34:
508:
1146:
927:
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734:
414:
318:
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Indonesia. However, unlike the Dutch architects of the 1930s, many of these expatriate architects were unfamiliar with the tropics, while their local partners had received similarly
Modernist architectural training. As a result, downtown areas in Jakarta gradually resembled those of the large Western cities; and often at a high environmental cost: high-rise buildings consume huge amounts of energy in terms of air-conditioning and other services.
446:, the older harbor at Sunda Kelapa, and the Chinese quarter at Glodok. In the middle of 18th century, Batavia also included the outskirts area along the canal of the Molenvliet (now Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk), the Noordwijk (now Jalan Juanda), the Rijswijk (now Jalan Veteran), along Gunung Sahari, and Jacatraweg (Jalan Pangeran Jayakarta). Also included were the markets at Tanah Abang and Senen, Jakarta's oldest markets.
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Expulsion of the Dutch caused tremendous social change in
Jakarta. In the middle of 1952, 48,280 foreigners (excluding Chinese) were living in Jakarta, of which 90.2% were Dutch. By the end of 1950s, only a few hundred of the Dutch stayed in Jakarta. The 1960s was regarded as a decade when foreigners
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by security forces; four days of riots ensued, resulting in damage to, or destruction of, an estimated 6,000 buildings, and the loss of 1,200 lives. The
Chinese of the Glodok district were severely affected during the riot period and accounts of rape and murder later emerged. In the following years,
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into
Tanjung Duren and the new housing estate of Kebon Jeruk. At that time, the continuation of Jalan Tomang Raya was known as Jalan Arjuna, a relatively modest road which by the 1990s would be developed into the Jakarta-Tangerang-Merak toll road. Another road built in the 1970s was Jalan H R Rasuna
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The economic situation and the physical condition of
Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation, including Jakarta. Beautiful colonial buildings and hotels were converted into military barracks. Many buildings were vandalized, as metal was needed for the war, and many iron statues from the
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and
Rijswijk (Jalan Veteran). The area, then known as Weltevreden, which include the Koningsplein, Rijswijk, Noordwijk, Tanah Abang, Kebon Sirih, and Prapatan became a popular residential, entertainment and commercial district for the European colonial elite. The name Weltevreden lingered until 1931
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Early on during Ali
Sadikin's years as governor, Suharto was elected president of Indonesia in 1967. He decided to promote foreign investment in Indonesia. Ali Sadikin ensured that Jakarta's infrastructure was able to support business opportunities and boost economic growth with the construction of
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Jakarta's urban area in 1950 were enclosed within the city's railway network. Areas beyond the railway lines remained empty, e.g. Tomang and Grogol to the west, Pluit and swampy Ancol to the north. Areas to the east and northeast, e.g. the area between Jalan Gunung Sahari and
Tanjung Priok remained
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The rivalry was ultimately resolved in 1619, when the Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and militarily intervened at
Jayakarta, where they assumed control of the port after destroying the existing city. The new city built on the site was officially named as Batavia on January 18,
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to
Indonesia, with Jakarta as the host city. The event was used as a trigger to complete new landmarks in Jakarta, and so the first half of the 1960s saw large government-funded projects that were undertaken with openly nationalistic architecture. By working on the optimistic monumental projects,
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Despite the numerous departments converted into Indonesian control, from the economic perspective, the transition was much slower. The Dutch still owned key sectors of Indonesian economy during most of the 1950s, including banking, oil and shipping. Only in late 1957, the nationalization of Dutch
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After the recognition of Indonesian sovereignty on 27 December 1949, in March 1950, Jakarta was increased in size from 182 square kilometres to 530 square kilometres. Despite the dramatic increase in size, impact on the city's population was minimal: population of Jakarta was 1,340,625 in 1949 to
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After the collapse of Japan in 1945, the area went through a period of transition and upheaval during the Indonesian national struggle for independence. During the Japanese occupation and from the perspective of the Indonesian nationalists who declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was
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The period between the late-1980s and the mid-1990s saw a massive increase in foreign investment as Jakarta became the focus of a real estate boom. The investment of overseas capital into joint-venture property and construction projects with local developers brought many foreign architects into
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The departure of the Dutch also caused a massive migration of the rural population into Jakarta, in response to a perception that the city was the place for economic opportunities. The kampung areas in Jakarta swelled as a result. There were house shortages, as well the lack of schools, medical
127:. The "new city" to the south evolved between 1809 and 1942 after the Dutch government took over control of Batavia from the failed VOC whose charter expired in 1799. The third was the development of modern Jakarta since the proclamation of independence in 1945. Under the Dutch, it was known as
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was elected as governor of Jakarta. He would serve as the governor of Jakarta from 1966 to 1977, Jakarta's longest-serving governor. Instead of focusing on monumental projects, Ali Sadikin focused his policy towards providing the basic needs of Jakarta's rapidly expanding population. Kampung
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During the 1980s, smaller land sites were acquired for high-rise projects, while larger parcels of land were subdivided for low-key projects, such as the building of new shophouses. This period also saw the removal of kampongs from the inner-city areas and the destruction of many historical
1121:; and new housing developments on the west of Jalan Gajah Mada (Tanah Sereal, Krukut, Krendang and Duri) and on the east of Jalan Hayam Wuruk (Mangga Besar and Sawah Besar). Several residential projects that were developed in the 1950s began to took shape in the 1960s, among them are
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eventually ruled the entire region. Batavia under VOC control was essentially a Company Town, under the authority of a governor-general in Batavia and a board of directors in Amsterdam that served the Dutch merchants in the region, predominantly the spice trade between Europe and the
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Dramatic changes in Jakarta's skyline occurred during the period between 1960 and 1965, when President Sukarno, also an architect and an urban planner, personally drove the city into a modern capital that would not only be the pride of the Indonesian nation, but would also be a
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Despite the slow city development, the beginning of the 1950s saw construction of infrastructure that would lay a foundation for the explosive growth of Jakarta in the 1960s. Jalan Thamrin and Jalan Sudirman were built between 1949 and 1953 to connect Central Jakarta with
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The period also saw development of the Pasar Baru market in the 1820s, the completion of Tanjung Priok port in 1886, the development of Menteng and Gondangdia garden city in the 1910s, and the inclusion of Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara) into Jakarta in 1935.
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After recognition of Indonesian sovereignty on 27 December 1949, transition from Dutch to Indonesian leadership occurred immediately as Dutch residences and properties were taken over by the Indonesian government. Among the notable buildings conversion were:
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The Jakarta City Council chambers on Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan remained the home of the Jakarta City Council, with the exception that the council was all Indonesian and under the leadership of an Indonesian mayor. The rank "mayor" would become governor in
918:. Another 15 hectares at Pejompongan were set for a water purification plant. The 730 hectare satellite city of Kebayoran Baru, which was conceived by the Dutch in the 1930s, remained the most important housing development in Jakarta in the 1950s.
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Jakarta in the 1950s was more or less similar with the colonial period: banking districts were still centered in Kota around Kali Besar and Jalan Pintu Besar Utara. Chinese business hub were centered at Glodok, especially Pintu Kecil. The colonial
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In 1943, the Japanese Imperial administration slightly revised the administration of Jakarta by adding a special counseling body. This agency was composed of twelve local Javanese leaders who were regarded as loyal to the Japanese; among them were
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On 29 September 1945, Anglo-Dutch troops arrived in Jakarta to disarm and repatriate the Japanese garrison. They also planned on reasserting control over the colony. On November 21, 1945, Suwiryo and his assistants were arrested by members of
1230:, it was discontinued for its over-emphasis upon the improvement of only physical infrastructure. Sadikin was also responsible for rehabilitating public services, banning rickshaws, and clearing out "slum dwellers" and "street peddlers".
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Sukarno filled Jakarta with numbers of monuments. Numbers of monumental projects were conceived, planned and initiated during his administration. Some of the notable monumental projects of Sukarno during the first half of the 1960s were:
670:. War was not apparent in Jakarta and urban development continued in the city as the Dutch tried to re-establish themselves. In 1947, the Dutch succeeded in implementing a set of planning regulations for urban development—the SSO/SVV (
984:, who was unflattering in his depiction of the city. However, by 1957, these proposals were abandoned. Instead, the city's boundaries were expanded, and it became the Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI, Special Capital Territory), one of the
515:
On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and rule of the colony was transferred to Japan. The city was renamed Jakarta (officially ジャカルタ特別市
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renamed Jakarta. After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognized until full Indonesian independence was achieved on 27 December 1949 and Jakarta was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.
197:
established Sunda Pura, located on the northern coast of West Java, as the new capital city for the kingdom. The capital of Tarumanagara kingdom was most probably located somewhere between Tugu sub-district North Jakarta and
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becoming a domestic-only airport. During the late 1970s, some housing west of Kemayoran Airport, such as the grid-like housing development of Pademangan, started to grow closer to the western edge of Kemayoran Airport.
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In early 1960s, increasing use of cars allow city development outside the constrain of railway network. Several suburbs began to be developed very far from the city center. Few of such developments were
68:, the area has long sustained human settlement. Historical evidence from Jakarta dates back to the 4th century CE, when it was a Hindu settlement and port. The city has been sequentially claimed by the
1376:
The situation in the 1970s encouraged the emergence of a large number of private housing projects, but government housing schemes were also implemented to cope with the growth of the urban population.
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Since the turn of the century, the people of Jakarta have witnessed a period of political stability and prosperity, along with another construction boom. On 24 March 2019, the first phase of the
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improvement programs were one of his best-known projects. He repaired and build roads, provided public transport, better sanitation, health services and educational opportunities for the poor.
523:
To strengthen its position in Indonesia, the Japanese government issued Act No. 42 1942 as part of the "Restoration of the Regional Administration System". This act divided Java into several
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During the first half of the 1960s, government projects in Jakarta was so intense to the extent that Jakarta's citizens struggled to find cement and building materials for their own use.
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didn't believe trams was an effective system for Jakarta, and so gradually he began to stop the operation of the trams. By April 1960, tramlines only operated from Senen and Kramat to
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were still the busiest markets in Jakarta. The European shopping and leisure districts were still centered at Harmoni Junction. Most colonial hotels retained their Dutch names, e.g.
624:
Following the surrender of the Japanese, Indonesia declared its independence on 17 August 1945. The proclamation was enacted at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56 (now Jalan Proklamasi),
1220:
309:, Prabu Surawisesa, king of Sunda at that time, granted them free access to the pepper trade. Portuguese who were in the service of the sovereign made their homes in Sunda Kelapa.
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In the mid-1950s, driven by a sense of corruption and disproportionate government expenditure in Jakarta, there were proposals to relocate the capital. Those in support included
941:, which began in 1869 as horse-drawn trams, and would be developed up until the electric trams from 1899, would face competition with buses and faces financial issues. President
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1167:"Djakarta is dotted with steel skeletons and the concrete shells of unfinished buildings. There is no money to finish them. Who is able to finish and utilize these buildings?"
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507:
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Accounts of 16th century European explorers make mention of a city called Kalapa, which apparently served as the primary port of a Hindu kingdom of Sunda. In 1522, the
33:
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or Hotel Duta Indonesia, Hotel der Nederlanden or Hotel Dharma Nirmala, and Hotel des Galeries. Kemayoran airport handled both domestic and international flights.
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in 1965. The incident would begin Sukarno's downfall from power. As a result, Jakarta's skyline was scarred with unfinished steel and concrete structures. A book
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574:("Head of the Japanese Imperial Administration"). The effect of this system was a "one-man rule" structure with no councils or representative bodies. The first
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Among the roads that were constructed during the 1970s were Jalan Tomang Raya, which was built as a continuation of Jalan Kyai Caringin and which crossed over
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The early 1970s saw Jalan Thamrin become a major thoroughfare with buildings higher than 5 storeys. Jalan Sudirman was still relatively empty, except for the
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to the west, which was developed as a flood-proof residential area in the 1950s but was immediately flooded in February 1960; several housings to the west of
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Dutch colonial period were taken away by the Japanese troops. Among the destroyed colonial landmarks during the Japanese occupation were the statue of
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services, water and electricity. In 1951 and 1952, 25 hectares of land was opened for housing at Grogol, 25 hectares at Tanah Tinggi (just south of
1373:. The Aldiron Plaza shopping center (now Blok M Square), considered to be the precursor of Jakarta's shopping malls, was opened in the mid-1970s.
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on Jalan Antara was taken over by Indonesian owners and management between 1951 and 1955 as a forerunner of present government owned news agency,
797:. These projects are usually collaboration between Dutch and Indonesia. The first buildings that were constructed along the Thamrin-Sudirman were
1281:
477:. Batavia evolved from the site of the company's regional headquarters into the capital of the colony. The city gradually expanded to the south.
2119:
1173:, a 30-storey office tower meant to be the tallest in Southeast Asia but was abandoned as an unfinished steel structure from 1966 to 1971; the
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286:, manuscripts from a monk's lontar and one of the precious remnants of Old Sundanese literature. The port served Pakuan Pajajaran (present day
3177:
660:
1219:, the business, financial, and diplomatic heart of Jakarta. During this period, the first buildings appeared on Jalan Sudirman north of the
674:)—that had been devised prior to the war. Batavia was planned to expand with an addition of a new satellite city 8 kilometers south of the
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and many projects were left abandoned. The city became a center of violence, protest, and political maneuvering, as long-time president,
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attacked the Portuguese in Sunda Kelapa in 1527 and succeeded in conquering the harbour on 22 June, after which Sunda Kelapa was renamed
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from Sunda renowned for its supreme quality. The people of the area worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles.
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The United Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in Dutch, literally "United East Indian Company")...
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1006:(beacon) of a powerful new nation. The short period would give Jakarta many of its most famous modernist landmarks and monuments.
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De waaier van het fortuin: van handelscompagnie tot koloniaal imperium : de Nederlanders in Azië en de Indonesische archipel
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to Indonesia. By 1960, almost all Dutch assets in Indonesia had been taken over and Dutch citizens were expelled from Indonesia.
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including several terms of ineffective presidents, Jakarta was a center of popular protest and national political instability.
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was still a satellite city of Jakarta and located outside the boundaries of Jakarta. The construction of thoroughfares such as
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Glodok commercial area. The area of Kota and Glodok remained Jakarta's central business and banking district during the 1950s.
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commenced in 1595. Over the next 25 years there was contention between the Dutch and British on the one hand, and between the
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On 27 December 1949, the Dutch recognised Indonesia as an independent country and sovereign federal state under the name of "
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The Concordia military social club building on Jalan Lapangan Banteng Timur became the national parliament until early 1965.
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nationalized its debts and possessions, expanding all of the VOC's territorial claims into a fully-fledged colony named the
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soared in late 1940s, which occurred at the same time with the wave of immigration into Jakarta to find employment. 31,000
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During the late 1970s, Ancol, another project proposed by Sukarno in the early 1960s, was already well-established as the
290:), the capital of the Sunda Kingdom. By the fourteenth century, Sunda Kelapa became a major trading port for the kingdom.
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1013:" between 1957 and 1959, which greatly increased his own political power. Sukarno's great power allowed him to award the
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1,432,085 in 1950 to 1,661,125 in 1951. The new districts added to Jakarta at the time was sparsely populated and rural.
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1358:(1974), the Hilton Hotel (1976), Hotel Sari Pan Pacific (1976) and Mandarin Hotel (1978), as well as the extension of
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During the period, administrative buildings were relocated to the area then known as Weltevreden, e.g. south of the
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cultural center at Cikini was opened. Taman Ria Remaja (Youth Recreation Park) was opened in the 1970s next to the
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assets would begin, partly triggered by the anger over the refusal of the Netherlands to transfer sovereignty of
305:, the authority of the port. In exchange for military assistance against the threat of the rising Islamic Javan
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as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas, in which
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recreational area with its Bina Ria beach, a golf course, swimming pools, an oceanarium, Putri Duyung Cottage,
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On 4 January 1946, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Ally-occupied Jakarta and established the capital in
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348:. Prince Jayawikarta, a follower of the Sultan of Banten, established a settlement on the west banks of the
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The Sunda Kingdom of West Java From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with the Royal Center of Bogor
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Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century - Planning, History and Environment Series
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An Insane Administration and Insanitary Town: The Dutch East India Company and Batavia (1619–1799)
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Batavia was under VOC control until the Company went bankrupt and its charter expired in 1799.
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Military history of the Netherlands § The War Against Indonesian Independence (1945–1949)
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West Java. Purnawarman left seven memorial stones across the area, including the present-day
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The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815
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got elected as governor. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.
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Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon
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Most of Jakarta's monuments were initiated during the first half of the 1960s e.g. the
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can be found extensively in Jakarta. Introduced to Jakarta in the 1930s, the number of
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402:. In 1610, Prince Jayawikarta granted permission to Dutch merchants to build a wooden
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This article is about the history of Jakarta. For a general timeline of the area, see
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1437:-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with
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Sukarno hoped to put the newly independent nation's pride on international display.
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and its casinos, a drive-in theater, and new housing developments on both sides.
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held his Indonesian independence and anti-colonialism/imperialism speech, during
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22:. For the specific period when the area was called Batavia, the capital of the
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of Oxford University in England, and travel records by Prince Bujangga Manik.(
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1791:. Jakarta: BPS – Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office: xlvii–xlix. 2008.
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After the power of Tarumanagara declined, its territories became part of the
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The 1970s also witnessed the redevelopment of Jakarta's two oldest markets:
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on the north coast of Jakarta to become Jakarta's main recreation complex;
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Said. When completed, Rasuna Said, Sudirman, and Gatot Subroto formed the
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administrative corps headquarters on Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara became the
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The 1970s saw the completion of projects that were begun in the 1960s by
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and Veteran's Building complex approved in 1965 but was opened in 1973.
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Schoppert, Peter; Damais, Soedarmadji & Sosrowardoyo, Tara (1998).
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In 1602, the Dutch government granted a monopoly on Asian trade to the
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The period of monumental projects came to an immediate halt after the
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acting as the committee chairman. Suwiryo was recognised as the first
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when it officially became known as Batavia Centrum (Central Batavia).
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has been the location of human settlement since the 4th century BCE
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3350:
3323:
3255:
2775:
873:
medical school became the faculty of medicine at the newly created
428:
294:
258:). The port of Sunda was described as strategic and thriving, with
1582:(5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 60.
3854:
3776:
3737:
3480:
3360:
3313:
3298:
3199:
2579:
2548:
2118:
Vaisutis, Justine; Martinkus, John; Batchelor, Dr. Trish (2007).
1658:
1421:
1239:
1063:
942:
644:
629:
595:
438:
During the era of the VOC, Batavia was centered on the so-called
159:
88:
built up the area before it was taken during World War II by the
57:
49:
4087:
3925:
3904:
3806:
3786:
3704:
3442:
3385:
3240:
1114:
870:
778:
751:
725:
had been underway since 1949 and would only be opened in 1953.
457:
410:, opposite to Jayakarta. This outpost was established in 1611.
403:
254:
ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (known as
203:
170:. The earliest historical record discovered in Jakarta is the
344:
By the late 16th century, Jayakarta was under the rule of the
3470:
3375:
1181:, started in 1965 and completed in stages up until 1983; the
1067:
900:
747:
287:
280:
84:, and by Dutch, Japanese and Indonesian administrations. The
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
693:". At this time, the Jakarta City Administration was led by
682:
satellite city, the first urban planning in Indonesia after
559:("Village Unit Head"), who, in turn, was responsible over a
2424:
2245:"KPU Tetapkan Fauzi Bowo-Prianto Pemenang Pilkada DKI 2007"
2162:
2160:
2098:
2096:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1970:
1968:
1955:
1953:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1863:
1861:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1153:
was one of the many delayed projects of Sukarno in Jakarta.
991:
65:
2540:
1808:
1806:
1416:
The economic boom period of Jakarta ended abruptly in the
1192:
1165:
published in 1969 by the Jakarta City Government claimed:
701:
Transition into a capital of an independent nation (1950s)
2055:
1287:
906:
were no longer a common sight on the streets of Jakarta.
555:
Assistant ("Sub-district Head"), who, in turn, oversaw a
2172:
2157:
2145:
2093:
2074:
2043:
2031:
2012:
1965:
1950:
1921:
1904:
1892:
1873:
1858:
1752:
1185:
which started in 1963 but to be opened in 1974; and the
826:
Governor-general's palace on Jalan Merdeka Utara became
250:
in the early 13th Century, the Sumatra-based kingdom of
232:–Portuguese treaty, Indonesian National Museum, Jakarta.
210:
provinces, consisting of inscriptions bearing his name.
139:, during the Japanese occupation and the modern period.
1803:
1642:. The Jakarta City Administration. 2002. Archived from
1405:
buildings. One infamous case was the demolition of the
1328:
366:
99:
Jakarta has been known by several names. It was called
1592:
Bujangga Manik Manuscript which is now located at the
1169:
Among the delayed projects of Sukarno in Jakarta were
605:
4182:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
2000:
952:
The 1950s was known as the decade where the informal
321:
Jayakarta in 1605 prior the establishment of Batavia.
2662:
List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta
1177:, started in 1961 but not completed until 1978; the
578:
of Jakarta was Tsukamoto and the last was Hasegawa.
431:. The administrative center of this new town is the
119:. Thereafter, Jakarta evolved in three stages. The "
1787:"Jakarta Dalam Angka – Jakarta in Figures – 2008".
969:
469:(VOC) went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the
2359:
1842:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945-1985
1664:
1520:Knowledge:WikiProject Indonesia/Naming conventions
1409:and the subsequent construction of a parking lot.
1226:Despite the success of the program, which won the
777:Among new suburbs developed during the 1950s were
672:Stadsvormings-ordonantie/Stadsvormings-verordening
496:
325:To prevent Portuguese gaining a foothold on Java,
153:
142:For a more detailed history of Jakarta before the
1484:
1482:
1480:
1233:
1009:Sukarno had already transitioned the country to "
949:. By 1962, the tramway disappeared from Jakarta.
598:(who became the vice for Jakarta's schichoo) and
4212:
1580:Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed
1197:
531:) that were each led by a Bupati (Regent). Each
452:
1577:
1311:
858:The Ministry of Finance was moved to the grand
789:; mostly to provide housing for civic workers.
705:
312:
2468:"The Architecture of Modern Indonesian Cities"
1720:. MacMillan, 2nd edition, 1991ISBN 0333576896
1477:
301:, a political and economic agreement with the
213:
3543:
3185:
2564:
2474:. Vol. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press.
1606:
1492:. Jakarta.go.id. 8 March 2011. Archived from
174:, which was discovered in Tugu sub-district,
2879:Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
2113:
2111:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1710:
1443:its first-ever election to choose a governor
651:or grand meeting at Lapangan Ikada, now the
503:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
442:or "Lower City". It consisted of the walled
355:
2488:
1812:
1690:
1540:. StudyIndonesian. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
816:
661:the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration
56:'s capital and largest city. Located on an
4001:
3550:
3536:
3192:
3178:
2571:
2557:
2407:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
2383:
2166:
2151:
2102:
2068:
2049:
2037:
2025:
1974:
1959:
1944:
1915:
1898:
1886:
1867:
1769:
1718:A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200
1350:(1974), Hotel Ambassador/Aryaduta (1974),
1024:Semanggi "clover-leaf" highway interchange
901:Expulsion of the Dutch and population boom
691:Republic of the United States of Indonesia
640:("Jakarta City National Administration").
92:and finally became independent as part of
4186:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
3557:
3063:Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport
2387:Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950-1980
2360:Liebenberg, Elri; Demhardt, Imre (2012).
2108:
1980:
1775:
511:Sketch of the Japanese entry into Batavia
178:. It is among the oldest inscriptions in
2404:
1990:. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2nd edition
1818:
1670:
1393:
1383:
1144:
992:Sukarno's mercusuar projects (1960–1965)
925:
732:
506:
456:
412:
337:. Later, the port became a part of the
316:
217:
32:
2465:
2409:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2338:
2323:Timeline of Jakarta § Bibliography
2087:
1628:
1471:
1320:became the international airport, with
1228:Aga Khan Award for architecture in 1980
1193:Rise of Ali Sadikin (1966 – late 1970s)
144:proclamation of Indonesian independence
103:during the Kingdom of Sunda period and
4213:
2541:Articles and topics related to Jakarta
2532:(Homannische Erben, Nuernberg-Germany)
2501:
2444:
2329:
2271:"Indonesia retains regional elections"
2190:
2178:
2006:
1839:
1833:
1728:
1726:
1553:. Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta. 2005.
1288:Jakarta Fairs and other entertainments
996:
4034:
3986:
3832:
3569:
3531:
3173:
2552:
2539:
2366:. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 209.
1026:, a broad avenue in Central Jakarta (
379:and Prince Jayawikarta on the other.
3140:
3058:Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
1700:. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
1329:Economic growth (late 1970s – 1980s)
1072:the largest mosque in Southeast Asia
1050:); four high-rise hotels, including
678:. This 730 ha area would become the
367:Dutch East India Company (1610–1800)
4174:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
2225:from the original on 1 January 2016
1723:
1273:were completed in the early 1970s.
1249:sports complex and some housing at
930:1960s saw the boom of the informal
728:
636:. The position was soon altered to
606:National revolution era (1945–1949)
406:and houses on the east bank of the
265:One of the ports at the mouth of a
240:. According to the Chinese source,
228:(1522), a stone pillar sealing the
13:
3834:Colonies and trading posts of the
3571:Colonies and trading posts of the
2578:
2489:Waworoentoe, Willem Johan (2013).
2316:
1988:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia
1567:. Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. 2007.
1399:2019 Indonesian protests and riots
1140:
976:Indonesian future capital proposal
467:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie
392:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie
279:(Coconut of Sunda), as written in
14:
4232:
2523:
2219:"Jakarta holds historic election"
1740:(in Dutch). de VOCsite. 2002–2012
921:
762:rural (with the exception of the
37:Image of Batavia, capital of the
3151:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3053:Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link
2955:Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex
2628:
2472:Indonesian Heritage-Architecture
2193:"Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta"
1531:Lesson: Old Indonesian Spellings
1379:
970:Proposal to relocate the capital
862:on Jalan Lapangan Banteng Timur.
638:Pemerintah Nasional Kota Jakarta
3895:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
3084:Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
2405:Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993).
2390:. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing.
2289:
2263:
2251:(in Indonesian). 16 August 2007
2237:
2211:
2184:
1441:. In August 2007, Jakarta held
1212:Jalan Letnan Jenderal S. Parman
1133:to the east of Jalan Sudirman,
787:Bendungan Hilir and Pejompongan
497:Japanese occupation (1942–1945)
341:, located west from Jayakarta.
154:Early kingdoms (4th century AD)
115:during the short period of the
2470:. In Tjahjono, Gunawan (ed.).
2124:. Lonely Planet. p. 101.
1665:Liebenberg & Demhardt 2012
1586:
1571:
1557:
1543:
1524:
1508:
1389:December 2016 Jakarta protests
1259:Irian Jaya Liberation Monument
1234:Completion of delayed projects
1107:
1091:Irian Jaya Liberation Monument
1089:, Pemuda Monument at Senayan,
634:mayor of Jakarta Tokubetsu Shi
616:Indonesian National Revolution
527:("Resident Administration" or
64:, on the northwestern part of
1:
2970:Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam
2914:Universitas Kristen Indonesia
1844:. New York: Greenwood Press.
1827:. History Of Merdeka Square.
1696:de Vries J, van der Woude A.
1198:Improvement in infrastructure
1038:; a broad by-pass connecting
453:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)
371:Dutch mercantile activity to
158:The coastal area and port of
3089:Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital
2940:National Museum of Indonesia
2506:. Melbourne: Lonely Planet.
2445:Silver, Christopher (2007).
2429:. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing.
1426:four students were shot dead
1312:Decline of Kemayoran Airport
1179:National Parliament building
706:Expansion of city's boundary
547:("District Heads"). Below a
313:Banten Sultanate (1527–1619)
7:
2884:State University of Jakarta
2297:"Jakarta metro inaugurated"
2221:. BBC News. 8 August 2007.
1459:
1418:1997 Asian financial crisis
1318:Halim Perdanakusuma Airport
842:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
214:Kingdom of Sunda (669–1527)
182:. The area was part of the
10:
4237:
4038:Kingdom of the Netherlands
2995:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
2731:Golden Triangle of Jakarta
2626:
2530:Pictures and Map from 1733
2451:. Routledge. p. 101.
2384:Merrillees, Scott (2015).
2320:
1454:Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit
1263:Prince Diponegoro Monument
1217:Golden Triangle of Jakarta
973:
801:headquarters (1958-1962),
609:
500:
396:United East Indian Company
362:Batavia, Dutch East Indies
359:
148:Batavia, Dutch East Indies
28:Batavia, Dutch East Indies
17:
4165:
4149:
4128:
4112:
4096:
4080:
4049:
4045:
4030:
3997:
3982:
3954:
3918:
3847:
3843:
3828:
3766:
3713:
3687:
3661:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3565:
3208:
3202:most-populous urban areas
3123:
3097:
3076:
3003:
2950:Gelora Bung Karno Stadium
2927:
2904:Bina Nusantara University
2889:Jakarta State Polytechnic
2861:
2810:
2789:
2736:Jakarta metropolitan area
2696:
2675:
2637:
2587:
2546:
2195:. Poskota. Archived from
1599:Three Old Sundanese Poems
1578:Dr. R. Soekmono (1988) .
1516:Perfected Spelling System
1336:Jakarta Convention Center
1163:Djakarta Through the Ages
1056:a new parliament building
1048:Jalan Jenderal Ahmad Yani
966:were registered in 1953.
535:was divided into several
356:Dutch Batavia (1610–1942)
4136:Curaçao and Dependencies
3870:Curaçao and Dependencies
3848:Colonies in the Americas
3836:Dutch West India Company
3573:Dutch East India Company
3463:
3405:
3339:
3281:
2797:Indonesia Stock Exchange
2502:Witton, Patrick (2003).
2339:de Jong, J.J.P. (1998).
2330:Blusse, Leonard (1985).
1840:Jessup, John E. (1989).
1825:Lapangan Merdeka / Monas
1678:The History of Indonesia
1257:. Monuments such as the
1064:Sarinah Department Store
853:Ministry of Home Affairs
817:Taking over Dutch assets
384:Dutch East India Company
3919:Trading posts in Africa
3653:Northeast coast of Java
2965:Selamat Datang Monument
2909:Tarumanagara University
2869:University of Indonesia
2823:Jakarta City government
2495:Encyclopædia Britannica
2466:Siregar, Sandi (1998).
2334:. Springer Netherlands.
2191:Minggu (19 July 2009).
1316:By 1974, a redeveloped
1125:(land opened in 1952),
1087:Selamat Datang Monument
1032:Jalan Jenderal Sudirman
875:University of Indonesia
2945:Jakarta History Museum
2848:Transmigration program
1401:
1391:
1154:
986:provinces of Indonesia
935:
738:
643:On 19 September 1945,
518:Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi
512:
462:
461:Map of Batavia in 1897
418:
391:
322:
233:
46:
4172:constituent countries
3705:West coast of Sumatra
3559:Dutch colonial empire
3068:Port of Tanjung Priok
1397:
1387:
1356:Hotel Kartika Chandra
1159:September 30 Movement
1148:
1066:; the development of
1040:Tanjung Priok harbour
939:Jakarta's tram system
929:
914:) and 25 hectares at
805:(1959-1962), and the
736:
510:
460:
422:1621, from which the
416:
320:
299:Luso Sundanese padrão
221:
193:In AD 397, King
131:(1619–1945), and was
36:
4184:Netherlands Antilles
2990:Taman Ismail Marzuki
2894:Atma Jaya University
2746:Semanggi Interchange
1636:"History of Jakarta"
1614:"History of Jakarta"
1601:. KITLV Press. 2007.
1490:"History of Jakarta"
1472:Notes and references
1302:Taman Ismail Marzuki
830:presidential palace.
695:Mayor Sastro Mulyono
584:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
3990:Noordsche Compagnie
3988:Settlements of the
3966:Society of Suriname
3812:Vietnam (1637–1643)
3585:Governorate General
3110:Water privatisation
2899:Trisakti University
2874:Universitas Terbuka
1789:Jakarta Dalam Angka
1680:. Greenwood, 2005.
1466:Timeline of Jakarta
1430:Trisakti University
1407:Society of Harmonie
1340:Hotel Kartika Plaza
1271:Dirgantara Monument
1099:Dirgantara Monument
1036:Jalan Gatot Subroto
997:Monumental projects
849:Binnenlands Bestuur
563:("Kampung Chief").
543:) that were led by
539:("Municipality" or
377:Sultanate of Banten
346:Sultanate of Banten
329:, on behalf of the
82:Sultanate of Banten
20:Timeline of Jakarta
4221:History of Jakarta
3960:Society of Berbice
3214:
2853:ASEAN Headquarters
2181:, pp. 138–39.
1986:Cribb R, Kahin A.
1646:on August 20, 2011
1536:2018-11-17 at the
1402:
1392:
1296:were initiated at
1155:
1028:Jalan M.H. Thamrin
982:Takdir Alisjahbana
936:
739:
513:
463:
419:
323:
307:Sultanate of Demak
234:
184:Indianized kingdom
180:Indonesian history
70:Indianized kingdom
47:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4180:full independence
4120:Dutch East Indies
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3167:
3166:
2980:Jakarta Cathedral
2935:National Monument
2373:978-3-642-19087-2
2277:. 20 January 2015
2199:on 12 August 2009
2090:, pp. 130–1.
1640:BeritaJakarta.com
1371:Pasar Tanah Abang
1306:Gelora Bung Karno
1247:Gelora Bung Karno
1119:Kemayoran Airport
1083:National Monument
912:Kemayoran Airport
882:ANETA news agency
811:Gelora Bung Karno
764:Kemayoran Airport
475:Dutch East Indies
471:Batavian Republic
424:Dutch East Indies
394:(VOC); literally
86:Dutch East Indies
39:Dutch East Indies
24:Dutch East Indies
4228:
4187:
4047:
4046:
4036:Colonies of the
4032:
4031:
3999:
3998:
3984:
3983:
3964:Governed by the
3958:Governed by the
3845:
3844:
3830:
3829:
3582:
3581:
3567:
3566:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3371:Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto
3366:Ho Chi Minh City
3211:
3210:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3131:
3130:
3033:KRL Commuterline
2919:YARSI University
2843:DPR/MPR Building
2771:Lapangan Banteng
2632:
2620:Thousand Islands
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2517:
2498:
2485:
2462:
2440:
2420:
2401:
2380:
2356:
2335:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2072:
2066:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1919:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1871:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1813:Waworoentoe 2013
1810:
1801:
1800:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:. Archived from
1610:
1604:
1602:
1594:Bodleian Library
1590:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1522:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1486:
1435:Jemaah Islamiyah
1352:Hotel Sahid Jaya
1095:Lapangan Banteng
1076:1962 Asian Games
1015:1962 Asian Games
1011:Guided Democracy
813:sports complex.
807:Welcome Monument
729:City development
339:Banten Sultanate
238:Kingdom of Sunda
172:Tugu inscription
117:Banten Sultanate
78:Kingdom of Sunda
4236:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4190:
4169:
4161:
4145:
4124:
4108:
4092:
4076:
4041:
4018:
3993:
3970:
3950:
3914:
3839:
3816:
3762:
3709:
3683:
3657:
3596:
3576:
3561:
3556:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3458:
3457:
3400:
3399:
3334:
3333:
3276:
3275:
3204:
3198:
3168:
3163:
3119:
3093:
3072:
2999:
2975:Istiqlal Mosque
2960:Hotel Indonesia
2923:
2857:
2806:
2785:
2692:
2683:Betawi language
2671:
2633:
2624:
2595:Central Jakarta
2583:
2577:
2542:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2482:
2459:
2437:
2417:
2398:
2374:
2353:
2325:
2319:
2317:Further reading
2314:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2167:Merrillees 2015
2165:
2158:
2152:Merrillees 2015
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2116:
2109:
2103:Merrillees 2015
2101:
2094:
2086:
2075:
2069:Merrillees 2015
2067:
2056:
2050:Merrillees 2015
2048:
2044:
2038:Merrillees 2015
2036:
2032:
2026:Merrillees 2015
2024:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1975:Merrillees 2015
1973:
1966:
1960:Merrillees 2015
1958:
1951:
1945:Merrillees 2015
1943:
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1916:Merrillees 2015
1914:
1905:
1899:Merrillees 2015
1897:
1893:
1887:Merrillees 2015
1885:
1874:
1868:Merrillees 2015
1866:
1859:
1852:
1838:
1834:
1829:(in Indonesian)
1828:
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1786:
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1770:Merrillees 2015
1768:
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1538:Wayback Machine
1529:
1525:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1496:on June 8, 2014
1488:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1439:another in 2009
1382:
1360:Hotel Indonesia
1348:Hotel Borobudur
1344:President Hotel
1331:
1314:
1290:
1278:Ancol Dreamland
1267:Heroes Monument
1251:Bendungan Hilir
1236:
1200:
1195:
1183:Hotel Borobudur
1175:Istiqlal Mosque
1171:Wisma Nusantara
1151:Istiqlal Mosque
1143:
1141:Fall of Sukarno
1127:Bendungan Hilir
1110:
1052:Hotel Indonesia
999:
994:
978:
972:
924:
903:
819:
803:Hotel Indonesia
756:Hotel des Indes
731:
708:
703:
626:Central Jakarta
618:
608:
600:Dahlan Abdullah
505:
499:
455:
417:Batavia in 1682
369:
364:
358:
315:
226:of Sunda Kalapa
216:
156:
90:Empire of Japan
41:in what is now
31:
12:
11:
5:
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3948:
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3938:
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3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3910:Virgin Islands
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:New Netherland
3882:
3877:
3872:
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3862:
3857:
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3450:
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3440:
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3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Rio de Janeiro
3415:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3388:
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3368:
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3215:
3209:
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3197:
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3189:
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3174:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Betawi cuisine
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
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3055:
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3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
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3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
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2987:
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2977:
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2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Istana Merdeka
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2802:Bank Indonesia
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Tebet Eco Park
2763:
2758:
2756:Merdeka Square
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2706:
2704:Ciliwung river
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2524:External links
2522:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2480:
2463:
2457:
2442:
2435:
2422:
2415:
2402:
2396:
2381:
2372:
2357:
2351:
2336:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2288:
2262:
2236:
2210:
2183:
2171:
2156:
2144:
2130:
2107:
2092:
2073:
2071:, p. 101.
2054:
2042:
2030:
2011:
2009:, p. 101.
1999:
1979:
1964:
1949:
1920:
1903:
1891:
1872:
1857:
1850:
1832:
1817:
1802:
1774:
1751:
1722:
1709:
1689:
1669:
1667:, p. 209.
1657:
1627:
1624:on 2011-08-20.
1605:
1585:
1570:
1556:
1542:
1523:
1507:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1456:(MRT) opened.
1381:
1378:
1330:
1327:
1313:
1310:
1289:
1286:
1235:
1232:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1142:
1139:
1109:
1106:
998:
995:
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990:
971:
968:
923:
922:Infrastructure
920:
902:
899:
890:
889:
878:
867:
863:
856:
845:
834:
831:
828:Istana Merdeka
818:
815:
799:Bank Indonesia
795:Kebayoran Baru
730:
727:
723:Jalan Sudirman
715:Kebayoran Baru
707:
704:
702:
699:
653:Merdeka Square
607:
604:
561:Kepala Kampung
501:Main article:
498:
495:
454:
451:
433:Batavia Castle
408:Ciliwung River
368:
365:
360:Main article:
357:
354:
350:Ciliwung River
314:
311:
284:Bujangga Manik
215:
212:
200:Bekasi Regency
155:
152:
135:(in Dutch) or
62:Ciliwung River
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3937:
3936:Loango-Angola
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3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Banda Islands
3611:
3609:
3606:
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3599:
3593:
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3327:
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3113:
3111:
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3096:
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3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Jabodebek LRT
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Wayang Museum
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
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2956:
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2932:
2930:
2926:
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2902:
2900:
2897:
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2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
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2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Istana Negara
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2688:Betawi people
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2667:Sunda Kingdom
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:South Jakarta
2603:
2601:
2600:North Jakarta
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2513:1-74059-154-2
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2481:981-3018-30-5
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2458:9781135991227
2454:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2436:962-593-232-1
2432:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:0-8047-2194-7
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2397:9786028397308
2393:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2352:9789012086431
2348:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2169:, p. 25.
2168:
2163:
2161:
2154:, p. 21.
2153:
2148:
2133:
2131:9781741798456
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2105:, p. 27.
2104:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2052:, p. 19.
2051:
2046:
2040:, p. 17.
2039:
2034:
2028:, p. 99.
2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1996:9780810849358
1993:
1989:
1983:
1977:, p. 39.
1976:
1971:
1969:
1962:, p. 36.
1961:
1956:
1954:
1947:, p. 35.
1946:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1918:, p. 97.
1917:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1901:, p. 13.
1900:
1895:
1889:, p. 37.
1888:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1870:, p. 15.
1869:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1851:0-313-24308-5
1847:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1772:, p. 11.
1771:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1716:Ricklefs MC.
1713:
1707:
1706:9780521578257
1703:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:9780313331145
1683:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1618:BeritaJakarta
1615:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1495:
1491:
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1483:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1380:1980s–present
1377:
1374:
1372:
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1292:In 1968, the
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44:
43:North Jakarta
40:
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29:
25:
21:
16:
3688:Commandments
3662:Directorates
3601:Governorates
3347:Johannesburg
3329:Buenos Aires
3156:
3144:
3132:
3018:TransJakarta
2676:Demographics
2652:Sunda Kelapa
2638:
2615:West Jakarta
2610:East Jakarta
2503:
2494:
2471:
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2426:
2406:
2386:
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2341:
2331:
2304:. Retrieved
2301:Metro Report
2300:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2248:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:the original
2186:
2174:
2147:
2137:December 11,
2135:. Retrieved
2120:
2088:Siregar 1998
2045:
2033:
2002:
1987:
1982:
1894:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1788:
1742:. Retrieved
1737:
1717:
1712:
1697:
1692:
1677:
1676:Drakeley S.
1672:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1639:
1630:
1622:the original
1617:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1564:
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1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
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1315:
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1111:
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783:Tanah Tinggi
776:
772:Sunter River
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688:
684:World War II
676:Koningsplein
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479:
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324:
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276:
272:Sunda Kelapa
270:
269:was renamed
264:
241:
235:
223:
192:
188:Tarumanagara
168:Buni culture
162:in northern
157:
141:
136:
132:
128:
112:
108:
104:
101:Sunda Kalapa
100:
98:
76:, the Hindu
74:Tarumanegara
48:
45:, circa 1780
15:
4040:(1815–1975)
4014:Smeerenburg
4002:Settlements
3992:(1614–1642)
3946:Slave Coast
3838:(1621–1792)
3770:settlements
3728:Banjarmasin
3715:Residencies
3618:Cape Colony
3575:(1602–1798)
3395:Brazzaville
3342:Los Angeles
3271:Mexico City
3200:World's 50
3043:Jakarta LRT
3038:Jakarta MRT
2761:Ragunan Zoo
2249:Antara News
2179:Witton 2003
2007:Silver 2007
1744:27 November
1518:as well as
1367:Pasar Senen
1204:Ali Sadikin
1123:Pejompongan
1108:New suburbs
916:Pejompongan
768:Kali Sunter
748:Pasar Senen
649:Rapat Akbar
529:Karesidenan
440:Benedenstad
373:East Indies
248:Chou Ju-kua
243:Chu-fan-chi
195:Purnawarman
4157:New Guinea
4150:Until 1962
4129:Until 1954
4113:Until 1949
4104:Gold Coast
4097:Until 1872
4081:Until 1853
4062:Coromandel
4050:Until 1825
3941:Senegambia
3931:Gold Coast
3768:Opperhoofd
3633:Coromandel
3023:Metrotrans
3013:Jak Lingko
2828:Parliament
2427:Java Style
2321:See also:
2306:2019-04-02
1738:De VOCsite
1650:August 16,
1447:Fauzi Bowo
1300:, and the
1269:, and the
1097:, and the
974:See also:
947:Jatinegara
895:Irian Jaya
860:Witte Huis
744:Pasar Baru
668:Yogyakarta
610:See also:
465:After the
327:Fatahillah
295:Portuguese
109:Djajakarta
4009:Jan Mayen
3880:Essequibo
3792:Mauritius
3758:Pontianak
3748:Palembang
3486:Hyderabad
3438:Zhengzhou
3413:Chongqing
3356:Bangalore
3289:São Paulo
3237:Guangzhou
3077:Hospitals
3028:Minitrans
3005:Transport
2928:Landmarks
2862:Education
2790:Economics
2781:UI Forest
2697:Geography
2588:Divisions
2504:Indonesia
2491:"Jakarta"
2121:Indonesia
1797:0215-2150
1734:"Batavia"
1514:See also
1362:in 1974.
1322:Kemayoran
1255:Setiabudi
1202:In 1966,
1131:Setiabudi
1060:a stadium
1004:mercusuar
880:Colonial
838:Volksraad
680:Kebayoran
572:Guisenken
400:West Java
335:Jayakarta
252:Srivijaya
208:West Java
164:West Java
105:Jayakarta
94:Indonesia
54:Indonesia
4215:Category
4176:Suriname
3890:Pomeroon
3875:Demerara
3753:Preanger
3738:Cheribon
3648:Moluccas
3506:Surabaya
3496:Hangzhou
3453:Dongguan
3391:Kinshasa
3381:Istanbul
3351:Pretoria
3324:Shenzhen
3294:New York
3256:Shanghai
3134:Category
2818:Governor
2811:Politics
2776:GBK Park
2741:Kota Tua
2709:Flooding
2647:Timeline
2281:27 March
2275:BBC News
2255:24 March
2229:8 August
2223:Archived
2203:27 April
1534:Archived
1460:See also
1354:(1974),
1346:(1973),
1342:(1972),
1221:Semanggi
869:The old
576:schichoo
568:schichoo
429:Moluccas
297:secured
133:Djakarta
121:old city
4178:gained
4170:Became
4141:Surinam
4072:Suratte
4067:Malacca
3900:Surinam
3865:Cayenne
3855:Berbice
3777:Myanmar
3733:Batavia
3700:Malabar
3679:Suratte
3643:Malacca
3638:Formosa
3623:Celebes
3592:Batavia
3511:Bandung
3481:Tianjin
3428:Chennai
3361:Chengdu
3314:Beijing
3309:Bangkok
3299:Karachi
3284:Kolkata
3227:Jakarta
3146:Commons
3115:Outline
2657:Batavia
2639:History
2580:Jakarta
2345:. Sdu.
1500:17 June
1422:Suharto
1240:Sukarno
1034:), and
943:Sukarno
645:Sukarno
630:Suwiryo
628:, with
596:Suwiryo
545:Wedanas
160:Jakarta
137:Jakarta
129:Batavia
113:Jacatra
60:of the
58:estuary
50:Jakarta
4088:Dejima
4057:Bengal
3926:Arguin
3905:Tobago
3860:Brazil
3807:Tonkin
3787:Dejima
3782:Canton
3743:Malang
3723:Bantam
3695:Bantam
3674:Persia
3669:Bengal
3628:Ceylon
3501:Nagoya
3491:Taipei
3476:Bogotá
3448:London
3443:Luanda
3408:Tehran
3386:Lahore
3319:Moscow
3251:Manila
3246:Mumbai
3241:Foshan
3158:Portal
3098:Others
2582:topics
2510:
2478:
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2370:
2349:
2128:
1994:
1848:
1795:
1704:
1684:
1265:, the
1261:, the
1115:Grogol
964:becaks
886:ANTARA
871:STOVIA
779:Grogol
752:Glodok
614:, and
553:Wedana
551:was a
549:Wedana
484:, the
404:godown
277:Kalapa
260:pepper
224:Padrão
204:Banten
146:, see
26:, see
3802:Timor
3608:Ambon
3471:Wuhan
3433:Paris
3423:Xi'an
3376:Lagos
3304:Dhaka
3266:Cairo
3261:Seoul
3232:Delhi
3222:Tokyo
1068:Ancol
1042:with
960:becak
955:becak
932:becak
866:1960.
557:Lurah
388:Dutch
331:Demak
288:Bogor
281:Hindu
267:river
256:Sunda
230:Sunda
3797:Siam
3466:Lima
2751:SCBD
2724:2020
2719:2013
2714:2007
2508:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2283:2018
2257:2018
2231:2007
2205:2010
2139:2014
2126:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1793:ISSN
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1702:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1652:2011
1502:2014
1369:and
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