History of Mexico City

1770:, there were attempts to control the public behavior of the poor in Mexico City. Ordinances such as forbidding public defecation and urination had little effect, especially since there was no alternative for the poor to relieving one's self on the street. Also forbidden were the discarding of trash buckets, dead dogs and horse in the streets and gutters. A local police force was tasked with creating order and tidiness. The crown also attempted to regulate taverns, where the poor congregated, drank, gambled and in the estimate of elites, generally got up to no good. Revillagigedo focused special attention on cleaning up the Plaza Mayor and the viceregal palace, removing pulque stalls, garbage, wandering dogs, cows, and pigs, moved the market area elsewhere. He had the area paved with cobblestones, and the area was illuminated with newly place streetlamps. The Alameda park was cleaned and the entrance to it was guarded to prevent the poorly clad plebe from entering. Public space was thus regulated cultural space, separating elites from the poor. 1052:

attempt. During the Liberal Reform of the 1850s, there was a revived plan for solving the problem, settling on a plan proposed by Francisco de Garay for a series of open canals to channel water out of the capital and through the mountains. As public health became more of a concern during the Porfiriato, the stench, uncleanliness, and perceived danger from the capital's water renewed efforts to implement the drainage project. Díaz created a commission to oversee work, but the project went further than merely controlling rainwater and stagnation and sought the expansion of water rights under its control for a growing population. This affected indigenous communities around the lake system. The commission sought foreign loans from the British firm of Pearson and Sons and foreign technology was utilized. The government authorized securing land for area through which the canal was to be built. Díaz considered the Desagüe a top priority, since Mexico's capital was considered a very dangerous place in terms of health.

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time were the so-called "crypto-Jews" of Portuguese descent. Many converted Portuguese Jews came to New Spain looking for commercial opportunities. In 1642, 150 of these individuals were arrested within three or four days, and the Inquisition began a series of trials on suspicion of still practicing Judaism. Many of these were merchants involved in New Spain's principal economic activities. On 11 April 1649, twelve were burned after being strangled and one person was burned alive. A similar fate was in store for those found guilty of homosexuality. Men were burned at the stake in 1568, 1660, 1673 and 1687 after being denounced. While not as likely to be executed, scholars had to be careful at this time, too. Academics such as Fray Diego Rodríguez who advocated the separation of science and theology found themselves the subject of investigations by the Holy Office. Booksellers who did not have their inventory approved by the Church faced fines and possible

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the strange men and their horses. Moctezuma came out from the center of Tenochtitlan onto the causeway to greet them. The two processions met at the entrance to the city. Moctezuma was in a litter draped with fine cotton mantles and borne on the shoulders of a number of lords. He emerged from the litter and the two leaders exchanged gifts. The Aztecs led the Spaniards into the heart of the city where Moctezuma gave them with more gifts and then quartered them in lavish apartments. However, Aztec accounts of the first meeting indicate that Moctezuma was too deferent and generous to the newcomers. An Aztec account relates how the people of Tenochtitlan felt: "as if everyone had eaten stupefying mushrooms..., as if they had seen something astonishing. Terror dominated everyone, as if all the world were being disembowelled.... People fell into a fearful slumber...."

3019:(PRI), which came to power after the Mexican Revolution, again consolidated political power to the city, which benefited to the detriment of other parts of the country. The rapid expansion of Mexico City is related to the country's economic development in the period after World War II, the widening of the manufacturing sector, the success of the oil industry, and the country's proximity to U.S. markets. This growth allowed for the tolerance of PRI's authoritarianism. It still experienced economic growth up to the 1960s, but problems brought on by the one-party system were beginning to show. In 1968, Mexico City hosted the Summer Olympic Games. The event was meant to signal the prosperity of a developing nation, but serious problems had been masked by the PRI's authoritarian regime. Shortly before the inauguration of the Games, 1405: 1538: 394: 888: 722: 1868: 1825:), who judged them as being morally and biologically inferior. Léperos supported themselves as they could through petty commerce or begging, but many resorted to crime. A study of crime in eighteenth-century Mexico City based on official arrest records of the two police forces of Mexico City indicates that léperos were "neither marginal types nor dregs of the lower classes. They consisted of both men and women; they were not particularly young; they were not mainly single and rootless; they were not merely indigenous and casta; and they were not largely unskilled." All of the popular stereotypes of a young rootless, unskilled male are not borne out by the arrest records. "The dangerous class existed only in the collective mind of the colonial elite." 1388:. The viceroy in Mexico City sought to restrict cargoes and frequency on the grounds that the Asiatic trade diverted silver from the principal route which was to Europe. There were also attempts to restrict, then prohibit, trade between Peru and Mexico City in the late 16th and early 17th century, with the objective of keeping control of Peruvian silver. The overall goal was to keep Spain's colonies dependent on trade with the motherland, rather than with each other and even less with colonies of other European powers. Although the viceroy's attempts were not 100% effective, they were effective enough that Mexico City merchants lost control of the Pacific trade, which fell under the control of contrabandists operating from the smaller ports in 2381: 2995:, to buy dozens of centuries-old buildings and other real estate to rehabilitate. Work began with renovating 34 blocks west of the Zócalo, digging up the antiquated drainage system and improving water supply. An architect was put in charge of each of the thirteen main streets to restore the facades of more than 500 buildings. The latest infrastructure projects of this type have been centered on the southeast portions of the area, on República de El Salvador, Talavera, Correo Mayor, Mesones and Pino Suárez streets, mostly focusing on repaving streets and updating the very old drainage system of the area. In the process, the construction is unearthing artifacts from the pre-Hispanic period to the present day. 1079:

the site of the viceroyalty of New Spain and archbishopric of Mexico, as well as economic elites, Mexico City was the center of power. Socially, the viceregal government and ecclesiastical authorities remained the pillars of Spanish colonialism. Its prestige as representing civilization allowed the colonial system to function during the long period from the 1640s to the 1760s when crown authorities in Mexico City were too weak politically to regulate much of the economic activities over such a vast territory. These institutions' close association with Mexico City also ensured this city's dominance in the political territory of New Spain, providing the links that kept the vast and expanding empire together.

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their position within the family was subordinate, that there was a pattern of male domestic violence "often growing out of a need to demonstrate virility or control over the wife", resulting in the wife violently acting out against others outside of the nuclear family. Women were also arrested for desertion at higher rates than men, mainly when the women were in their twenties. Arrest records indicate that many of these women had provincial origins and the women migrated to the capital leaving a spouse behind. Their arrests for desertion indicates their spouses wanted them reunited with the family. In trials the women often stated that nonsupport or domestic abuse was the reason they deserted.

937: 207: 2295: 1064: 429: 3008: 1002: 1455: 621:. According to these reports, the direction of the ships' arrival and because of the Spaniards light skin, long beards and short hair fit a prophecy about this god's return. This motivated Moctezuma to send gifts to the Spaniards when they arrived in Veracruz. This has now been heavily criticised by historians, who believe that the Spaniards THOUGHT the Aztecs thought they were Gods, but there is little evidence from Mexica sources that this was the case, instead, Moctezuma was probably following known rules of statecraft established and sent gifts to demonstrate they did not plan on immediately attacking the newcomers. 1032:(now part of Mexico City), increasing the displacement of indigenous ownership of land there. In 1630, there was a serious proposal to move the capital to dry land rather than continue dealing with constant flooding. Elite Mexico City property owners and the city council opposed the plan, since they would incur huge real estate losses. There was another major push to deal with flooding, but the pattern of neglect of the desagüe infrastructure and subsequent inundation of the capital recurred, with flooding in 1645, 1674, 1691, 1707, 1714, 1724, 1747 and 1763. Floods continued into the early republic after independence. 2314: 774:

into consideration as well. In a number of ways, this made the Spaniards another factor in the ongoing political conflicts between rival native peoples, not to mention that Spanish were vastly outnumbered. For much of the colonial period, parts of Mexico City would remain very indigenous in character, with elements of these cultures surviving into modern times. Two separate parts of the capital were under indigenous rule, San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco, with Nahua governors who were intermediaries between the indigenous population and the Spanish rulers, although the capital was designated a

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titles gained them after their families had accumulated wealth over several generations. Many of these nobles made their money outside of the capital at large haciendas or in mining but spent their fortunes in the capital. Those who made their money in the city were usually wholesalers from lower social backgrounds. The merchant-financiers became almost as prominent as the landowners because they were the decisive element of the city's economy. Many of the leading figures were of Spanish origin, although their principal economic interests and family connections were within New Spain. For example, the

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cut off. The Spanish outside the city had no food supplies and a severe shortage of drinking water. Cortés had Moctezuma try to pacify his people by speaking to them from the palace, but the emperor was greeted with a storm of stones and arrows, wounding him badly. Moctezuma died a short time later, but whether he died from his injuries or whether the Spanish killed him, seeing that he was no longer of use to them, is unknown. The news of Moctezuma's death caused uproar in the city. The Spanish tried to flee unnoticed but were caught. Hundreds of canoes closed in on the city from all sides.

2545: 2495: 31: 2280: 1281: 1595:, from 1742. This blending of wealth of landowners and merchant-financiers led to a blending of traditional and modern practices. Matrimony and personal ties continued to be the principal means of solidifying business interests. Nephews, other relatives and friends formed broad networks of interest over a wide geographical area from the capital cities into the countryside and through the span of economic activities. The landowners, however, remained in a slightly higher social position because their livelihoods stemmed from their close working arrangement with the colonial state. 1950: 2344: 2363: 1781:) to store wheat and corn so that the price of basic staples did not soar for the urban poor. It was as much an act of charity as prudent state planning to prevent bread riots. Mexico City had experienced two major riots in the seventeenth century, one in 1624 that ousted the viceroy who attempted to eliminate excessive profits for grain and other goods by creole traders. The other was in 1692 where a mob burned the archbishop's and the viceroy's official residence. A first-hand account of the 1692 riot was recorded by seventeenth-century savant, Don 2851: 575: 2401: 567: 1220: 629:

destroy him. So on 16 November, Cortés detained Moctezuma, placing him under house arrest. In this way, Cortés hoped to rule through the emperor. However, Moctezuma's power was dwindling in the eyes of his people. The Aztecs grew ever more resentful of the Spaniards' attacks on their religion and their relentless demands for gold. Resistance broke out on one of the lakeside settlements, which Cortés tried to quell by having a formal ceremony where the emperor swore allegiance to the Spanish king. He also tried to have the Mexica

1201: 1266: 1921:(Independence, Union, Religion) entered Mexico City on 21 September 1821. On the following 27 September, Mexico was declared independent. The Mexico City nobles sought to preserve as much of the old as possible, and garnered the support of a substantial section of the royalist army to recreate central power. Their objective was to halt the devolution of power to the regions outside the city and the lower echelons of society. Shortly after his triumphant entrance into the city, Iturbide declared what is now known as the 2092: 2906:

work and the other economic. Many of these immigrants settle illegally in the urban fringe with the hope that the government will eventually provide public services. The provision of water and wastewater service for the growing population of Mexico City is the problem air pollution was in the 1970s and 1980s. Such growth rates and patterns mean substandard potable water supplies and waste water treatment, if they exist at all. Over 70% of Mexico City's potable water from the aquifer below it, which is being

2265: 2108: 195: 1966: 2080: 923:), separate from the Spanish city council. San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco became the mechanism for the crown to rule through indigenous intermediaries, particularly important in the Spanish capital since it also had a significant indigenous population. San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco were not called by the Nahuatl term for polity, altepetl, but rather "partes" or "parcialidades" of Mexico City, with their new place names having a Christian saint's name preceding the 1187: 1235: 1884: 1982: 1833:

gambling. In the late colonial period, the police actively arrested the largest number of people (both men and women) for tavern violations, drunkenness, gambling, disorderly conduct, and violence, as well as the sexual crimes of "incontinence", i.e., what English law calls common-law marriage, living together without marriage, and promiscuity. They made arrests for other crimes only when a complaint was filed; these crimes included theft, vagrancy, family offenses, and debt.

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state. More specifically, they looked for more power in the rural regions outside of Mexico City where their holdings were. There was an experience in such decentralization in September 1808, when tensions between the metropolis and the other regions of New Spain were high. Then regional elites used this situation to subvert the colonial government in the city, turning to popular mobilization against the elite of Mexico City when they failed to subvert the colonial militia.

2720: 2818: 2329: 1098: 1707: 694: 2972: 2178: 734: 335: 2728: 1172: 745: 483: 1514: 1301: 6909: 2863: 1526: 1480:(in which he has merged the castizos), in the capital there were 19,357 (18.5%) and in the intendancy 112,113 (10.7%). For the mulatto category, the capital listed 7,094 (6.8%) with the intendancy showing 52,629 (5.0%). There is apparently no separate category for blacks (Negros). The category Indian showed 25,603 (24.4%), with the intendancy with 742,186 (71.1). The capital thus had the largest concentration of Spaniards and 1564: 2886:. The subway system was a huge infrastructure project, designed to be mass transit for those in Mexico City without cars. There had been proposals for a subway system dating back decades, but political forces in favor of car owners (middle class and elites) blocked the plans for underground mass transit. The subway system allows for movement of large numbers of people to increasingly far flung areas of the city. When the 2999:

the city center included the construction of the new mayoral residence just off the Zócalo. The government has buried electric and telephone cables in the area, and replaced old asphalt with paving stones. It has also installed nearly 100 security cameras to help with crime issues. This paved the way for the opening of upscale eateries, bars and fashionable stores. Also, young people are moving into downtown lofts.

1110: 770:, Cortés's reason was cultural. Leaving the site as it was would leave a memory of what was and would perhaps allow for a rival city to emerge. So the site was chosen so that all remains of the old empire could be erased. Major flooding in the early seventeenth century, however, raised again the question of where the capital should be located, with elite property owners facing losses if the capital were moved. 1549: 517: 460:, and an eagle perched upon it with its wings spread and its face looking toward the sun. When the eagle left, Axolóhua submerged himself into the waters around the island and Cuaucoatl went back to report what he saw. The people were confused because what the two priests had seen was only part of the sign they were told to expect. Twenty-four hours later Axolóhua returned. While underwater, he saw the god 1837:

and other mixed-race castas) were arrested for financial crimes (gambling, debt), tavern violations, family offenses, vagrancy, and disorderly conduct. Indigenous people were jailed separately. Women were arrested less frequently than men, but they were still about a quarter of total arrests. Women were arrested for violence, mainly violence against other women. An early nineteenth-century lithograph by

6921: 1749: 1917:. After switching sides, Iturbide chose to pressure the colonial government by repeating Hidalgo's strategy of closing in on the city from the surrounding area. Iturbide was able to succeed where Hidalgo had not because the Spanish-born commanders in the city supported Iturbide's idea of limited autonomy, and many the royalist forces were in the field battling insurgents like Guerrero. Iturbide's 2980: 2456:. After deposing President Porfirio Díaz and taking power in 1911, Mexicans expected Madero to make widespread changes in government but were surprised and disappointed to find Madero following many of the same policies and employing the same personnel as the Díaz government. This eventually resulted in revolts against the Madero regime. Madero's fear of these revolts led him to commission 1024:. In 1607, 4,500 Indigenous people were drafted to build the 8-mile-long combination drainage ditch and tunnel and 1608, the work was continued with 3,000. Flooding was controlled in the short term, and in subsequent years the Desagüe infrastructure was not maintained. In 1629, rains inundated the capital and flood waters remained in the capital for the next few years. Viceroy Don 2898:

Under relentless growth, Mexico City had lost its charm by the 1970s, when the government could barely keep up with services. Mexico City was choking in smog and pollution. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge

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progress. For buildings, much advance planning and other work was needed to have them completed in time for September 1910. During that month in Mexico City, there were "inaugurations of a new modern mental hospital, a popular hygiene exhibition, an exhibition of Spanish art and industry, exhibitions of Japanese products and avant-garde Mexican art, a monument to

2420: 509:. With a vast income of tribute, Tenochtitlan grew to become one of the largest and richest urban areas in the world at that time. The city had services and infrastructure that was unheard of in the rest of the world: potable water brought in by aqueducts, drainage systems and wide, paved streets. Their markets boasted of products from nearly every part of 1028:, the Mexico City council (cabildo), secular and regular clergy, and elite Spanish residents of Mexico City combined efforts to provide immediate relief, and taxes and diversion of indigenous labor to construction of the Desagüe aimed at dealing with the long-term problem of flooding. A number of Spaniards moved to dry land to the nearby settlement of 1499:, the central sector of the city where the civil and religious institutions were based and where there was the highest concentration of wealthy merchants. But non-Spaniards also lived there. Indigenous people were found in higher concentrations in the sectors on the fringes of the capital. Castas appear as residents in all sectors of the capital. 819:) of the city had power that extended far beyond the city's established borders, due to the existence of areas on the mainland that in the prehispanic period were subordinate to Tenochtitlan. Such was approved by Charles V in 1522, authorizing the city to step into rural affairs to "protect and benefit" indigenous people as well as the Spanish. 1426:

tributaries in 1562 is 12,971. The estimates of the European population in Mexico City is also imprecise, with figures coming from a variety of sources. In 1525 there were 150 households occupied by Spaniards, with the European population increasing steadily during the entire colonial period. The highest estimate for the colonial era is by

1623:, by building churches, funding missionary activities and charities. Sometimes nobles would also hold religious office or give one or more children (usually daughters) to a religious vocation but this was relatively rare. Demonstrating loyalty to king meant paying taxes to maintain their titles, sometimes purchasing military rank as well. 2165:, starting in 1877. However, the thoroughfare extends southwest to northeast, breaking the north–south, east–west orientation of roads before it. With the ouster of the imperial French in 1867 and return to Mexico City of republican president Benito Juárez, the avenue was initially renamed Calzada Degollado and then in 1872 changed to 2024:. Despite being forewarned of U.S. intentions by a tactical mistake, the Mexicans found themselves outgunned by the invading army at Contreras. This allowed the Americans to cross the Pedrégal and move in on the Mexican troops at San Antonio from behind. The assault on the carefully laid defenses at San Antonio became known as the 162:. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population stood at about 500,000. The city's history in the 20th and 21st centuries has been marked by explosive population growth and its accompanying problems. The city center deteriorated. The government has had problems keeping up with basic services, but the building of the 1476:

intendancy as a whole 1,043,223, excluding 2,299 officials. In both the capital and the intendancy, the European population was the smallest percentage, with 2,335 in the capital (2.2%) and the intendancy 1,330 (.1%). The listing for Spaniard (español) was 50,371 (48.1%), with the intendancy showing 134,695 (12.9%). For

4393: 425:. While the Mexica impressed the Colhuas with their battle skills, the latter expelled the former when the Mexica sacrificed the hearts of their captives to Huitzilopochtli. They went to Tizapan. After that, they wandered the rim of Lake Texcoco. The migration lasted around 260 years; from 1064 to 1065 to 1325. 1018:

periodic flooding. Spaniards had not maintained the Aztec drainage system, which included a major dike. Major floods in Mexico City were recorded in 1555, 1580, 1604, and 1607, indigenous labor was diverted when crown officials undertook a major project to divert water via a drainage system, known as the

617:, then-chief of the Aztecs, had been receiving accounts of the Europeans' arrival since their ships (reported as towers or small mountains on the eastern sea) arrived in the Yucatán then Veracruz. First-hand accounts from Spaniards indicate that the Aztec were under some impression that Cortés was the god 2998:

All over the historic center, streets have been pedestrianized, buildings have been remodeled and restored, and new museums opened. In the 1990s, after many years of controversy, protests and even riots, most street vendors were evicted to other parts of the city. The impetus to bring things back to

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Explosive growth in the population of the city started from the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into neighboring state of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest and northeast. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to 8,831,079.

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realized that his 1,000 men were too few to hold the castle, but he attempted to do so. Mexican troops on the western slope of the castle held for a while, but Pillow's men captured the castle by 9:30 am the day of the attack. To end the war officially, American and Mexican representatives

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was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family, not the individual. For an individual to receive a noble title, he would have to prove his family's bloodline as well as their loyalty to God and king for a number of generations prior.

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In his analysis of the 1790 census of Mexico City and its surrounding area, Dennis Nodin Valdés compared the population of the capital with the census of the Intendancy of Mexico in 1794. The total number of Mexico City residents counted in 1793 was 104,760 (which excludes 8,166 officials) and in the

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wholesale merchants who dealt in long-distance trade, who often married into local elite families with commercial ties. Their assets had to amount to at least 28,000 pesos. Although they were not supposed to deal in local retail trade, they often did some indirectly. They mainly lived in Mexico City

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as a social and political tool. Public hangings and even burnings, not unusual in Europe at the time, were also used in New Spain, especially in Mexico City, as demonstrations of the joint power of the Church and the State over individual actions and social status. One group that suffered during this

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Since Mexico City was built on an island in the center of a large but shallow lake system, flooding became a serious issue during the colonial period. Spaniards denuded hillsides of their trees from the early conquest era on, so that mud and silt made the lake system even shallower, exacerbating the

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The new city inherited much of the old city's look, oriented to the four cardinal directions with both canals and streets to move people and goods. However, the canals had already begun to shrink due to efforts to make the land streets wider.The first public building was called Las Atarazanas, where

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The Spanish may well have found "Tenochtitlan" hard to say. They did shift the accent from Nahuatl pronunciation from Tenochtítlan (with the standard emphasis on the penultimate syllable) to Tenochtitlán. and eventually adopted the city's secondary name "Mexico", the "place of the Mexica" or Aztecs.

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Although the fall of Tenochtitlan was a swift and definitive occurrence, this did not imply that the Spanish domination of the entire city, or the rest of Mexico, would be a rapid process. Indigenous cooperation in the destruction of Aztec power ensured that Cortés would have to take allied interests

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For a time, these allied peoples made use of the arrival of the European in the hopes of creating a world freed of Aztec domination. Spanish objective, however, was that they themselves would benefit from the destruction of Tenochtitlan, making the native peoples not free, but rather more subservient

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still opposed their arrival. At first they tried diplomacy to convince the Mexica to leave. The Mexica fought these lords and lost, retreating to a place called Acocolco and hiding in the marshes, becoming subjects of a people named the Colhuas. Two years later, the Colhuas asked the Mexicas to fight

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of 1519–1521. At its height, Tenochtitlan had enormous temples and palaces, a huge ceremonial center, and residences of political, religious, military, and merchants. Its population was estimated at least 100,000 and perhaps as high as 200,000 in 1519 when the Spaniards first saw it. During the final

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While this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America it proved to be a disaster politically for the PRI. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to not only create and direct their

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and milling vendors. For many people, especially international visitors, Mexico City's reputation for pollution, traffic and crime has made the city someplace "get into and out of as fast as you can," seeing it as little more than an airport through which to make their connecting flights to the more

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moved most of its facilities to the new Ciudad Universitaria. The reason for the decline of the city center was partly man-made and partly natural. In the 1940s, the city government froze rents so that until 1998, when the government repealed the law, tenants were still paying what they were in the

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being laid out in a rectangular fashion, similar to the older part of the city. Obrera was named after the artisans that populated the place when it was established, and Roma was for the upper-classes, reaching the height of its splendor between 1917 and 1922. Another wealthy neighborhood that was

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to dress its concerns. During the Lázaro Cárdenas presidency (1934–40), the government reduced spending in the capital, leaving infrastructure, such as water, sewage, lighting, without resources. Cárdenas did not implement rent control or aid urban renters, and in 1938–39, renters attempted to gain

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Peace did not last long. Santa Anna's losses to the Americans created great discontent among his political opponents who coalesced to call themselves the Reform movement or the Liberals. Those who supported Santa Anna's regime and the power of the Catholic Church were called the Conservatives. The

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to push their interests militarily. Iturbide had fought against Morelos between 1813 and 1816. However, between 1816 and 1820, Iturbide was becoming sympathetic to the idea of some degree of independence for Mexico. In 1821, Iturbide was the supreme commander of the royalist forces and had put down

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shows two indigenous women fighting, each with a baby on her back. Women also attacked men whom the woman knew as an acquaintance or a common law partner; less frequently they attacked their legitimate husbands. One explanation for the pattern of female violence among the poor in Mexico City is that

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gave to establish the Hospital de Jesús, which is the only venue in Mexico City that has a bust of the conqueror. Another eighteenth-century example of private philanthropy that then became a crown institution was the ‘'Hospicio de Pobres'’, the Mexico City Poor House, founded in 1774 with funds of

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Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of its primacy. It was the capital of the viceroyalty, seat of the archbishopric, residence of civil and religious officials of all ranks, as well as wealthy merchants who engaged in international trade, but also the center of much regional trade. The

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From the early eighteenth century, the city was able to grow as the waters of the lake receded. In 1700, the city advanced towards the east and south and west, as the north was still bounded by water. To the west, it expanded to what is now Balderas Street. In the latter half of the 18th century the

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designation, in typical colonial fashion. The structure in these two indigenous-ruled sections of the capital were on the same pattern of indigenous towns elsewhere in central Mexico. In the sixteenth century, these indigenous political structures mobilized tribute and labor rendered to the Spanish

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Cortés first saw Tenochtitlan on 8 November 1519. Upon viewing it for the first time, Cortes and his men were "stunned by its beauty and size...." The Spaniards marched along the causeway leading into the city from Iztapalapa. The towers, temples and canoes filled with crowds who gathered to look at

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property, along with popular resistance and opposition movements. A major problem is the illegal movement of the poor building shantytowns, then resisting eviction, often with violence, often until the government gives into demands to build popular-sector housing in the area. While such housing is

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moved his government to the capital city. Since the Catholic Church was as much a target of the Reform movement as the government was, a number of ecclesiastical buildings were torn down or turned to other uses. The liberals' urban program was to transform "an ecclesiastical capital into a secular

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reported that foreigners were often horrified at the differences between how the nobles lived and the misery of the common people. In the late 18th century and early 19th century, there was a strong desire among nobles to transform colonial absolutism to something like an autonomous, constitutional

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By the 1530s, Mexico City was given jurisdiction over other town councils of New Spain and quickly established itself as the most populous and powerful city in the Americas. Like that of the Aztecs, the Spaniards' grasp extended well beyond the capital and the Valley of Mexico—only much farther. As

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or town council of the Spanish capital there, so that he could choose where the city would finally be. No one but Cortés wanted to rebuild the Aztec site. Most of the other conquistadors wanted the new city to be closer to the mountains, pastures and groves they would need for supplies, for example

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After regrouping in Tlaxcala, Cortés decided to lay siege to Tenochtitlan in May 1521. For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of disease brought by the Europeans. Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and fought their

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The Aztecs recaptured their city with Cortés's men fleeing the city, followed by arrows and rocks. Some found their way to a causeway out of the city. Some others, like the troops of Juan Velázquez, were forced to retreat toward the center of the city, where they were captured and sacrificed. When

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who told him that they did indeed find the place and that they were welcome. They moved to the islet and began to construct their city. Later versions of the story have a snake in the eagle's mouth. The Mexica called their city Tenochtitlan meaning "place of the nopal," referring to the myth of its

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administration (1924–28) began placing colonial-style tiles on street corners "on each street that has some history or legend that merits remembrance by means of their old names." This was part of the government's aim to shape public memory in the city, particularly of the Revolution. Many street

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to assist in defense. Meanwhile, Huerta convinced Madero to allow him to take over defense of the National Palace. Huerta betrayed Madero and Pino Suárez forcing Madero and Pino Suárez to sign resignations. On the night of 22 February, Huerta ordered Madero and Pino Suárez to be transferred to the

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ruled the nation for more than three decades between 1876 and 1910. During this time, he developed the city's infrastructure, such as roads, schools, transportation, and communication systems. He also encouraged foreign investment and laid the groundwork for industrial development. In Mexico City,

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Indigenous people were over-represented in arrest records, that is they were arrested at higher rates than their proportion of the population. They were most often arrested for drunkenness, theft, and violence. Non-Indians (‘'gente de razón'’, a category that included Spaniards, mestizos, mulatos,

814:

arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. But Mexico City had long since been the major settlement of "conquerors and immigrant for their own reasons already made ... Mexico City their principal " before the establishment of the high court (Audiencia), the archbishop, and the viceroy. The town

667:

While Cortés was gone, Alvarado imprisoned two important Aztec leaders and killed several others. Tensions exploded when Alvarado ordered a massacre during the spring festival of Huizilopochtli. When Cortés returned in June 1520 the situation was dire. Communications and entrances to the city were

278:

Two narratives about the founding of the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, which would become modern Mexico City, overlap: the archeological and historic record, and the mythological and historical recounting from the Mexica themselves. The central highlands of what is now Mexico were inhabited for many

132:

was founded in 1553 as part of the complex of the Plaza Mayor but is now located in the south of the capital. Many religious institutions for the education of the sons of Spanish elites were also based in the capital. Mexico City had the colony's largest concentration of those of Spanish heritage

2905:

Mexico City is still the cultural, economic, and industrial center for the nation. With a metropolitan-area population approaching 20 million, roughly equivalent to the entire state of Texas, it is a magnet of growth. People in large numbers still migrate from rural areas to the city in search of

1788:

Other institutions designed to protect and aid the vulnerable were the General Indian Court, founded in 1591, to give access of indigenous communities and indigenous individuals to justice and supported by a half-real tax to pay for lawyers. For women who needed protection, the Church created the

1598:

Some landowners' holdings were almost kingdoms. Between the 1730s and the 19th century, the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo had amassed properties that combined were about two-thirds the size of Portugal, or 19,000,000 acres (77,000 km). These estates were centered in the modern-day state of

1442:

in 1790. In 1689, there was an estimate of 57,000 residents. An estimate for 1753 based on a partial census mandated by the Audiencia put the population at 70,000. In the period between 1689 and 1753, there were at least nine epidemics. The Revillagigedo census of 1790 counts 112,926 residents, a

524:

Tenochtitlan roughly correlates with the historic center of modern Mexico City. During the pre-Hispanic era, the city developed in a planned fashion, with streets and canals aligned with the cardinal directions, leading to orderly square blocks. The island that the city was founded on was divided

119:, Mexico City was the center not only of political and religious institutions but also of Mexico's economic activity and the residence of Spanish colonial elites (1521–1821). Great merchant houses linked to Spain were located here, and the economic elites whose properties were often elsewhere in 2431:

By the early 20th century, Mexico City was becoming a modern city, with gas and electric lighting, streetcars, and other modern amenities. However, the regime concentrated resources and wealth in the hands of a few people. The majority of the nation languished in poverty. Social injustice led to

1574:

The concept of nobility transferred to New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. A noble title here did not mean one exercised great political power as one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, most of those who had

1051:

After independence, there were continued attempts to complete the drainage project, with activity in the early 1830s. During the U.S. invasion of the valley of Mexico, its army made a study of the problem, but the withdrawal of U.S. forces with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo put an end to that

801:

but instead to grant him the noble hereditary title of Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca, with vast numbers of tributary indigenous people there and elsewhere. Though substantial offering, Cortés felt betrayed and embittered by the refusal of the emperor to grant him governorship of New Spain. The

2193:

With the ouster of the French occupiers and the political exile of their conservative Mexican supporters, liberalism put its stamp on Mexico City in the form of new monuments and the renaming of streets. Most prominently, the new, wide avenue became Paseo de la Reforma, with statues of liberal

1903:

and others. While the nobility in Mexico City also did not like the absolute colonial system, their goal was limited representation and autonomy within the Spanish empire. They decided to make their stand in 1820, after the rural insurgency had been going on for several years, choosing Colonel

1845:

Men also deserted their wives, but were arrested in smaller numbers (perhaps not reflecting the real extent of their desertion); these men abandoning their families did so between the ages of 20 and 49. In their trials, many men cited their inability to support their families as the reason for

1773:

The founding of the Royal Cigar Factory was another eighteenth-century crown project, part of the establishment of the royal tobacco monopoly, which both brought significant revenue to the crown in the sale of cigars and cigarettes, but the factory in Mexico City and a few other major colonial

1607:

was sold to various textile workshops. The Aguayos left these estates in the hands of administrators, backed by armed guards to ward off indigenous attack, to live off the revenues in Mexico City, where they possessed four palatial residences. Their title had been awarded in 1682, but the land

628:

However, the camaraderie between the two leaders did not last long. While the Spaniards marveled at the city's artifacts and strange foods, they were horrified by the religious rites involving human sacrifice and, being vastly outnumbered, Cortes worried greatly that Moctezuma was plotting to

2244:

In 1910, Mexico celebrated the 1810 Hidalgo revolt that initiated the independence movement in Mexico. Díaz had been in power since 1876 and saw the occasion of the centenary as an opportunity for the creation of new buildings and monuments and to invite world dignitaries to show off Mexico's

1832:

Arrest records are one of the few ways to get at empirical data about the urban poor. Not all arrests led to criminal cases and prosecuted, and not all prosecutions led to convictions. Formal prosecutions usually involved serious crimes against persons (homicide, aggravated assault), but also

1425:

Population figures for the city are inexact for Spaniards, mixed-race castas, and indigenous. Some idea of the indigenous can be discerned from tribute records. In 1525, the city had perhaps 22,000 indigenous inhabitants, dropping precipitously starting around 1550. A figure for Tenochtitlan

2140:

Emperor Maximilian undertook an accelerated program of urban renovation under the supervision of Mexican architect, Francisco Somera. Somera had served on the city council of the capital and dealt with the city's infrastructure, such as roads, sewers, canals, and pavement. His portfolio and

826:

were tasked with the layout of the new Spanish city. They were assisted by two Aztecs, but their names are lost to history. The Spaniards decided to keep the main north–south and east–west roads that divided the city into four and the boundaries of the city were set with an area of

1136:

Despite this concentration of Catholic power, the indigenous population's understanding of Catholic doctrine and practice was not thorough, even in the capital itself. Residual native practices survived and were reflected in the natives' practice of the new faith. Franciscan friar

1744:

for adults to mainly being an orphanage for abandoned street children. The Mexico City Poor House was partially supported by another eighteenth-century institution, the Royal Lottery. There was also a foundling home established in 1767, the ‘'Casa de Cuna'’ (house of the cradle).

537:

and to a dike into the lake, respectively. The calpullis were named Cuepopan, Atzacualco, Moyotla and Zoquipan, which had subdivisions and a "tecpan" or district council for each one. The intersection of these roads was the center of the city and of the Aztec world. Here were the

928:

capital. Even though prehispanic Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco was built on an island in the middle of the major lake system, they had political power over holdings on the mainland, a standard pattern of scattered rather than compact settlement and rule. These mainland holdings or

1626:

Their last duty was to maintain a certain show of luxury. It was not a case of "keeping up with the Jones'", but rather a requirement of the position. Families that could not keep up a certain level of luxury were scolded by royal officers as not honoring their title. Such

1793:, a kind of shelter for healthy women who voluntarily wished to live a sheltered life in a religious atmosphere; some other institutions for women were to reform prostitutes and were not voluntary. Both types were in decline when the Mexico City Poor House was established. 873:

For a period, the city was called by the dual name Mexico-Tenochtitlan, but at some point, the capital of the viceroyalty's name was shortened to Mexico. The name "Tenochtilan" endured in one of the capital's two indigenous-ruled sections, known as San Juan Tenochtitlan.

869:, the area east of the main plaza was built up first, with the lake's waters up against the walls of a number of these constructions. The west side grew more slowly as flooding was more of an issue, and it was farther from the city's docks that brought in needed supplies. 1860: 3076:, in the former Lake Xaltocan. According to the INAH, mammoth skeletons revealed in what used to be the shallow part of the lake were better anatomically preserved than those found in the deeper parts of the former lake. Mammoths probably got stuck in the lake and died. 1433:

The size of Mexico City's population and its demographic contours have been enduring questions for crown officials as well as modern scholars. There were major epidemics that affected the population, starting with the smallpox epidemic of 1520 that was a factor in the

498:. Shortly thereafter, the people of Tenochtitlan had their own monarchy. The two cities became rivals. Eventually, Tenochtitlan conquered Tlatelolco eliminating its rulers and incorporated the city into Tenochtitlan and was named Mexico which some natives didn't like. 988:

In 1600, the city grew again, towards the east to what is now the Circuito Interior and to the north towards Tlatelolco, which was then called Real de Santa Ana, stopping at the Calzada de los Misterios, which was a pre-Hispanic processional route to the sanctuary of

606:

heard about the great city and also learned of long-standing rivalries and grievances against it. Although Cortés came to Mexico with a very small contingent of Spaniards, he was able to persuade many of the other native peoples to help him destroy Tenochtitlan.

2959:

took its toll on a number of these structures, which were never fixed or rebuilt, leading to slums with and garbage-strewn vacant lots. The result was the loss of about 100,000 residents of the "Colonia Centro", leaving the area almost deserted at night.

1348:

and Montañés, even though some were from neither of those Iberian regions. American-born merchants came to be part of the consulado in the later colonial period, but a small number of peninsular merchants dominated. Goods were shipped from the Spanish port of

174:

created a foundation to revitalize the historic center as well as sites near the Basilica of the Virgin of Guadalupe. In 2016, the Mexican government initiated the process of greater autonomy from the federal government, creating the Ciudad de México or CDMX.

2624:

From the 1930s on, Mexico City would see an increase in the rate of growth of the city. Colonias Roma and Juárez prospered rapidly and this with the wide Paseo de Reforma to help with transportation, led to the establishments of colonias heading west such as

2294: 2148:

For the most part, growth of Mexico City in the 19th century, was based on extending the rectangular layout of the original Spanish colonial city, even if its borders had an irregular, even zigzag, appearance. In 1865, Emperor Maximilian had a wide avenue,

3031:. The event caused between three and four billion USD in damage as 412 buildings collapsed and another 3,124 were seriously damaged in the city. While the number is in dispute, the most-often cited number of deaths is about 10,000 people. 2380: 3567: 1443:

significant increase. This might be due to migration to the city accelerating. An 1811 census done by the ‘'Juzgado de Policía'’ put the number even higher, at 168,811, which might well reflect displacement from the countryside from the insurgency of

2464:. Huerta was effective in putting down rebellions, but had ambitions that Madero was blind to. Military success gave Huerta power, and he saw an opportunity to make himself dictator. La decena trágica began when military academy cadets quartered in 1484:, with the countryside being overwhelmingly indigenous. The population of the capital "indicates that conditions favoring mestizaje were more favorable in the city than the outlying area" and that there were more high status occupations in the city. 5892:

Weber, Jonathan Michael. "Hustling The Old Mexico Aside: Creating A Modern Mexico City Through Medicine, Public Health, And Technology In "The Porfiriato, 1887–1913." (PhD Thesis Florida State University, 2013). Online; with detailed bibliography pp

1471:

Although Mexico City was designated the capital of the viceroyalty, it still had a significant non-white population throughout the colonial period. In the early period after the conquest, the Spanish population played a pivotal role in the capital.

1246: 961:. In the 19th century, the tallest structures were all churches. In addition to the Cathedral, there were the bell towers and cupolas of Santa Teresa la Antigua, the College of Saints Peter and Paul and the chapel of San Felipe Neri as landmarks. 2436:(1910–1917). The city was not untouched by the revolution. Battles were fought on its streets, and thousands of displaced villagers became refugees in the city. During the revolution, the city was briefly taken over by the famous revolutionaries 1356:

Since Mexico City was the hub of so much sustained economic activity, the capital also attracted large numbers of skilled artisans, who often organized themselves into guilds to protect their monopoly on production for a relatively small market.

2221:, a colonial-era building that was used to produce pseudoscience about criminals. The police had started to take photos of prisoners in Belem in the 1850s, to identify them in case of an escape. Diaz wanted to professionalize the police and the 145:

population in the colony. Many indigenous people also lived in the capital, outside the central core, concentrated in their own section and governed by an indigenous town council. Post-independence, U.S. forces captured Mexico City during the

984:

The first extension of the originally laid city occurred on the north and east sides, taking over lands originally held by native peoples. One example is the neighborhood known as Lecumberri, founded by Basques, meaning "new, good land."

469:

gives the day 18 July 1327, but at least three other codices (Azcatitlan, Mexicanus and Mendoza) placed the time of its founding in the year 1325, and los Anales de Tlatelolco adds the day-sign "1 Zipaktli," correlated to the beginning of

2559:

In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000. By the end of the 19th century, the perimeter of the city had noticeably grown again and by 1929, the boundaries lost any sense of regularity. The city had grown to reach Tacuba,

79:

on its ruins, becoming the center of Spanish colonial power. Following Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico City became the capital of the sovereign nation, remaining its largest and most important city to the present day.

1925:, with himself as emperor, from the palace that now bears his name. The coronation of Agustín as emperor and his wife Ana María as empress took place amid much pomp and circumstance on 21 July 1822 at the Cathedral of Mexico City. The 765:

or in Coyoacán. Some accounts state that the Aztec islet was chosen because its location was strategic, allowing for rapid communication by boat to communities on the shorelines. However, the decision was Cortés's alone. According to

546:

or emperors, palaces of nobles such as the "House of the Demons" and the "House of the Flowers". Also located here were the two most renowned Aztec schools: the Telpuchcalli for secular studies and the Calmecac for priestly training.

789:, who was also King of Spain and its associated European territories. Although Cortés was portrayed to the Spanish court as an ambitious and untrustworthy adventurer by his enemies, he sought to prove his loyalty. First, he wrote the 315:

each claiming legitimacy as descendants of the Toltecs. By the early 16th century, at least a dozen of these city-states had reached 10,000 in population with Tenochtitlan by far the largest at 150,000 and perhaps as high as 200,000.

932:

rendered tribute and labor in the prehispanic period; in the colonial period this pattern continued during the early colonial period, but during the later period (ca. 1650–1821), the pattern broke down and estancias were separated.

1846:

desertion. The insecurity of employment of the lower classes meant that there was continuous stress on the urban poor families, particularly for unskilled or semi-skilled workers, although artisans also abandoned their families.

258:

or pictorial texts, and since Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, the image is in the center of the Mexican flag. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states or

123:

also lived in the capital. The concentration of mansions and palaces in what is now the Mexico City historic center led it to be nicknamed the "City of Palaces", a sobriquet often attributed, perhaps erroneously, to great savant

3616:"Praeclara Ferdina[n]di Cortesii de Nova maris Oceani Hyspania Narratio :Sacratissimo ac Invictissimo Carolo Romanoru[m] imperatori semper Augusto, Hyspaniaru[m], ... Regi Anno Domini M.D.XX. transmissa" 2580:

and Azcapotzalco to the west and north as the last of the lake dried up. The city continued to modernize at a rapid pace. Old palaces and colonial homes were demolished to make way for new roads and modern buildings. By 1924,

952:

being built had limitations as to its height. Near the end of the 16th century however, there was a proliferation of churches with bell towers, leading to a zigzag profile of the city, which was then later modified by church

323:-speaking peoples into the valley. Their presence was resisted; however, taking advantage of the nearly constant conflict among the city-states along the lake shores, the Mexica of Tenochtitlan and their allies since 1430 of 2249:

at the National Library, a seismological station, a new theater in the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, primary schools, new buildings for ministries, and new large schools for teachers." On the actual anniversary of Hidalgo's

1647:. Near the Alameda were the homes of the Marquis of Guardiola, of the Borda family and the house of the Marquis of Prado Alegre as well as the home of the Counts of the Valley of Orizaba who covered the entire façade with 915:(city of Spaniards) and initially kept the remnants of its prehispanic place name, being called "Mexico-Tenochtitlan". No longer the seat of Aztec power, the Spaniards allowed two areas to be ruled through Nahua governors ( 1120:

As the seat of the Archbishopric of Mexico and the site of many diocesan institutions and those of mendicant orders and the Jesuits, and nunneries, Mexico City had a concentration of religious institutional power. The

1451:) shows a significant decrease to 123,907, perhaps showing the return of short-term migrants to their home communities following the waning of the insurgency, but also possibly "fevers" that affected the population. 2313: 1730:

in Mexico City with branches in many other places in Mexico. The Count of Regla's donation is an example of private philanthropy in the late colonial period. A much earlier example was the endowment that conqueror

1634:

The pressure to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Nobles leveled old buildings, using their Aztec stones and Spanish bricks to build more fashionable

3047:

in 1997. Cárdenas promised a more democratic government, and his party claimed some victories against crime, pollution, and other major problems. He resigned in 1999 to run (unsuccessfully) for the presidency.

2870:. Lines use a single color; stations have an icon associated with the station's name. "Cuauhtemoc" is named for the last Aztec emperor, whose name translates to "falling eagle" and the icon is of an eagle head. 2190:

these improvements were most apparent, since this is where government elites, foreign investors, and domestic entrepreneurs lived and worked, while the countryside and smaller cities and pueblos languished.

686:" because Cortés supposedly wept here after his defeat. At least 600 of the Spanish were killed (some estimates state over 1,000), many weighed down by the gold they were carrying; several thousand 2120:

lasted from 1857 to 1861. For a time, the two factions had parallel governments with the Liberals in Veracruz and the Conservatives in Mexico City. When the Liberals were victorious, Liberal president

2968:

attractive resort areas. Until recently, many of the restaurants of the area, even the best, would close early to allow employees time to get home because the area was not particularly safe at night.

1722:, the pawnshop still in operation in modern Mexico City, allowed urban dwellers who had any property at all to pawn access to interest-free, small-scale credit. It was set up in 1777, by the Count of 1487:

Further analysis of the two censuses found that the population of the capital was older and had more women. Women migrated to the capital in higher numbers than men from the surrounding countryside.

104: 1682:, a man of high standing in Australia, to name Mexico City the "city of palaces" in his book "The rambler in Mexico." This moniker is often erroneously attributed to the famous scientist and savant 1344:

Mexico, indicating increased trade and the expansion of the merchant elite. The consulado in late colonial Mexico had approximately 200 members, who divided themselves into two factions based, the

67: 2468:

revolted and began an attack against the National Palace. Madero and Pino Suárez returned to the Palace to address the crisis, calling in reserves from other military academies and the forces of

1933:'s example, crowned himself. Following his coronation, the new empire was politically and financially unstable. Iturbide was accused of taking too much power for himself, and his main rival was 1438:, but there were other major epidemics throughout the colonial period. There were estimates taken in the late seventeenth century, with the largest and most detailed census mandated by Viceroy 1829:

depicts a barefoot and shirtless "lépero or vagabond", in the 1820s, lounging against a wall, smoking a cigarette with his dog gazing up at him. The scene suggests both his vice and laziness.

71:

stage of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Spanish forces and their indigenous allies besieged and razed Tenochtitlan. Because it was strategically and politically important, invader

3035:

own rescue efforts but efforts to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well. This significantly affected politics in the years after the event. This discontent eventually led to

1913:. Iturbide decided to meet with Guerrero, after becoming convinced that independence was the only real course for Mexico. However, Iturbide's idea was a Mexican monarchy with ties to King 2511:

advantage by organizing rent strikes. The middle class and the urban poor joined in the attempt. Not until the electoral reforms of the 1990s was the mayoral elections restored. In 1997

490:

Thirteen years after the founding of Tenochtitlan, the population of the islet had grown and there was internal strife. A portion of the population left and went to the nearby island of

5255: 3015:

From the days of the Aztecs, Mexico City has been the center of power for much of Mesoamerica and the Mexican nation. This centralism simply changed hands when the Spanish arrived, The

2195: 3477: 1937:. In the spring of 1823, Iturbide offered his abdication, which was accepted by his political opponents and then left the country for Europe. Mexico was then declared a republic. The 981:

on the southwest side of the main plaza. Las Casas Consistoriales was built on the south side next to the Palacio de Ayuntamiento, which later became known as the Casa de las Flores.

2400: 1736:

a single ecclesiastical donor, Choirmaster of the Cathedral, Fernando Ortiz Cortés, who became its first director. That institution lasted about a century, until 1871, going from a

713:

way through the city, street by street, and house by house. The Spanish pushed the defenders to the northern tip of the island. Finally, Cuauhtemoc had to surrender in August 1521.

6661: 2963:

By the 1980s, so much had fled the Centro that many of its former mansions were either abandoned or turned into tenements for the poor, and its sidewalks and streets taken over by

2934:

used to be where the wealthy and elite lived. However, in the early 20th century, these classes began to move to areas west and southwest of the Centro, to neighbourhoods such as

2681: 2799: 1726:, who had made a fortune in silver mining, and the pawnshop continues to operate as a national institution in the twenty-first century, with its headquarters still right off the 1055:

When the engineering project was successfully finished the cycle of flooding finally ended. The lake waters ceased to threaten the capital as they disappeared in the modern era.

2917:

reserve. Growth pushing of the edges of this reserve has been causing both economic and political struggles which include fraudulent real estate schemes, illegal development of

2161:

with the National Palace in the downtown core. All along this avenue there were plans to place statues of heroes of Mexican history, which were not realized until the regime of

827:

180 hectares, which was divided into 100 blocks. There were eight principal canals in the Aztec city, including the one that ran on the south side of the main plaza (today

1219: 5451: 2181:

The Angel, monument to Independence on Paseo de la Reforma. Photo taken on a Sunday when the boulevard is closed to vehicular traffic and used by pedestrians and bicyclists.

1462:

system in eighteenth-century Mexico. Spaniards were at the top of the system with mixed-race men and women consigned to the bottom ranks, with both engaging in manual labor.

4492: 2787: 1655:. On San Francisco Street, the most famous house was that of the Marquis of Jaral. It was a former convent that the marquis converted into a replica of the royal palace of 2141:

expertise meant he was concerned with the ongoing problem of flooding in the capital, especially during heavy rains, which the major colonial-era project of drainage, the

2066: 501:

At its height, just before the Spanish arrived, Tenochtitlan was the center of the vast Aztec Empire, stretching from the Atlantic to Pacific coasts and south towards the

166:

has alleviated some major transportation problems. Smog became a serious problem as the shanty towns evolved, formed by the poor of the country migrating to the city. The

6549: 1178: 2654: 1332:. A number of them were connected to the crown mint in the capital. They diversified the assets locally, investing in urban real estate. In the eighteenth century, as 1200: 1145:, which is said to have originated with the vision at Tepeyac Hill to the north of the city's borders in 1531, represented a post-Conquest adoption of the Aztec cult of 842:

and the "New Houses" of Moctezuma, both grand palaces, for his own. Other conquistadors of the highest rank took positions around this square. In the northeast corner,

441: 4653: 2766:

from 1950 to 1953 in the south of the city. It had a noticeable effect on subsequent architecture in the city. The most notable buildings are the Rectoría designed by

456:

to look for the sign their god promised them. The two found an islet near the western shore of Lake Texcoco surrounded by green water. In the middle of the islet was a

4473:

Cooper, ‘'Epidemic Disease in Mexico City, 1761–1813'’, Austin: University of Texas Institute of Latin American studies, Latin American Monographs, no. 3. 1965, p. 180

4419:

J. Ignacio Rubio, "Gente de España en la ciudad de México, año de 1689," ‘'Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación (México), 2nd series, 7 (January–March 1966) p. 13.

2502:

Mexico City lost its democratically elected mayor and legislature/city council in 1928, which left its urban middle class and workers without legislative redress. The

1718:. There were institutions designed both to control the urban poor, but also aid them, created by private donors, the Church, and the crown. The establishment of the 2834: 2646: 2618: 2328: 1280: 701:

At Tlaxcala, Cortés pacified his indigenous allies and rebuilt his military force. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone. They elected a new king,

386:. The god told them that their promised land was close but that they would have to fight for it. Their first opponent was a chief named Cópil, son of a witch named 6226: 2481:, supposedly to be held for transfer to exile. Before the car reached the prison, it was pulled over by armed men and Madero and Pino Suárez were shot and killed. 107:

date from the early conquest era. Many colonial-era buildings remain standing and have been re-purposed as government buildings and museums. As the seats of the

6458: 3591: 1304:

Palacio de Mineria, Mexico City. The elevation of silver mining as a profession and the ennoblement of silver miners was a development of the eighteenth-century

978: 2362: 2125:

one." However, Juárez was soon faced with a new threat when he suspended payments for foreign powers of money borrowed by the conservatives, which sparked the

371: 4428:

Eduardo Báez, "Planos y censos de la ciudad de México, 1753," ‘'Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación (México), 2nd series, 7 (January–March 1966), p. 424.

445: 1767: 1439: 6413: 5882:

Voekel, Pamela. "Peeing on the Palace: Bodily Resistance to Bourbon Reforms in Mexico City," Journal of Historical Sociology 5, no. 2 (June 1992), 183–208.

6478: 2802:. Much of what makes the campus culturally significant is its huge murals that decorate the facades of many of the buildings. These murals were done by 2689: 2673: 2658: 2650: 363: 3922:

Louisa Schell Hoberman, "Bureaucracy and Disaster: Mexico City and the Flood of 1629", Journal of Latin American Studies 6(2) November 1974, pp. 226–27.

2609:, naming their streets after the capitals of Europe. In the first decades of the 20th century, the city extended north to the Río de Consulado, east to 2783: 1926: 1125:

of Mexico City was built over an extended period of time and designed to show the religious power of the Catholic Church. Built on the Plaza Mayor, or

4031:

Louisa Schell Hoberman, "Bureaucracy and Disaster: Mexico City and the Flood of 1629," Journal of Latin American Studies, 6(2), November 1974, p. 224.

1619:

Nobles in New Spain had to continually reinforce their devotion to both God and king. To show their piety, most nobles donated temporal goods to the

6367: 2767: 2638: 4540: 2279: 2036:. While Anaya's position was eventually overrun, he held off the Americans for some time. However, the Mexican army lost 10,000 defenders. The 1941:

established Mexico City as the nation's capital. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.

1070:, built between 1783 and 1864. Built during the Viceroyalty as a summer house-castle for the Viceroy, it was also the official residence of Emperor 4980: 5710:(University of Minnesota Press; 2014) 344 pages; on projects for the 1968 Olympics; Shows how design and architecture figure in national branding. 4847:

Michael Scardaville, "Crime and the Urban Poor: Mexico City in the Late Colonial Period." PhD dissertation, University of Florida 1977, pp. 23–24.

3065: 362:

by 960 CE, but then left and returned to Aztlan. Wandering from Aztlan again around the year "1 Tecpatl" or 1064–65 according to the codices

3334: 2343: 641:

sent an arrest party for Cortés, as his orders were not to conquer but simply to trade. This forced Cortés to leave Tenochtitlan in the hands of

2791: 6321: 5259: 6524: 6393: 5986: 2448:("The Ten Tragic Days") was a series of events leading to a coup d'état in Mexico City between 9 and 22 February 1913 against President 1206: 948:, with only the tower and cross of the convent of San Francisco peaking up from above it all. This profile was due to royal decree. Even the 648: 6326: 2950:. The Centro remained the commercial, political and intellectual center through the mid 20th century, although it was around this time that 1714:

Mexico City also has a long tradition of urban poverty, while at the same time being home to the largest concentration of wealthy people in

449: 6219: 5478: 4560: 1149:. He was also concerned that the prior cult of Quetzalcoatl would find its way into the new religion by equating this god with the Apostle 957:. For centuries afterward, this profile remained constant with only the continuous building of the main Cathedral making any change in the 453: 5625: 5600: 6666: 3489: 2987:

Since then the government has made efforts to revitalize this part of the city. Starting in the early 2000s, it infused 500 million

2685: 437: 4205: 99:

Beginning in 1521, the Aztec ceremonial and political center was rebuilt as the city's main square, the Plaza Mayor, usually called the

6599: 5812:

Olsen, Patrice Elizabeth. "Revolution in the City Streets: Changing Nomenclature, Changing Form, and the Revision of Public Memory" in

3537: 2561: 2503: 4587: 1809:. They were considered a kind of criminal class, contributing to the disorder of Mexico City. Research has found that they included 6388: 5152: 4501:, p. 58, Table 2.2. The census of the Intendancy is found in the Archivo General de la Nación (México), Impresos Officiales, 51. 4006: 1988:, named after the boy cadets who flung themselves off the cliff at Chapultepec Castle rather than be taken alive by the U.S. invaders 673: 378:. They thought that was the land Huitzilopochtli had promised them, but the god told them to continue. They went east and arrived at 5177:

Barbara Tenenbaum, "Streetwise History: The Paseo de la Reforma and the Porfirian State, 1876–1910" in William Beezley et al., eds.

3979: 3027:. On Thursday, 19 September 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1. on the 6805: 6090: 1521:, completed in 1737, home of the counts of Orizaba. It became the Jockey Club during the Porfiriato, and is now owned by Walgreens. 1368:

were colonized and evangelized from Mexico City rather than directly from Spain itself. From the late 1560s until 1813, the annual

1025: 5455: 4407: 2305: 390:

and Huitzilopochtli's sister. The Mexica surrounded Cópil's forces, captured and sacrificed the chief's heart to Huitzilopochtli.

6336: 6212: 6184: 1404: 1257: 1537: 6372: 6290: 6107: 1287: 1088: 911:

largely intact, but Mexico City was an exception since it became the seat of Spanish political power. It was established as a

393: 6514: 6468: 6037: 5877: 4657: 4637: 4215: 3800: 3520: 2712:

and San Ángel were still considered separate entities. A major infrastructure project for mass transit was the ring road, or

1567: 1495:

In studying the 1811 census, there is no absolute segregation by race. The highest concentration of Spaniards was around the

846:

built his house at the foot of the old Aztec main temple. To the south, on what is now Avenida Pino Suárez were the homes of

6871: 6268: 6433: 6253: 6070: 3773:

A Peep at Mexico: Narrative of a Journey Across the Republic from the Pacific to the Gulf in December 1873 and January 1874

2506:

was appointed by the President of Mexico. Residents of the densely populated capital became dependent on the newly formed

2264: 2126: 1435: 1171: 561: 234:. Existing inhabitants resisted their presence, but the Aztecs established a city on a small island on the western side of 155: 6835: 6194: 2633:, extending the city past the Chapultepec forest (now a park). The extension of Insurgentes Avenue southward to where the 2237:

concepts of Jeremy Bentham and was completed in 1900. It became symbolic for Diaz's attempt to put criminals under visual

2194:

heroes and others important to Mexican history lining its route. The monument mania on the Paseo started in 1877 with the

6671: 6140: 6120: 4969:’, "Dispute de deux Indiennes", plate 14. Ed. Justino Fernández 1828. Reprinted Mexico City: Imprenta Universitaria 1956. 3572: 1867: 1265: 6830: 6815: 6645: 6362: 5909: 4133: 1802:, a term elites gave to shiftless vagrants of various racial categories in the colonial hierarchical racial system, the 1796:

In the capital and other Spanish cities in New Spain (and later after independence in 1821), there was a population of

1234: 672:

night fell, Aztec attacks on the Spaniards eased. Cortés took advantage of this to cross the causeway to a place called

331:

conquered the Valley of Mexico, exacting tribute from the same powers that resisted their migration in the first place.

6428: 6423: 6258: 5849: 5743: 3283: 3040: 2044:, headquarters of the military college, where young students defended the castle. In this place died in the battle the 1122: 1102: 1092: 721: 6743: 6738: 6448: 5017: 4232: 3069: 2939: 887: 6408: 6357: 6352: 6082: 5673: 5316: 5226: 4994: 4601: 4570: 4157: 4016: 3989: 3551: 3016: 2507: 1782: 1225: 466: 2858:

unearthed in 1967 during the construction of the Metro, which remains in the center of the Metro Pino Suárez station

2716:, completed in 1964. It allow for quick transit on the periphery of the city, and with easy access to the airport. 1186: 823: 781:

Cortés did not establish an independent, conquered territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the

767: 6483: 6311: 5771: 4562:

Crónica de la orden de N. Seráfico P.S. Francisco, provincia de S. Pedro y S. Pablo de Mechoacán en la Nueva España

3085: 2664:

By 1940 Mexico City had become not only the political and economic capital of Mexico, but also the world's largest

1777:

As Mexico experienced a series of droughts and bad harvests in the eighteenth century, the crown set up granaries (

3981:

From Colonies to Countries in the North Caribbean. Military Engineers in the Development of Cities and Territories

3319: 2145:, had not solved. He was also significantly involved with the expansion of the city from its historic urban core. 2069:, across from the shrine of the patron saint of Mexico, in what is now the far north of the city. They signed the 2016:

covered the southwestern. Between them lay a vast, seemingly impenetrable lava field, called El Pedrégal. General

637:

replaced by Christian ones or at least put them side by side. To add to Cortés' troubles, the Spanish governor of

6941: 6529: 2991:(US$ 55 million) into the Historic Center Trust and entered into a partnership with a business group led by 2705: 2304:, which was used to incarcertate ordinary criminals as well as political prisoners, 1900–1976. It now houses the 6697: 6635: 5575: 4876:. "Lépero o vagabond", plate 31. Ed. Justino Fernández 1828. Reprinted Mexico City: Imprenta Universitaria 1956. 3298: 2955:

1950s. With no financial incentive to keep up their properties, landlords let their buildings disintegrate. The

2935: 2913:

The south of the Federal District contains a number of ecological reserves; one of the most important being the

6574: 6499: 6235: 6135: 6102: 5947: 1044:. To the west, following what is now Avenida Chapultepec towards the Ciudadela, now the National Library, near 1036:

populated area reached eastward to the lakeshore, which then was just beyond the now Circuito Interior and the

936: 448:. They wandered another 36 years knowing that they were extremely close. Then they sent two priests named 6795: 5652: 2637:

is now, led to the establishment of even more colonias. Between 1928 and 1953, other western colonias such as

2606: 2533: 2453: 2091: 1934: 6769: 6504: 6273: 6179: 6174: 6130: 6112: 5952:

Life in the Imperial and Loyal City of Mexico in New Spain, and the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico

5549: 5219:

Public Spectacles of Violence: Sensational Cinema and Journalism in Early Twentieth-Century Mexico and Brazil

4549:, p. 62; Chart 2.5, p. 64. The census is found in Archivo General de la Nación (México), Padrones 53–76. 3615: 3543: 3095: 2052:

and his 2,500 men led the assault, starting from the Molino del Rey to the west of Chapultepec. General

1130: 1037: 882: 786: 206: 6866: 3218: 2322:

erected during the Porfiriato, one of many statues of historical figures erected in Mexico City in this era.

2079: 6712: 6579: 6569: 6331: 6169: 5668:. Calgary, Alberta & Boulder, CO; University of Calgary Press & University Press of Colorado 2003. 3623: 2759:

was built in the 1950s. All of these were in the main core of the city, laid out in the sixteenth century.

2444:. While most of the Mexican Revolution was not fought within the city, one major episode of this era was. 2368: 1918: 1872: 1542: 6825: 6509: 4053:

Vera Candiani. "The Desagüe Reconsidered: Environmental Dimensions of Class Conflict in Colonial Mexico."

1639:

and Neo classic style mansions. Many of the most costly were on what was called San Francisco street (now

1253: 6681: 6473: 6453: 5840:

Tenenbaum, Barbara. "Streetwise History: The Paseo de la Reforma and the Porfirian State, 1876–1910." In

3024: 3007: 2956: 2070: 1938: 1892: 1644: 1192: 855: 167: 1413: 428: 6899: 6851: 6125: 3052:, the first woman to hold the mayoral post, promised she would continue to reverse the city's decline. 2582: 2012:. A fortified hacienda in the town of San Antonio covered the southeastern approach, while the town of 1876: 1063: 974: 6640: 6534: 5689:. Seville: Consejería de Obras Públicas y Transportes, and Mexico: Gobierno del Distrito Federal 2001. 2573: 2349: 1631:

manifested itself in dress, jewels, furniture and especially in the building of mansions and palaces.

858:. Most of these houses were built to be residences, warehouses or stores, and fortresses all at once. 6946: 6589: 6030: 2887: 2763: 2040:

was the last just before the Americans entered the old city itself. The war ended with the attack of

1896: 1364:, New Spain and its capital had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. In fact, the 1113: 6398: 5125: 4437:

Charles Gibson, ‘'The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule'’, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964, p. 450.

2319: 2207: 1454: 1001: 91:(Plaza de la Constitución), Mexico City, since the Aztecs, the symbolic center. Looking east to the 6615: 6559: 6285: 6280: 5816:. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, pp. 119–134. 3036: 2879: 2512: 2461: 2037: 1993: 1958: 1719: 1580: 1553: 891: 843: 811: 242:, led them to the island. According to the story, the god indicated their new home with a sign, an 147: 108: 92: 6418: 3777: 3023:

an unknown number of protesting students in Tlatelolco. However, the last straw may have been the

2524: 1138: 793:

to explain what he had done and why, and between 1528 and 1530, he traveled to see the emperor in

170:

caused significant damage to the center of the city. In the 2000s, businessman and philanthropist

6861: 6630: 6463: 6152: 6065: 3595: 3090: 3049: 3028: 2844: 2830: 2752: 2406: 1985: 1900: 1628: 1313: 405: 6403: 5482: 2386:

Construction of the Palacio Legislativo, during the Porfiriato, construction stalled during the

2029: 525:

into four calpullis or neighborhoods that were divided by the main north–south roads leading to

299:, large migrations of people moved into the Valley of Mexico, bringing with them the concept of 238:. The Aztecs themselves had a story about how their city was founded after their principal god, 6564: 6164: 6097: 5954:(1554), Translated by Minnie Lee Barrett Shepard et al. Austin: University of Texas Press 1954. 4352: 3931:

James Lockhart, "Trunk Lines and Feeder Lines: The Spanish Reaction to American Resources," in

2334: 2246: 1914: 1694: 1683: 1679: 1427: 1071: 358:

told them to go and look for a promised land. They first arrived around the territory known as

125: 83: 6443: 6438: 5680:

City on Fire: Technology, Social Change, and the Hazards of Progress in Mexico City, 1860–1910

5190:

María Dolores Morales, "Francisco Somera y el primer fraccionamiento de la ciudad de México,"

4194:. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University 1982, p. 90 2544: 2199: 1905: 1668: 1271: 6886: 6810: 6800: 6676: 6584: 6554: 6539: 6316: 5043: 4593: 2756: 2744: 2743:

In the 20th century, the city began to grow upwards as well as outwards. The column with the

2549: 2478: 2301: 2255: 2230: 2134: 2001: 1620: 949: 491: 6594: 6544: 5097: 4730:

Pamela Voekel, "Peeing on the Palace: Bodily Resistance to Bourbon Reforms in Mexico City,"

2883: 2840: 1949: 1048:. To the north past Tlatelolco and to the south to Topacioa and the now Calzada de la Viga. 6856: 6820: 6620: 6054: 6023: 5961: 5070: 3863: 3836: 3816: 3743: 3684: 3657: 3044: 2931: 2826: 2693: 2642: 2626: 2589: 2577: 2130: 2025: 1922: 1636: 1518: 417: 398: 129: 39: 5297:. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 122. 5156: 3711: 3314: 2494: 2445: 502: 8: 6876: 6159: 5842:

Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance. Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico

5179:

Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico

4758:

Bureaucrats, Planters, and Workers: The Making of the Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico.

4141: 3441: 3020: 2449: 2166: 2021: 2009: 1153:, as an earlier attempt to evangelize the indigenous people before the Spanish conquest. 1142: 726: 678: 211: 3771: 3315:"Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e islas de la tierra firme [Manuscrito]" 2867: 2565: 1603:, and their specialty was sheep-raising. Meat from their stock supplied Mexico City and 1557: 970: 6625: 6519: 5786:

The Very Nature of God: Baroque Catholicism and Religious Reform in Bourbon Mexico City

4986: 3913:, volume 1, New Haven: Yale Historical Publications, History of Art V, 1948, pp. 69–71. 3611: 3587: 3385: 2975:

Allende Street near Tacuba Street. This section of Allende is open only to pedestrians.

2748: 2634: 2433: 2387: 2270: 2222: 2158: 2041: 1997: 1732: 1672: 1648: 1530: 1150: 1067: 944:

The city grew with buildings all near the same height and with the same terraced roofs

895: 807: 603: 583: 324: 159: 72: 6263: 6075: 5821:

Artifacts of Revolution: Architecture, Society, and Politics in Mexico City, 1920–1940

3898:

The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of Indians in the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810

2850: 2735:) is choked with cars. Photo shows the border of Naucalpan in the State of Mexico and 2677: 1320:) in Mexico City indicates the concentration and organization of this economic elite. 5873: 5845: 5767: 5739: 5669: 5550:"Archaeologists found the bones of about 60 mammoths at an airport construction site" 5512: 5312: 5222: 4990: 4633: 4597: 4566: 4356: 4211: 4153: 4012: 3985: 3796: 3547: 3516: 3328: 3279: 3061: 2875: 2811: 2775: 2457: 2045: 1970: 1329: 847: 642: 574: 566: 163: 6733: 3793:

Nueva Historia Tematica de Mexico: Prehispano, Conquista y Colonia "La Noche Triste"

2569: 2469: 2409:, construction started under Porfirio Díaz and stalled during the Mexican Revolution 2056:

entered in from the south to cut Chapultepec off from reinforcements, while General

6728: 6707: 6702: 4834:

Torcuarto S. Di Tella, "The Dangerous Classes in Early Nineteenth-Century Mexico,"

4797:

Justice by Insurance: The General Indian Court and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real

4145: 2795: 2779: 2593: 2536:, whose democratically elected government was overthrown by military coup in 1913. 2529: 2226: 2017: 1910: 1616:

Such a quest was costly but once a title was secured the costs did not stop there.

1612: 1541:

Façade of the Palace of the Counts of Calimaya, built 1777–81, now the site of the

1508: 1416:. The painting shows the damage to the viceroy's palace following the riot of 1692. 1041: 907:

After the conquest, the Spaniards generally left the existing Nahua city-states or

587: 292: 227: 95:(center) The Metropolitan Cathedral is on the left, the old city hall to the right. 3064:(including male, female, and young mammoths) and 15 people were discovered by the 2186: 2162: 2121: 2061: 6774: 6764: 6204: 5870:

Mexico City, 1808: Power, Sovereignty, and Silver in an Age of War and Revolution

4192:

General History of the Things of New Spain: Florentine Codex, Introductory Volume

4084:

James A. Garza, "Conquering the Environment and Surviving Natural Disasters," in

2807: 2697: 2669: 2441: 2424: 2391: 2353: 2203: 1305: 1228:, originally Augustinian, secularized and rebuilt as a neoclassical church 18th c 1162: 977:

was started, with the first coin production facilities. Mechlor Dávila built the

851: 683: 599: 471: 355: 263:

around Lake Texcoco and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the

239: 202:, an early 16th-century manuscript on the history of the Aztecs and their empire. 5666:

Monuments of Progress: Modernization and Public Health in Mexico City, 1876–1910

5205:

Monuments of Progress: Modernization and Public Health in Mexico City, 1876–1910

2107: 1965: 6925: 6881: 4784:

The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico, 1660–1720

4403: 2882:

the underground rapid transit system of the city, was inaugurated by President

2597: 2528:

names were changed to commemorate the deeds of revolutionary heroes, including

2217:

As with earlier regimes, Diaz re-purposed a number of older buildings. One was

2157:, planned by Francisco Somera, and built to connect the emperor's residence at 1838: 1826: 1759: 1652: 1588: 1444: 1369: 1045: 850:, and the Altamirano family, cousins of Cortés. To the north of the plaza, the 660: 387: 343: 342:

on their journey that culminated in their founding of Tenochtitlan. Image from

319:

The Mexica who founded Tenochtitlan were part of the last wave of migration of

311:. This led to the founding of a number of semi-autonomous urban centers around 272: 138: 35: 3419: 3310: 3011:

Apartment Complex Pino Suárez, in the wake of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake.

2337:, designed 1904 by Silvio Contri to be the Ministry of Communications building 1671:, who accepted the crown of Mexico from its balcony. Today it is known as the 279:

centuries before the founding of the city. To the northeast are the ruins of

215: 6935: 6913: 6748: 6001: 5988: 5814:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

5779:

Black Market Capitalism: Urban Politics and the Shadow Economy in Mexico City

5516: 5295:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

4284: 4149: 2907: 2610: 2049: 1883: 1664: 1640: 1006: 794: 255: 251: 231: 199: 112: 5280:

Davis, Diane. "Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares, CNOP" in

2747:

was erected in 1910 for the centenary of Mexican Independence, the ironwork

1981: 1774:

centers, created thousands of good jobs for the urban poor including women.

34:

The symbol of the founding of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the central image on the

6295: 5021: 4360: 3933:

Of Things of the Indies: Essays Old and New in Early Latin American History

2988: 2943: 2803: 2601: 2585:, considered today one of the world's longest avenues, was being laid out. 2437: 2285: 2238: 2218: 2057: 2053: 1895:

broke out, interests outside of Mexico City would be represented by Father

1678:

Most of these palaces still remain in the city center. Their abundance led

924: 757: 752:

With Tenochtitlan in ruins, the victorious Cortés first settled himself in

737: 654: 634: 618: 614: 579: 539: 383: 312: 264: 235: 184: 134: 63: 59: 5701:

Dreaming of Dry Land: Environmental Transformation in Colonial Mexico City

5346:

Mexico City's Water Supply : Improving the Outlook for Sustainability

3795:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Difusion Editorial SA de CV. pp. 167–172. 3592:"PRAECLARA FERDINÃDI. CORTESII DE NOUA MARIS OCEANI HYSPANIA NARRATIO ..." 2817: 2719: 2013: 1097: 1009:. This is the oldest known representation of the Canal de la Viga and the 591: 375: 6046: 5800:

First Stop in the New World: Mexico City, the Capital of the 21st Century

4489:, vol. 71, no. 3, 1991, pp. 413–445. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2515878. 4233:"Ferguson's Anecdotical Guide to Mexico, with a Map of the Railways, Etc" 3300:"From DF to CDMX, Mexico City changes name and status" accessed 31-1-2023 2992: 2899: 2665: 2614: 2372: 1974: 1954: 1706: 1365: 1341: 1324: 1157: 693: 510: 495: 379: 367: 283:, whose empire and civilization mysteriously disappeared around 750 280: 268: 171: 76: 30: 19: 5361:

Livable Cities? : Urban Struggles for Livelihood and Sustainability

5207:. University of Calgary Press, Colorado University Press 2003 pp. 79–80. 4516: 2971: 2829:

brought about the construction of large sporting facilities such as the

2709: 2177: 1502: 1029: 753: 733: 697:

Model depicting the first lake battle between the Spanish and the Aztecs

586:“Plaeclara Ferdinandi Cortéssi de Nova maris Oceani Hyspania Narratio”. 413: 359: 334: 6779: 5293:

quoted in Patrice Elizabeth Olsen, "Revolution in the City Streets" in

4482: 2964: 2771: 2727: 2680:, to the north and urban area included all of Azcapotzalco and reached 2592:

southern boundary that had existed for centuries. Colonia Hidalgo (now

2473: 2234: 2117: 2033: 1741: 1737: 1430:, who estimated ca. 1802 that there were 67,500 whites in Mexico City. 1005:

The viceroy's walk in the Canal de la Viga, by Pedro Villegas in 1706.

966: 866: 838:

in the colonial period, Cortés took over what were the "Old Houses" of

756:

on the lake shore at the southern edge of Lake Texcoco. He created the

702: 630: 530: 422: 300: 284: 151: 5363:. Ewing, New Jersey, USA: University of California Press. p. 196. 4455: 4390:, table 27 "Estimates of the White Population in Mexico City", p. 381. 4042:

La gran inundación: Vida y sociedad en la Ciudad de México (1629–1638)

1353:

to Veracruz, but many of the goods were produced elsewhere in Europe.

1020: 861:

The Spaniards began to build houses, copying the luxury residences of

482: 5856:

I Speak of the City: Mexico City at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

5729:

Constructing Mexico City: Conflicts over culture, Space and Authority

5243:

I Speak of the City: Mexico City at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

4589:

Baroque New Worlds. Representation, Transculturation, Counterconquest

4302:

Colonial Entrepreneurs: Families and Business in Bourbon Mexico City.

3568:"Praeclara Ferdinādi Cortesii De noua maris oceani Hyspania narratio" 1715: 1576: 1513: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1333: 1300: 1146: 990: 839: 798: 706: 436:

The god indicated that they were getting closer when they arrived at

120: 116: 43: 6243: 5887:

Mexico City, the Production and Reproduction of an Urban Environment

5306: 2762:

A major departure in location and scale was the construction of the

2588:

The city would begin to extend south starting in 1905, breaking the

2553: 1996:, American forces marched toward Mexico City itself after capturing 1748: 1727: 1447:

and his successors. The census of 1813 done by the city government (

1409: 1126: 835: 828: 744: 351: 339: 100: 88: 23: 5431:

Butler, Ron (November–December 1999). "A New Face for the Zocalo".

5348:. Washington, D.C., USA: National Academies Press. 1995. p. 4. 4558: 4203: 4173: 3073: 2862: 2755:

and a building called La Nacional. The first skyscraper, 40-story

2701: 2465: 2005: 1930: 1525: 1373: 1337: 1010: 996: 908: 782: 687: 543: 409: 328: 308: 260: 5978: 5973: 5507:

Moreno Murillo, Juan Manuel (1995). "The 1985 Mexico Earthquake".

4585: 4445: 4443: 2668:. Between 1929 and 1953, growth spread east to establish colonias 2661:

for the working class arose with another additional 585 colonias.

2129:. The intervention, supported by Mexican conservatives, installed 1563: 1350: 898:

and acquired by the Spanish crown to be the palace of the viceroy.

397:

Nineteenth-century Painting of the Foundation of Tenochtitlan, by

295:

until about 1200 CE. After the fall of the Toltec capital of

5724:(2013) compares Mexico City to 20 major world cities; pp 206–222. 5452:"Arrasa con vestigios prehispánicos rescate del Centro Histórico" 4099:

El Paradigma Porfiriano: Historia del desagüe del Valle de México

3150:. Mexico City: Ayuntamiento del Distrito Federal. pp. 21–25. 2947: 2855: 2630: 2060:

fought against positions further east. Inside the walls, General

2048:, students of the college with ages from 13 to 19 years. General 2028:. Knowing of the Americans' approach, Santa Anna ordered General 2008:

highlands. The first battle to defend Mexico City itself was the

1810: 1656: 1600: 1592: 1477: 1345: 1109: 1105:, which was under construction during most of the colonial period 958: 862: 803: 797:. However, the emperor decided not to appoint him as governor of 526: 320: 304: 223: 194: 4630:

Artes de Mexico Palacios de la Nueva España The Mexican Nobility

4230: 2925: 1875:

into Mexico City on September 27, 1821, 19th century anonymous.

1710:

National Monte de Piedad Building off the Zócalo in Mexico City.

1693:

Such need for pomp made for an extreme social class difference.

1323:

The consulado was founded in Mexico City in 1594, controlled by

969:

used to lay siege to Tenochititlan were kept, at a place called

5793:

Workers, Neighbors, and Citizens: The Revolution in Mexico City

4440: 2914: 1805: 1752: 1660: 1548: 1481: 1377: 1210: 1074:(1864-1867) and the country's presidents between 1884 and 1935. 954: 762: 534: 516: 506: 461: 296: 288: 55: 6015: 5601:"Bones of about 60 mammoths found near ancient lake in Mexico" 4982:

Los reyes distantes- imágenes del poder en el México virreinal

4410:, ramo Historia 523. It is unfortunate it remains unpublished. 3639:

The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico

2020:

decided to move his troops from San Ángel to the then town of

1336:'s economy boomed, consulados were established in the port of 550: 494:, establishing a monarchy there, with their first ruler being 5930:. Mexico: Consejo de la Crónica de la Ciudad de México, 1988. 5708:

Spectacular Mexico: Design, Propaganda, and the 1968 Olympics

5383:

Butler, Ron (September 2002). "Center of Belated Attention".

5333:

Spectacular Mexico: Design, Propaganda, and the 1968 Olympics

3254:. Armonk, New York City: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. pp. 118–125. 2918: 1723: 1584: 1459: 1317: 457: 247: 243: 142: 5844:. Ed. William Beezley et al. Rowman & Littlefield 1994. 5576:"'There are too many': bones of 60 mammoths found in Mexico" 4632:. Mexico City: Artes de Mexico y del Mundo. pp. 84–86. 2979: 2419: 1040:. To the south began to appear houses in an area now called 354:, described as an island in the middle of a lake. Their god 5626:"A mammoth discovery: Giant remains found near Mexico City" 5335:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014, p. 197. 4101:. MexicoL Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales 1999,40–52. 3977: 2951: 2891: 1859: 1604: 1361: 638: 5750:

New Patterns in Old Mexico: A Study of town and Metropolis

3539:

Cruelty and Utopia. Cities and Landscapes of Latin America

3391:. Port Chester, New York City: Cambridge University Press. 2878:

was not ready in time for the 1968 Olympics, but in 1969,

2000:. President Santa Anna first tried blocking their way at 1929:

presided over the anointment of the Emperor who following

5130: 5123: 5102: 5075: 5048: 4825:, vol. 3, p. 404. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 4654:"El Marquesado de San Miguel de Aguayo y su obra indiana" 3868: 3841: 3821: 3748: 3716: 3689: 3662: 3223: 1849: 5904:

Craib, Raymond B. "Mexico City Modern: A Review Essay."

5807:

The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, the Life of Mexico City

5413:

Smith, Geri (May 2004). "Mexico City gets a face-lift".

4138:

Why Cities Need Large Parks: Large Parks in Large Cities

822:

Between late 1521 and mid-1522, Alonso García Bravo and

4485:. "Spanish Society in Mexico City after the Conquest." 3935:, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1999, pp. 142–43. 3309: 3219:"The Storming of Chapultepec (General Pillow's Attack)" 2922:

needed, the whole process is ecologically destructive.

2073:, and then celebrated a mass together at the basilica. 1686:, who traveled extensively through New Spain and wrote 834:

Around the main plaza, which became the Plaza Mayor or

705:. He was in his mid-20s, the son of Moctezuma's uncle, 350:

The Mexica story is that they came from a place called

250:

cactus with a snake in its beak. This image appears in

178: 66:

that dominated central Mexico immediately prior to the

141:), as well as the largest concentration of mixed race 6897: 5715:

Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century

5307:

Arturo Almandoz; Arturo Almandoz Marte, eds. (2002).

5245:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012, pp. 4–5. 4956:

Scardaville, "Crime and the Urban Poor", pp. 162–165.

3636: 3535: 3276:

Lonely Planet Mexico City:Your map to the megalopolis

6550:

Museo de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público

4855: 4853: 4773:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1975, pp. 150–160. 4528: 4504: 4406:

extensively analyzes this rich source, found in the

3466:, New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, pp. 10–14. 3117:, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston 1982, p. 14. 1854: 5872:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2018 5533:Haber, Paul Lawrence (1995). "Earthquake of 1985". 5481:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Televisa. Archived from 5194:, Ciro Cardoso, ed. Mexico: Siglo XXI 1978, 188–230 4967:

Costumes civils, militaires et religieux du Mexique

4874:

Costumes civils, militaires et religieux du Mexique

3900:, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964, p. 368. 3200:Alvarez, José Rogelio (2000). "Mexico, Ciudad de". 2894:to the south of the city, there was no metro line. 226:-speaking peoples who migrated to this part of the 6459:Royal Convent of Jesús María and Our Lady of Mercy 6234: 5682:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 2016. 5309:Planning Latin America's Capital Cities, 1850–1950 4823:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 4289:Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763–1810. 3384: 3249: 1813:, indigenous people, and poor whites (españoles). 54:stretches back to its founding ca. 1325 CE as the 6662:House of the Count de la Torre Cosío y la Cortina 6479:Templo Expiatorio Nacional de San Felipe de Jesús 6368:Secretariat of Public Education Main Headquarters 5863:The City of Palaces: Chronicle of a Lost Heritage 5722:1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War 4850: 4312: 4310: 4304:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1983. 4131: 3837:"December 1520: Siege, Starvation & Smallpox" 3464:The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society 3115:The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society 2489: 2288:, a colonial building opened as a prison in 1886. 854:established a monastery, in an area now known as 533:respectively and the west–east road that lead to 6933: 5828:City of Suspects, Crime in Mexico City 1900–1931 5781:. Oakland: University of California Press 2018. 5574:City, Associated Press in Mexico (22 May 2020). 5192:Formación y desarrollo de la burguesía en México 4915: 4913: 4911: 4897: 4895: 4799:. Berkeley: University of California Press 1983. 4695:, 1774–1871. Durham: Duke University Press 2000. 4004: 3002: 2692:. To the west, the most notable growth was from 2619:Secretariat of Communications and Transportation 2229:to catalogue and identify repeat offenders. The 1887:Proclamation of Iturbide as emperor, 18 May 1822 1762:, 1763, oil on canvas, Waldo-Dentzel Art Center. 1701: 997:Flooding, the Desagüe, and environmental changes 5358: 4693:Containing the Poor: The Mexico City Poor House 4109: 4107: 3434: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3068:headed by archaeologist Sánchez Nava under the 2102: 1688:The Political Essay of the Kingdom of New Spain 1177:Palace of the Archbishop of Mexico City, now a 1129:, its architecture reflected several styles of 645:as he went to Veracruz to confront this party. 611:to the Spaniards than they were to the Aztecs. 444:is, and later at Mixiuhcan, now the colonia of 275:to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. 128:. It was also a major educational center: the 62:, which evolved into the senior partner of the 5944:(Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004) 5924:, Salvador Novo. Mexico: Ediciones Era, 1967. 5694:Mexico City: A cultural and literary companion 5506: 4978: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4786:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1994. 4771:Race and Class and Politics in Colonial Mexico 4307: 4245:Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, 4088:. New York: Wiley-Blackwell 2011, pp. 318–319. 3658:"November 1519 Cortes Arrives to Tenochtitlan" 3204:(in Spanish). Vol. 9. pp. 5242–5260. 3066:National Institute of Anthropology and History 2837:and the 24 buildings of the Olympic Village. 2423:Citizens surrounding the Ciudadela during the 2414: 2133:as the ruler of a newly created monarchy, the 1957:in 1847. The American flag is flying over the 1608:purchases by the family dated from the 1580s. 1490: 6525:House of the First Print Shop in the Americas 6220: 6031: 5795:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2001. 5717:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 1994. 5537:. Taylor & Frances Ltd. pp. 179–184. 5511:(3). Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 5–19. 4908: 4892: 3984:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 43. 3911:Mexican Architecture of the Sixteenth Century 3790: 3784: 3610: 3586: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 2926:Decline and revitalization of the city center 865:. Being of firmer ground and less subject to 477: 432:Moctezuma in Chapultepec, by Daniel del Valle 254:, one early post-conquest manuscript of many 5928:Páginas sobre la Ciudad de Mexico: 1469–1987 5788:(University of New Mexico Press. 2010) 312pp 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4559:Alonso de la Rea, Patricia Escandón (1996). 4204:Universidad Iberoamericana, Jesuits (2003). 4113:Garza, "Conquering the Environment," p. 319. 4104: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3712:"April 1520 Velasquez Sends an Arrest Party" 3475: 3395: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 1587:in 1768, made his money in silver mining at 1399: 876: 716: 5703:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2014. 5653:Timeline of Mexico City § Bibliography 5426: 5424: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5248: 5090: 4939: 4586:Lois Parkinson Zamora, Monika Kaup (2010). 3515:(in Spanish). INAH – SALVAT. pp. 8–9. 3510: 3333:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2523:In the historic center of Mexico City, the 1503:Nobility in Mexico City – "City of Palaces" 555: 551:Spanish conquest and reconstruction of city 6327:Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcaínas 6227: 6213: 6038: 6024: 5547: 5502: 5500: 5145: 5063: 4291:New York: Cambridge University Press 1971. 4210:. Universidad Iberoamericana. p. 65. 4086:A Companion to Mexican History and Culture 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3513:Guia Oficial Centro de la Ciudad de Mexico 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3252:Atlas and Survey of Latin American History 3213: 3211: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 2518: 2484: 2111:political organization of the city in 1857 598:After landing near the modern-day city of 5823:. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2008. 5809:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2015. 5759:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1997. 5528: 5526: 5449: 5395: 5003: 4377:, figure 17, p. 379; Appendix 4, 460–462. 4231:Claxton, Remsen and Haffelfinger (1876). 4134:"Chapultepec Forest, Mexico City, Mexico" 3883: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3154: 2172: 1240:La Santísima Church, built in the 18th c. 940:Mexico City in 1690. Atlas Van der Hagen. 5764:La Capital: The Biography of Mexico City 5752:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1966. 5687:Ciudad de México: Arquitectura 1921–1970 5443: 5421: 5367: 5216: 3476:Valdez Krieg, Adriana (September 2004). 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3145: 3006: 2978: 2970: 2861: 2849: 2839: 2816: 2726: 2718: 2543: 2493: 2418: 2176: 2106: 1980: 1964: 1948: 1882: 1866: 1858: 1747: 1705: 1562: 1547: 1536: 1524: 1512: 1453: 1403: 1299: 1141:suspected that the emerging cult of the 1108: 1096: 1062: 1026:Rodrigo Pacheco, 3rd Marquis of Cerralvo 1000: 935: 886: 743: 732: 720: 692: 647: 573: 565: 515: 481: 427: 392: 333: 205: 193: 82: 75:founded the Spanish colonial capital of 29: 6337:University of the Cloister of Sor Juana 5497: 5470: 5284:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p291. 5117: 4760:Austin: University of Texas Press 1992. 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4487:The Hispanic American Historical Review 3951: 3791:Gayosso, Homero; Aljure, Jaime (1992). 3738: 3736: 3734: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3504: 3382: 3208: 3199: 3120: 2739:Miguel Hidalgo in the Federal District. 2432:nationwide revolts, and ultimately the 1258:University of the Cloister of Sor Juana 1156:The Spanish also brought with them the 222:The Aztecs were one of the last of the 150:, and the city saw violence during the 6934: 6394:Church of San Felipe Neri "La Profesa" 6373:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 5523: 5476: 5430: 5382: 5352: 5338: 5036: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4461: 4449: 4399: 4342: 3769: 3469: 3341: 2821:Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City 1850:Independence to the Mexican Revolution 1328:and had positions on the city council 1207:Temple of San Felipe Neri "La Profesa" 1089:History of Roman Catholicism in Mexico 198:The founding of Tenochtitlan shown in 6208: 6019: 5830:. Durham: Duke University Press 2001. 5757:The City of Mexico in the Age of Díaz 5736:Mexican Monuments: Strange Encounters 5532: 5477:Campus, Yunnven (19 September 2005). 5412: 5181:. Rowman and Littlefield 1994, p. 29. 3273: 3258: 3238: 3055: 2539: 2371:, built in 1907 by Italian architect 2254:, 16 September, Díaz inaugurated the 2032:to move his troops to a monastery in 1961:, the seat of the Mexican government. 1817:were viewed as unrespectable people ( 1556:, residence of French mining magnate 1466: 1458:A single-canvas painting showing the 1372:took Mexican silver from the port of 993:, the mother of the gods in Tepeyac. 582:, 1524. . Excerpt from the letter of 5833:Pick, James B. and Edgar W. Butler, 5573: 5256:"La Decena Trágica, febrero de 1913" 4627: 4610: 4565:. Colegio de Michoacán. p. 21. 4331:The Early History of Greater Mexico, 4318:The Early History of Greater Mexico, 4247:The Early History of Greater Mexico, 3978:Pedro Luengo, Gene A. Smith (2016). 3856: 3829: 3817:"June 1520 Massacre at Tenochtitlán" 3809: 3731: 3704: 3677: 3645: 3630: 2983:Doubledecker tourbus near the Zocalo 2810:and others, with themes relating to 1436:Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire 1380:, in exchange for Chinese silks and 1213:church, built between 1597 and 1720. 1193:Church of Santo Domingo, Mexico City 562:Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire 179:The Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan 6672:Houses of the Mayorazgo de Guerrero 5889:.Rev. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley 1998. 5858:(University of Chicago Press, 2012) 4235:. Lange, Little and Co. p. 62. 4055:Hispanic American Historical Review 3946:The Early History of Greater Mexico 3744:"June 1520Massacre at Tenochtitlán" 3685:"November, 1519 Montezuma Arrested" 3641:. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 13. 3637:León-Portilla, Miguel, ed. (1966). 3573:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library 2198:donated by Mexican railway magnate 1944: 13: 6429:Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71 6363:Palace of the Marqués del Apartado 6269:Fountain to Bartolomé de las Casas 5934: 5837:. Boulder CO: Westview Press 1997. 5738:. New York: Abbeville Press 1989. 5646: 5450:Alejandro, Cruz (30 August 2008). 4178:National Museum of History website 3041:Party of the Democratic Revolution 2590:Avenida Chapultepec/Arcos de Belen 2508:Party of National Revolution (PNR) 2233:prison in Mexico City drew on the 1663:husband. Later it was the home of 1290:, built for elite indigenous women 1103:Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral 1093:Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral 1082: 1058: 14: 6958: 6836:Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station 6353:Library of the Congress of Mexico 6322:Antigua Escuela de Jurisprudencia 5967: 5898: 5802:. New York: Riverhead Books 2008. 5311:. Psychology Press. p. 140. 4836:Journal of Latin American Studies 4525:, p. 59, Tables 2.3 and 2.4. 4008:San Antonio 1718. Art from Mexico 3478:"Al rescate del centro histórico" 3420:"Historia de la Ciudad de México" 3017:Institutional Revolutionary Party 2210:, both in major traffic circles ( 1909:all but one of the major rebels, 1855:Mexican Independence and Iturbide 1295: 1252:17th c. Jeronymite convent where 1116:, built in between 1732 and 1736. 902: 709:, and was an experienced leader. 570:Route Cortes took to Tenochtitlan 291:ruled the area in and around the 6919: 6907: 6831:San Juan de Letrán metro station 6816:Isabel la Católica metro station 6646:Palacio del Marqués del Apartado 6312:Academia Mexicana de la Historia 6193: 5766:, (New York: Random House, 1988 5696:. New York: Interlink Books 1999 5618: 5593: 5567: 5541: 5325: 5300: 5287: 5274: 5235: 5210: 5197: 5184: 5171: 4972: 4464:, pp. 55, Table 2.1, p. 57. 4273:Early History of Greater Mexico, 4260:Early History of Greater Mexico, 3250:LaRosa, Michael J., ed. (2005). 3086:Index of Mexico-related articles 2399: 2379: 2361: 2342: 2327: 2312: 2293: 2278: 2263: 2196:Monument to Christopher Columbus 2090: 2078: 1279: 1264: 1245: 1233: 1218: 1199: 1185: 1170: 105:oldest structures in Mexico City 6744:Calle de República de Guatemala 6739:Calle de República de Argentina 6530:Interactive Museum of Economics 6449:Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church 6045: 5948:Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco 5124:Richard Griswold del Castillo. 4959: 4926: 4879: 4866: 4841: 4828: 4815: 4802: 4789: 4776: 4763: 4750: 4737: 4732:Journal of Historical Sociology 4724: 4711: 4698: 4685: 4672: 4646: 4579: 4552: 4476: 4467: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4402:, His dissertation directed by 4380: 4367: 4336: 4323: 4294: 4278: 4265: 4252: 4239: 4224: 4197: 4184: 4166: 4125: 4116: 4091: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4047: 4034: 4025: 3998: 3971: 3938: 3925: 3916: 3903: 3864:"The Last Stand:An Aztec Iliad" 3763: 3604: 3580: 3560: 3529: 3456: 3070:Mexico City Santa-Lucia airport 2731:Opened in 1964, the ring road ( 1939:republican constitution of 1824 382:, on the edge of what was then 6667:House of the Marquis of Uluapa 6575:Museo Nacional de las Culturas 6236:Historic center of Mexico City 5979:A map of Mexico City from 1720 5974:A map of Mexico City from 1794 5535:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico 4734:5, no. 2 (June 1992), 183–208. 3536:Jean-François Lejeune (2005). 3303: 3292: 3107: 2902:that extended for many miles. 2645:for the wealthy, and colonias 2617:and south to roughly were the 2490:Loss of democracy and recovery 1893:rebellion against Spanish rule 1: 6770:Garden of the Triple Alliance 6600:San Pedro y San Pablo College 6505:Casa Talavera Cultural Center 6274:Monument to Pope John Paul II 5915: 5359:Evans, Peter B., ed. (2002). 5126:"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" 4656:. vacarizu.es. Archived from 4375:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule 4343:Valdés, Dennis Nodin (1978). 3966:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule 3544:Princeton Architectural Press 3278:. Oakland CA: Lonely Planet. 3146:Marroqui, Jose Maria (2011). 3101: 3096:Gentrification of Mexico City 3043:, becoming the first elected 3003:The city's political position 2605:established at this time was 2596:) was being established with 2548:Mexico City as seen from the 2127:French intervention in Mexico 1756:De Mestizo y dd India; Coyote 1702:The urban poor in Mexico City 1412:of Mexico city (ca. 1695) by 1131:Spanish Colonial architecture 883:Spanish Colonial architecture 740:of Mexico-Tenochtitlan ruins. 338:Departure of the Mexica from 6698:Abelardo L. Rodríguez Market 6636:Palacio de Correos de México 6570:Museo Nacional de la Estampa 5861:Tovar de Teresa, Guillermo. 5685:Anda Alanis, Enrique X. de. 5479:"A 20 años del sismo del 85" 5454:. La Jornada. Archived from 5258:(in Spanish). Archived from 5155:(in Spanish). Archived from 4838:, vol. 5, no 1 (1973)79–105. 4821:Richard Warren, "Lépero" in 4408:Archivo General de la Nación 4066:Hoberman, ibid. pp. 226–227. 4044:, Mexico: Sep Setentas 1975. 4011:. Trinity University Press. 3624:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek 3442:"Pequeña historia de Mexico" 3148:La Ciudad de la garza Mexico 3060:In May 2020, at least sixty 2910:, causing the city to sink. 2790:and the Science Building by 2682:Ampliacion Gabriel Hernández 2369:Palacio de Correos de Mexico 2306:Archivo General de la Nación 2202:designed by French sculptor 2103:Reform War and Second Empire 1919:Army of the Three Guarantees 1783:Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora 1570:built between 1583 and 1749. 1543:Museum of the City of Mexico 1376:across the Pacific Ocean to 892:National Palace, Mexico City 467:Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora 210:Foundation of Pre-Columbian 7: 6796:Mexico City Metrobús Line 4 6454:Regina Coeli Convent Church 5153:"La historia de la Reforma" 5044:"The Battle of Cerro Gordo" 4136:. In Richard Murray (ed.). 3948:. Pearson 2003, p. 7, no. 2 3770:Geiger, John Lewis (1874). 3511:Horz de Via, Elena (1991). 3079: 3025:1985 Mexico City earthquake 3021:government troops massacred 2415:Mexican Revolution's impact 2071:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1935:Antonio López de Santa Anna 1491:Racial residential patterns 824:Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia 768:Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia 578:The oldest European map of 189: 168:1985 Mexico City earthquake 10: 6963: 6867:Hospital de Jesús Nazareno 6806:Bellas Artes metro station 6126:Federal District buildings 5854:Tenorio-Trillo, Mauricio. 5819:Olsen, Patrice Elizabeth. 5734:Gori, Paolo, et al., eds. 5657: 5650: 5098:"The Battle of Churubusco" 4132:Lilia Haua Miguel (2010). 3776:. Trübner and Co. p. 3383:Hamnett, Brian R. (1999). 2696:west to the limits of the 2635:Chilpancingo Metro station 2583:Avenida de los Insurgentes 2067:Villa of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1877:Museo Nacional de Historia 1766:During the viceroyalty of 1506: 1086: 973:. Shortly thereafter, the 880: 725:The city was the place of 690:were probably lost, too. 559: 478:Tenochtitlan at its height 182: 17: 6844: 6826:Pino Suárez metro station 6788: 6757: 6721: 6690: 6654: 6608: 6590:Palace of the Inquisition 6510:Centro Cultural de España 6492: 6381: 6345: 6304: 6242: 6191: 6062:Administrative divisions 6053: 6002:19.4330861°N 99.1288444°W 5241:Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, 5221:. Duke University Press. 5217:Navitski, Rielle (2017). 5071:"The Battle of Contreras" 5018:"Don Agustin de Iturbide" 4388:Aztecs Under Spanish Rule 4174:"Historia de Chapultepec" 4005:Marion Oettinger (2018). 3387:Concise History of Mexico 3320:National Library of Spain 2621:building at Xola is now. 2097:Battle map of Chapultepec 1897:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1659:for his daughter and her 1400:Population of Mexico City 1288:Convent of Corpus Christi 1254:Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 1114:Palace of the Inquisition 877:Colonial period 1521–1821 717:Refounding as Mexico City 676:. Here is still found an 442:San Antonio Abad Hospital 6560:Museo Mural Diego Rivera 6515:Colegio de San Ildefonso 6469:Santa Veracruz Monastery 6414:Convent of San Francisco 6389:Church of Jesus Nazareno 6291:Old Portal de Mercaderes 6281:Nacional Monte de Piedad 6254:Administrative buildings 4934:Crime and the Urban Poor 4921:Crime and the Urban Poor 4903:Crime and the Urban Poor 4887:Crime and the Urban Poor 4861:Crime and the Urban Poor 4452:, p. 55, Table 2.1. 4150:10.4324/9781003206378-12 4122:Hoberman, ibid., 229–30. 4075:Hoberman, ibid., p. 228. 2890:opened, which relocated 2874:The construction of the 2788:Juan Martínez de Velasco 2460:as chief general of the 2452:and his vice president, 2438:Francisco "Pancho" Villa 2256:monument to Independence 2085:Battle map of Churubusco 2038:Battle of Molino del Rey 1953:U.S. Army occupation of 1791:recogimientos de mujeres 1720:Nacional Monte de Piedad 1581:Pedro Romero de Terreros 1568:Colegio de San Ildefonso 1414:Cristóbal de Villalpando 812:Viceroyalty of New Spain 657:by Cortez and his Troops 556:Conquest of Tenochtitlan 109:Viceroyalty of New Spain 6862:Edificio Miguel E. Abed 6641:Palacio de la Autonomía 6631:Palacio de Bellas Artes 6535:José Luis Cuevas Museum 6464:Santa Teresa la Antigua 6434:Iglesia de San Bernardo 6007:19.4330861; -99.1288444 5922:Nueva Grandeza Mexicana 5865:. (Mexico: Vuelta 1990) 5727:Glasco, Sharon Bailey. 4979:Víctor Mínguez (1995). 4190:Bernardino de Sahagún, 3596:New York Public Library 3091:Timeline of Mexico City 3050:Rosario Robles Berlanga 3029:Richter magnitude scale 2880:Line 1, the "Pink Line" 2845:Mexico City Metro lines 2831:Palacio de los Deportes 2753:Palacio de Bellas Artes 2574:Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2564:, Popotla, east of now 2519:Historic commemorations 2485:20th century to present 2407:Palacio de Bellas Artes 2350:Benito Juárez Hemicycle 1629:conspicuous consumption 1420: 1314:consulado de mercaderes 975:Palacio de Ayuntamiento 831:), which were renamed. 520:Diagram of Tenochtitlan 374:, they soon arrived at 6942:History of Mexico City 6565:Museo Nacional de Arte 6399:Church of San Hipólito 6259:Metropolitan Cathedral 6247:and immediate vicinity 5942:The Mexico City Reader 5678:Alexander, Anna Rose. 5282:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4628:Ladd, Doris M (1998). 4353:University of Michigan 4207:Ad maiorem dei gloriam 3202:Enciclopedia de Mexico 3012: 2984: 2976: 2930:From Aztec times, the 2871: 2859: 2847: 2822: 2740: 2724: 2556: 2534:José María Pino Suárez 2499: 2454:José María Pino Suárez 2428: 2335:Museo Nacional de Arte 2320:Monument to Cuauhtémoc 2273:of Mexico City in 1890 2247:Alexander von Humboldt 2208:Monument to Cuauhtémoc 2182: 2173:Porfiriato (1876–1910) 2155:Paseo de la Emperatriz 2112: 1989: 1978: 1962: 1915:Ferdinand VII of Spain 1888: 1880: 1864: 1763: 1711: 1695:Alexander von Humboldt 1684:Alexander von Humboldt 1680:Charles Joseph Latrobe 1583:, who became Count of 1571: 1560: 1545: 1534: 1533:, now owned by Banamex 1522: 1463: 1428:Alexander von Humboldt 1417: 1308: 1123:Metropolitan Cathedral 1117: 1106: 1075: 1072:Maximilian I of Mexico 1014: 979:Portales de Mercadores 941: 899: 749: 741: 730: 698: 664: 595: 571: 521: 487: 486:extent of Aztec empire 433: 404:However, the lords of 401: 347: 230:after the fall of the 219: 203: 126:Alexander von Humboldt 96: 87:Panoramic view of the 52:history of Mexico City 47: 6887:Torre Latinoamericana 6872:Hospital San Hipólito 6811:Hidalgo metro station 6801:Allende metro station 6677:Saint Augustine House 6585:Museum of Mexico City 6555:Museo del Estanquillo 6540:Museo de Arte Popular 6424:Corpus Christi Church 6419:Convent of Santa Inés 6317:Academy of San Carlos 4594:Duke University Press 4249:Pearson 2003, p. 178. 3010: 2982: 2974: 2865: 2853: 2843: 2833:(Sports Palace), the 2820: 2757:Torre Latinoamericana 2745:Angel of Independence 2730: 2723:Torre Latinoamericana 2722: 2552:, looking toward the 2550:Torre Latinoamericana 2547: 2525:Plutarco Elías Calles 2497: 2422: 2231:Palacio de Lecumberri 2180: 2135:Second Mexican Empire 2110: 1984: 1968: 1952: 1886: 1873:Three Guarantees Army 1870: 1862: 1821:) by polite society ( 1751: 1709: 1690:, published in 1804. 1621:Roman Catholic Church 1566: 1551: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1457: 1407: 1303: 1139:Bernardino de Sahagún 1112: 1100: 1066: 1004: 939: 919:) and town councils ( 890: 747: 736: 724: 696: 684:Tree of the Sad Night 651: 577: 569: 542:, the palaces of the 519: 485: 431: 396: 337: 209: 197: 86: 64:Aztec Triple Alliance 33: 6857:Chapultepec aqueduct 6821:Merced metro station 6621:Casa de los Azulejos 6409:Convent of La Merced 6404:Church of Santa Inés 6358:Old Customs Building 6346:Government buildings 6305:Schools and colleges 6141:Legislative Assembly 6121:Constituent Assembly 5962:Bernardo de Balbuena 5706:Castaneda, Luis M. 5509:Geofisica Colombiana 5485:on 22 September 2008 4769:Jonathan I. Israel, 4351:. PhD dissertation. 4142:Taylor & Francis 3313:(1537-1587) (1579). 3274:Noble, John (2000). 3045:mayor of Mexico City 2888:Ciudad Universitaria 2764:Ciudad Universitaria 2694:Lomas de Chapultepec 2627:Lomas de Chapultepec 2578:Lomas de Chapultepec 2030:Pedro María de Anaya 2026:Battle of Churubusco 1994:Mexican–American War 1923:First Mexican Empire 1519:Casa de los Azulejos 729:, the Aztec capital. 372:Anales de Tlalteloco 271:, touching both the 148:Mexican–American War 130:University of Mexico 40:Mexican independence 6877:Teatro de la Ciudad 6691:Traditional markets 6484:Valvanera Cathedral 6444:La Santísima Church 6439:La Enseñanza Church 6382:Religious buildings 6332:El Colegio Nacional 6131:Heads of government 5998: / 5762:Kandell, Jonathan. 5664:Agostoni, Claudia. 5458:on 1 September 2008 5439:(6): 4–6. 03790940. 5331:Luis M. Castañeda, 5203:Agostoni, Claudia. 4810:Containing the Poor 4756:Susan Deans-Smith, 4745:Containing the Poor 4719:Containing the Poor 4706:Containing the Poor 4680:Containing the Poor 4345:The Decline of the 3944:Ida Altman et al., 3598:Digital Collections 3462:Frances F. Berdan, 3113:Frances F. Berdan, 3037:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 2854:Aztec sculpture of 2684:including Ticoman, 2513:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 2498:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 2450:Francisco I. Madero 2167:Paseo de la Reforma 2151:Paseo del Emperador 2010:Battle of Contreras 1973:at the entrance to 1906:Agustín de Iturbide 1863:Agustín de Iturbide 1669:Agustín de Iturbide 1312:establishment of a 1272:La Enseñanza Church 1143:Virgin of Guadalupe 913:ciudad de españoles 844:Gil González Dávila 776:ciudad de españoles 748:Mexico City in 1522 727:Mexico-Tenochtitlan 446:Magdalena Mixiuhcan 287:. After that, the 212:Mexico-Tenochtitlan 156:French Intervention 133:(both Iberian-born 6626:Palace of Iturbide 6595:Palacio de Minería 6545:Museo de Charrería 6520:Franz Mayer Museum 5805:Mundy, Barbara E. 5748:Hayner, Norman S. 5720:Emerson, Charles. 4987:Jaume I University 4660:on 9 February 2012 4347:Sociedad de castas 3482:Mexico Desconocido 3062:Columbian mammoths 3056:Recent discoveries 3039:, a member of the 3013: 2985: 2977: 2940:Colonia Cuauhtémoc 2884:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 2872: 2860: 2848: 2835:Velódromo Olímpico 2827:1968 Olympic Games 2823: 2778:, the Library, by 2749:Legislative Palace 2741: 2725: 2706:Villa de Guadalupe 2557: 2540:Growth of the city 2515:won the position. 2500: 2434:Mexican Revolution 2429: 2388:Mexican Revolution 2223:Mexico City Police 2206:, followed by the 2183: 2159:Chapultepec Castle 2131:Emperor Maximilian 2113: 2042:Chapultepec Castle 1990: 1986:Metro Niños Héroes 1979: 1963: 1901:José María Morelos 1889: 1881: 1865: 1764: 1712: 1673:Palace of Iturbide 1613:nobility in Mexico 1572: 1561: 1546: 1535: 1531:Palace of Iturbide 1523: 1467:Racial composition 1464: 1418: 1309: 1118: 1107: 1076: 1068:Chapultepec Castle 1015: 942: 900: 808:Antonio de Mendoza 750: 742: 731: 699: 665: 596: 572: 522: 488: 434: 421:with them against 402: 348: 220: 204: 160:Mexican Revolution 137:and American-born 97: 48: 6895: 6894: 6500:Caricature Museum 6202: 6201: 6160:Metropolitan area 5958:Grandeza Mexicana 5906:Scapegoat Journal 5878:978-0-8263-6001-4 5784:Larkin, Brian R. 5630:www.aljazeera.com 5417:(3884). 00077135. 5159:on 5 January 2009 4782:R. Douglas Cope, 4639:978-968-6533-61-3 4217:978-968-859-514-5 4057:92.1 (2012) 5–39. 3802:978-968-7024-66-0 3522:978-968-32-0540-7 2876:Mexico City Metro 2776:Enrique del Moral 2733:Anillo Periférico 2714:Anillo Periférico 2690:Santa Isabel Tola 2655:Gertrudis Sánchez 2576:to the south and 2479:Lecumberri prison 2458:Victoriano Huerta 2446:La decena trágica 2427:in February 1913. 2302:Lecumberri Prison 1360:Unlike Brazil or 1286:The 18th-century 1274:, 18th c. nunnery 1226:La Soledad Church 848:Pedro de Alvarado 682:tree called the " 643:Pedro de Alvarado 503:Yucatán Peninsula 164:Mexico City Metro 93:Palacio Nacional. 6954: 6947:Valley of Mexico 6924: 6923: 6922: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6903: 6758:Parks and plazas 6729:Avenida Bucareli 6708:La Merced Market 6703:Ciudadela Market 6229: 6222: 6215: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6185:Water management 6040: 6033: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5826:Piccato, Pablo. 5777:Konove, Andrew. 5755:Johns, Michael. 5731:. Palgrave 2010. 5713:Davis, Diane E. 5699:Candiani, Vera, 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5548:David Williams. 5545: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5393: 5392: 5380: 5365: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5304: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5024:on 11 April 2004 5020:. Archived from 5014: 5001: 5000: 4976: 4970: 4965:Claudio Linati, 4963: 4957: 4954: 4937: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4906: 4899: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4872:Claudio Linati, 4870: 4864: 4857: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4826: 4819: 4813: 4806: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4748: 4741: 4735: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4683: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4625: 4608: 4607: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4340: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4316:Altman, et al., 4314: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4282: 4276: 4271:Altman, et al., 4269: 4263: 4258:Altman, et al., 4256: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4102: 4097:M. Perló Cohen, 4095: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3896:Charles Gibson, 3894: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3740: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3654: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3488:. Archived from 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3416: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3380: 3339: 3338: 3332: 3324: 3307: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3271: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3197: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3118: 3111: 2932:Centro Histórico 2868:Metro Cuauhtémoc 2866:Sign for Line 1 2796:Eugenio Peschard 2784:Gustavo Saavedra 2700:. Areas such as 2594:Colonia Doctores 2566:Metro San Lázaro 2530:Francisco Madero 2403: 2383: 2365: 2356:inaugurated 1910 2346: 2331: 2316: 2297: 2282: 2267: 2227:Bertillon method 2200:Antonio Escandón 2094: 2082: 2018:Gabriel Valencia 1969:Monument to the 1945:U.S.–Mexican War 1927:Archbishop Fonte 1911:Vicente Guerrero 1558:José de la Borda 1509:Mexican nobility 1283: 1268: 1249: 1237: 1222: 1203: 1189: 1174: 1042:Colonia Doctores 1038:La Merced Market 778:(Spanish city). 653:Storming of the 588:Newberry Library 293:Valley of Mexico 267:reached much of 228:Valley of Mexico 68:Spanish conquest 6962: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6898: 6896: 6891: 6840: 6784: 6775:Plaza Garibaldi 6765:Alameda Central 6753: 6717: 6713:San Juan Market 6686: 6655:Historic houses 6650: 6604: 6580:Museum of Light 6488: 6377: 6341: 6300: 6286:National Palace 6264:Cruz de Mañozca 6246: 6238: 6233: 6203: 6198: 6189: 6136:Law enforcement 6076:Barrios Mágicos 6049: 6044: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5970: 5937: 5935:Primary sources 5918: 5901: 5896: 5835:Mexico Megacity 5692:Caistor, Nick. 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647:Further reading 5644: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5605:www.cbsnews.com 5599: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5546: 5542: 5531: 5524: 5505: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5448: 5444: 5429: 5422: 5411: 5396: 5381: 5368: 5357: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5288: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5262:on 20 June 2013 5254: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5004: 4997: 4989:. p. 190. 4977: 4973: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4940: 4931: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4816: 4807: 4803: 4795:Woodrow Borah, 4794: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4751: 4742: 4738: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4626: 4611: 4604: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4368: 4341: 4337: 4329:Altman, et al. 4328: 4324: 4315: 4308: 4300:John E. Kicza, 4299: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4185: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4144:. p. 154. 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4052: 4048: 4040:Richard Boyer, 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3909:George Kubler, 3908: 3904: 3895: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3789: 3785: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3742: 3741: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3656: 3655: 3646: 3635: 3631: 3609: 3605: 3585: 3581: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3492:on 5 March 2009 3474: 3470: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3396: 3381: 3342: 3326: 3325: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3272: 3259: 3248: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3198: 3155: 3144: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3082: 3058: 3005: 2957:1985 earthquake 2948:Colonia Condesa 2928: 2812:Mexican history 2808:David Siqueiros 2768:Salvador Ortega 2698:State of Mexico 2678:Jardín Balbuena 2647:20 de Noviembre 2542: 2521: 2492: 2487: 2442:Emiliano Zapata 2425:Ten Tragic Days 2417: 2410: 2404: 2395: 2392:Guillermo Kahlo 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2354:Alameda Central 2347: 2338: 2332: 2323: 2317: 2308: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2271:Bird's-eye view 2268: 2258:, "the Angel". 2204:Charles Cordier 2175: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2086: 2083: 1959:National Palace 1947: 1857: 1852: 1704: 1645:Alameda Central 1643:) and near the 1611:The concept of 1511: 1505: 1493: 1469: 1423: 1402: 1306:Bourbon Reforms 1298: 1291: 1284: 1275: 1269: 1260: 1256:lived, now the 1250: 1241: 1238: 1229: 1223: 1214: 1204: 1195: 1190: 1181: 1175: 1163:excommunication 1095: 1085: 1083:Religious power 1061: 1059:Political power 999: 905: 885: 879: 719: 564: 558: 553: 480: 472:summer solstice 399:José María Jara 356:Huitzilopochtli 240:Huitzilopochtli 192: 187: 181: 158:as well as the 26: 12: 11: 5: 6960: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6882:Teatro Fru Fru 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6789:Transportation 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6734:Avenida Juárez 6731: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6682:Tlaxcala House 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6240: 6239: 6232: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6180:Transportation 6177: 6175:Street vendors 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6115: 6113:Gentrification 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6020: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5969: 5968:External links 5966: 5965: 5964: 5955: 5945: 5940:Gallo, Rubén. 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5900: 5899:Historiography 5897: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5880: 5868:Tutino, John. 5866: 5859: 5852: 5850:978-0842024174 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5744:978-0896599062 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5617: 5592: 5566: 5540: 5522: 5496: 5469: 5442: 5420: 5394: 5366: 5351: 5337: 5324: 5317: 5299: 5286: 5273: 5247: 5234: 5227: 5209: 5196: 5183: 5170: 5144: 5116: 5089: 5062: 5035: 5002: 4995: 4971: 4958: 4938: 4925: 4907: 4891: 4878: 4865: 4849: 4840: 4827: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4775: 4762: 4749: 4736: 4723: 4710: 4697: 4691:Silvia Arrom, 4684: 4671: 4645: 4638: 4609: 4602: 4578: 4571: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4475: 4466: 4454: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4404:Charles Gibson 4392: 4379: 4366: 4335: 4322: 4306: 4293: 4277: 4264: 4251: 4238: 4223: 4216: 4196: 4183: 4165: 4158: 4124: 4115: 4103: 4090: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4046: 4033: 4024: 4017: 3997: 3990: 3970: 3968:, pp. 371–372. 3950: 3937: 3924: 3915: 3902: 3882: 3855: 3828: 3808: 3801: 3783: 3762: 3730: 3703: 3676: 3644: 3629: 3603: 3579: 3576:. Spain. 1524. 3559: 3552: 3546:. p. 36. 3528: 3521: 3503: 3468: 3455: 3433: 3394: 3340: 3302: 3291: 3285:978-1864500875 3284: 3257: 3237: 3207: 3153: 3119: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3057: 3054: 3004: 3001: 2936:Colonia Juárez 2927: 2924: 2814:and identity. 2607:Colonia Juárez 2598:Colonia Obrera 2570:Metro Tasqueña 2541: 2538: 2520: 2517: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2470:Felipe Ángeles 2416: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2394:, 12 June 1912 2385: 2378: 2376: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2262: 2174: 2171: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2077: 1946: 1943: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1839:Claudio Linati 1827:Claudio Linati 1823:la gente culta 1819:el pueblo bajo 1760:Miguel Cabrera 1703: 1700: 1589:Real del Monte 1552:Façade of the 1504: 1501: 1492: 1489: 1468: 1465: 1445:Miguel Hidalgo 1422: 1419: 1401: 1398: 1370:Manila galleon 1297: 1296:Economic power 1294: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1270: 1263: 1261: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1232: 1230: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1184: 1182: 1176: 1169: 1084: 1081: 1060: 1057: 1046:Metro Balderas 998: 995: 904: 903:Growth of city 901: 878: 875: 718: 715: 661:Emanuel Leutze 557: 554: 552: 549: 479: 476: 388:Malinalxochitl 344:Boturini Codex 273:Gulf of Mexico 191: 188: 183:Main article: 180: 177: 103:. Some of the 58:city-state of 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6959: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6749:Madero Street 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Santo Domingo 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6196: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087:Architecture 6086: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071:Neighborhoods 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 5990:19°25′59.11″N 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5891: 5888: 5885:Ward, Peter. 5884: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5798:Lida, David. 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5674:0-87081-734-5 5671: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5654: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5527: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5501: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5425: 5416: 5415:Business Week 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5318:9780415272650 5314: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5230: 5228:9780822372899 5224: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4996:9788480210645 4992: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4932:Scardaville, 4929: 4922: 4919:Scardaville, 4916: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4901:Scardaville, 4898: 4896: 4888: 4885:Scardaville, 4882: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4859:Scardaville, 4856: 4854: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4603:9780822392521 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4582: 4574: 4572:9789686959420 4568: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4537:, p. 60. 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4513:, p. 58. 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4326: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4161: 4159:9781000510058 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4028: 4020: 4018:9781595348357 4014: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3993: 3991:9781443887489 3987: 3983: 3982: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612:Hernán Cortés 3607: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588:Hernán Cortés 3583: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3555: 3553:9781568984896 3549: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3443: 3437: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3389: 3388: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3323:. p. 20. 3322: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2994: 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