661:
572:), and was treated by many as a dialect variety of Polish. In fact, it was a kind of "mixed language" serving as an interdialect of the cultural borderland. This language became a gateway to the progressive Slavization of the Lithuanian population. The knowledge of Slavonic interdialect made it easier for Lithuanians to communicate with their Slavic neighbors, who spoke Polish, Russian, or Belarusian. The attractiveness and cultural prestige of the Polish language and its common use in church caused the process to continue and lead to the full adoption of the Polish language. Among the Belarusian population, the usage of Polish was limited to official relations, while at home, the local language was still spoken. As a result, the Lithuanian language retreated under the pressure of Polish faster than Belarusian. This led to the formation of a compact Polish language area between the Lithuanian and Belarusian language areas, with Vilnius as the center. The position of Vilnius as an important Polish cultural center influenced the development of national identities among
819:
language at the Kaunas
Seminary. Polish priests were transferred to parishes with a majority of Lithuanian believers. Services in Polish were often interrupted by Lithuanian nationalists. This situation intensified especially in the first half of 1924 in Kaunas, when masses were drowned out and the faithful beaten. These situations occurred in most towns where Poles constituted a significant percentage. As a result, just before the war there were only 2 Polish priests working in Lithuania, and only in a few parishes masses were celebrated partially in Polish. The most tragic episode in the history of Poles in interwar Lithuania was an anti-Polish demonstration organized by the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union on 23 May 1930 in Kaunas, which turned into a riot. Seats of Polish organizations, editorial offices, Polish schools and a Polish gymnasium were demolished.
510:
593:
period, had to give way to a clear national declaration. Previously, every inhabitant of the former Grand Duchy of
Lithuania had been considered a Lithuanian, but in the face of the emergence of the Lithuanian national movement, which considered only those who spoke Lithuanian as Lithuanians, Polish-speaking residents of Lithuania more and more often declared themselves as Poles. The dispute over the auxiliary language of services (Polish or Lithuanian) in the churches on the eastern border of ethnic Lithuania, which heated up from the end of the nineteenth century, influenced the formation of Polish consciousness and the adoption of the Polish language among those believers whose ancestors had abandoned Lithuanian for plain speech.
647:
673:
236:. In the 15th and 16th century, the Polish population in Lithuania was not large numerically, but the Poles enjoyed a privileged social position – they were found in highly regarded places and their culture was considered prestigious. With time Polish people became also part of the local landowning class. A relocation of a Polish noble to the Grand Duchy tended to trigger a chain of further arrivals, often motivated by family ties or geographic links. Lithuanian nobles welcomed
157:
699:(not including Vilnius and Klaipėda regions), there were 65,600 Poles in Lithuania (3.2% of the total population). Although according to Polish Election Committee in fact the number of Poles was 202,026, so about 10% of total population. This number was based on election results. The Poles were concentrated in the districts of Kaunas, Kėdainiai, Kaišiadorys and Ukmergė, in each of which they constituted 20–30% of the population.
1015:, which saw them as nationalistic. The Soviet census of 1959 showed 230,100 Poles concentrated in the Vilnius region (8.5% of the Lithuanian SSR's population). The Polish minority increased in size, but more slowly than other ethnic groups in Lithuania; the last Soviet census of 1989 showed 258,000 Poles (7.0% of the Lithuanian SSR's population). The Polish minority, subject in the past to massive, often voluntary
815:
subject to numerus clausus. At other universities Poles were not restricted and in 1929 there were about 150 Polish students in
Lithuania. Most Poles chose to study abroad. In 1928, the Union of Polish Academic Youth of Lithuania (ZPAML) was founded. As a result of the introduction of a new restrictive law on associations, ZPMAL ended its activities at the end of 1938, along with 14 other Polish organizations.
495:
1083:. In the mid-16th century, the Poles became the dominant group among the Podlachian gentry, which led to demands from the local deputies for the complete union of their lands with Poland. With time, Mazovians also started to predominate in Podlachian towns. The total number of Poles in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decreased with the loss of Podlachia and lands in Ukraine.
439:
century, the Polish language was adopted by the entire nobility of the Grand Duchy – Lithuanian, Ruthenian, German and Tatar. The Polish language also penetrated other social strata: the clergy, the townspeople, and even the peasants. During the
Commonwealth's period, a Polish-dominated territory started to be slowly formed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, such as
478:
Belarus. The city became the most important center of the Polish intelligentsia in the Grand Duchy. In the 16th century, Poles constituted 40% of all professors at
Vilnius Academy, in the 17th century – 60%, and they were 30% of the teaching cadre in the 18th century. Ethnic Poles made up around 50% of Vilnius urban officials during the
2564:
expressed a desire to "re-unite" the country with Poland. As a result, the nationalizing
Lithuanian state took measures to confiscate Polish-owned land. It also restricted Polish religious services, schools, Polish publications, Polish voting rights. Poles were often referred to in the press in this period as the "lice of the nation"
818:
There were six Polish periodicals in
Lithuania, including the most important daily "Dzień Kowieński" (later "Dzień Polski"). They were subject to censorship and numerous restrictions. Over time, the Polish language was also removed from the Church. Since 1929, there has been no teaching of the Polish
629:
the border between independent
Lithuania and Poland was drawn more or less according to the linguistic division of the region. Nevertheless, many Poles lived in the Lithuanian state and a significant Lithuanian minority found itself within the Polish borders. The loss of Vilnius was a painful blow to
592:
in the 1880s slowed down the process of
Polonization of the ethnically Lithuanian population, but also cemented a sense of national identity among a significant portion of the Polish-speaking Lithuanian population. The feeling of a two-tier Lithuanian-Polish national identity, present throughout the
826:
group and was based on loyalty to the
Lithuanians. They were concentrated around the Polish Central Committee in Kaunas. The second group, composed mainly of young people, mainly academic youth, pushed a more nationalist stance, intensified by the repressive policies of the state. This second group
2563:
Lithuanian nationalists resented demands by Poles for greater cultural autonomy (similar to that granted to the Jewish minority), holding that most of Lithuania's Poles were really deracinated Lithuanians who merely needed to be re-Lithuanianized. Resentments were exacerbated when Lithuanian Poles
1065:
Even though it was either prohibited or legally restricted. In the 16th century, Samogitian nobles complained to the Grand Duke of Lithuania about granting land and positions to outsiders, Poles and others. According to Rita Regina Trimonienė, of the 350 foreign nobles who settled in Samogitia in
438:
Already at the beginning of the 16th century Polish became the first language of the Lithuanian magnates. In the following century it was adopted by the Lithuanian nobility in general. Even the nobility of Žemaitija used the Polish language already in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th
47:
in 1795, almost all of Lithuania's nobility, clergy, and townspeople spoke Polish and adopted Polish culture, while still maintaining a Lithuanian identity. In the late 19th century, due to the processes of Polonization of Lithuanian and Belarusian peasants Polish population lived mainly on a long
814:
regime in 1926, 58 Polish schools were closed, many Poles were incarcerated, and Polish newspapers were placed under strict censorship. All national minorities in Lithuania were excluded from studying medicine in the country. And at the Pedagogical Institute of the Republic in Klaipėda Poles were
477:
The influx of Polish population to Vilnius started in the late 14th century. Vilnius was also the only place in present-day Lithuania where, in the 15th century, an ethnically restricted community of Poles was established. Another one, more numerous, was likely created in the area of present-day
809:
Many Poles in Lithuania were signed in as Lithuanians in their passports, and as a result, they also were forced to attend Lithuanian schools. Polish education was organized by the Association for the Promotion of Culture and Education among Poles in Lithuania "Pochodnia". While the number of
725:
In 1919, Poles owned 90% of estates larger than 100 ha. By 1928, 2,997 large estates with a total area of 555,207 ha were parceled out, and 52,935 new farms were created in their place and given to Lithuanian peasants. A large part of Polish landowners who were deprived of their property left
296:
as the language of Lithuanian elite after the latter had switched to speaking Ruthenian and Polish at the beginning of the 16th century. In the 16th century, the royal and grand ducal courts were nearly entirely composed of Polish speakers. The numbers of Poles in Lithuania were additionally
1003:
declared their willingness to be relocated to Poland. In most cases, the Soviet authorities blocked the departure of Poles who were interwar Lithuanian citizens and only less than 8,000 of the registered (8.3%) managed to leave for Poland. In 1956–1959, around 3,000 people from Kaunas were
529:. During the 19th century, Poles were the largest Christian nationality in Vilnius. They also predominated in the municipal government of the city in the earlier half of the 19th century. The Polish-language university was re-established in Vilnius in 1803 and closed in 1832. After the
650:
Polish population in Lithuania and northern Poland (1929, Poland's Institute for the Study of Nationalities), a map interpreting the results of the elections to the parliament of Lithuania in 1923, Polish 1921 census, and elections to the Polish parliament in
827:
was supported by Warsaw and concentrated around the ZPMAL. In 1937 a conflict broke out between the youth leader Tomasz Surwiłło and Alfons Bojko, the editor-in-chief of the "Chata Rodzinna" ("Family Cottage") magazine. The former was supported by Warsaw.
1604:
The Union of Lublin (1569) made Poland and Lithuania a single, federated state. Although Lithuania retained the title of grand duchy and its code of laws, its western province Podlasia which had been heavily settled by Polish colonists—was ceded to
3026:
Było to już po masowej "repatriacji" Polaków z Wileńszczyzny, która w latach 1945–1948 objęła 197 tys. Polaków (w tym z Wilna – 107,6 tys.) oraz kolejnej z lat 1956–1959, która umożliwiła wyjazd do Polski 46,6 tys. osób narodowości
148:
into Poland continued until the second half of the 14th century. The process of voluntary Polish migration began in the mid-13th century, nonetheless Poles did not start to migrate to Lithuania in more noticeable numbers until
2079:
Vilnius in the mid-17th century was an impressive and wealthy city While Poles and Roman Catholicism predominated, Vilnius diverse religious and ethno-linguistic groups managed to live together in the fairly tight urban
998:
Ethnic Poles made up from 80% to over 91% of Vilnius population in 1944. All Poles in the city were required to register for resettlement, and about 80% of them left for Poland. By March 1946, around 129,000 people from
88:, the borders were changed, territorial disputes were suppressed as the Soviet Union exercised power over both countries and a significant part of the Polish population, especially the best-educated, was forcefully
240:
Polish peasants and settled them on uncultivated land, but they usually assimilated with Belarusians and Lithuanians peasants within few generations. Polish peasants took also part in the colonization of the
72:. In its aftermath, the majority of the Polish population living in the Lithuanian lands found themselves within the Polish borders. However, interwar Lithuania still retained a large Polish minority. During
660:
576:
peasants in the region. A significant part of the population of the Polish–Lithuanian–Belarusian borderlands for a long time did not have a clearly declared nationality and described themselves as "locals"
560:. Linguists distinguish between official language, used in the Church and cultural activities, and colloquial language, closer to the speech of the common people. Inhabitants of a significant part of the
1816:
380:
While Poles and foreigners were generally prohibited from holding public offices in the Grand Duchy, Polish people gradually gained this right through the acquisition of Lithuanian land. For example,
2523:
The irredentist campaign tainted Lithuanian society with currents of hatred and revenge directed against the Poles. In fact, the largest social organization in interwar Lithuania was the
1445:
Liedke, Marzena (2007). "Szlacheckie rody z Korony w działaniach na rzecz ewangelicko-reformowanej Jednoty Litewskiej w XVII wieku". In Łopatecki, Karol; Walczak, Wojciech (eds.).
564:
used a variant of the Belarusian language, which was influenced mainly by Polish, but also by Lithuanian, Russian and Jewish. This language was referred to as "simple speech" (
3476:
702:
The Polish Parliamentary Faction numbered three deputies after 1921 elections (Bronisław Laus, Adolf Grajewski and Józef Śnielewski), four deputies after the 1923 elections (
835:
605:, Poles made up also almost all of the local aristocracy and richer landowners in Vilnius and its surroundings. Most descendants of the Lithuanian noble class opposed the
459:
381:
119:
districts. In the city of Vilnius alone there are more than 85,000 Poles, who make up about 15% of the Lithuanian capital's population. Most Poles in Lithuania are
1531:
Topolska, Maria Barbara (1987). "Polacy w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim w XVI–XVIII w. (Przyczynek do dziejów polskiej emigracji na wschód w okresie staropolskim)".
992:
533:, the Russian law prohibited public use of the Polish language and teaching it to peasants, as well as possession of Polish books by the latter. The members of
482:
period, and by the 17th century the city became culturally Polish. Poles were the predominant population in Vilnius in the middle of the 17th century. In 1785,
414:
715:
187:
178:) moved to Lithuania, although this migration was not large-scale. The Poles settled mainly in urban centers, on Catholic church grounds, and concentrated at
3076:
Streikus, Arūnas (2016). "Religious Life in a Displaced Society: The Case of Post-war Lithuania, 1945–1960". In Balkelis, Tomas; Davoliūtė, Violeta (eds.).
3760:
846:
810:
Polish-language schools in Lithuania increased from 20 to 30 from 1920 to 1923, and to 78 in 1926, then decreased to 9 by 1940. After the establishment of
301:
Chamberlain Piotr Chwalczewski became administrator of Lithuania's royal castles and estates. Since 1558, he was also responsible for coordination of the
3256:
2540:
719:
722:). However, their possibilities for action were limited, because, like all minority representatives, they were excluded from parliamentary committees.
448:
1047:
M. B. Topolska estimates their number at twelve or so thousand in 1201–1382. Numbers as high as 100–170 thousand are also mentioned in historiography.
4165:
3323:
3229:
3194:
3009:
585:
speakers inhabiting the area around Vilnius consistently chose Polish nationality in all the censuses conducted after the end of the 19th century.
548:. A complicated linguistic situation developed on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Polish speakers used a "Kresy" variant of Polish (
980:
3279:
For example, in Vilnius where in the Soviet years education in Polish was offered by some 13–14 schools, only 25 percent of the children born to
3542:
3418:
3391:
707:
2146:
Weeks, Theodore. R (2013). "Jews and others in Vilna-Wilno-Vilnius: Invisible neighbors, 1831-1948". In Bartov, Omer; Weitz, Eric D. (eds.).
1471:
695:, Polish-owned land was confiscated, Polish religious services, schools, publications and voting rights were restricted. According to the
4243:
509:
89:
4182:
386:
3927:
3649:
865:
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in 1385. The early Polish population was composed mainly of enslaved war captives who assimilated relatively quickly. The Lithuanian
3348:
537:
class, notwithstanding their varied ethnic roots, generally opted for Polish self-identification in the course of the 19th century.
3040:
613:
national revivals and fought for Poland in 1918–1920. From 1918 to 1921 there were several conflicts, such as the activity of the
1075:
Podlachia was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between the late 13th century and 1569. The region was a sphere of old Polish-
3041:"Poles In Lithuania From The Second Half Of 1944 Until 1946: Choosing Between Staying Or Emigrating To Poland (English Summary)"
1540:
1112:
and the international community (with the exception of Lithuania) recognized Vilnius and the surrounding area as part of Poland.
995:. During 1945–1948, the Soviet Union allowed 197,000 Poles to leave to Poland; in 1956–1959, another 46,600 were able to leave.
691:
In interwar Lithuania, people declaring Polish ethnicity were officially described as Polonized Lithuanians who needed to be re-
349:. The number of Poles grew also in the towns, among others in Vilnius, Kaunas, and Grodno. There were numerous Poles among the
116:
3300:
3745:
3526:
3114:
2354:
1787:
1665:
1144:
1080:
469:
estimated that by the end of the 18th century, Polish and Polonized people constituted 25% of the Grand Duchy's inhabitants.
4143:
2524:
514:
202:
2433:
In the shadows of Poland and Russia The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European crisis of the mid-17th century
2200:
Miller, Alekseĭ I. (2008). "Identity and loyalty in the language policy of the Romanov Empire at her Western Borderland".
458:, by the mid-17th century, Poles made up several percent of the total population in the Grand Duchy. The Polish historian
4250:
245:
area. In the 16th century, the largest concentrations of Poles in the GDL were located in Podlachia the border areas of
3146:
2943:
2914:
2242:
2213:
2159:
2072:
2064:
2011:
1958:
1184:
341:. This population movement created a fertile ground for socio-cultural Polonization of Lithuania. Poor nobles from the
3234:"Liczebność i rozmieszczenie ludności polskiej na Litwie (Numbers and distribution of Polish population in Lithuania)"
3014:"Liczebność i rozmieszczenie ludności polskiej na Litwie (Numbers and distribution of Polish population in Lithuania)"
2527:(Vilniaus Vadavimo Safunga, or WS), which trumpeted the irredentist line in its magazine "Our Vilnius" (Mūsų Vilnius).
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3572:
3503:
3435:
3362:
3337:
3208:
3085:
2699:
2586:
2505:
MacQueen, Michael (1998). "The Context of Mass Destruction: Agents and Prerequisites of the Holocaust in Lithuania".
2489:
2444:
2415:
2267:
2205:
2184:
2130:
2003:
1885:
1829:
1746:
1714:
1454:
1397:
1372:
1293:
1241:
883:
3765:
3583:
2979:
646:
346:
3614:
3283:
Polish families attended Polish schools. About 50% of them chose Russian schools, and only 10% Lithuanian schools.
4229:
3881:
2040:
214:
3045:
2047:
Wilno was culturally Polish by the seventeenth century; all the smaller towns contained a strong Jewish element.
1007:
In the 1950s the remaining Polish minority was a target of several attempted campaigns of Lithuanization by the
182:. Many Poles worked in the Grand Ducal latin chancellery. Mikołaj Cebulka was appointed the senior secretary by
3472:
3178:
1216:
988:
840:
830:
Poles took an active part in the social life of the country. At Kaunas University the rector was law professor
681:
374:
342:
289:
44:
3315:
3263:
2547:
4113:
3642:
2685:
2451:
The enormous class of former Lithuanian nobles transformed themselves into Poles, culturally and politically.
879:
150:
112:
1208:
1008:
614:
549:
464:
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Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands
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augmented by the almost constant (since the mid-16th century) stationing of Polish military. Around 1552,
4279:
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3952:
610:
606:
589:
366:
97:
53:
32:
3845:
3684:
3551:
3106:
2906:
2105:
1877:
1625:
1285:
822:
Politically, Polish circles were divided into two groups. The first derived from the traditions of the
425:
3170:
1779:
1735:
The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569
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4138:
3794:
3700:
2436:
696:
602:
61:
2347:
Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe: History, Data and Analysis
626:
28:
in Lithuanian lands, as well as the process of formation in the Polish community there before 1990.
4133:
4029:
3947:
3635:
3078:
Population Displacement in Lithuania in the Twentieth Century: Experiences, Identities and Legacies
2731:
2151:
233:
36:
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In the 19th century Polish culture was spreading among the lower classes of Lithuania, mainly in
419:
2032:
1776:
Geograficzno-polityczne uwarunkowania sytuacji mniejszości polskiej na Litwie i Łotwie po 1990 r.
1738:
1510:
Integration of the Polish nobility in Samogitia: migration, language, memory, 16th–18th centuries
706:, Bolesław Lutyk, Wincenty Rumpel and Kazimierz Wołkowycki) and four again after 1926 elections (
192:
2260:
Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth. Poland–Lithuania in Context, 1550–1772
672:
486:, who is considered the "father" of Polish theatre, opened the first public theatre in Vilnius.
483:
164:
3445:
Kupczak, Janusz M. (1998). "Z problematyki stosunków narodowościowych na Litwie współczesnej".
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taught Polish literature and language, and Antoni Ignacy Weryha-Darewski taught financial law.
831:
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160:
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Evolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia
2234:
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demand for its recovery became one of the most important elements of socio-political life in
622:
358:
1587:
1200:
3804:
3481:
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3013:
1066:
years 1550–1650, 80% were Poles. They became members of the local political-economic elite.
526:
333:, the influx of Poles to the Grand Duchy significantly increased, particularly nobles from
284:
As a result of the Union of Krewo, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania found itself drawn towards
218:
4077:
4067:
321:
schools and printing houses in Lithuania, and the life of local protestant congregations.
8:
4257:
4187:
4160:
4128:
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3162:
557:
553:
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453:
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Global Convulsions: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century
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was the first Bishop of Vilnius. He is depicted in the fresco "Baptism of Lithuania" by
4203:
4041:
3855:
3536:
3513:
Rachuba, Andrzej (2010). "Litwini". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.).
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Germans to Poles Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing after the Second World War
3054:
2808:
1345:
635:
621:
and a foiled attempt at a Polish coup of the Lithuanian government. As a result of the
293:
3491:
1011:, which tried to stop any teaching in Polish; those attempts, however, were vetoed by
4153:
4014:
3999:
3984:
3979:
3799:
3740:
3568:
3522:
3499:
3431:
3358:
3333:
3204:
3174:
3142:
3110:
3081:
2991:
2939:
2910:
2812:
2800:
2695:
2582:
2485:
2440:
2411:
2350:
2263:
2238:
2209:
2180:
2155:
2126:
2068:
2036:
2007:
1954:
1881:
1825:
1783:
1742:
1710:
1661:
1544:
1505:
1486:
1450:
1447:
Nad społeczeństwem staropolskim: Kultura, instytucje, gospodarka w XVI-XVIII stuleciu
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1368:
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1337:
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1237:
1212:
1180:
1140:
285:
237:
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of Vilnius and a commander during the city's successful defence in 1390, when it was
85:
21:
2581:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 189.
517:
of distribution of Polish population (incorporates data from the 1916 German census)
4108:
4093:
4036:
4024:
3989:
3932:
3886:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3809:
3789:
3777:
3772:
3750:
3735:
3730:
3690:
2790:
2514:
1327:
582:
530:
206:
124:
101:
100:. At the same time, a significant number of Poles relocated from nearby regions of
3329:
Taming Nationalism?: Political Community Building in the Post-Soviet Baltic States
3200:
Taming Nationalism?: Political Community Building in the Post-Soviet Baltic States
2029:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795 Revised Edition
525:
area, which included the Grand Duchy's lands annexed by the Russian Empire in the
521:
Until the 1830s, Polish was used for the administrative purposes in the so called
4009:
4004:
3994:
3937:
3906:
3891:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3658:
2479:
1134:
1092:
875:
565:
503:
330:
120:
111:
Currently, the Polish population is grouped in the Vilnius region, primarily the
25:
3608:(in Polish). Vol. I. Polska Drukarnia Nakładowa "LUX" Ludwika Chomińskiego.
2978:
Srebrakowski, Aleksander (2000). Brazis, Romuald; Wołkonowski, Jarosław (eds.).
2202:
Romanov Empire and Nationalism: Essays in the Methodology of Historical Research
369:(1595–1640). From 1397 to the 16th century, the Chapter of Vilnius numbered 123
4118:
4103:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3130:
1332:
1315:
1024:
692:
618:
573:
561:
370:
262:
141:
105:
93:
69:
545:
4273:
3662:
3280:
3135:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
2995:
2804:
1548:
1490:
1365:
Social and Cultural Relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Microhistories
1341:
1020:
1016:
638:
and resulted in the emergence of hostility and resentment against the Poles.
338:
145:
4170:
2575:
It was the only census carried out in Lithuania during the interwar period.
317:
to Polish. Since the second half of the 16th century, Poles predominated in
3957:
984:
522:
354:
302:
81:
73:
40:
2705:
2518:
1622:
The Cambridge History of Poland: From Augustus II to Pilsudski (1697–1935)
1234:
Społeczeństwo i kultura w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim od XV do XVIII wieku
274:
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1282:
Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345
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362:
306:
242:
222:
179:
57:
1512:(PhD). Vilnius University. Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 8–9
1390:
Dzieje Stosunków Polsko-Litewskich. Vol. II. Od Krewa do Lublina. Part I
210:
2387:
882:, which had a significant Polish speaking population. For example, the
318:
49:
3470:
2795:
2778:
541:
3755:
3463:
1472:"Influx of the "outside" nobility into Samogitia in the 16th century"
432:
428:(nominated in 1615), Janusz Lacki (d. 1646) was Vilnius Chamberlain,
410:
250:
246:
229:
170:
Between 1387 and 1569, members of various Polish social strata (i.e.
156:
2375:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
552:) that retained archaic Polish features as well as many remnants of
498:
Distribution of Polish population (1912) incorporates data from the
3677:
3588:. Vol. I – Vilniaus Istorija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Edukologija.
3498:(in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historii PAN; Fundacja Pogranicze.
2932:
The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe
2231:
The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe
1095:
writes that there were "large numbers of Poles in Lithuania" under
890:
contained 59.7% Polish speakers and only 5.2% Lithuanian speakers.
886:(25% of it is a part of modern Lithuania and 75% – modern Belarus)
823:
677:
665:
578:
534:
278:
198:
183:
175:
2689:
2614:
Krivickas, Vladas. "The Polish Minority in Lithuania, 1918–1926".
447:(since the early 15th century). According to the Polish historian
3405:
Hostages of history. The Polish minority in post-Soviet Lithuania
2123:
The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe
1076:
479:
350:
334:
258:
254:
65:
217:(Jogaila). Another Pole, Mikołaj Sapieński, participated in the
3401:
Zakładnicy historii. Mniejszość polska w postradzieckiej Litwie
3378:
National Relations in the Vilnius Region in the Years 1920–1939
1012:
1000:
684:
444:
440:
298:
270:
266:
1079:
settlement and was governed according to the Polish law since
3619:
3552:"Nationality Questions in the Baltic. The Lithuanian Example"
3305:
2867:
2855:
2831:
2819:
2484:. Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla. p. 263.
1818:
Deklasacja drobnej szlachty na Litwie i Białorusi w XIX wieku
904:
494:
429:
353:
residing in Lithuania, including such prominent figures like
314:
310:
228:
By the end of the 15th century, several Polish families from
3374:
Stosunki narodowościowe na Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1920–1939
2980:"Historyczne podłoże współczesnych postaw Polaków na Litwie"
1567:
1555:
77:
3490:
2843:
2758:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2595:
1855:
1853:
1796:
1707:
Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations
1639:
1637:
1635:
1425:
1423:
1421:
993:
forcibly exchanged population between Poland and Lithuania
845:
taught philosophy, Maria Arcimowiczowa taught Egyptology,
305:
which was implemented by specialists brought from Poland.
3723:
3657:
1906:
1363:
Butterwick, Richard; Pawlikowska, Wioletta, eds. (2019).
3595:
Kultura Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Analizy i obrazy
1918:
1674:
1658:
The Union of Lublin, Polish Federalism in the Golden Age
1406:
435:, and the General Starosta of Samogitia (in 1643–1646).
3602:
Turska, Halina (1930). "Język polski na Wileńsczyzne".
2779:"Z dziejów polskich organizacji akademickich na Litwie"
2694:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
2477:
2363:
2085:
1979:
1967:
1894:
1850:
1838:
1755:
1686:
1632:
1418:
3519:
Under a Common Sky. Peoples of the former Commonwealth
3371:
3254:
2959:"Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności z dnia 9 XII 1931 r".
2538:
2393:
2381:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
140:
The first Poles appeared in Lithuania long before the
1930:
1449:(in Polish). Osrodek Badan Europy. pp. 389–390.
1362:
1177:
Multinational Lithuania: History of Ethnic Minorities
309:
gave another impetus to the spread of Polish, as the
2732:"National minorities in the Baltic states 1919–1940"
1773:
870:
A large portion of the Vilnius area was part of the
687:
during the interwar with Polish language inscription
123:
and speak Polish, although a minority of them speak
3515:
Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej
3430:. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
3203:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 147–148.
3167:
Polacy w niepodległym państwie litewskim. 1918–1940
2408:
The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture
2110:(in Polish) (2nd ed.). PTKraj. pp. 13–14.
1655:
213:became the governor of Lithuania on behalf of king
3494:; Bronius Makauskas (2005). Andrzej Koryna (ed.).
3301:"Etnografinės Lietuvos Rytinės ir Pietinės Sienos"
2406:Iršėnas, Marius; Račiūnaitė, Tojana, eds. (2015).
2258:Friedrich, Karin; Pendzich, Barbara, eds. (2009).
1485:(4). Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu: 539–541, 544.
43:of its elite and upper classes. At the end of the
3398:
2405:
2257:
1392:. Wydawnictwo Poznańskie. pp. 139, 148–149.
4271:
3262:. Stanford University. p. 4. Archived from
2546:. Stanford University. p. 4. Archived from
2498:
1814:
1588:"History of Belarus. Lithuanian and Polish rule"
859:
377:and Podlachia, and 33 or more were Lithuanians.
135:
56:led to conflicts between both groups. Following
2465:P.O.W.: (Polska Organizacja Wojskowa) Lietuvoje
1056:Which consisted of around 100 families in total
655:
313:and other religious texts were translated from
3322:
3193:
2410:. Vilnius Academy of Arts Press. p. 539.
1953:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 317.
1824:. Oficyna Wydawnicza "Ajaks". pp. 10–11.
1533:Lituano-Slavica Posnaniensia: Studia historica
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1139:. University of Washington Press. p. 63.
76:, the Polish population was persecuted by the
60:and the rebirth of both states, there was the
3643:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3038:
2753:Bitter glory: Poland and its fate, 1918–1939.
596:
3562:
2977:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2777:Gąsiorowski, Andrzej R. (24 November 2021).
2764:
2725:
2723:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2601:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1267:
232:were included in the governing elite of the
3496:Kraje bałtyckie w latach przełomu 1934–1944
3255:Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2006).
2776:
2576:
2539:Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2006).
2481:Mykolas Sleževičius: advokatas ir politikas
2478:Julius, Būtėnas; Mečys Mackevičius (1995).
2430:
2424:
2103:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1250:
1236:. Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 30.
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
130:
3650:
3636:
3592:
3541:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3417:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3390:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3217:
3002:
2885:
2579:Lietuvos gyventojai: Per du tūkstantmečius
1948:
1912:
1469:
1313:
3612:
3486:. Superintendent of Government Documents.
3298:
3161:
2794:
2729:
2720:
2679:
2677:
2369:
2344:
2284:Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia Vol. 11
2120:
2114:
2091:
1900:
1874:The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands
1871:
1859:
1844:
1802:
1680:
1643:
1573:
1503:
1440:
1438:
1412:
1387:
1331:
1302:
1199:
1174:
1023:, and recently to voluntary processes of
866:Demographic history of the Vilnius region
730:Polish schools in the interwar Lithuania
630:Lithuanian aspirations and identity. The
3593:Trimonienė, Rita (2006). "Polonizacja".
3187:
3075:
2929:
2504:
2228:
1985:
1973:
1774:Leśniewska-Napierała, Katarzyna (2015).
1761:
1728:
1726:
1692:
1660:. East European Monographs. p. 62.
1610:
1561:
1530:
1429:
1231:
1193:
1153:
671:
659:
645:
508:
493:
155:
127:or Lithuanian, as their first language.
35:, there was an influx of Poles into the
4244:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
3512:
3444:
3372:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz, Joanna (2010).
3346:
3316:"Lietuvos gyventojai tautybės požiūriu"
3100:
2174:
1997:
1936:
1924:
52:and including Vilnius. The rise of the
4272:
3615:"Sąmokslas prieš lietuviškas pavardes"
3601:
3581:
3350:Baltic Independence and Russian Empire
3313:
3129:
2683:
2674:
2467:. Kaunas: Spaudos fondas. p. 184.
2462:
2199:
2026:
1704:
1444:
1435:
1279:
1136:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795
987:, during its efforts to establish the
3631:
3425:
3228:
3008:
2952:
2900:
2691:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
2616:The Slavonic and East European Review
2613:
2145:
2058:
1732:
1723:
1132:
1027:, shows many and increasing signs of
893:
357:(1536–1612), the first rector of the
3549:
3457:
2525:League for the Liberation of Vilnius
1541:Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
324:
3428:Mniejszość polska na Wileńszczyźnie
3399:Jundo-Kaliszewska, Barbara (2019).
2125:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 137.
1585:
752:Number of Polish elementary schools
668:Lithuanian state, between 1923–1924
13:
3554:. In van Horne, Winston A. (ed.).
2107:Polskość i Polacy na Litwie i Rusi
2065:Northern Illinois University Press
2061:Vilnius between Nations, 1795–2000
1951:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania
899:Polish population in 1959 (≥ 20%)
771:Number of employed Polish teachers
14:
4291:
3696:Polish occupation zone in Germany
3563:Srebrakowski, Aleksander (2001).
3332:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
2206:Central European University Press
2004:Central European University Press
1815:Sikorska-Kulesza, Joanna (1995).
1126:
3248:
3039:Stravinskienė, Vitalija (2004).
1620:Reddaway he, W. F., ed. (1950).
1232:Topolska, Maria Barbara (2002).
1133:Stone, Daniel Z. (1 July 2014).
4251:Repatriation of Poles (1955–59)
4230:Colonization attempts by Poland
3314:Butkus, A. (16 December 2015).
3292:
3155:
3123:
3094:
3069:
3032:
2971:
2923:
2894:
2879:
2770:
2745:
2607:
2569:
2532:
2471:
2456:
2399:
2338:
2276:
2251:
2222:
2193:
2168:
2139:
2097:
2052:
2020:
1991:
1942:
1865:
1808:
1767:
1709:. Viking Penguin. p. 261.
1698:
1649:
1579:
1524:
1506:"Doctoral dissertation summary"
1497:
1463:
1381:
1102:
1086:
1069:
1059:
1050:
983:and shortly after the war, the
878:, particularly the area of the
489:
221:as one of three leaders of the
209:. In the same year, Jaśko from
3473:Committee for a Free Lithuania
2507:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2177:A History of the Baltic States
1594:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
1470:Saviščevas, Eugenijus (2014).
1356:
1273:
1225:
1175:Potašenko, Grigorijus (2008).
1041:
682:Temporary capital of Lithuania
641:
527:partitions of the Commonwealth
45:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3567:(in Polish). Adam Marszałek.
2179:. Palgrave. pp. 62, 66.
1320:Lithuanian Historical Studies
1314:Gudavičius, Edvardas (1997).
1119:
880:Republic of Central Lithuania
860:In the Second Polish Republic
399:
392:
136:From the 13th century to 1569
48:strip of land, stretching to
18:History of Poles in Lithuania
3460:Lithuania: Stepping Westward
3299:Budreckis, Algirdas (1967).
3046:Lietuvos istorijos metraštis
2888:Nauka w Republice Litewskiej
2686:"Tautinės mažumos Lietuvoje"
2577:Vaitiekūnas, Stasys (2006).
2431:Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2006).
2349:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 179.
2104:Maliszewski, Edward (1916).
1949:Sužiedėlis, Saulius (2011).
1656:Harry E. Dembkowski (1982).
1388:Błaszczyk, Grzegorz (2007).
1316:"Lithuania's Road to Europe"
1009:Communist Party of Lithuania
676:Threelingual street sign of
656:In the Republic of Lithuania
615:Polish Military Organisation
590:Lithuanian national movement
550:Northern Borderlands dialect
292:. Polish quickly supplanted
54:Lithuanian national movement
7:
4237:Ethnic minorities in Poland
3597:. Kraków. pp. 544–560.
3550:Senn, Alfred Erich (1997).
3521:] (in Polish). Warsaw.
3347:Clemens, Walter C. (1991).
2886:Brensztejn, Michał (1934).
2684:Šetkus, Benediktas (2002).
2394:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010
2382:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010
2333:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010
2321:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010
2309:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010
2297:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010
2059:Weeks, Theodore R. (2015).
989:People's Republic of Poland
373:, of whom 90 were from the
367:Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski
288:and political orbit of the
10:
4296:
3724:Central and Eastern Europe
3107:Cambridge University Press
2907:Princeton University Press
2175:Andreas, Kasekamp (2018).
2121:Kamusella, Tomasz (2008).
2000:Vilnius: City of Strangers
1998:Briedis, Laimonas (2009).
1878:Cambridge University Press
1872:R. Rieber, Alfred (2014).
1626:Cambridge University Press
1333:10.30965/25386565-00201002
1286:Cambridge University Press
1179:. Šviesa. pp. 23–25.
863:
597:Polish-Lithuanian conflict
544:and to a lesser degree in
472:
426:Grand Marshal of Lithuania
4221:
4196:
4086:
4050:
3972:
3920:
3874:
3818:
3716:
3709:
3701:Poles in the Soviet Union
3669:
2755:Hippocrene Books. p. 255.
2751:Richard M. Watt. (1998).
2730:Łossowski, Piotr (1972).
2345:Eberhardt, Piotr (1996).
1733:Frost, Robert I. (2015).
1504:Drungilas, Jonas (2018).
1367:. Routledge. p. 25.
697:Lithuanian census of 1923
174:, clergy, merchants, and
20:describes the history of
3685:Polish-Lithuanian people
3582:Šapoka, Adolfas (2013).
3426:Kurcz, Zbigniew (2005).
3407:] (in Polish). Łódź.
2930:Borzecki, Jerzy (2008).
2229:Borzecki, Jerzy (2008).
2152:Indiana University Press
1288:. pp. 202–203, 74.
1034:
131:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
98:Polish People's Republic
37:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3605:Wilno i Ziemia Wilenska
3565:Polacy w Litewskiej SSR
3171:University of Białystok
2901:Gross, Jan. T. (2002).
2739:Acta Poloniae Historica
2463:Juozas, Rainys (1936).
2033:Oxford University Press
2027:Davies, Norman (2005).
1739:Oxford University Press
1705:Davies, Norman (2012).
1004:repatriated to Poland.
981:World War II expulsions
345:rented land from local
64:, whose main focus was
33:Polish–Lithuanian union
3882:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3613:Veblaitis, P. (1956).
3477:"Extension of Remarks"
3471:Lipscomb, Glenard P.;
3101:Service, Hugo (2013).
3080:. Brill. p. 223.
2262:. Brill. p. 275.
1280:Rowell, S. C. (1994).
1110:Council of Ambassadors
872:Second Polish Republic
836:Włodzimierz Szyłkarski
688:
669:
652:
569:
518:
506:
405:) became a Marshal of
167:
3139:Yale University Press
2936:Yale University Press
2235:Yale University Press
675:
663:
649:
623:Polish-Lithuanian war
603:Polish–Lithuanian war
588:The emergence of the
556:and some features of
512:
497:
359:University of Vilnius
215:Władysław II Jagiełło
159:
62:Polish–Lithuanian War
4183:United Arab Emirates
3482:Congressional Record
3458:Lane, A. T. (2001).
3163:Buchowski, Krzysztof
3057:on 27 September 2007
2437:Södertörn University
1564:, pp. 148, 150.
484:Wojciech Bogusławski
460:Władysław Wielhorski
409:and the Starosta of
257:, and the cities of
219:Council of Constance
188:Klemens Moskarzewski
165:Włodzimierz Tetmajer
4258:Polish Diaspora Day
3484:Vol. 104 – Appendix
2519:10.1093/hgs/12.1.27
1576:, pp. 28, 118.
1479:Zapiski Historyczne
1201:Błaszczyk, Grzegorz
900:
731:
627:Żeligowski's mutiny
601:By the time of the
500:1897 Russian census
407:Lithuanian Tribunal
382:Mikołaj Radzimiński
180:aristocratic courts
161:Andrzej Jastrzębiec
4280:Poles in Lithuania
3355:St. Martin's Press
3269:on 15 October 2012
3141:. pp. 91–92.
2553:on 15 October 2012
1782:. pp. 37–38.
1780:University of Łódź
1586:Marples, David R.
1031:with Lithuanians.
898:
894:After World War II
847:Helena Szwejkowska
729:
689:
670:
653:
636:interwar Lithuania
519:
507:
415:Piotr Wiesiołowski
168:
4267:
4266:
4217:
4216:
3968:
3967:
3663:Polish minorities
3528:978-83-11-11724-2
3116:978-1-107-67148-5
2961:Statystyka Polski
2874:Srebrakowski 2001
2862:Srebrakowski 2001
2850:Srebrakowski 2001
2838:Srebrakowski 2001
2826:Srebrakowski 2001
2796:10.18290/sp2142.1
2765:Srebrakowski 2001
2669:Srebrakowski 2001
2657:Srebrakowski 2001
2645:Srebrakowski 2001
2633:Srebrakowski 2001
2602:Srebrakowski 2001
2356:978-0-7656-1833-7
1805:, pp. 73–74.
1789:978-83-7969-952-0
1667:978-0-88033-009-1
1268:Srebrakowski 2001
1205:Litwa współczesna
1146:978-0-295-80362-3
977:
976:
884:Wilno Voivodeship
807:
806:
365:(1541–1597), and
325:From 1569 to 1795
290:Kingdom of Poland
86:Post-World War II
4287:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3691:Great Emigration
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3609:
3598:
3589:
3578:
3559:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3509:
3492:Łossowski, Piotr
3487:
3467:
3454:
3441:
3422:
3416:
3408:
3395:
3389:
3381:
3380:]. Katowice.
3368:
3343:
3319:
3310:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3230:Eberhardt, Piotr
3226:
3215:
3214:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3053:. Archived from
3036:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3010:Eberhardt, Piotr
3006:
3000:
2999:
2984:Studium Vilnense
2975:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2876:, p. 49-50.
2871:
2865:
2864:, p. 50-51.
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2840:, p. 46-47.
2835:
2829:
2828:, p. 43-44.
2823:
2817:
2816:
2798:
2783:Studia Polonijne
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2704:. Archived from
2681:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2397:
2396:, p. 78-79.
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1927:, p. 33-34.
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1326:(1): 20–21, 25.
1311:
1300:
1299:
1277:
1271:
1270:, pp. 23–25
1265:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1151:
1150:
1130:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1090:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
901:
897:
855:
844:
790:Number of pupils
732:
728:
712:Wiktor Budzyński
704:Wiktor Budzyński
468:
457:
449:Barbara Topolska
423:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
207:Teutonic Knights
205:by Vytautas and
196:
153:of the country.
151:Christianization
102:Byelorussian SSR
39:and the gradual
4295:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4213:
4192:
4082:
4046:
3964:
3916:
3875:Southern Europe
3870:
3819:Northern Europe
3814:
3705:
3665:
3659:Polish diaspora
3656:
3575:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3506:
3475:(29 May 1958).
3438:
3410:
3409:
3383:
3382:
3365:
3357:. p. 150.
3340:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3218:
3211:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3173:. p. 293.
3160:
3156:
3149:
3131:Snyder, Timothy
3128:
3124:
3117:
3109:. p. 312.
3099:
3095:
3088:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3037:
3033:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3003:
2976:
2972:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2938:. p. 252.
2928:
2924:
2917:
2899:
2895:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2708:on 3 March 2008
2702:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2574:
2570:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2439:. p. 283.
2429:
2425:
2418:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2025:
2021:
2014:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1913:Trimonienė 2006
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1880:. p. 158.
1870:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:. p. 451.
1731:
1724:
1717:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1633:
1618:
1611:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1502:
1498:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1361:
1357:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1251:
1244:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:. p. 317.
1198:
1194:
1187:
1173:
1154:
1147:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1093:Robert I. Frost
1091:
1087:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
914:City of Vilnius
896:
876:interwar period
868:
862:
849:
838:
716:Tomasz Giżyński
658:
644:
599:
504:Henryk Merczyng
492:
475:
462:
451:
443:, northeast of
417:
402:
395:
384:
331:Union of Lublin
327:
303:agrarian reform
190:
138:
133:
104:to Vilnius and
68:and the nearby
12:
11:
5:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3953:United Kingdom
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3921:Western Europe
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3746:Czech Republic
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3610:
3599:
3590:
3579:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3527:
3510:
3504:
3488:
3468:
3455:
3442:
3436:
3423:
3396:
3369:
3363:
3344:
3338:
3324:Dovile Budryte
3320:
3311:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3247:
3216:
3209:
3195:Dovile Budryte
3186:
3179:
3154:
3148:978-0300105865
3147:
3122:
3115:
3093:
3086:
3068:
3031:
3001:
2970:
2951:
2945:978-0300121216
2944:
2922:
2916:978-0691096032
2915:
2893:
2890:. p. 233.
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2769:
2757:
2744:
2719:
2700:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2606:
2594:
2587:
2568:
2531:
2497:
2490:
2470:
2455:
2445:
2423:
2416:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2370:Eberhardt 1996
2362:
2355:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2275:
2268:
2250:
2244:978-0300121216
2243:
2221:
2215:978-9639776197
2214:
2208:. p. 70.
2192:
2185:
2167:
2161:978-0253006356
2160:
2154:. p. 84.
2138:
2131:
2113:
2096:
2092:Potašenko 2008
2084:
2074:978-0875807300
2073:
2067:. p. 16.
2051:
2041:
2035:. p. 29.
2019:
2013:978-9639776449
2012:
2006:. p. 58.
1990:
1988:, p. 158.
1978:
1976:, p. 155.
1966:
1960:978-0810849143
1959:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1915:, p. 554.
1905:
1901:Potašenko 2008
1893:
1886:
1864:
1860:Potašenko 2008
1849:
1845:Potašenko 2008
1837:
1830:
1807:
1803:Potašenko 2008
1795:
1788:
1766:
1764:, p. 192.
1754:
1747:
1722:
1715:
1697:
1695:, p. 160.
1685:
1683:, p. 118.
1681:Potašenko 2008
1673:
1666:
1648:
1644:Potašenko 2008
1631:
1628:. p. 437.
1609:
1592:britannica.com
1578:
1574:Potašenko 2008
1566:
1554:
1523:
1496:
1462:
1455:
1434:
1432:, p. 149.
1417:
1415:, p. 149.
1413:Błaszczyk 2007
1405:
1398:
1380:
1373:
1355:
1301:
1294:
1272:
1249:
1242:
1224:
1217:
1192:
1186:978-5430052508
1185:
1152:
1145:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1085:
1068:
1058:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1025:Lithuanization
975:
974:
971:
967:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
935:
934:
931:
927:
926:
923:
919:
918:
915:
911:
910:
907:
895:
892:
861:
858:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
720:Bolesław Lutyk
680:avenue in the
657:
654:
643:
640:
619:Sejny uprising
598:
595:
574:Roman Catholic
562:Vilnius region
491:
488:
474:
471:
326:
323:
225:delegation.
142:Union of Krewo
137:
134:
132:
129:
121:Roman Catholic
106:Vilnius region
94:Lithuanian SSR
22:Polish culture
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4292:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:United States
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3574:83-7174-857-4
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3505:83-88909-42-8
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3437:83-229-2601-4
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3364:0-312-04806-8
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3339:0-7546-3757-3
3335:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3282:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3212:
3210:0-7546-3757-3
3206:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3087:9789004314092
3083:
3079:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:(in Polish).
2985:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2963:(in Polish).
2962:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2909:. p. 3.
2908:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2852:, p. 53.
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2767:, p. 41.
2766:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2707:
2703:
2701:9986-9216-9-4
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2671:, p. 40.
2670:
2665:
2659:, p. 36.
2658:
2653:
2647:, p. 39.
2646:
2641:
2635:, p. 38.
2634:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2604:, p. 37.
2603:
2598:
2590:
2588:5-420-01585-4
2584:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2491:9986-413-31-1
2487:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2448:
2446:91-89315-63-4
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2417:9786094470974
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2384:, p. 56.
2383:
2378:
2372:, p. 27.
2371:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2335:, p. 45.
2334:
2329:
2323:, p. 44.
2322:
2317:
2311:, p. 43.
2310:
2305:
2299:, p. 42.
2298:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2271:
2269:9789004169838
2265:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2237:. p. 2.
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2186:9781137573643
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2132:9780230550704
2128:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2094:, p. 77.
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1986:Topolska 1987
1982:
1975:
1974:Topolska 1987
1970:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1939:, p. 34.
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1903:, p. 74.
1902:
1897:
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1887:9781107337794
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1861:
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1831:83-85621-37-7
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1777:
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1762:Topolska 2002
1758:
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1748:9780198208693
1744:
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1727:
1718:
1716:9780143122951
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1694:
1693:Topolska 1987
1689:
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1646:, p. 28.
1645:
1640:
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1018:
1017:Russification
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1002:
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23:
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4178:Turkmenistan
4063:South Africa
3958:White Polish
3783:Transnistria
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3278:
3271:. Retrieved
3264:the original
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3199:
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3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3055:the original
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2710:. Retrieved
2706:the original
2690:
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2615:
2609:
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2548:the original
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1999:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1950:
1944:
1937:Rachuba 2010
1932:
1925:Rachuba 2010
1920:
1908:
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1873:
1867:
1840:
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1810:
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1700:
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1621:
1603:
1598:10 September
1596:. Retrieved
1591:
1581:
1569:
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1536:
1532:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1509:
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1052:
1043:
1029:assimilation
1006:
997:
985:Soviet Union
978:
869:
832:Michał Römer
829:
821:
817:
808:
789:
770:
751:
726:Lithuania.
724:
708:Jan Bucewicz
701:
690:
600:
587:
539:
523:Western Krai
520:
515:Interwar map
490:19th century
476:
437:
379:
355:Piotr Skarga
328:
283:
227:
169:
139:
110:
82:Nazi Germany
74:World War II
41:Polonization
30:
17:
15:
4209:New Zealand
4144:Philippines
3948:Netherlands
3805:Switzerland
3447:Politologia
3257:"Lithuania"
3236:(in Polish)
3016:(in Polish)
2967:(34). 1939.
2712:11 February
2541:"Lithuania"
2042:0-199253390
979:During the
930:Šalčininkai
874:during the
850: [
839: [
693:Lithuanized
642:Interbellum
632:irredentist
570:mowa prosta
546:Aukštaitija
502:. A map by
463: [
452: [
418: [
403: 1630
396: 1585
385: [
363:Jakub Wujek
307:Reformation
243:Neman river
234:Grand Duchy
191: [
146:slave raids
117:Šalčininkai
90:transferred
58:World War I
31:During the
4188:Uzbekistan
4171:Polonezköy
4161:Tajikistan
4129:Kyrgyzstan
4124:Kazakhstan
4099:Azerbaijan
3943:Luxembourg
3928:after 2004
3761:after WWII
3670:Historical
3281:monoethnic
3180:8387881066
1218:8301106670
1120:References
962:Švenčionys
864:See also:
812:Valdemaras
746:1928/1929
743:1927/1928
740:1926/1927
737:1925/1926
611:Lithuanian
607:Belarusian
558:Lithuanian
554:Belarusian
329:After the
319:Protestant
223:Samogitian
50:Daugavpils
4204:Australia
4042:Venezuela
3980:Argentina
3856:Lithuania
3756:Ruhrpolen
3537:cite book
3464:Routledge
3413:cite book
3386:cite book
3027:polskiej.
2996:1648-7907
2813:244649675
2805:2544-526X
2741:(25): 98.
1549:0860-0066
1491:0044-1791
1350:221629792
1342:2538-6565
1097:Sigismund
938:Nemenčinė
433:Castellan
411:Mstsislaw
294:Ruthenian
275:Kėdainiai
251:Lithuania
247:Samogitia
230:Podlachia
92:from the
4274:Category
4222:See also
4154:Buryatia
4139:Pakistan
4078:Zimbabwe
4068:Tanzania
4015:Paraguay
4000:Colombia
3973:Americas
3800:Slovakia
3741:Bulgaria
3710:Diaspora
3678:Lechites
3326:(2005).
3197:(2005).
3165:(1999).
3133:(2003).
2990:(2): 6.
2789:: 5–36.
2622:: 78–91.
1516:5 August
1203:(1992).
1099:'s rule.
1077:Mazovian
946:Eišiškės
824:Krajowcy
678:Vytautas
666:interwar
579:tutejszy
535:szlachta
424:was the
347:magnates
286:cultural
279:Nyasvizh
238:fugitive
211:Oleśnica
203:besieged
199:starosta
197:was the
184:Vytautas
176:szlachta
172:burghers
26:language
4197:Oceania
4134:Lebanon
4109:Georgia
4094:Armenia
4058:Senegal
4037:Uruguay
3933:Belgium
3887:Croatia
3846:Ireland
3841:Iceland
3836:Finland
3831:Estonia
3826:Denmark
3810:Ukraine
3790:Romania
3778:Moldova
3773:Hungary
3751:Germany
3736:Belarus
3731:Austria
2286:. 2007.
1543:: 148.
973:22.87%
965:23.86%
957:48.17%
949:67.40%
941:73.21%
933:83.87%
925:81.44%
922:Vilnius
917:20.00%
888:in 1931
581:). The
542:Dzūkija
513:Polish
480:Baroque
473:Vilnius
351:Jesuits
335:Masovia
259:Vilnius
255:Belarus
125:Russian
113:Vilnius
96:to the
66:Vilnius
4166:Turkey
4149:Russia
4114:Israel
4073:Uganda
4051:Africa
4010:Mexico
3990:Canada
3985:Brazil
3938:France
3907:Serbia
3892:Greece
3866:Sweden
3861:Norway
3851:Latvia
3795:Russia
3717:Europe
3585:Raštai
3571:
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3502:
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3240:2 June
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2080:space.
2071:
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2010:
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1605:Poland
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1013:Moscow
970:Vievis
954:Trakai
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685:Kaunas
583:Slavic
566:Polish
445:Kaunas
441:Liauda
371:Canons
299:Kalisz
277:, and
271:Grodno
267:Kaunas
70:region
4119:Japan
4104:China
4005:Haiti
3995:Chile
3912:Spain
3902:Malta
3897:Italy
3620:Karys
3517:[
3403:[
3376:[
3306:Karys
3267:(PDF)
3260:(PDF)
2809:S2CID
2735:(PDF)
2551:(PDF)
2544:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
1475:(PDF)
1346:S2CID
1035:Notes
905:Raion
854:]
843:]
467:]
456:]
430:Minsk
422:]
389:]
375:Crown
343:Crown
315:Latin
311:Bible
263:Brest
195:]
4087:Asia
4030:list
4020:Peru
3766:list
3661:and
3569:ISBN
3543:link
3523:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3451:XXII
3432:ISBN
3419:link
3392:link
3359:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3275:2008
3242:2008
3205:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3063:2008
3022:2008
2992:ISSN
2940:ISBN
2911:ISBN
2801:ISSN
2714:2007
2696:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2559:2008
2486:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2264:ISBN
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2181:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1600:2021
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1518:2021
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1213:ISBN
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