487: 483: 479: 478: 477:Diamond Sutra 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447:for texts on 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:proto-Elamite 426: 414: 409: 407: 402: 400: 395: 394: 392: 391: 381: 379: 375: 371: 369: 365: 361: 359: 355: 351: 349: 345: 336: 334: 330: 326: 324: 320: 316: 314: 310: 306: 304: 300: 296: 294: 290: 286: 284: 280: 276: 274: 270: 266: 264: 260: 256: 254: 250: 246: 244: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 224: 220: 216: 214: 210: 206: 204: 200: 196: 194: 190: 186: 184: 180: 176: 174: 170: 166: 164: 160: 156: 154: 150: 146: 144: 140: 136: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 111: 109: 105: 96: 94: 90: 86: 84: 80: 76: 74: 70: 66: 64: 60: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 39: 36: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7587: 7545: 7502: 7472: 7406: 7394: 7322: 7313: 7295: 7291: 7280: 7272: 7264: 7254: 7215: 7206: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7161: 7156:(alk. paper) 7138: 7128: 7122:Bibliography 7110:September 7, 7108:. Retrieved 7104:the original 7099: 7090: 7081: 7073:the original 7063: 7048: 7038: 7027:. Retrieved 7007: 6985:. Retrieved 6965: 6944:. Retrieved 6940:the original 6930: 6902: 6895: 6853: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6789: 6781: 6770:. Retrieved 6756: 6745:. Retrieved 6735: 6724:. Retrieved 6706: 6684: 6665: 6645: 6625:. Retrieved 6611: 6600:. Retrieved 6581: 6558:. Retrieved 6536: 6525:. Retrieved 6515: 6491: 6484: 6459: 6449: 6442: 6422: 6415: 6390: 6384: 6375: 6366: 6322: 6314: 6307: 6288: 6279: 6266: 6254: 6239: 6215: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6159: 6154: 6138: 6130: 6103: 6081:Barrett 2008 6076: 6064: 6057:Barrett 2008 6042:Barrett 2008 6023:. Retrieved 6009: 5998: 5990: 5978:. Retrieved 5974:the original 5959: 5947:. Retrieved 5943:the original 5935:Kazuo Mori. 5930: 5918:. Retrieved 5914:the original 5902: 5887: 5867: 5860: 5841: 5832: 5824: 5819: 5807: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5771: 5759:. Retrieved 5744: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5720:, pp. 41–54. 5717: 5716:Pan Jixing, 5712: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5673: 5664: 5652: 5632: 5626: 5614: 5579: 5560: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5518: 5491: 5483: 5480: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5431: 5424:Bulliet 1987 5419: 5407: 5380: 5360: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5276:. Retrieved 5272:the original 5262: 5254:the original 5244: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5151: 5146: 5127: 5115:. Yosensha. 5112: 5107: 5095: 5086: 5081: 5031:. Retrieved 5026: 5017: 4998: 4986: 4981:, p. 5. 4948: 4942: 4919: 4889: 4875: 4862: 4846: 4834: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4760: 4754: 4747:Barrett 2008 4742: 4735:Barrett 2008 4730: 4723:Barrett 2008 4718: 4706:. Retrieved 4702: 4693: 4682:. Retrieved 4678: 4668: 4657:. Retrieved 4650:the original 4631: 4624: 4592:, p. 6. 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4561: 4557: 4547: 4536:. Retrieved 4532: 4523: 4497: 4463: 4455: 4440: 4432: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4369: 4359: 4350: 4344: 4200: 4168:in 1938 and 4162:photocopying 4159: 4135:Philadelphia 4128: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4104: 4096:reprographic 4093: 4074: 4043: 4028: 4021: 4017: 3983: 3967: 3933: 3921: 3902: 3882: 3854: 3795:Frescography 3794: 3793: 3790:Frescography 3724: 3685: 3670:photographic 3666:professional 3653:plastic card 3646: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3615: 3578: 3552: 3540: 3529: 3499: 3465: 3446: 3419: 3400:photographic 3397: 3393: 3367: 3360: 3314: 3295:lithographic 3288: 3285:Offset press 3230: 3228: 3215:Edmund Evans 3197: 3193:Qing dynasty 3185: 3179: 3146: 3132: 3126: 3016: 2987: 2978: 2963:Please help 2951: 2908: 2889: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2843: 2841: 2829: 2806: 2770: 2762: 2742: 2700: 2675:Pope Pius II 2659:Dirk Martens 2648: 2629: 2610: 2592:Compared to 2591: 2556: 2513:John Bagford 2501: 2497: 2478: 2446: 2430: 2425: 2409: 2395:Matteo Ricci 2391: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2369:Meiji period 2361: 2346:semi-cursive 2319: 2291: 2236: 2225: 2204:movable type 2201: 2188: 2184:Sohn Pow-Key 2177: 2159: 2144: 2142: 2134:Ch'oe Yun-ŭi 2129: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2107:Song dynasty 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2068: 2048: 2032: 1996:Ming dynasty 1993: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1954:Yuan dynasty 1948: 1918: 1909: 1890: 1872: 1855:Movable type 1854: 1853: 1844:Movable type 1808:Wuwei, Gansu 1788: 1772:Paolo Giovio 1761: 1753: 1749: 1721: 1701: 1700:, wrote the 1685: 1671: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1609: 1594:Ming dynasty 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1535: 1530: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1503:candidates. 1494: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1450: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1415:Hasui Kawase 1410: 1404: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1361:is based on 1358: 1352: 1350: 1339: 1329: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1245: 1229: 1210: 1204: 1186: 1176: 1165: 1147: 1144:Kaibao Canon 1127: 1115: 1112:Song dynasty 1109: 1100: 1096: 1066: 1059: 1013: 992: 984: 980: 965: 956: 945: 930: 906: 886: 884: 861:Yuan dynasty 830:Tang dynasty 800:, c. 704-751 783:Tang dynasty 755: 749: 730: 715: 710: 686: 682:Western Zhou 675: 651: 632:Brick stamps 608: 590:Río Pinturas 570:photocopying 519: 508: 493:Song dynasty 482:Movable type 475: 457:Tang dynasty 422: 173:Rotary press 73:Movable type 37: 26: 7676:Circumpolar 7638:Digital Age 7593:Renaissance 7573:Middle Ages 7259:U.S. G.P.O. 7100:issp.bas.bg 6689:About Epson 5100:Nihonbashi. 4708:22 December 4351:中國金屬活字印刷技術史 4146:halftones. 4010:photography 4006:printmaking 3968:single-leaf 3851:3D printing 3845:3D printing 3739:letterpress 3731:flexography 3600:typesetting 3588:LaserWriter 3484:OKI Wiredot 3349:Flexography 3343:Flexography 3317:stencilling 3137:hydrophobic 3133:lithography 3123:Lithography 3086:Collographs 3054:printmaking 2781:Netherlands 2691:Philippines 2683:Mexico City 2673:who became 2623:, known as 2606:Renaissance 2575:Johann Fust 2192:lithography 2117:as well as 2022:paper money 1928:Western Xia 1897:Kublai Khan 1836:Mogao caves 1806:. Found in 1804:Western Xia 1682:paper money 1501:examination 1110:During the 1085:Aurel Stein 1083:in 1907 by 1077:Mogao Caves 1069:Lotus Sutra 1048:Later Silla 1039:: 無垢淨光大陀羅尼經 1009:Puxian Pusa 961:Sui dynasty 953:Han dynasty 951:during the 921:block books 903:Han dynasty 846:Western Xia 844:Piece of a 792:Replica of 658:Mesopotamia 562:lithography 556:during the 501:paper money 368:3D printing 341: 1972 153:Lithography 116: 1515 101: 1440 7754:Categories 7718:Industrial 7551:Prehistory 7537:Historical 7029:2022-11-16 6987:2022-11-16 6946:2007-09-24 6772:2016-10-31 6747:2016-10-31 6726:2016-10-31 6648:, page 298 6627:2007-09-23 6602:2022-11-16 6560:2022-11-16 6527:2014-11-21 6203:Tsien 1985 6123:Tsien 1985 6108:Tsien 1985 6025:2021-02-26 5812:Tsien 1985 5800:Tsien 1985 5761:12 January 5657:Tsien 1985 5619:Tsien 1985 5547:Tsien 1985 5535:Tsien 1985 5511:Tsien 1985 5445:Tsien 1985 5412:Tsien 1985 5385:Tsien 1985 5297:Tsien 1985 5278:2017-07-23 4684:2020-08-21 4659:2020-08-21 4590:Tsien 1985 4538:2020-08-21 4472:0691003262 4449:0691003262 4337:References 4318:Publishing 4246:microscope 4188:(dry) and 4156:Xerography 4150:Xerography 4084:Halftoning 3555:Xerox Star 3510:print head 3434:dot matrix 3426:typewriter 3219:woodblocks 3017:Intaglio ( 2830:journeyman 2643:. In 1473 2625:type metal 2549:The rapid 2531:See also: 2474:Henry Yule 2465:Marco Polo 2365:Edo period 2337:renmen-tai 2083:Luo Zhenyu 2061:Models of 1863:typography 1848:See also: 1764:Portuguese 1744:See also: 1598:Hu Yinglin 1406:shin-hanga 1248:Edo period 1221:Modern era 972:apotropaic 618:Edo period 538:metal type 273:Xerography 213:Mimeograph 183:Hectograph 55:Techniques 7681:Subarctic 7649:societies 7368:Overviews 7248:247900493 6922:455879561 6881:cite book 6659:CRC Press 6407:162013335 6272:Time Life 6270:In 1997, 5938:嵯峨本と角倉素庵。 5909:嵯峨本『伊勢物語』 5321:Chia 2011 5222:Chia 2011 5210:Chia 2011 5198:Chia 2011 5186:Chia 2011 5113:江戸のベストセラー 4818:1001-6538 4226:arthritic 4206:physicist 4203:Bulgarian 4196:cyanotype 4180:invention 4113:process. 4031:antiquity 3980:Engraving 3974:Engraving 3948:engraving 3909:banknotes 3894:beechwood 3592:Macintosh 3131:in 1796, 3082:mezzotint 3070:engraving 2981:July 2024 2952:does not 2929:in 1863. 2911:cardboard 2892:copyright 2796:woodblock 2750:goldsmith 2613:goldsmith 2533:Incunable 2275:Katsuragi 2223:Confucian 2071:banknotes 1974:Wang Zhen 1950:Wang Zhen 1883:porcelain 1820:Wang Zhen 1712:El Qoseir 1610:preferred 1557:binding ( 1487:Ye Mengde 1447:Xiao Tong 1384:nishiki-e 1375:Hiroshige 1311:kusazōshi 1293:kokkeibon 1132:Tripiṭaka 1116:Histories 1029:romanized 1024:무구정광대다라니경 997:Wu Zetian 936:East Asia 773:print in 741:Jiangling 733:Mawangdui 662:Naram-Sin 598:Argentina 123:Mezzotint 7691:Pastoral 7647:Types of 7290:(1985), 7023:Archived 6981:Archived 6873:34513398 6766:Archived 6720:Archived 6692:Archived 6673:Archived 6651:Archived 6621:Archived 6596:Archived 6554:Archived 6467:Archived 6296:Archived 6019:Archived 5840:(1978). 5683:(《北京日报》) 5473:Archived 5135:Archived 5006:Archived 4927:Archived 4905:Archived 4894:Archived 4880:Archived 4867:Archived 4854:Archived 4839:Pan 1997 4826:98230482 4575:20 March 4564:: 1–14. 4500:: 83–84. 4415:22700921 4370:BBC News 4261:See also 4201:In 1938 4178:for his 4170:patented 4111:intaglio 4090:Halftone 3998:intaglio 3944:hatching 3911:such as 3857:3D model 3811:database 3672:prints. 3662:consumer 3566:LaserJet 3468:printers 3457:sapphire 3453:solenoid 3363:printing 3325:katazome 3321:Japanese 3291:printing 3247:Mulhouse 3150:emulsion 3090:tarlatan 3078:aquatint 3074:drypoint 2933:Intaglio 2816:such as 2814:literati 2794:In this 2667:Flanders 2621:antimony 2573:. 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