History of California before 1900

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founding to perhaps two thousand by the end of the Spanish period (1810). All of these buildings were built largely by the native people, under Franciscan supervision. Again, there is controversy in the literature as to whether the labor was forced. Production on missions between 1769 and 1810 was distributed primarily among the Indian congregation. In 1810, the California missions and presidios lost their financing as the Spanish Empire collapsed from Buenos Aires to San Francisco, as a result of the imprisonment of King Fernando VII in 1808 by the French. In this context, Indians came under increased pressure to produce, and the missions exported the produce of Indian labor via Anglo-American and Mexican merchants. Whether the proceeds were distributed to Indians or to local military men came increasingly to depend on the political skill and dedication of the individual missionaries. In 1825, independent Mexico finally send a governor to take control of California, but he arrived without adequate payroll for the military. In 1825, the use of uncompensated Indian labor at missions to finance Mexican presidios in California became normalized.

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viewed too much imported Asian cloth to Mexico and Lima as a competitive threat to the Spanish American markets for cloth produced in Spain, and as a result, restricted the tonnage permitted on the ships from Manila to Acapulco. Mexico City merchants in retaliation overstuffed the ships, even using the space for water to carry additional contraband cargo. As a result, the ships coming from Manila had enough water for two months, but the trip took four to six months. (Hawaii was unknown to the Spanish navigators). The sea currents take ships sailing from Manila to Acapulco up north, so that they first touch land at San Francisco or Monterey, in what is now California. In the mid-18th century, tensions were brewing between Great Britain and Spain. In 1762, while

2624: 1987: 705:, and cooked. The grinding holes worn into large rocks over centuries of use are still visible in many rocks today. The ground and leached acorn flour was usually cooked into a nutritious mush, eaten daily with other traditional foods. Acorn preparation was a very labor-intensive process nearly always done by women. There are estimates that some indigenous populations might have eaten as much as one ton of acorns in one year. Families tended productive oak and tanoak groves for generations. Acorns were gathered in large quantities, and could be stored for a reliable winter food source. 485: 31: 814: 2918:

lawyers who practiced during the territorial. California was entirely different. Its hurried transition from Mexican possession to United States statehood by 1850, brought a very large new population from across the world, bringing many different legal traditions with them. Legal conditions were chaotic at first. The new state lacked judicial precedents, prisons, competent lawyers, and a coherent system of laws. Alarmed citizens formed vigilante tribunals, most famously in the

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review of flawed statutes. An elaborate new body of law was quickly constructed to deal with gold mining claims and water rights. There was vicious mistreatment of Indians and the Chinese, and to a lesser extent against Mexicans. By the 1860s, San Francisco had developed a professional police force so it could dispense with the use of vigilante actions. Statewide by 1865, the courts, legislators, and legal profession had established a legal system that operated smoothly.

3089:, riggers and stevedores in 1851, bakers and bricklayers in 1852, caulkers, carpenters, plasterers, brickmasons, blacksmiths and shipwrights in 1853 and musicians in 1856. Although these efforts required several starts to become stabilized, they did earn better pay and working conditions and began the long efforts of state labor legislation. Between 1850 and 1870, legislation made provisions for payment of wages, the mechanic's lien and the eight-hour workday. 8061: 3373: 384: 114: 1130: 1459: 1190:. His major contributions to the state's history were the glowing reports of the Monterey area as an anchorage and as land suitable for settlement and growing crops, as well as the detailed charts he made of the coastal waters (which were used for nearly 200 years). He recommended Monterey for settlement, to provide a safe arrival point for galleons from Manila. The King agreed, but the settlement project was diverted to areas off Japan. 1668: 2745:

females older than 15 in the state. To this should be added about 1,300 women older than 15 from San Francisco, Santa Clara, and Contra Costa counties whose censuses were lost and not included in the totals. There were less than 10,000 females in a total California population (not including Indians who were not counted) of about 120,000 residents in 1850. About 3.0% of the Gold Rush "Argonauts" before 1850 were female or about 3,500

2461: 1547:. More recent scholarship suggests that the tiny number of Spaniards at each mission relied more upon negotiation, enticement and the threat of force to control the estimated 5,000 Indians typically surrounding what would become a mission. The missionaries and military were often at cross purposes in their vision of what California could become, and the missionaries preferred to rely upon Indian allies to maintain control. 845:(including California), Spain sent an exploring party sailing along the California coastline. The California seen by these ship-bound explorers was one of hilly grasslands and wooded canyons, with few apparent resources or natural ports to attract colonists. The other European nations, with their attentions focused elsewhere, paid little attention to California. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that both 2517:" swelled to about 160 men with the addition of volunteers recruited from American settlements, and on July 19 he entered Monterey in a joint operation with some of Stockton's sailors and marines. The official word had been received — the Mexican–American War was on. The U.S. naval forces (which included U.S. Marines) easily took over the north of California; within days, they controlled Monterey, Yerba Buena, Sonoma, 2605:, signed on February 2, 1848, marked the end of the Mexican–American War. In that treaty, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $ 18,250,000; Mexico formally ceded California (and other northern territories) to the United States; and the first international boundary was drawn between the U.S. and Mexico by treaty. The previous boundary had been negotiated in 1819 between Spain and the United States in the 1539:. Eighty percent of the financing of Spain's California program went not to missions but rather to the military garrisons established to keep the three great Pacific Ports of San Diego, Monterey and San Francisco under Spanish control; the Santa Barbara presidio on the Channel was constructed later. The missions introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, agricultural industry, along with 3023:. It was caused by settler intrusion and slave raids on native lands and subsequent native retaliation, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of natives. In 1859, a band of locally sponsored rangers led by Walter S. Jarboe, called the Eel River Rangers, raided the countryside in an effort to remove natives from settler territory and move them onto the Nome Cult Farm, an area near the 4824:) gives the population of San Francisco at 21,000; the special California state census of 1852 finds 6,158 residents of Santa Clara County and 2,786 residents of Contra Costa County. Adding an estimate of the women (using the same ratio of men to women found in other mining communities) gives about 1,300 more females that should have been included in the 1850 census. 2065:, was more popular, so the leading wealthy citizens suggested to Echeandía that Victoria's stay as governor would be coming to an abrupt end soon. They built up a small army, marched into Los Angeles, and "captured" the town. Victoria gathered a small army and went to fight the upstart army, leading it himself. He met the opposing army on December 5, 1831, at 2457:, stationed in Monterey, tried to keep peace between the Americans and the small Mexican military garrison commanded by José Castro. American army captain John C. Frémont, with about 60 well-armed men, had entered California in December 1845 and was making a slow march to Oregon when they received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent. 1253:

Baja California Sur was used as a stopping point for unloading contraband on the way back from Manila to Acapulco. The contraband might then have been shipped across the Gulf of California to enter mainland Mexico by way of Sonora, where the Jesuits also had missions and sympathies for their financial backers.

2227:. Micheltorena's force was still in the south, and the Monterey presidio was undermanned. As such, Alvarado reluctantly surrendered, and retired to Rancho El Alisal. The next day Commodore Jones learned of his mistake, but Alvarado declined to return and instead referred the commodore to Micheltorena. 2048:

brought the spirit of republican government and mestizo liberation to the frontier. Echeandia began the moves to emancipate Indians from missions, and to also liberate the profit motive among soldiers who were granted ranches where they utilized Indian labor. Pressure grew to abolish missions, which

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In 1697, the Viceroy Duque de Linares along with the Conde de Miravalle (180) and the treasurer of Acapulco (Pedro Gil de la Sierpe) financed Jesuit expansion into California. The Duque de Linares lobbied the Spanish Crown in 1711 to increase trade between Asia, Acapulco and Lima. It is possible that

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The Native Americans had no domesticated animals except dogs, no pottery; their tools were made out of wood, leather, woven baskets and netting, stone, and antler. Some shelters were made of branches and mud; some dwellings were built by digging into the ground 2 to 3 feet (61 to 91 cm) and then

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is estimated, by the time of extensive European contact in the 18th century, to have been perhaps 300,000. Before Europeans landed in North America, about one-third of all natives in what is now the United States were living in the area that is now California. California indigenous language diversity

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Thousands of Chinese men arrived in California to work as laborers, recruited by industry as low-wage workers. Over time, conflicts in the gold fields and cities created resentment toward the Chinese laborers. During the decade-long depression after the transcontinental railroad was completed, white

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stated, "There is no place in the Union, no place on earth, where labor is so honored and so well rewarded..." as in California. Early immigrants to California came with skills in many trades, and some had come from places where workers were being organized. California's labor movements began in San

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newspapers published in San Francisco in 1850. A corrected California 1850 census would go from 92,597 (the uncorrected "official number") to over 120,000. The 1850 U.S. census, the first census that included the names and sex of everyone in a family, showed only 7,019 females, with 4,165 non-Indian

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and two hundred men." In 1841, General Vallejo wrote Governor Alvarado that "...there is no doubt that France is intriguing to become mistress of California", but a series of troubled French governments did not uphold French interests in the area. During disagreements with Mexicans, the German-Swiss

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in California, in March issuing a notice for a planned horse race that was loosely construed into being a plot for revolt. Alvarado notified Vallejo of the situation, and in April the Californian military began arresting American and English immigrants, eventually detaining about 100 in the Presidio

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arrived in Monterey at the beginning of 1846. Afraid of foreign aggression, Castro assembled his militia, with Alvarado second in command, but Frémont went north to Oregon instead. An unstable political situation in Mexico strained relations among the Californios, and it seemed that civil war would

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Most missions became enormous in terms of land area (approximately the size of modern counties in California), and yet the Spanish and Mexican staff was small, with normally two Franciscans and six to eight soldiers in residence. The size of the Indian congregations would grow from a handful at the

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in 1869; six days by train brought a traveler from Chicago to San Francisco, compared to six months by ship. The era of comparative protection for California labor ended with the arrival of the railroad. For decades after, labor opposed Chinese immigrant workers and politicians pushed anti-Chinese

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and/or mud. On the coast and somewhat inland traditional architecture consists of rectangular redwood or cedar plank semi-subterranean houses. Traditional clothing was minimal in the summer, with tanned deerhide and other animal leathers and furs and coarse woven articles of grass clothing used in

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Spanish ships plying the China trade probably stopped in California every year after 1680. Between 1680 and 1740, Spanish merchants out of Mexico City financed thriving trade between Manila, Acapulco and Callao. In Manila, they picked up cotton from India and silks from China. The Spanish Crown

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in the 1850s. Absent an established system of law and order, they dispensed raw justice quickly through drum-head trials, whipping, banishment, or hanging. As a body of law developed, the courts set precedents on such issues as women's contractual rights, real estate and mortgages, tort law, and

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spread West slowly, with the first stage a long territorial apprenticeship under the control of a federal judge and federal officials. After few decades, the transition was made to statehood, usually by adapting constitutional and legal procedures from previous states of residence, and using the

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In Southern California, Mexican General José Castro and Governor Pío Pico abandoned Los Angeles. When Stockton's forces entered Los Angeles unresisted on August 13, 1846, the nearly bloodless conquest of California seemed complete. Stockton left too small a force (36 men) in Los Angeles, and the

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This turned out to backfire on him, as on November 14, 1844, a group of Californios led by Manuel Castro revolted against Mexican authority. José Castro and Alvarado commanded the troops. There was no actual fighting, a truce was negotiated and Micheltorena agreed to dismiss his convict troops.

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Huntington came to symbolize the greed and corruption of late-nineteenth-century business. Business rivals and political reformers accused him of every conceivable evil. Journalists and cartoonists made their reputations by pillorying him.... Historians have cast Huntington as the state's most

2732:, which asked everyone their place of birth. The Indian population is unknown but has been variously estimated at 30,000 to 150,000 in 1840. The population in 1850, the first U.S. census, does not count the Indian population and omits San Francisco, the largest city, as well as the counties of 2007:

By 1809, Spain no longer governed California because the Spanish king was imprisoned by the French. For the next decade and a half, the colony came to rely upon trade with Anglo-Americans and Spanish-Americans from Lima and San Blas for economic survival and political news. The victory in the

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was the very first to feel the effects of this legislation the following year. The military received legal permission to distribute the Indian congregations' land amongst themselves in 1834 with secularization. Some aging Franciscans never abandoned the missions, such as Zalvidea of San Juan

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in the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west effectively isolated California from easy trade or tribal interactions with indigenous populations on the rest of the continent, and delayed the tragedies and damages of colonial-settler arrival until the Spanish missions, the Gold Rush, and the

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Micheltorena eventually made it to Monterey, but was unable to control his troops, a number of whom were convicts. This fomented rumors of a revolt, and by 1844, Alvarado himself became associated with the malcontents and an order was given by Micheltorena for his arrest. His detention was

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Cabrillo and his men found that there was essentially nothing for the Spanish to easily exploit in California, located at the extreme limits of exploration and trade from Spain. The expedition depicted the indigenous populations as living at a subsistence level, typically located in small

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sentiment resulted in the passage of innumerable laws, many of which remained in effect well into the middle of the 20th century. The most flagrant episode was probably the creation and ratification of a new state constitution in 1879. Thanks to vigorous lobbying by the anti-Chinese

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prevented private soldiers from extending their control over the most fertile land which was tilled by the Indian congregations. By 1829, the most powerful missionaries had been removed from the scene: Luis Martinez of San Luis Obispo, and Peyri of Mission San Luis Rey. The

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The first quarter of the 19th century showed the continuation of the slow colonization of the southern and central California coast by Spanish missionaries, ranchers and troops. By 1820 Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from Loreto, north to

713:). Despite this, the natural abundance of California, and the environmental management techniques developed by California tribes over millennia, allowed for the highest population density in the Americas north of Mexico. The indigenous people practiced various forms of 2117:). The change had little practical effect in far-off Alta California. The capital of Alta California remained Monterey, as it had been since the 1769 Portolá expedition first established an Alta California government, and the local political structures were unchanged. 2053:

had passed the General Law of Expulsion in 1827. This law declared all persons born in Spain to be "illegal immigrants" and ordered them to leave the new country of Mexico. Many of the missionary clergy were Spanish and aging, and gave in to the pressure to leave.

2609:, which established the present border between California and Oregon. San Diego Bay is one of the few natural harbors in California south of San Francisco, and to claim this strategic asset the southern border was slanted to include the entire bay in California. 2012:

did during its reign. The Indian congregations at missions and the missionaries provided the critical source of products that underlay export revenues for the entire colony between 1810 and 1825. Converting new Indians faded, while ranching and trade increased.

1203:, Britain captured Manila in the Pacific and Havana in the Atlantic. This was probably a stimulus for Spain to build presidios at San Francisco and Monterey in 1769. The British, too, stepped up their activities in the Pacific. British seafaring Captain 3327:

permanently linked California to the rest of the country, and the far-reaching transportation systems that grew out of them during the century that followed contributed immeasurably to the state's unrivaled social, political, and economic development.

1312:, to just north of today's San Francisco Bay Area, and extended inland approximately 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 km) from the missions. Outside of this zone, perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives. The 3100:' strike of 1864 was called in opposition to a newly formed iron-works employers association which threatened a one thousand dollar a day fine on any employer who granted the strikers' demands and had wired for strikebreakers across the country. The 1005:, which he originally named the bay of smoke (bahia de los fumos) due to the many cooking fires of the native Chumash Indians along the shore. The expedition then continued north in an attempt to discover a supposed coastal route to the mainland of 1080:, about 1 mi/hr (1.6 km/h). After sailing about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) south on they eventually reached their home port in Mexico. By 1700 the galleons' route turned south farther offshore and reached the California coast south of 664:

or along water courses. Local trade between indigenous populations enabled them to acquire seasonings such as salt, or foodstuffs and other goods that might be rare in certain locales, such as flint or obsidian for making spear and arrow points.

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A number of mission structures survive today or have been rebuilt, and many have congregations established since the beginning of the 20th century. The highway and missions became for many a romantic symbol of an idyllic and peaceful past. The

3250:, from holding title to land. Because it was difficult for people born in Asia to obtain U.S. citizenship until the 1960s, land ownership titles were held by their American-born children, who were full citizens. The law was overturned by the 2960:

The gold rush increased pressure on the Native Americans of California, because miners forced Native Americans off their gold-rich lands. Many were pressed into service in the mines; others had their villages raided by the army and volunteer

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from Mexico, that resulted in the dramatic decrease of the indigenous population of California. Between 1849 and 1870 it is estimated that American colonists murdered some 9,500 California Natives, and acts of enslavement, kidnapping, rape,

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By 1846, Alta California had a Spanish-speaking population of under 10,000, tiny even compared to the sparse population of states in the rest of northern Mexico. The Californios consisted of about 800 families, mostly concentrated on large

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as its president, until Frémont arrived with his U.S. army detachment and took over military command on June 23. The California state flag today is based on the original Bear Flag, and continues to contain the words "California Republic".

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The Russian-American Company established Fort Ross in 1812 as its southernmost colony in North America, intended to provide Russian posts farther north with agricultural goods. When this need was filled by a deal between the RAC and the

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owner challenged the constitutionality of a San Francisco ordinance clearly designed to drive Chinese laundries out of business, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in his favor, and in doing so, laid the theoretical foundation for modern

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were largely displaced by large corporate mining operations. Railroads began to be built, and both the railroad companies and the mining companies began to hire large numbers of laborers. The decisive event was the opening of the

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The staple foods then used by other indigenous American tribes, corn and/or potatoes, would not grow without irrigation in the typically short three- to five-month wet season and nine-to seven-month dry seasons of California (see

621:. The relative strength of the tribes was dynamic, as the more successful expanded their territories and less successful tribes contracted. Slave-trading and war among tribes alternated with periods of relative peace. The total 833:, sailed along the coast of California from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century, but no European settlements were established. The most important colonial power, Spain, focused attention on its imperial centers in 1596:

In order to facilitate overland travel, the mission settlements were situated approximately 30 miles (48 km) apart, so that they were separated by one day's long ride on horseback along the 600-mile-long (970 km)

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bands responded by raiding ranchos, an attack on San Diego in June 1842, and cutting off all overland lines of trade and communication between the former Alta California and the rest of Mexico through a blockade from the

4327:

Mariano Ardash Bonialian, El Pacífico hispanoamericano: política y comercio asiático en el Imperio Espan~ol (1680–1784): la centralidad de lo marginal. México D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Historicos,

2183:, and Californios grew increasingly concerned over their intentions. Vallejo conferred with Castro and Alvarado recommending that Mexico send military reinforcements to enforce their military control of California. 1447: 549:

of the desert southeast. This cultural diversity was among the densest in North America, and was likely the result of a series of migrations and invasions during the previous 13,000 years, and perhaps even earlier.

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and other installations, the fort's intent was derailed, although it remained in Russian hands until 1841, and for the duration had a small population of Russians and other nationalities from the Russian Empire.

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Price, Arthur L. (November 3, 1912). "How California Got Its Name". Vol. CXIL, no. 156. San Francisco, California: The San Francisco Call. The San Francisco Sunday Call. p. Magazine Section, Part

3053:, a Confederate sympathizer, was arrested and fled to Europe. Powerful capitalists dominated Californian politics through their control of mines, shipping, and finance. They controlled the state through the new 2148:, staged a revolt in November 1836 and forced Gutierrez to relinquish power. The Americans wanted Californian independence, but Alvarado instead preferred staying part of Mexico, albeit with greater autonomy. 3146:

had tried to organize a union, but were defeated. In 1875, the Seaman's Protective Association was established and began the struggle for higher wages and better conditions on ships. The effort was joined by

3131:, America's first national union effort. By 1872 Chinese workers comprised half of all factory workers in San Francisco and were paid wages far below white workers. "The Chinese Must Go!" was the slogan of 1055:

In 1565, the Spanish developed a trading route where they took gold and silver from the Americas and traded it for goods and spices from China and other Asian areas. The Spanish set up their main base in

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During the last quarter of the 18th century, the first Spanish settlements were established in what later became the Las Californias Province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Reacting to interest by the

2820:" had arrived from every continent; many soon left, of course—some rich, most not so fortunate. A precipitous drop in the Native American population occurred in the decade after the discovery of gold. 2752:

By California's 1852 "special" state census, the population had already increased to about 200,000, of which about 10% or 20,000 were female. Competition by 1852 had decreased the steamship fare via

2258:, but Pico declined funding for the transfer, and relations between the northern part of Alta California, with the increased presence of Americans, and the southern part, where the Spanish-speaking 1543:

of plants into the California regions. It is widely believed in California that the labor supply for the missions was supplied by the forcible relocation of the Native Americans and keeping them in

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marched east across Arizona in 1862 to expel the Confederates from Arizona and New Mexico. The California Column then spent most of the remainder of the war fighting Native Americans in the area.

3157:. The legislative struggle to enforce laws against brutal ship's captains and the requirement that two-thirds of sailors be Americans was proposed, and the effort was carried for thirty years by 1076:, about 300 miles (480 km) north of San Francisco, at about 40 degrees N. latitude. They could then sail south down the California coast, utilizing the available winds and the south-flowing 2453:

After the United States declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846, it took almost two months (mid-July 1846) for definite word of war to get to California. Upon hearing rumors of war, U.S. consul

3027:. The genocide killed at least 283 Indian men and countless women and children in 23 engagements over the course of six months. They were reimbursed by the U.S. government for their campaign. 3361:, an association intended to fight city government corruption, coordinate strategies for cities facing issues such as electrification, and to lobby the state government on behalf of cities. 3307:

were the famous railroad tycoons who built the Central Pacific Railroad, (C.P.R.R.), which formed the western portion of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States. They were

7678: 3179: 4549:, a member of the Territorial Deputation (legislature), noted that Alta California was bounded "on the east, where the Government has not yet established the border line, by either the 2583:. Three days later, on January 12, 1847, the last significant body of Californians surrendered to American forces. That marked the end of the war in California. On January 13, 1847, the 3104:, the city's first central labor body, sent a delegation to meet a boatload of strikebreakers at Panama and educated them. They arrived in San Francisco as enrolled union members. 990:. Cabrillo led an expedition in two ships of his own design and construction from the west coast of what is now Mexico, setting out in late June 1542. He landed on September 28 at 3844: 3171: 2156:

of Monterey. At the time, there were fewer than 400 foreigners from all nations in the department. Vallejo returned to Monterey and ordered Castro to take 47 of the prisoners to

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winter. Feathers were sewn into prayer pieces worn for ceremonies. Basket weaving was a high form of art and utility, as were canoe making and other carving. Some tribes around

3272:, 118 U.S. 356 (1886). Meanwhile, even with severe restrictions on Asian immigration, tensions between unskilled workers and wealthy landowners persisted up to and through the 2231:

short-lived as Micheltorena was under orders to organize a large contingent in preparation for war against the United States. All hands would be required for the task at hand.

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in April, but he was very unpopular. Thinking a revolt was coming, Chico returned to Mexico to gather troops, but was reprimanded for leaving his post. Gutierrez, the military

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for Spain. Cabrillo named each of Californias' channel islands, which lie offshore from Baja California to northern California, as he passed them and claimed them for Spain.

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in loose rotation. By burning underbrush and grass, the Native Americans revitalized patches of land whose regrowth provided fresh shoots to attract food animals. A form of

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see Marie Christine Duggan, "With and Without and Empire: Financing for California Missions Before and After 1810" in Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 23–71;

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missions, accompanied by troops and establishing ranches, along the southern and central coast of California. These missions were intended to demonstrate the claim of the

1264:, the first permanent mission on the Baja California Peninsula. Spanish control over the peninsula, including missions, was gradually extended, first in the region around 2414:

Although a small number of American traders and trappers had lived in California since the early 1830s, the first organized overland party of American immigrants was the

2281:, dominated trading as the Californios dominated ranching. In terms of adult males, the two groups were about equal, but the American citizens were more recent arrivals. 7248: 1747:

The ranch workers were primarily Native Americans, many of them former residents of the missions who had learned to speak Spanish and ride horses. Some ranchos, such as

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See for example, Randall Milliken, A Time of Little Choice: Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1810 (Menlo Park: Ballena Press, 1995).

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in search of sea otter and seal. After receiving complaints over excessive poaching in the waters around the island, the Aleuts and Russians killed most of the Native

1582: 3057:. Nearly all the men who volunteered as soldiers stayed in the West to guard facilities, suppress secessionists, or fight the Native Americans. Some 2,350 men in the 2813:). The nearest deep-water seaport was San Francisco Bay, and the rapidly growing town of San Francisco became the home for bankers who financed exploration for gold. 1324:

Spain had maintained a number of missions and presidios in New Spain since 1519. The Crown laid claim to the north coastal provinces of California in 1542. Excluding

1316:, signed in 1819, set the northern boundary of the Spanish claims at the 42nd parallel, effectively creating today's northern boundary between California and Oregon. 1017:(north of San Francisco). Cabrillo died as the result of an accident during this voyage; the remainder of the expedition, which may have reached as far north as the 2798:

foothills about 40 miles east of Sacramento – beginning the California Gold Rush, which had the most extensive impact on population growth of the state of any era.

2598:'s Seventh Regiment of New York Volunteers of about 900 men began to arrive. All of these troops were still in California when gold was discovered in January 1848. 2356:, these trading parties arrived in California, often without the knowledge or approval of the Mexican authorities, and laid the foundation for the arrival of later 1601:, Spanish for "the Royal Road", though often referred to today as the "King's Highway", and also known as the "California Mission Trail". Tradition has it that the 6102: 3651: 1950:, the Comandante of the northern frontier of Alta California. It was established as a part of Mexico's strategy to halt Russian incursions into the region, as the 2756:

to about $ 200. Many of the new and successful California residents sent off for their wives, sweethearts and families to join them in California. After 1850 the

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that had streets paved with gold and silver. About the same time Hernán Cortés was attracted by stories of a wonderful country far to the northwest, populated by

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was installed as governor in Los Angeles, and José Castro became commandant general. Later, Alvarado was elected to the Mexican Congress. He prepared to move to

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and set up a state government that operated for nearly 8 months before California was given official statehood by Congress on September 9, 1850, as part of the

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of 1841. With mules and on foot, the party crossed the continent using the still untested California Trail. Also in 1841, an overland exploratory party of the

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for themselves and trade. The harsh deserts of the southeast were home to tribes who learned to thrive by making careful use of local plants and by living in

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hills in the San Joaquin Valley northward to the mouth of Corral Hollow. From this point it ran generally east-west through the hills and then down into the

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refers to Alta California as a "territory". Independent Mexico came into existence in 1821, yet did not send a governor to California until 1825, during the

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area on January 8, they linked up with Frémont's northern force. With the combined American forces totaling 660 troops, they fought the Californians in the

6077: 3223:", and empowered all California cities and counties to completely expel Chinese persons or to limit where they could reside. The law was repealed in 1952. 3153: 1621:. Heavy freight movement over long distances was practical only via water, but soldiers, settlers and other travelers and merchandise on horses, mules, or 3092:

It was said that during the last half of the 19th century more of San Francisco's workers enjoyed an eight-hour workday than any other American city. The

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After successfully sacking Spanish colonial settlements and plundering Spanish treasure ships along their Pacific coast colonies in the Americas, English

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The 1879 constitutional convention also dispatched a message to Congress pleading for strong immigration restrictions, which led to the passage of the

1689: 10815: 7238: 4350: 782: 2144:, Comandante of the Fourth Military District and Director of Colonization of the Northern Frontier, and assistance from a group of Americans led by 1404:

the first European settlement in the present state of California. Eager to press on to Monterey Bay, de Portolá and his group, consisting of Father

1261: 8090: 7243: 6072: 2848:

to meet in Monterey in September 1849. Its 48 delegates were mostly pre-1846 American settlers; eight were Californians. They unanimously outlawed

1219: 2199:

to the Pacific Ocean along what is today the California-Baja California border, which would come to fuel miscommunication in Northern California.

1581:

in 1810, this support largely disappeared, and the missions and their converts were left on their own. By 1827, the Mexican government passed the

1115:

just north of San Francisco Bay, then went south in a small boat past Half Moon Bay and Monterey Bay. They traded with Native Americans for food.

10362: 6135: 3012: 757:

Euro-American invasion of indigenous Californians' territories. The few trade connections that were made outside of the Californias were between

412: 205: 9857: 4791: 4149: 2332:

men as well as raping most of the women on the island, making the incident one of the earliest genocides of Native Californian tribes to come.

2223:

mistakenly thought that war had broken out between the United States and Mexico. He sailed into Monterey Bay and demanded the surrender of the

1981: 1780: 1072:

and currents. These galleons, after crossing most of the Pacific Ocean, would arrive off the California coast 60 to over 120 days later, near

10820: 9907: 6431: 4590: 3078:. Los Angeles remained an open-shop stronghold for half a century until unions from the north collaborated to make California a union state. 3054: 1963: 1779:

between the Dominican and Franciscan missions, which was defined as the latitude of the large cross on a large rock immediately north of the

1239: 10899: 9512: 8870: 6411: 6150: 5944: 4872: 4450: 1332:, were established in 1697, but it was not until the threat of incursion by Russian fur traders and potentially settlers, coming down from 1301: 200: 4667: 3348:

The motives back of my actions have been honest ones and results have redounded far more to the benefit of California that have to my own.

2886: 2571:

Stockton rescued Kearny's surrounded troops and, with their combined force, they moved northward from San Diego. Entering the present-day

2073:

Victoria was wounded and resigned the governorship of Alta California. The previous governor, Echeandía, took the job, which he did until

8418: 8083: 6441: 3406: 890:, before experiencing difficulties and returning. Cortés accompanied expeditions in 1534 and 1535 without finding the sought-after city. 717:

in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands, ensuring that desired food and medicine plants continued to be available. The

3120:

Importation of slaves or so-called "contract" labor was fought by miners and city workers and made illegal through legislation in 1852.

652:

and the surrounding foothills developed early agriculture, while tribes living in the mountains of the north and east relied heavily on

6266: 3401: 3166: 2993:

Sheriff James Burney led local militia in an indecisive clash with the natives on January 11, 1851, on a mountainside near present-day

1732:, where cattle and sheep were raised. The California missions were secularized following Mexican independence, with the passing of the 461: 230: 3822: 3191:

workers began to lay blame on the Chinese laborers. Many Chinese were expelled from the mine fields. Some returned to China after the

10859: 6446: 6426: 6326: 4524: 2008:

Mexican War of Independence from Spain in 1821 marked the beginning of Mexican rule in California, in theory, though in practice the

917:

In July 1539, Cortés sent Francisco de Ulloa to sail the Gulf of California with three small vessels. He made it to the mouth of the

220: 2568:

near San Diego, where 18 of Kearny's troops were killed—the largest number of American casualties lost in any battle in California.

10727: 9831: 8509: 6481: 6451: 6406: 6401: 6064: 2505:, on hearing of imminent war and the revolt in Sonoma, landed and occupied Monterey. Sloat next ordered his naval forces to occupy 163: 19: 1637: 9811: 8408: 7285: 6674: 6649: 6436: 6416: 6396: 6346: 6276: 6271: 6256: 5913: 3607: 2881:

Californians (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery Southerners in lightly populated rural areas of

2829: 5902: 4996:

Philip J. Ethington, "Vigilante and the police: The creation of a professional police bureaucracy in San Francisco, 1847–1900."

4722:

Exploration du territoire de l'Orégon, des Californies et de la mer Vermeille, exécutée pendant les années 1840, 1841 et 1842...

2943: 7991: 7510: 6894: 6506: 6466: 6366: 6341: 6296: 6291: 6183: 5634: 3391: 2845: 2768:, but this took longer—about 120 to 160 days. The "normal" male to female ratio of about one to one would not arrive until the 2427: 1771:. Due to the growth of the Hispanic population in Alta California by 1804, the province of Las Californias, then a part of the 1506: 333: 8949: 5890: 5348: 5164: 4744: 4705: 3987:

A Teacher's Guide to Historical and Contemporary Kumeyaay Culture, A Supplemental Resource for Third and Fourth Grade Teachers

2176:. In 1841, Graham and 18 of his associates returned to Monterey, with new passports issued by the Mexican federal government. 10909: 10585: 8696: 6619: 6511: 6496: 6236: 5804: 4284: 4245: 4203: 4176: 4113: 4079: 3995: 3722: 3273: 2876: 1536: 1443:

had sailed along this coast for almost 200 years by then, without noticing the bay. The group returned to San Diego in 1770.

554: 437: 285: 9547: 9416: 9043: 9039: 4846: 4834: 3563: 1736:

and the division of the extensive former mission lands into more ranchos. Cow hides (at roughly $ 1 each) and fat (known as

1574:

territories. None of these missions were completely self-supporting, requiring continued (albeit modest) financial support.

1355:. Between 1774 and 1791, the Crown sent forth a number of expeditions to further explore and settle Alta California and the 1064:. The trade with Mexico involved an annual passage of galleons. The Eastbound galleons first went north to about 40 degrees 10680: 10675: 10043: 9449: 9092: 8545: 8428: 7307: 7037: 6969: 6839: 6749: 6654: 6639: 6531: 6501: 6491: 6486: 6476: 6471: 6461: 6456: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6351: 6331: 6321: 6281: 6261: 6246: 6241: 6052: 3036: 2919: 1900: 1890: 305: 2740:, all of whose tabulations were lost before they could be included in the totals. Some estimates can be obtained from the 2107:

In 1836, Mexico repealed the 1824 federalist constitution and adopted a more centralist political organization (under the

10742: 9862: 7610: 6859: 6834: 6659: 6356: 6336: 6311: 6286: 6251: 6165: 3659: 3304: 1273: 1124: 405: 310: 190: 8731: 4983:

Sucheng Chan, "A People of Exceptional Character: Ethnic Diversity, Nativism, and Racism in the California Gold Rush."

2472:

On June 15, 1846, some 30 non-Mexican settlers, mostly Americans, staged a revolt, seized the small Mexican garrison in

2028:

automatically included the provinces of Alta California and Baja California as territories. With the establishment of a

1207:, midway through his third and final voyage of exploration in 1778, sailed along the west coast of North America aboard 10509: 9826: 9762: 9484: 9464: 8939: 8671: 8634: 7891: 7465: 6999: 6959: 6824: 6784: 6774: 6759: 6604: 6579: 6521: 6516: 6371: 6361: 6316: 6306: 6301: 6218: 6188: 6015: 5720: 5701: 5287: 5152: 4406: 3886: 3854: 3777: 3689: 3416: 3386: 2419: 2033: 1733: 433: 366: 338: 10874: 9978: 4339:

https://eh.net/book_reviews/el-pacifico-hispanoamericano-politica-y-comercio-asiatico-en-el-imperio-espanol-1680-1784/

2893:, signed by the state governor, approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed "Territory of Colorado" and sent to 2509:(present San Francisco) on July 7 and raise the American flag. On July 23, Sloat transferred his command to Commodore 1347:, and colonial priorities in far away California afforded only a minimal effort. Alta California was to be settled by 10575: 10484: 9882: 9426: 8979: 8609: 7871: 7390: 7125: 6949: 6924: 6879: 6874: 6804: 6664: 6569: 6564: 5854: 5781: 5759: 5685: 5658: 5612: 5580: 5544: 5518: 5491: 5442: 5407: 5380: 5333: 5306: 5216: 5136: 5105: 4578: 4390:

Kino's historical memoir of Pimería Alta: A contemporary account of the beginnings of California, Sonora, and Arizona

3243: 2746: 1715: 280: 74: 52: 3701:

Neil G. Sugihara; Jan W. Van Wagtendonk; Kevin E. Shaffer; Joann Fites-Kaufman; Andrea E. Thode, eds. (2006). "17".

2937:

The California genocide consisted of actions taken by the United States in the 19th century, following the American

1697: 1388:

The Portolá land expedition arrived at the site of present-day San Diego on June 29, 1769, where it established the

1284:

and, later, the British in the fur-bearing animals of the Pacific north coast, Spain further extended the series of

45: 10775: 9459: 8943: 8721: 8390: 7901: 7292: 6939: 6914: 6899: 6864: 6819: 6809: 6769: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6689: 6684: 6669: 6594: 6589: 6193: 6160: 6037: 5973: 5937: 5097:

The Great American Railroad War: How Ambrose Bierce and Frank Norris Took On the Notorious Central Pacific Railroad

4930:

California, Historical Society of Southern; California, Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern (January 1, 1901).

4777: 3324: 3235: 3162: 3113: 2224: 2057:

In 1831 a small group made up of the more wealthy citizens of Alta California got together and petitioned Governor

1152:, before exploring and claiming an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579, landing at Drake's Cove near 493: 343: 275: 210: 153: 10151: 10086: 2032:

government in 1823, Alta California, like many northern territories, was not recognized as one of the constituent

1614: 1432:

on October 1. Although they were looking for Monterey Bay, the group failed to recognize it when they reached it.

1108: 1084:. Often they did not land, because of the rugged, foggy coast, and they could not risk the treasure they carried. 10712: 10504: 10291: 10091: 9640: 9575: 9161: 9063: 8166: 7726: 6989: 6954: 6934: 6909: 6884: 6794: 6789: 6734: 6714: 6694: 6644: 6599: 6549: 3492: 3199:

in San Francisco and other cities, where they were relatively safe from violent attacks they suffered elsewhere.

3143: 3082: 3081:

Because of San Francisco's relative isolation, skilled workers could make demands that their counterparts on the

2834:

From mid-1846 to December 1849, California was run by the U.S. military; local government continued to be run by

2737: 2349: 2277:. About 1,300 American citizens and a very mixed group of about 500 Europeans, scattered mostly from Monterey to 1951: 1919:

pelts as far south as San Diego. In August 1812, the Russian-American Company set up a fortified trading post at

1740:, used to make candles as well as soaps) were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century. This 622: 300: 270: 265: 240: 10630: 10146: 9590: 9474: 4542: 2062: 2045: 436:

first arrived some 13,000 years ago. Coastal exploration by the Spanish began in the 16th century, with further

10732: 10670: 10469: 9887: 9600: 9580: 9552: 9469: 9444: 9304: 9112: 9019: 8959: 8926: 7906: 7886: 7786: 7688: 7600: 7590: 7280: 7270: 7004: 6994: 6974: 6889: 6829: 6814: 6779: 6764: 6754: 6719: 6704: 6679: 6634: 6624: 6609: 6584: 6574: 6228: 6145: 6140: 6122: 5642: 4135: 3806: 3747: 3710: 3411: 3286: 3234:

in 1889, and it would not be repealed by Congress until 1943. Similar sentiments led to the development of the

2733: 2623: 2160:

by ship, to be deported to their home countries. Under pressure from American and British diplomats, President

1693: 1518: 1293: 1227: 1136:

commemorating Sir Francis Drake, Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeño, and Coast Miwok people at Point Reyes, California

974:

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo is believed to be the first European to explore the California coast. He was either of

883:

and abounding with gold, pearls and gems. The Spaniards conjectured that these places may be one and the same.

398: 315: 260: 250: 180: 92: 10695: 10524: 10281: 2946:

and displacement were widespread, encouraged, carried out by and tolerated by state authorities and militias.

2208: 1494: 957: 929:

ascended the lower Colorado River to confirm Ulloa's finding. Alarcón may thus have become the first to reach

868: 758: 10847: 10825: 10780: 10722: 10700: 10514: 10286: 9968: 9757: 9742: 8827: 8691: 8644: 8351: 7941: 7911: 7866: 7861: 7645: 7475: 7317: 7167: 6984: 6979: 6944: 6919: 6904: 6869: 6849: 6799: 6744: 6709: 6699: 6629: 6614: 6559: 6175: 4681: 3629: 3589: 3538: 3046: 2102: 1986: 1268:, then to the south in the Cape region, and finally to the north across the northern boundary of present-day 949: 733:

was used to clear areas of old growth, which in turn encouraged new growth, in a repeated cycle; a primitive

515: 10076: 10717: 10685: 10216: 10081: 9517: 8897: 8706: 8502: 8106: 7896: 7876: 7856: 7806: 7736: 7731: 7716: 7663: 7360: 7297: 7199: 6964: 6929: 6844: 6198: 5434: 5422: 3299: 3242:, by which Japan voluntarily agreed to restrict emigration to the United States. California also passed an 3074:

Francisco, the only large city in California for decades and once the center of trade-unionism west of the

3024: 3020: 2890: 2849: 2215:

and 300 men to California in January 1842. Micheltorena was to assume the governorship and the position of

1788: 1645: 679: 465: 348: 245: 10705: 10038: 4944:

Gordon Morris Bakken, "The courts, the legal profession, and the development of law in early California."

4910: 4358: 2764:, making it ever easier to get to and from California in about 40 days. Additional thousands came via the 2384:, wrote in 1840, "...it is evident that California will belong to whatever nation chooses to send there a 1257: 10690: 10590: 10221: 9673: 9605: 8574: 8382: 8276: 7966: 7926: 7826: 7801: 7756: 7751: 7355: 7204: 6854: 5930: 4668:"Two years before the mast, and twenty-four years after: a personal narrative / by Richard Henry Dana Jr" 3421: 3358: 3231: 2810: 2802: 2602: 2415: 2132:, re-assumed the governorship, but he too was unpopular. Senior members of Alta California's legislature 2089: 2037: 1598: 1578: 1329: 1265: 1178:

In 1602, the Spaniard Sebastián Vizcaíno explored California's coastline on behalf of New Spain He named

887: 718: 649: 453: 371: 195: 133: 10141: 10048: 4615:

Charles B. Churchill, "Thomas Jefferson Farnham: An Exponent of American Empire in Mexican California".

3700: 2817: 2361: 1874: 1585:, which exiled Spanish-born people, decimating the clergy in California. Some of the missions were then 10625: 9988: 9635: 9522: 9434: 9406: 9033: 9003: 8808: 8639: 7971: 7956: 7696: 7460: 7350: 7275: 7120: 4920:, 1983, pp. 9–30. Nearly 75% of voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado voted for separate status. 3684:. California Natural History Guide Series, No. 69. University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 2–13. 2549: 2541: 1648:

was an architectural movement that drew its inspiration from this idealized view of California's past.

1429: 1133: 185: 10008: 9963: 5012:

Bakken, "The courts, the legal profession, and the development of law in early California." pp. 90–95.

2381: 1001:

Cabrillo and his crew continued north and came ashore October 8 at San Pedro bay, later to become the

969: 10544: 10494: 10352: 10251: 9747: 9620: 9585: 9537: 9439: 9051: 8935: 8624: 8594: 8589: 8466: 8451: 8441: 8398: 8316: 8281: 7961: 7951: 7946: 7936: 7931: 7921: 7916: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7811: 7791: 7781: 7741: 7721: 7706: 7701: 7635: 7233: 7147: 7135: 5863:

Wright, Doris Marion. "The Making of Cosmopolitan California: An Analysis of Immigration, 1848-1870"

5325: 2769: 2729: 2707: 2692: 2677: 2662: 2576: 2572: 2373: 2141: 1991: 1947: 1928: 1421: 894: 675: 9169: 5621:

Burchell, Robert A. "The Loss of a Reputation; or, The Image of California in Britain before 1875",

4795: 4146: 10489: 10372: 10332: 10271: 10266: 10206: 9625: 9615: 9401: 9104: 9015: 8716: 8471: 8446: 8356: 8261: 8221: 7816: 7796: 7771: 7746: 7711: 7605: 7560: 7470: 7440: 7211: 7184: 7179: 7030: 6554: 6421: 5476:

Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers

5467: 3903: 3456:

communicated that they knew of men like the Spaniards further inland, probably in reference to the

3427: 3332: 3312: 3251: 3196: 3192: 2591: 2443: 2290: 2021: 1904: 1678: 1570:

was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown in an attempt to consolidate its

1417: 960:

and first printed around 1510, in which a character travels through an island called "California".

850: 449: 295: 39: 10869: 9948: 9181: 8701: 4594: 4403:

Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California

2606: 1497:

in 1769. Later that year, Serra, Governor de Portolá and a small group of men moved north, up the

1313: 1230:, the land and the people. Traders, whalers and scientific missions followed in the next decades. 10539: 10397: 10241: 10181: 10131: 10033: 9630: 9595: 9542: 9177: 9047: 9011: 8741: 8614: 8599: 8495: 8461: 8456: 8436: 8321: 8311: 8306: 8286: 8041: 7981: 7976: 7831: 7821: 7776: 7766: 7761: 7540: 7335: 7263: 7189: 7152: 7142: 7093: 6130: 5625:

53 (Summer 1974): 115–30, stories about Gold Rush lawlessness slowing immigration for two decades

5399: 5069:

Sunset limited: the Southern Pacific Railroad and the development of the American West, 1850–1930

4458: 2506: 2301: 2220: 2070: 1682: 1173: 726: 530: 9732: 5750:

The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846–1890

4876: 4809: 4443: 3797:

Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural Resources

2728:

The non-Indian population of California in 1840 was about 8,000, as confirmed by the California

1523:

The California missions comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic

1328:

in New Mexico, settlement of northern New Spain was slow for the next 155 years. Settlements in

440:

along the coast and in the inland valleys following in the 18th century. California was part of

10830: 10402: 10337: 9841: 9727: 9610: 9570: 9214: 9007: 8666: 8656: 8476: 8413: 8236: 8151: 8031: 8026: 7535: 7395: 7253: 7216: 7194: 7060: 6539: 6032: 5454: 5269: 3714: 2938: 2530: 2368: 2278: 2133: 2121: 2041: 1763:

In 1773, a boundary between the Baja California missions (whose control had been passed to the

1752: 1425: 876: 687: 255: 215: 148: 56: 9973: 5095: 4193: 4166: 4103: 3767: 3135:, a prominent labor leader in San Francisco. He appeared on the scene in 1877 and led sandlot 3123:

The first statewide federated labor body was the Mechanics' State Council that championed the

2464:

1890 photograph of the first "Bear Flag". A replica of it is now at El Presidio de Sonoma, or

1748: 1300:

and included not only the establishment and supply of missions in California, but a series of

926: 10276: 9686: 9507: 9396: 9335: 9263: 9173: 8874: 8554: 8271: 8266: 8141: 7673: 7420: 7223: 7162: 7157: 7130: 7083: 7078: 7070: 6155: 6082: 5953: 5051:

Richard J. Orsi, "Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction."

5026: 4219: 4069: 3396: 3227: 3208: 2595: 2565: 2545: 2294: 2274: 2236: 1920: 1841:"). Because the eastern boundaries of Alta California Province were not defined, it included 1741: 1657: 1389: 1381:

planned a four-prong expedition to settle Alta California, two by sea and two by land, which

1208: 1100: 710: 670: 546: 511: 484: 101: 10810: 10211: 9998: 9958: 9917: 8891: 4630: 3702: 2430:, the first settlers to take wagons over the Sierra Nevada. In 1846, the misfortunes of the 1368: 1087:

Spain wanted a safe harbor for galleons en route from Manila to Acapulco. They did not find

626:

numbered 80 to 90 languages and dialects, some surviving to the present although endangered.

10785: 10454: 10417: 10407: 10347: 10246: 10226: 10121: 9933: 9752: 8629: 8619: 8361: 8326: 8231: 8206: 8011: 7595: 7565: 7103: 6544: 6047: 5356: 4554: 4465:

and on to Mission San Jose. From there it turned northward, terminating at what is now the

4315: 3128: 3049:, they were not allowed to organize, and their newspapers were closed down. Former Senator 2994: 2974: 2795: 2781: 2561: 2518: 2514: 2357: 2161: 2017: 2009: 1878: 1502: 1483: 1337: 1325: 1183: 1018: 995: 912: 818: 801:

in the 14th century, who likely provided these tribes the shipbuilding knowledge to create

778: 741: 519: 457: 290: 158: 10311: 10101: 10023: 2396:

threatened to raise the French flag over California and place himself and his settlement,

1977: 1382: 8: 10854: 10610: 10595: 10479: 10459: 10412: 10392: 10196: 10191: 10136: 10106: 9872: 9497: 9454: 9411: 9340: 9309: 9080: 9059: 9025: 8931: 8901: 8832: 8676: 8649: 8549: 8346: 8296: 8251: 8241: 8226: 8216: 8201: 8181: 8156: 8146: 8136: 8075: 8046: 8036: 7658: 7653: 7615: 7530: 7480: 7302: 7172: 7115: 7088: 7023: 6027: 5993: 4482: 4466: 4448:, San Joaquin County Historical Society, Vol. IX, No. 2, April – June 1973. p.13, note 8. 4428: 3457: 3335:

became one of the most hated men in California. One typical California textbook argues:

3281: 3203: 2932: 2885:

attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status

2882: 2864: 2860: 2485: 2212: 1935:, 60 miles (97 km) north of San Francisco on land claimed, but not occupied, by the 1932: 1772: 1378: 1352: 1344: 1269: 1200: 1002: 838: 523: 143: 10600: 10301: 5897:"California as I Saw It:" First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849–1900 5713:

An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873

1296:

had been established in Alta California. Operations were based out of the naval base at

1026: 10615: 10605: 10580: 10534: 10499: 10357: 10066: 9943: 9816: 9314: 9294: 8954: 8842: 8569: 8366: 8341: 8246: 8186: 8161: 8131: 8121: 8021: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7400: 7370: 7345: 5843: 5793: 5565: 5537: 5503: 5392: 5174:

to 1890; complete text online. Written in the 1880s, this is the most detailed history.

4917: 4038: 3795: 3268: 3070: 3042: 2978: 2853: 2584: 2510: 2473: 2325: 2216: 1995: 1618: 1077: 1038: 906: 862: 830: 748:

east of California, extensive forests and mountains in the north, the rugged and harsh

745: 730: 533:

or culture groups lived in what is now California, gathered into perhaps six different

469: 9938: 9867: 5905:

article by William Mero at the Contra Costa County Historical Society official website

2265: 2235:

Micheltorena reneged on the deal and fighting broke out this time. The rebels won the

2179:

Also in 1841, political leaders in the United States were declaring their doctrine of

1768: 925:. This proved that Baja California is a peninsula. The next year, an expedition under 10795: 10737: 10570: 10342: 10316: 10306: 10296: 10231: 10186: 10116: 10096: 10071: 10018: 9993: 9258: 8785: 8726: 8681: 8540: 8301: 8256: 8196: 8171: 8126: 8065: 7620: 7570: 7520: 7515: 7500: 7445: 7228: 5850: 5800: 5777: 5755: 5748: 5716: 5697: 5681: 5654: 5629: 5608: 5601: 5576: 5540: 5530: 5514: 5487: 5438: 5403: 5376: 5365: 5329: 5318: 5302: 5283: 5212: 5201: 5132: 5126: 5101: 4675: 4574: 4439: 4280: 4199: 4172: 4109: 4075: 3991: 3882: 3875: 3850: 3802: 3773: 3743: 3718: 3703: 3685: 3583: 3378: 3331:

The Big Four dominated California's economy and politics in the 1880s and 1890s, and

3107:

After the Civil War ended in 1865, California continued to grow rapidly. Independent

3093: 3058: 2914: 2761: 2580: 2553: 2340:

In this period, American and European traders began entering California in search of

2240: 2173: 2157: 1436: 1356: 1297: 1104: 1088: 1010: 934: 388: 8816: 5343: 4312:

Information from Monterey County Museum about Vizcaino's voyage and Monterey landing

1640:, served to protect the missions and other Spanish settlements in Upper California. 1470: 1463: 10427: 10422: 10387: 10367: 10126: 10003: 9902: 9806: 9268: 9108: 8376: 8331: 8211: 8176: 7405: 7380: 7365: 7108: 7098: 6010: 5868: 5769: 4738: 4699: 4566: 4507: 4462: 3316: 3263: 2894: 2841: 2791: 2765: 2522: 2502: 2454: 2409: 2353: 2180: 2152: 2124:

was appointed as interim governor of California in January 1836, to be replaced by

2050: 1590: 1540: 1528: 1487: 1412:

and a hundred mules, headed north on July 14. They reached the present-day site of

1409: 1096: 1081: 938: 933:. European maps published subsequently during the 16th century, including those by 798: 714: 473: 10805: 8837: 3823:"Polynesians in California: Evidence for an Ancient Exchange? – History et cetera" 2074: 1589:

by the Mexican government and sold off. It was not until after statehood that the

1490:

expelled from New Spain on February 3, 1768, Serra was named "Father Presidente".

1186:. He ventured inland south along the coast and recorded a visit to what is likely 10870:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

10620: 10560: 10474: 10382: 10256: 10236: 10201: 9983: 9953: 9892: 9502: 9492: 9388: 9273: 9165: 9122: 8882: 8790: 8661: 8403: 8336: 8291: 8191: 7325: 5638: 5572: 5352: 4931: 4850: 4748: 4709: 4454: 4337:

For English summary, see review of Bonialian's book by Marie Christine Duggan at

4153: 4071:

Myths, State Expansion, and the Birth of Globalization: A Comparative Perspective

3320: 3308: 3239: 3212: 3158: 3050: 2990: 2757: 2537: 2477: 2465: 2423: 2058: 1971: 1967: 1943: 1894: 1866: 1784: 1764: 1610: 1586: 1524: 1285: 1247: 1243: 930: 897:) and laid out and founded the city that was to become La Paz later that spring. 813: 770: 701:, which were dried, shelled, ground to flour, soaked in water to leach out their 634: 602: 538: 534: 138: 10529: 5816:

Rooted in Barbarous Soil: People, Culture, and Community in Gold Rush California

5177:

Robert W. Cherny, Richard Griswold del Castillo, and Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo.

4023: 1791:

border official possible. The Baja California Peninsula became the territory of

644:. Coastal tribes were a major source of trading beads, which were produced from 452:(1846–1848), when it was ceded to the United States under the terms of the 1848 10464: 10377: 10261: 10013: 9836: 9821: 9722: 9696: 9681: 9562: 9157: 9151: 9055: 8822: 8736: 8686: 8564: 8518: 7585: 7575: 7525: 5510: 4550: 3911: 3521: 3175:

was founded in 1887, for years the most important labor journal in California.

3127:

against the employers' 1867 "Ten Hour League". The Council affiliated with the

3124: 2806: 2489: 2437: 2345: 2321: 2309: 2305: 2196: 2186:

In response to increased military skirmishes and souring relations, indigenous

2083: 1936: 1908: 1440: 1435:

On October 31, de Portolá's explorers became the first Europeans known to view

1289: 1281: 1112: 1092: 1073: 1050: 1014: 987: 918: 846: 826: 790: 762: 749: 594: 558: 542: 8969: 3985: 2137: 1636:, strategically placed along the California coast and organized into separate 1405: 1222:, led a group of scientists and artists on a voyage of exploration ordered by 978:

or Spanish background, although his origins remain unclear. He was a soldier,

10893: 10028: 8878: 8795: 8604: 8016: 7881: 7668: 7630: 7580: 7505: 7455: 7430: 7425: 7375: 7340: 4957:

Joseph M. Kelly, "Shifting Interpretation of the San-Francisco Vigilantes."

4773: 4379:

See Bonialian, op. cit, p. 277; or in English book review by Duggan, op. cit.

3132: 3085:

could not. Printers first attempted to organize in 1850, teamsters, draymen,

3006: 2898: 2169: 2165: 2125: 2066: 1606: 1498: 1215: 1179: 1145: 991: 922: 842: 753: 691: 690:

were using tule canoes and some tribes on the Northwest coast carved redwood

618: 606: 598: 586: 582: 425: 4311: 4055: 2113:) that reunited Alta and Baja California in a single California Department ( 1899:

Part of Spain's motivation to settle upper Las Californias was to forestall

1776: 1609:

seeds along the trail in order to mark it with bright yellow flowers. Later

853:

explorers and fur traders began establishing trading stations on the coast.

697:

A dietary staple for most indigenous populations in interior California was

10800: 10790: 10519: 10058: 9912: 9737: 9253: 9029: 8711: 8559: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7410: 7385: 5885: 4546: 4487:"El Camino Viejo á Los Angeles" – The Oldest Road of the San Joaquin Valley 4195:

The Handbook of Research on Educational Leadership for Equity and Diversity

3934:"Explorations of Hernando Alarcón in the Lower Colorado River Region, 1540" 3933: 3247: 3148: 2982: 2955: 2431: 2397: 2317: 2145: 1744:

involved large quantities of hides shipped nationally and internationally.

1626: 734: 722: 614: 610: 578: 10111: 5774:

The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California

3482:"Big Era Two: Human Beings Almost Everywhere – 200,000 – 10,000 Years Ago" 3015:

from 1856 to 1859, the Mendocino War was the genocide of the Yuki (mainly

2460: 2096: 1343:

By then, the Spanish Empire was engaged in the political aftermath of the

948:

The account of Ulloa's voyage marks the first-recorded application of the

9701: 9527: 9096: 8974: 8001: 7415: 6022: 5825:

Regulars in the Redwoods: The U.S. Army in Northern California, 1852–1861

5372: 5208: 3870: 3277: 3097: 3069:

In his maiden speech before the United States Senate, California Senator

3016: 2966: 2536:

Two hundred reinforcements were sent by Stockton, led by US Navy Captain

2393: 2390: 2259: 2255: 2109: 1870: 1571: 1413: 1397: 1157: 1153: 1061: 786: 590: 472:. By the end of the 19th century, California was still largely rural and 9691: 5922: 5631:

Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California

5056: 4042: 2513:. Commodore Stockton put Frémont's forces under his command. Frémont's " 2329: 2251: 2168:

against Castro. Also assisting in the release of those caught up in the

10565: 9299: 8579: 7625: 7450: 7435: 7050: 7046: 5266:

Lands of Promise and Despair; Chronicles of Early California, 1535–1846

5001: 4241: 3086: 2986: 2529:

Californians, acting on their own and without help from Mexico, led by

2385: 2219:. In October, before Micheltorena reached Monterey, American Commodore 2129: 1924: 1854: 1532: 1479: 1348: 1204: 1187: 1161: 1069: 766: 629: 429: 7015: 5896: 3740:

Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians

3041:

Because of the distance factor, California played a minor role in the

2859:

After Monterey, the state capital was variously San Jose (1850–1851),

2816:

The Gold Rush brought the world to California. By 1855, some 300,000 "

2612: 2371:, wrote of his experiences aboard ship off California in the 1830s in 2002: 1775:, was divided into two separate territorial administrations following 1458: 1129: 9532: 9289: 9189: 8964: 8866: 8800: 8006: 5872: 5394:

Before California: An Archaeologist Looks at Our Earliest Inhabitants

4511: 3737: 3136: 2902: 2488:

over Sonoma. The so-called California Republic lasted one week, with

2481: 1916: 1401: 1309: 1223: 1141: 1044: 1034: 983: 893:

On May 3, 1535, Cortés claimed "Santa Cruz Island" (now known as the

872: 834: 441: 113: 6042: 6000: 5603:

The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream

4972:. Golden rules: The origins of California water law in the gold rush 3219:), Article XIX, Section 4 forbade corporations from hiring Chinese " 3139:

that roamed the city beating Chinese and wrecking their businesses.

2202: 1667: 797:, such as the Central Polynesian groups in the 8th century, and the 9706: 8584: 5532:

A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific

3983: 3453: 2191: 2029: 1858: 1556: 1393: 1065: 979: 975: 657: 562: 507: 503: 5891:

An Act for the Admission of the State of California into the Union

5280:

Testimonios: Early California through the Eyes of Women, 1815–1848

2533:, forced the small American garrison to retire in late September. 2422:

came down the Siskiyou Trail from the Pacific Northwest. In 1844,

1233: 10864: 10835: 9345: 9330: 8487: 7330: 5908: 5021:

Leo P. Kibby, "With Colonel Carleton and the California Column."

3258: 3216: 3075: 2962: 2836: 2557: 2187: 1862: 1850: 1505:

in 1770, where Serra founded the second Alta California mission,

1476: 1340:, felt development of more northern installations was necessary. 880: 641: 566: 479: 5193:

Green Versus Gold: Sources in California's Environmental History

4056:

U.S. National Park Service official website about Juan Cabrillo.

3846:

El Norte: The Epic and Forgotten Story of Hispanic North America

2564:

across the Sonoran Desert. On December 6, 1846, they fought the

1903:

of the region. In the early 19th century, fur trappers with the

1728:

The Spanish encouraged settlement with large land grants called

648:

shells and made using stone tools. Tribes in California's broad

9801: 9355: 9350: 9127: 3863: 3220: 2970: 2753: 2448: 2341: 2093:

Capistrano. From Spain, Peyri regretted that he had departed.

2025: 1939:. This colony was active until the Russians departed in 1839. 1912: 1842: 1737: 1617:

and San Francisco Bay, developed along the western edge of the

1562: 1333: 1226:

and were welcomed in Monterey. They compiled an account of the

1149: 1095:

charted the coast just south of San Francisco Bay, and in 1587

1057: 1022: 952:. It can be traced to the fifth volume of a chivalric romance, 794: 774: 702: 669:

constructing a brush shelter on top covered with animal skins,

653: 645: 445: 6005: 5694:

Murder State: California's Native American Genocide, 1846-1873

5315: 4192:

Tillman, Linda C.; Scheurich, James Joseph (August 21, 2013).

3019:) between July 1859 to January 18, 1860, by white settlers in 2965:. Some Native American tribes fought back, beginning with the 1482:

who founded the first Alta California Spanish missions. After

1107:

crewmen) set foot on what would be the United States. In 1594

518:

are among the traces of a very early habitation, dated to the

10842: 9116: 8780: 4147:

Etext of Spanish exploration of west coast, including diaries

3990:. Internet Archive. SCERP and IRSC publications. p. 29. 3108: 2627:

Map of the States of California and Nevada by SB Linton, 1876

817:

Modern day California was misrepresented in early maps as an

802: 698: 683: 661: 574: 570: 5653:. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, Portland, Oregon. 5558:. Hubert A. and Martha H. Lowman, Arroyo Grande, California. 5500: 5226:

Rice, Richard B., William A. Bullough, and Richard J. Orsi.

4168:

Asian America: Forming New Communities, Expanding Boundaries

2889:. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the 2867:(1853–1854), until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854. 2438:

California Republic and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848)

2380:

The leader of a French scientific expedition to California,

1767:) and the Franciscan missions of Alta California was set by 941:, correctly depict Baja California as a peninsula, although 886:

An expedition in 1533 discovered a bay, most likely that of

686:

to fish and trade, while tribes in the California delta and

9185: 9100: 5080:

Richard B. Rice, William A. Bullough, and Richard J. Orsi,

4670:. May 13, 2008. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. 2905:

crisis in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote.

2809:

as gold was discovered elsewhere in California (notably in

2787: 1846: 1544: 1302:

exploration expeditions to the Pacific Northwest and Alaska

1006: 783:

indigenous peoples along the Coast of the Pacific Northwest

9078: 8105: 5301:. Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, Los Angeles, California. 3185: 2749:, compared to about 115,000 male California Gold Rushers. 2594:

and his unit arrived in Monterey. On March 15, 1847, Col.

5263: 4913:

Two Californias: The Truth about the Split-state Movement

4833:"Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789–1945"; 4498:

Hendry, G. W. (1926). Francisco Palou’s Boundary Marker.

3967: 3965: 3963: 3682:

California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction

2284: 1911:

explored down the West Coast from trading settlements in

5651:

The Golden Dream: California from Gold Rush to Statehood

4392:. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, pages 215–216. 2760:(completed 1855) was already working its way across the 2434:

earned notoriety as they struggled to enter California.

1193: 1103:, marking the first time in modern history when Asians ( 841:. Confident of Spanish claims to all lands touching the 541:

family (winding up in the mountainous far north and the

5845:

The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880–1896

5198: 5040:

The Associates: Four Capitalists Who Created California

4774:"Captain John Charles Fremont and the Bear Flag Revolt" 4102:

Hoover, Mildred Brooke; Kyle, Douglas E., eds. (1990).

3772:. Berkeley, California: Heyday. pp. 135, 173–202. 2560:

finally reached California after a grueling march from

2097:

Las Californias under the Centralist Republic of Mexico

1214:, mapping the coast from California all the way to the 444:

until that kingdom dissolved in 1821, becoming part of

5822: 5648: 5264:

Beebe, Rose Marie; Senkewicz, Robert M., eds. (2001).

4754: 4648: 4429:

http://phr.ucpress.edu/content/ucpphr/85/1/23.full.pdf

3960: 2840:(mayors) in most places, but now some were Americans. 2772:. California for over a century was short on females. 2061:

asking for democratic reforms. The previous governor,

1957: 1593:

restored some missions to the orders that owned them.

1091:, perhaps because of fog hiding the entrance. In 1585 8833:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

5988: 5983: 4136:

Development of Spanish ports and fleets on west coast

1783:

that was set up as Palóu's boundary marker. Governor

5813: 5316:

Chartkoff, Joseph L.; Chartkoff, Kerry Kona (1984).

4929: 3368: 2367:

In 1840, the American adventurer, writer and lawyer

5903:"Snakes in the Grass: Copperheads in Contra Costa?" 5678:

Harvest Empire: A History of California Agriculture

5562: 5501:Moratto, Michael J.; Fredrickson, David A. (1984). 5023:

Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly

4563:

A Description of California in 1828 by José Bandini

4457:"El Camino Viejo ran along the eastern edge of the 4293: 3769:

State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California

3738:Blackburn, Thomas C. and Kat Anderson, ed. (1993). 2619:

An Act for the Admission of the State of California

2613:

California under the United States (beginning 1848)

2403: 2003:

First Mexican Empire and the First Mexican Republic

1884: 1535:, to spread the Christian doctrine among the local 1160:and claimed sovereignty of the area for England as 808: 5842: 5792: 5747: 5600: 5564: 5529: 5502: 5486:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. 5431:John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier 5391: 5364: 5317: 5200: 3938:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3874: 3794: 3280:writes of the struggles of workers in the city of 2926: 1881:or Colorado River serving as the de facto border. 1045:Opening of Spanish–Philippine trading route (1565) 825:The first European explorers, flying the flags of 5893:, 31st Cong., Sess. I, Ch. 50, September 9, 1850 5195:(1998), readings in primary and secondary sources 4224:Pacific Discovery, California Academy of Sciences 3761: 3759: 3535:"Survey of California and Other Indian Languages" 2579:. The next day, January 9, 1847, they fought the 2243:and Micheltorena and his troops left California. 2203:Micheltorena administration and Californio revolt 1755:, were land grants directly to Native Americans. 633:Native American shell fish hook from California. 537:groups. These groups included the early-arriving 488:Native Californian tribes before European contact 10891: 5484:The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands 5481: 4191: 3195:was built. Those who stayed mostly moved to the 2823: 2151:In 1840, Graham allegedly began agitating for a 1787:is credited with making the Alta California and 1613:, another more direct route from Los Angeles to 9377: 5186:Contested Eden: California before the Gold Rush 5131:(5th ed.). Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson. 5093: 4847:"LearnCalifornia.org - Impact of the Gold Rush" 3881:. New York: Random House - The Modern Library. 3570:. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011 3178:Concurrently, waterfront organizing led to the 2908: 1234:Spanish colonization and governance (1697–1821) 725:which prevented larger, catastrophic fires and 10905:History of the West Coast of the United States 5184:Gutierrez, Ramon A. and Richard J. Orsi (ed.) 4873:"Going to California: 49ers and the Gold Rush" 4218: 3984:Geralyn Marie Hoffman; Lynn H. Gamble (2006). 3756: 3323:(1822–1888). The establishment of America's 3045:. Although some settlers sympathized with the 2801:The miners settled in towns along what is now 721:on a regional scale to create a low-intensity 480:Pre-Columbian history (c. 13,000 BC – 1530 AD) 9022:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 8503: 8091: 7031: 5938: 5795:Americans and the California Dream, 1850–1915 5461: 5296: 5082:The elusive Eden: A new history of California 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 2870: 2164:released the remaining prisoners and began a 1964:List of pre-statehood governors of California 1869:. The province bordered on the east with the 1836: 1829: 1821: 1814: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1773:Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces 1240:List of pre-statehood governors of California 921:, then sailed around the peninsula as far as 406: 8697:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 5978: 5814:Starr, Kevin; Richard J. Orsi, eds. (2001). 5667: 4471:Old Spanish Trails of the San Joaquin Valley 4388:Kino, E. F., & In Bolton, H. E. (1919). 4140: 3000: 2449:Bear Flag Revolt and the California Republic 1373:In May 1768, the Spanish Inspector General ( 5899:Library of Congress American Memory Project 5448: 5345:A History of California: The Spanish Period 4164: 3407:List of governors of California before 1850 2949: 1758: 1696:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1629:), and herds of animals used these routes. 1512: 1220:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse 656:and game hunting, and collected and shaped 553:At the time of the first European contact, 545:basin in the south) and the later-arriving 8510: 8496: 8098: 8084: 7038: 7024: 5945: 5931: 5553: 5179:Competing Visions: A History of California 4619:, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Nov., 1991), pp. 517–537 4222:(January 1975). "Drake's First Landfall". 4108:. Stanford University Press. p. 359. 4101: 4004: 3765: 3402:History of the west coast of North America 2246: 1982:Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24) 963: 727:sustained a low-density "wild" agriculture 476:, with a population of about 1.4 million. 413: 399: 10816:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 5952: 5696:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 5628:Burns, John F. and Richard J. Orsi, eds; 5247:Sucheng, Chan, and Spencer C. Olin, eds. 5228:Elusive Eden: A New History of California 4246:"Point Reyes declared Drake landing site" 4171:. Rutgers University Press. p. 109. 3742:. Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press. 3680:Lightfoot, Kent and Otis Parrish (2009). 3558: 3556: 1781:Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera 1716:Learn how and when to remove this message 1319: 1262:Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó 1068:and then turned east to use the westerly 75:Learn how and when to remove this message 10821:Colonial universities in the Philippines 5840: 4792:"Resident Population Data – 2010 Census" 4516: 3931: 3792: 3293: 2622: 2459: 1985: 1457: 1128: 812: 761:tribes and other Yuman groups along the 628: 483: 38:This article includes a list of general 9812:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 7045: 5831: 5691: 5299:Guidebook to the Missions of California 5251:(1996), primary and secondary documents 4535: 4500:California Historical Society Quarterly 4129: 4067: 3506:– via San Diego State University. 3186:Labor politics and the rise of Nativism 3167:International Seamen's Union of America 2844:, the last military governor, called a 2830:California interim government 1846-1850 1292:to what is now California. By 1823, 21 1009:. They sailed at least as far north as 10892: 10765: 5768: 5729: 5710: 5598: 5416: 5362: 4274: 4158: 4021: 3842: 3553: 2805:, and settlements sprang up along the 2655: 2285:Russian-American Company and Fort Ross 1954:(Sonoma Mission) was for the Spanish. 1428:on September 13, and the mouth of the 510:some 16,500 years ago. The remains of 10764: 10660: 10659: 9783: 9661: 9376: 9235: 9203: 9140: 9077: 8992: 8915: 8855: 8769: 8758: 8530: 8529: 8491: 8079: 7019: 5926: 5790: 5527: 5419:The Destruction of California Indians 5389: 5277: 5124: 4808:U.S. Seventh Census 1850: California 4760: 4654: 4522: 4299: 4256:from the original on February 4, 2018 4240: 3971: 3954: 3869: 3202:From 1850 through 1900, anti-Chinese 2877:Partition and secession in California 2590:On January 26, 1847, Army lieutenant 2335: 2036:because of its small population. The 1362: 1194:Further European ventures (1765–1821) 1167: 1156:. He had friendly relations with the 900: 875:) was told by an Indian slave of the 502:is that people from Asia crossed the 9093:Captaincy General of the Philippines 8585:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 5834:Leland Stanford, Man of Many Careers 5745: 5732:California's Railroad Era, 1850–1911 5715:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5249:Major Problems in California History 4628: 4316:Summary of Vizcaino expedition diary 4279:. London: Pimlico. pp. 136–37. 3901: 3849:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 3843:Gibson, Carrie (2019). "Chapter 3". 3352: 3037:California in the American Civil War 2920:San Francisco Committee of Vigilance 2897:, with a strong advocate in Senator 2556:with a much-reduced squadron of 100 2496: 1891:Russian colonization of the Americas 1694:adding citations to reliable sources 1661: 1118: 640:Tribes adapted to California's many 24: 20:History of California (1900–present) 10900:Pre-statehood history of California 10796:Indochristian painting in New Spain 8916: 5237:, 6th ed. (2003), standard textbook 5230:, 3rd ed. (2001), standard textbook 5203:California: An Interpretive History 5100:. St. Martin's Press. p. 178. 3230:in 1882. The act was upheld by the 2989:, in December 1850. In retaliation 2269:break out between north and south. 1958:Mexican Alta California (1821–1846) 1942:In 1836 El Presidio de Sonoma, or " 1351:Friars, protected by troops in the 1274:Spanish missions in Baja California 994:, claiming what he thought was the 769:in Arizona and south to modern-day 500:model of migration to the New World 464:. California joined the Union as a 13: 9763:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 9236: 8517: 7511:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 5776:. University of California Press. 5754:. University of California Press. 5223:, 8th edition of standard textbook 5199:Rawls, James; Walton Bean (2003). 5167:The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, 5153:Bibliography of California history 5146: 4733:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884–1890) 4694:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884–1890) 4531:. San Francisco: Philopolis Press. 4469:area. ... see Earle E. Williarms, 4407:University of North Carolina Press 4074:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 40. 3801:. University of California Press. 3417:Politics of California before 1900 3392:History of California 1900–present 3387:Bibliography of California history 3180:Maritime Federation of the Pacific 2645: 2420:United States Exploring Expedition 2080:Next, the Mexican Congress passed 1734:Mexican secularization act of 1833 557:tribes in California included the 367:Bibliography of California history 44:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 10921: 8993: 8856: 8737:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 5994:Genocide of indigenous population 5886:The California Historical Society 5879: 5649:Drager, K.; Fracchia, C. (1997). 5071:(Univ of California Press, 2005). 4740:The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft 4701:The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft 4444:"Tales of Old San Joaquin City", 4031:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2887:separate from Northern California 1805:"), also referred to at times as 1453: 821:. This example c. 1650. Restored. 10848:Criollos in the colonial society 10776:Spanish missions in the Americas 9898:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 8059: 7669:Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario 6038:Interim government of California 5799:. Oxford University Press, USA. 4778:California State Military Museum 4489:; Bear State Books, Exeter, 2006 4351:"The French in Early California" 3371: 3246:which barred aliens, especially 3030: 2404:American interest and immigrants 1885:Russian colonization (1812–1841) 1666: 1336:in 1765, that Spain, under King 1125:Francis Drake's circumnavigation 1111:explored and was shipwrecked in 943:some as late as the 18th century 856: 809:European exploration (1530–1765) 719:Native Americans controlled fire 494:Indigenous peoples of California 382: 112: 29: 10875:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 8759: 5823:Strobridge, William F. (1994). 5623:California Historical Quarterly 5087: 5074: 5061: 5045: 5032: 5015: 5006: 4990: 4977: 4964: 4951: 4938: 4923: 4904: 4891: 4865: 4839: 4827: 4814: 4802: 4784: 4766: 4727: 4715: 4688: 4660: 4631:"Kumeyaay - The Mexican Period" 4622: 4609: 4583: 4525:"California under Spanish Rule" 4492: 4476: 4433: 4421: 4412: 4395: 4382: 4373: 4343: 4331: 4321: 4305: 4268: 4234: 4212: 4185: 4095: 4061: 4049: 4024:"Manila Galleon and California" 3977: 3948: 3925: 3895: 3836: 3815: 3786: 3731: 3705:Fire in California's Ecosystems 3446: 2927:California Genocide (1846–1871) 2476:, and captured Mexican general 2207:In response, Mexican president 2115:Departamento de las Californias 1952:Mission San Francisco de Solano 1577:Starting with the onset of the 1256:In 1697, the Jesuit missionary 623:population of Native California 9204: 8927:Captaincy General of Guatemala 8635:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 7679:San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland 7659:Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim 5867:19#4 (1940) pp. 323–343. 5740:California Politics, 1846–1920 5643:University of California Press 5563:Young, S.; Levick, M. (1988). 4911:Michael DiLeo, Eleanor Smith, 4724:, Paris: Arthus Bertrand, 1844 4573:(New York, Arno Press, 1976). 4165:Huping Ling (April 29, 2009). 4022:Schurz, William Lytle (1917). 3711:University of California Press 3694: 3674: 3644: 3614: 3596: 3527: 3510: 3474: 3412:Maritime history of California 3013:Round Valley Settler Massacres 2824:Interim government: 1846–1850 2722:Sources: 1850–1870 U.S. census 2428:Stephens–Townsend–Murphy Party 2262:dominated, became more tense. 1946:", was established by General 1871:Spanish settlements in Arizona 1519:Spanish missions in California 460:began, triggering intensified 1: 10826:General Archive of the Indies 10087:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 9758:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 9743:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 8692:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 8645:War of the Spanish Succession 8610:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 5849:. Stanford University Press. 5320:The Archaeology of California 4617:The Pacific Historical Review 4523:Field, Maria Antonia (1914). 3902:Wood, Mark (March 11, 2014). 3460:in the Southwest (1540–1542). 3434: 3357:1898 saw the founding of the 3344:Huntington defended himself: 3254:as unconstitutional in 1952. 3163:Sailors' Union of the Pacific 2631: 2320:and Russian fur traders from 2103:Centralist Republic of Mexico 2086:of the Missions of California 1819:"). The northern part became 1037:of extended family groups of 744:mountains located behind the 10910:History of the American West 9784: 8898:Captaincy General of Yucatan 8828:Union with Holy Roman Empire 8807:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 8722:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 8107:History of the United States 5692:Lindsay, Brendan C. (2015). 5591: 5435:University of Oklahoma Press 5423:University of Nebraska Press 5244:(2005), interpretive history 4820:Newspaper accounts in 1850 ( 4105:Historic Spots in California 3932:Elsasser, Albert B. (1979). 3564:"California Indian Cultures" 3300:Rail transport in California 3025:Mendocino Indian Reservation 3021:Mendocino County, California 2909:Law and the legal profession 2891:California State Legislature 2775: 1827:, also alternatively called 779:Athabaskan language speaking 7: 9662: 9378:Administrative subdivisions 8575:War of the League of Cognac 7239:National Historic Landmarks 5832:Tutorow, Norman E. (1971). 5268:. Santa Clara, California: 4541:José Bandini, in a note to 4473:(Tracy, California), 1965." 4453:September 29, 2011, at the 3364: 3359:League of California Cities 3325:transcontinental rail lines 2803:California State Highway 49 2603:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2540:, but were repulsed in the 2400:, under French protection. 2209:Antonio López de Santa Anna 2090:Mission San Juan Capistrano 2038:1824 Constitution of Mexico 1579:Mexican War of Independence 1448:governor of Las Californias 1330:Loreto, Baja California Sur 1201:the two nations were at war 958:Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo 498:The most commonly accepted 454:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 372:Bibliography of Los Angeles 134:Province of Las Californias 10: 10926: 10092:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 10077:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 9979:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 9141: 8877:), Western United States ( 8770: 8640:Portuguese Restoration War 7244:National Natural Landmarks 5865:Calif Historical Quarterly 5567:The Missions of California 5417:Heizer, Robert F. (1974). 5282:. Berkeley: Heyday Books. 5278:Beebe, Rose Marie (2006). 5256: 5188:(1998), essays by scholars 5157: 5150: 5118: 4565:(Berkeley, Friends of the 4198:. Routledge. p. 202. 3904:"The Island of California" 3766:Cunningham, Laura (2010). 3297: 3102:San Francisco Trades Union 3034: 3004: 2953: 2930: 2874: 2871:Early separatist movements 2827: 2779: 2616: 2544:, October 7–9, 1846, near 2542:Battle of Dominguez Rancho 2441: 2407: 2288: 2100: 1975: 1961: 1888: 1865:, and a northern strip of 1655: 1651: 1516: 1468: 1366: 1237: 1228:Californian mission system 1171: 1134:National Historic Landmark 1122: 1048: 967: 910: 904: 860: 526:) about 13,000 years ago. 491: 17: 10860:Slavery in Spanish Empire 10771: 10760: 10666: 10655: 10553: 10447: 10440: 10325: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10147:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 10057: 9926: 9888:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 9850: 9794: 9790: 9779: 9748:Barcelona Trading Company 9715: 9672: 9668: 9657: 9561: 9513:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 9483: 9425: 9387: 9383: 9372: 9323: 9282: 9246: 9242: 9231: 9210: 9147: 9088: 9020:Venezuela, part of Guyana 8999: 8922: 8873:, Central United States ( 8862: 8776: 8765: 8754: 8605:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 8590:Expulsion of the Moriscos 8536: 8525: 8427: 8389: 8375: 8114: 8055: 7990: 7687: 7644: 7316: 7259:congressional delegations 7069: 7057: 6530: 6227: 6211: 6174: 6121: 6063: 5964: 5960: 5841:Williams, R. Hal (1973). 5711:Madley, Benjamin (2016). 5528:Utley, Robert M. (1997). 5482:Moorhead, Max L. (1991). 5449:Johnson, P., ed. (1964). 5326:Stanford University Press 4998:Journal of Social History 4934:– via Google Books. 4680:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4569:, 1951), 3. Reprinted in 3793:Anderson, M. Kat (2006). 3588:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3568:Four Directions Institute 3428:Spanish California topics 3422:Mexican California topics 3266:constitutional law. See 3114:transcontinental railroad 3001:Mendocino War (1859–1860) 2846:constitutional convention 2721: 2706: 2691: 2676: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2577:Battle of Rio San Gabriel 2374:Two Years Before the Mast 2142:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo 1992:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo 1948:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo 1837: 1815: 1801: 1446:De Portolá was the first 1392:and annexed the adjacent 1258:Juan María de Salvatierra 1182:, and also put ashore in 1099:explored Monterey Bay or 895:Baja California Peninsula 676:Santa Barbara, California 10801:Quito painting tradition 10791:Cusco painting tradition 10152:García López de Cárdenas 10142:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 10049:Felipe González de Ahedo 9969:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 8546:Conquest of the Americas 8409:Northern Mariana Islands 7561:Santa Clara River Valley 7286:state historic landmarks 5468:Indiana University Press 5400:Rowman & Littlefield 5363:Dillon, Richard (1975). 5094:Dennis Drabelle (2012). 4897:Richard B. Rice et al., 4314:(retrieved 2006-12-18); 4068:Carlson, Jon D. (2011). 3489:World History For Us All 3313:Collis Potter Huntington 3257:In 1886, when a Chinese 3252:California Supreme Court 3211:, led by Denis Kearney ( 3172:Coast's Seamen's Journal 3142:Twice the seamen of the 3064: 2950:Mariposa War (1850–1851) 2592:William Tecumseh Sherman 2552:were killed. Meanwhile, 2364:, farmers and ranchers. 2291:Russian-American Company 2239:in February 1845 at the 2022:Viceroyalty of New Spain 1994:reviewing his troops in 1905:Russian-American Company 1875:province of Nuevo México 1759:Administrative divisions 1583:General Law of Expulsion 1513:Alta California missions 1385:volunteered to command. 10586:Comuneros (New Granada) 10363:Balearic Islands (1558) 10082:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 10009:Ruy López de Villalobos 9964:Miguel López de Legazpi 9878:García de Toledo Osorio 8742:Western Sahara conflict 8732:Independence of Morocco 8672:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 8615:Piracy in the Caribbean 8600:French Wars of Religion 7541:San Francisco Peninsula 7336:California Coast Ranges 5954:History of California 5918:Vol V. Bear Flag Revolt 5827:. Arthur Clark Company. 5672:. Arthur Clark Company. 5451:The California Missions 5125:Rolle, Andrew (1998) . 4591:"Fort Ross, California" 4529:Chimes of Mission Bells 3908:Pomona College Magazine 2913:For the most part, the 2416:Bartleson–Bidwell Party 2382:Eugène Duflot de Mofras 2247:Pío Pico administration 2221:Thomas ap Catesby Jones 2211:sent Brigadier General 2071:Battle of Cahuenga Pass 2063:José María de Echeandía 2046:José María de Echeandía 1410:leather-jacket soldiers 970:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 964:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 759:Yuman language speaking 462:U.S. westward expansion 59:more precise citations. 10831:Colonial Spanish Horse 10505:Colonia del Sacramento 9728:Spanish treasure fleet 9305:Royal Decree of Graces 7611:Southern Border Region 7536:San Francisco Bay Area 7421:Greater San Bernardino 7391:East Bay (SF Bay Area) 6033:Conquest of California 5746:Pitt, Leonard (1966). 5505:California Archaeology 5462:McLean, James (2000). 5455:Menlo Park, California 5351:July 16, 2009, at the 5297:Camphouse, M. (1974). 5270:Santa Clara University 5191:Carolyn Merchant, ed. 5165:Hubert Howe Bancroft. 5000:21.2 (1987): 197-227. 4742:, complete text online 4703:, complete text online 4318:(retrieved 2006-12-18) 4220:Von der Porten, Edward 4058:(retrieved 2006-12-18) 3518:California: A History, 3350: 3342: 3287:The Valley of the Moon 2981:leading a raid on the 2939:Conquest of California 2628: 2469: 2369:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 2172:was American traveler 2153:Texas-style revolution 2134:Juan Bautista Alvarado 2042:First Mexican Republic 1999: 1830: 1822: 1808: 1794: 1753:Rancho Little Temecula 1466: 1320:First Spanish colonies 1137: 877:Seven Cities of Cibola 869:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán 822: 688:San Francisco Bay Area 637: 489: 149:Conquest of California 18:For later events, see 9989:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 9949:Juan Sebastián Elcano 9264:Council of the Indies 8625:Spanish–Moro conflict 8595:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 8555:Treaty of Tordesillas 8066:California portal 6194:Santa Catalina Island 6166:Territorial evolution 5916:History of California 5791:Starr, Kevin (1986). 5730:McAfee, Ward (1973). 5668:Hunt, Aurora (1951). 5637:May 25, 2010, at the 5599:Brands, H.W. (2003). 5556:California's Missions 5453:. Lane Book Company, 5390:Fagan, Brian (2003). 5242:California: A History 5235:California: A History 5172:History of California 5128:California: A History 5025:41.4 (1959): 337-344 4948:81.3/4 (2003): 74–95. 4735:History of California 4696:History of California 4446:San Joaquin Historian 4275:Sugden, John (2006). 3877:California: A History 3873:(2005). "Chapter 2". 3397:History of California 3346: 3337: 3294:Rise of the railroads 3236:Gentlemen's Agreement 3228:Chinese Exclusion Act 2637:Historical population 2626: 2596:Jonathan D. Stevenson 2566:Battle of San Pasqual 2463: 2295:Fort Ross, California 2289:Further information: 2237:Battle of Providencia 2101:Further information: 1989: 1976:Further information: 1742:California hide trade 1658:Ranchos of California 1646:Mission Revival style 1475:Junípero Serra was a 1461: 1390:Presidio of San Diego 1132: 1123:Further information: 816: 711:Mediterranean climate 632: 512:Arlington Springs Man 487: 456:. The same year, the 389:California portal 344:Santa Catalina Island 10786:Mesoamerican Codices 10510:Comuneros (Paraguay) 10348:Siege of Castelnuovo 9934:Christopher Columbus 9753:Consulate of the Sea 9733:Casa de Contratación 9324:Titles and positions 8717:Spanish–American War 8707:Liberal constitution 8550:Asia and the Pacific 7664:Sacramento–Roseville 7566:Santa Clarita Valley 6016:Mexican–American War 6001:Spanish colonization 5398:. Lanham, Maryland: 5342:Chapman, Charles E. 4836:accessed 14 Apr 2011 4811:Accessed 18 Aug 2011 3662:on February 22, 2014 3632:on February 22, 2014 3498:on September 2, 2006 3333:Collis P. Huntington 3165:after 1908, and the 3129:National Labor Union 2995:Oakhurst, California 2782:California Gold Rush 2562:Santa Fe, New Mexico 2515:California Battalion 2444:Mexican–American War 2302:Hudson's Bay Company 2225:Presidio of Monterey 2162:Anastasio Bustamante 2140:, with support from 2088:on August 17, 1833. 2010:First Mexican Empire 1901:Russian colonization 1690:improve this section 1184:Monterey, California 1021:in today's southern 996:Island of California 913:Island of California 740:The high and rugged 520:Wisconsin glaciation 458:California Gold Rush 450:Mexican–American War 434:indigenous Americans 159:California Gold Rush 10515:Cartagena de Indias 10137:Diego de Mazariegos 10107:Pere Fages i Beleta 9974:Sebastián de Ocampo 9455:Provincias Internas 9427:Captaincies General 9341:Municipal president 9310:School of Salamanca 9081:Spanish East Indies 9060:Misiones Orientales 8932:Spanish West Indies 8896:, Central America ( 8843:Pyrénées-Orientales 8796:Union with Portugal 8687:Napoleonic invasion 8667:War of Jenkins' Ear 8419:U.S. Virgin Islands 7616:Southern California 7531:San Fernando Valley 7481:Northern California 7441:Greater Los Angeles 6219:San Fernando Valley 6189:San Fernando Valley 6028:California Republic 5676:Jelinek, Lawrence. 5670:Army of the Pacific 5554:Wright, R. (1950). 5429:Hurtado, Albert L. 4987:79.2 (2000): 44–85. 4961:24.1 (1985): 39–46. 4959:Journal of the West 4853:on October 20, 2011 4798:on January 1, 2011. 4483:Frank Forrest Latta 4401:Hackel, Steven W., 3652:"Acorn preparation" 3622:"Acorn consumption" 3458:Coronado expedition 3340:despicable villain. 2933:California genocide 2883:Southern California 2747:female Gold Rushers 2638: 2486:California Republic 2480:. They raised the " 2213:Manuel Micheltorena 2120:In September 1835, 2077:took over in 1833. 1933:Northern California 1923:, near present-day 1749:Rancho El Escorpión 1554:In addition to the 1507:San Carlos Borromeo 1495:San Diego de Alcalá 1353:California missions 1270:Baja California Sur 1003:Port of Los Angeles 986:who sailed for the 927:Hernando de Alarcón 524:most recent ice age 438:European settlement 339:San Fernando Valley 154:Interim governments 144:California Republic 10811:Academia Antártica 10766:Other civil topics 10132:Pánfilo de Narváez 10034:Sebastián Vizcaíno 9999:Andrés de Urdaneta 9959:Juan Ponce de León 9944:Ferdinand Magellan 9918:Bernardo de Gálvez 9817:Indian auxiliaries 9315:Trial of residence 9295:Laws of the Indies 9079:Asia and Oceania ( 8940:Dominican Republic 7556:Santa Clara Valley 7551:San Joaquin Valley 7546:San Gabriel Valley 7401:Eastern California 7371:Coastal California 7346:Central California 6043:United States rule 5989:Later explorations 5984:First explorations 5974:Native Californian 5538:Henry Holt and Co. 5053:California History 4985:California History 4946:California History 4918:Covelo, California 4747:2012-01-02 at the 4708:2012-01-02 at the 4571:Mexican California 4543:Governor Echeandía 4152:2006-06-24 at the 4045:– via jstor. 3610:on April 29, 2009. 3284:in his 1913 novel 3269:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 3232:U.S. Supreme Court 3209:Workingmen's Party 3154:San Francisco Post 3071:David C. Broderick 3043:American Civil War 2979:San Joaquin Valley 2854:Compromise of 1850 2790:was discovered at 2636: 2629: 2585:Treaty of Cahuenga 2511:Robert F. Stockton 2470: 2336:Outside influences 2326:San Nicolas Island 2217:commandant general 2000: 1638:military districts 1619:San Joaquin Valley 1467: 1439:. Ironically, the 1369:Portolá expedition 1363:Portolá expedition 1276:were established. 1174:Sebastián Vizcaíno 1168:Sebastián Vizcaíno 1138: 1078:California Current 907:Francisco de Ulloa 901:Francisco de Ulloa 823: 746:Great Basin Desert 731:fire-stick farming 684:large plank canoes 638: 504:Bering land bridge 490: 470:Compromise of 1850 10887: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10756: 10755: 10661:Spanish conquests 10651: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10436: 10435: 10117:Pedro de Alvarado 10102:Gaspar de Portolà 10097:Pedro de Valdivia 10072:Francisco Pizarro 10024:Nicolás de Ovando 10019:Alonso de Ercilla 9994:Alonso de Salazar 9827:Ships of the line 9775: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9199: 9198: 9156:Northern Africa ( 9152:Equatorial Guinea 9136: 9135: 9073: 9072: 8988: 8987: 8911: 8910: 8902:Spanish Caribbean 8875:Spanish Louisiana 8851: 8850: 8786:Crown of Castille 8750: 8749: 8727:Spanish Civil War 8702:Adams–Onís Treaty 8682:Nootka Convention 8630:Thirty Years' War 8620:Eighty Years' War 8541:Catholic Monarchs 8531:Timeline–immersed 8485: 8484: 8073: 8072: 7674:San Diego–Tijuana 7621:Transverse Ranges 7571:Santa Ynez Valley 7521:Saddleback Valley 7516:Sacramento Valley 7501:Peninsular Ranges 7476:North County (SD) 7446:Los Angeles Basin 7308:Index of articles 7013: 7012: 6207: 6206: 6088:Industrial growth 5806:978-0-19-504233-7 5770:Saxton, Alexander 5575:, San Francisco. 5474:Lightfoot, Kent. 5464:California Sabers 5274:, primary sources 5233:Rolle, Andrew F. 5067:Richard J. Orsi, 4901:(1988) pp. 191–95 4879:on April 12, 2003 4763:, pp. 83–85. 4657:, pp. 51–52. 4440:Earle E. Williams 4355:Ancestry Magazine 4286:978-1-844-13762-6 4277:Sir Francis Drake 4205:978-1-135-12843-2 4178:978-0-8135-4867-8 4115:978-0-8047-1734-2 4081:978-1-137-01045-2 3997:978-0-925613-51-6 3974:, pp. 20–21. 3724:978-0-520-24605-8 3379:California portal 3353:Late developments 3319:(1813–1878), and 3059:California Column 2915:American frontier 2786:In January 1848, 2762:Isthmus of Panama 2726: 2725: 2607:Adams–Onís Treaty 2581:Battle of La Mesa 2531:José María Flores 2497:American Conquest 2352:, and later, the 2350:Old Spanish Trail 2304:for produce from 2241:Los Angeles River 2174:Thomas J. Farnham 2122:Nicolás Gutiérrez 1978:Treaty of Córdoba 1726: 1725: 1718: 1560:(royal fort) and 1437:San Francisco Bay 1383:Gaspar de Portolá 1357:Pacific Northwest 1314:Adams–Onís Treaty 1164:, or New Albion. 1119:Sir Francis Drake 1089:San Francisco Bay 1039:100 to 150 people 1011:San Miguel Island 950:name "California" 935:Gerardus Mercator 789:contact with the 516:Santa Rosa Island 423: 422: 85: 84: 77: 10917: 10762: 10761: 10728:Chibchan Nations 10657: 10656: 10626:Santiago de Cuba 10485:Guadalupe Island 10445: 10444: 10172: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10127:Diego de Almagro 10004:Antonio de Ulloa 9908:Ambrosio Spinola 9903:Pedro de Zubiaur 9873:Alfonso d'Avalos 9863:Antonio de Leyva 9807:Army of Flanders 9792: 9791: 9781: 9780: 9670: 9669: 9659: 9658: 9385: 9384: 9374: 9373: 9244: 9243: 9233: 9232: 9201: 9200: 9174:Peñón of Algiers 9138: 9137: 9075: 9074: 8990: 8989: 8913: 8912: 8895: 8853: 8852: 8767: 8766: 8756: 8755: 8677:Seven Years' War 8650:Queen Anne's War 8527: 8526: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8489: 8488: 8429:Outlying islands 8383:Washington, D.C. 8377:Federal district 8100: 8093: 8086: 8077: 8076: 8064: 8063: 8062: 7406:Emerald Triangle 7396:East County (SD) 7381:Cucamonga Valley 7366:Coachella Valley 7109:California Dream 7099:California sound 7040: 7033: 7026: 7017: 7016: 6675:Rancho Cucamonga 6650:Huntington Beach 6103:Legal revolution 6011:California Trail 5962: 5961: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5924: 5923: 5909:Bear Flag Museum 5873:10.2307/25160907 5860: 5848: 5837: 5828: 5819: 5810: 5798: 5787: 5765: 5753: 5735: 5726: 5707: 5673: 5664: 5618: 5606: 5586: 5570: 5559: 5550: 5535: 5524: 5508: 5497: 5471: 5458: 5426: 5413: 5397: 5386: 5370: 5339: 5323: 5312: 5293: 5273: 5222: 5206: 5181:(2005), textbook 5142: 5112: 5111: 5091: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5049: 5043: 5038:Richard Rayner, 5036: 5030: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4916:. Island Press, 4908: 4902: 4899:The Elusive Eden 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4875:. Archived from 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4849:. Archived from 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4822:Alta Californian 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4794:. Archived from 4788: 4782: 4781: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4671: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4635:www.kumeyaay.com 4629:Connolly, Mike. 4626: 4620: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4593:. Archived from 4587: 4581: 4567:Bancroft Library 4539: 4533: 4532: 4520: 4514: 4512:10.2307/25177843 4496: 4490: 4480: 4474: 4463:Livermore Valley 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4399: 4393: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4361:on July 19, 2011 4357:. Archived from 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4162: 4156: 4144: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4028: 4019: 4002: 4001: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3880: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3800: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3708: 3698: 3692: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3658:. Archived from 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3628:. Archived from 3618: 3612: 3611: 3606:. Archived from 3600: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3537:. Archived from 3531: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3491:. Archived from 3486: 3478: 3461: 3450: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3274:Great Depression 3264:equal protection 3151:, editor of the 3055:Republican Party 2944:child separation 2895:Washington, D.C. 2863:(1852–1853) and 2842:Bennett C. Riley 2766:California Trail 2742:Alta Californian 2730:1850 U.S. census 2657: 2652: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2503:John Drake Sloat 2455:Thomas O. Larkin 2410:California Trail 2354:California Trail 2181:Manifest Destiny 2051:Mexican Congress 2034:states of Mexico 1840: 1839: 1833: 1831:Nueva California 1825: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1809:Vieja California 1804: 1803: 1802:Lower California 1797: 1777:Palóu's division 1721: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1670: 1662: 1615:Mission San José 1591:US Supreme Court 1541:invasive species 1537:Native Americans 1345:Seven Years' War 1294:Spanish missions 1272:. A total of 30 1082:Point Conception 1027:Bartolomé Ferrer 954:Amadis de Gallia 939:Abraham Ortelius 799:Native Hawaiians 715:forest gardening 529:In all, some 30 415: 408: 401: 387: 386: 385: 116: 105: 87: 86: 80: 73: 69: 66: 60: 55:this article by 46:inline citations 33: 32: 25: 10925: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10879: 10855:Old inquisition 10767: 10752: 10662: 10635: 10591:Trinidad (1797) 10561:La Noche Triste 10549: 10545:San Juan (1797) 10495:San Juan (1595) 10432: 10321: 10161:Notable battles 10156: 10122:Martín de Ursúa 10053: 9984:Alonso de Ojeda 9954:Juan de la Cosa 9939:Pinzón brothers 9922: 9893:John of Austria 9868:Martín de Goiti 9846: 9786: 9767: 9711: 9664: 9645: 9557: 9553:Terra Australis 9548:Río de la Plata 9493:Castilla de Oro 9479: 9421: 9417:Río de la Plata 9379: 9360: 9319: 9278: 9274:Santa Hermandad 9238: 9219: 9215:Terra Australis 9206: 9195: 9162:Spanish Morocco 9143: 9132: 9123:Northern Taiwan 9084: 9069: 9040:Río de la Plata 8995: 8984: 8918: 8917:Central America 8907: 8889: 8858: 8847: 8791:Crown of Aragon 8772: 8761: 8746: 8662:Bourbon Reforms 8532: 8521: 8516: 8486: 8481: 8423: 8385: 8371: 8110: 8104: 8074: 8069: 8060: 8058: 8051: 7993: 7986: 7892:San Luis Obispo 7683: 7640: 7461:Mountain Empire 7361:Channel Islands 7326:Antelope Valley 7312: 7276:Protected areas 7065: 7053: 7044: 7014: 7009: 6895:San Luis Obispo 6526: 6432:San Luis Obispo 6223: 6203: 6170: 6117: 6093:Postwar culture 6059: 5956: 5951: 5882: 5877: 5857: 5807: 5784: 5762: 5738:Olin, Spencer. 5723: 5704: 5661: 5639:Wayback Machine 5615: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5573:Chronicle Books 5547: 5521: 5494: 5437:, 416 pp. 5410: 5383: 5353:Wayback Machine 5336: 5309: 5290: 5259: 5254: 5219: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147:Further reading 5139: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5062: 5050: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 4995: 4991: 4982: 4978: 4970:Mark Kanazawa, 4969: 4965: 4956: 4952: 4943: 4939: 4932:"The Quarterly" 4928: 4924: 4909: 4905: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4749:Wayback Machine 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4710:Wayback Machine 4693: 4689: 4673: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4627: 4623: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4597:on May 28, 2010 4589: 4588: 4584: 4545:or to his son, 4540: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4497: 4493: 4481: 4477: 4455:Wayback Machine 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4400: 4396: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4239: 4235: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4163: 4159: 4154:Wayback Machine 4145: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4026: 4020: 4005: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3764: 3757: 3750: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3699: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3604:"Virtual Tours" 3602: 3601: 3597: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3464: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3355: 3321:Charles Crocker 3311:, (1824–1893), 3309:Leland Stanford 3302: 3296: 3193:Central Pacific 3188: 3159:Andrew Furuseth 3067: 3051:William M. Gwin 3039: 3033: 3009: 3003: 2991:Mariposa County 2987:James D. Savage 2958: 2952: 2935: 2929: 2911: 2879: 2873: 2832: 2826: 2811:Siskiyou County 2784: 2778: 2758:Panama Railroad 2650: 2634: 2621: 2615: 2538:William Mervine 2499: 2478:Mariano Vallejo 2466:Sonoma Barracks 2451: 2446: 2440: 2424:Caleb Greenwood 2412: 2406: 2338: 2297: 2287: 2266:John C. Frémont 2249: 2205: 2105: 2099: 2082:An Act for the 2059:Manuel Victoria 2018:successor state 2005: 1984: 1974: 1972:Alta California 1968:Las Californias 1962:Main articles: 1960: 1944:Sonoma Barracks 1909:Imperial Russia 1897: 1895:Russian America 1889:Main articles: 1887: 1867:Baja California 1861:, southwestern 1823:Alta California 1795:Baja California 1789:Baja California 1785:Diego de Borica 1769:Francisco Palóu 1761: 1722: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1687: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1611:El Camino Viejo 1521: 1515: 1501:. They reached 1484:King Carlos III 1473: 1456: 1441:Manila Galleons 1371: 1365: 1322: 1250: 1248:Alta California 1244:The Californias 1238:Main articles: 1236: 1196: 1176: 1170: 1127: 1121: 1053: 1047: 972: 966: 931:Alta California 915: 909: 903: 881:Amazonish women 865: 859: 811: 771:Baja California 680:Channel Islands 635:Auckland Museum 555:Native American 535:language family 496: 482: 419: 383: 381: 376: 353: 320: 225: 139:Alta California 111: 103: 96: 81: 70: 64: 61: 51:Please help to 50: 34: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 10923: 10913: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10671:Canary Islands 10667: 10664: 10663: 10653: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10525:Túpac Amaru II 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10470:Bogotá savanna 10467: 10462: 10457: 10451: 10449: 10442: 10438: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10378:Spanish Armada 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10272:White Mountain 10269: 10267:Cape Celidonia 10264: 10262:English Armada 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10178: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10063: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10039:Juan Fernández 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10014:Diego Columbus 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9842:Army of Africa 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9822:Spanish Armada 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9788: 9787: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9723:Manila galleon 9719: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9678: 9676: 9666: 9665: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9393: 9391: 9381: 9380: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9240: 9239: 9237:Administration 9229: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9158:Western Sahara 9154: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9056:Banda Oriental 9037: 9023: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8929: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8905: 8871:Coastal Alaska 8863: 8860: 8859: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8763: 8762: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8523: 8522: 8519:Spanish Empire 8515: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8492: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8467:Navassa Island 8464: 8459: 8454: 8452:Johnston Atoll 8449: 8444: 8442:Howland Island 8439: 8433: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8399:American Samoa 8395: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8317:South Carolina 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8282:North Carolina 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8080: 8071: 8070: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7872:San Bernardino 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7601:South Bay (SF) 7598: 7596:South Bay (SD) 7593: 7591:South Bay (LA) 7588: 7586:Silicon Valley 7583: 7578: 7576:Shasta Cascade 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7526:Salinas Valley 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:North Bay (SF) 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7356:Central Valley 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7298:Transportation 7295: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7043: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7020: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6620:San Bernardino 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6412:San Bernardino 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5970: 5968: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5881: 5880:External links 5878: 5876: 5875: 5861: 5855: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5805: 5788: 5782: 5766: 5760: 5743: 5736: 5727: 5722:978-0300181364 5721: 5708: 5703:978-0803269668 5702: 5689: 5674: 5665: 5659: 5646: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5560: 5551: 5545: 5525: 5519: 5511:Academic Press 5498: 5492: 5479: 5472: 5459: 5446: 5427: 5414: 5408: 5387: 5381: 5367:Siskiyou Trail 5360: 5340: 5334: 5313: 5307: 5294: 5289:978-1597140324 5288: 5275: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5240:Starr, Kevin. 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5137: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5086: 5073: 5060: 5055:(1991): 2–11. 5044: 5031: 5014: 5005: 4989: 4976: 4963: 4950: 4937: 4922: 4903: 4890: 4864: 4838: 4826: 4813: 4801: 4783: 4765: 4753: 4726: 4714: 4687: 4659: 4647: 4621: 4608: 4582: 4551:Colorado River 4534: 4515: 4506:(4), 321–327. 4491: 4475: 4432: 4420: 4411: 4405:(Chapel Hill: 4394: 4381: 4372: 4342: 4330: 4320: 4304: 4292: 4285: 4267: 4233: 4211: 4204: 4184: 4177: 4157: 4139: 4128: 4114: 4094: 4080: 4060: 4048: 4037:(2): 107–126. 4003: 3996: 3976: 3959: 3947: 3924: 3912:Pomona College 3894: 3888:978-0679642404 3887: 3862: 3856:978-0802127020 3855: 3835: 3814: 3807: 3785: 3779:978-1597141369 3778: 3755: 3748: 3730: 3723: 3693: 3690:978-0520256903 3673: 3643: 3613: 3595: 3552: 3541:on 23 May 2016 3526: 3522:Modern Library 3516:Starr, Kevin. 3509: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3462: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3366: 3363: 3354: 3351: 3298:Main article: 3295: 3292: 3244:Alien Land Act 3187: 3184: 3125:eight-hour day 3066: 3063: 3035:Main article: 3032: 3029: 3011:Following the 3005:Main article: 3002: 2999: 2954:Main article: 2951: 2948: 2931:Main article: 2928: 2925: 2910: 2907: 2875:Main article: 2872: 2869: 2828:Main article: 2825: 2822: 2807:Siskiyou Trail 2780:Main article: 2777: 2774: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2633: 2630: 2614: 2611: 2554:General Kearny 2498: 2495: 2490:William B. Ide 2450: 2447: 2442:Main article: 2439: 2436: 2408:Main article: 2405: 2402: 2346:Siskiyou Trail 2337: 2334: 2322:Russian Alaska 2310:Columbia River 2306:Fort Vancouver 2286: 2283: 2248: 2245: 2204: 2201: 2197:Colorado River 2098: 2095: 2084:Secularization 2004: 2001: 1959: 1956: 1937:British Empire 1915:, hunting for 1886: 1883: 1838:New California 1816:Old California 1760: 1757: 1724: 1723: 1706:September 2015 1674: 1672: 1665: 1656:Main article: 1653: 1650: 1599:El Camino Real 1517:Main article: 1514: 1511: 1493:Serra founded 1471:Junípero Serra 1469:Main article: 1464:Junípero Serra 1462:A portrait of 1455: 1454:Junípero Serra 1452: 1424:on August 19, 1379:José de Gálvez 1367:Main article: 1364: 1361: 1321: 1318: 1290:Spanish Empire 1235: 1232: 1195: 1192: 1172:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1120: 1117: 1074:Cape Mendocino 1051:Manila galleon 1049:Main article: 1046: 1043: 1015:Cape Mendocino 968:Main article: 965: 962: 956:, arranged by 919:Colorado River 905:Main article: 902: 899: 871:(president of 861:Main article: 858: 855: 810: 807: 773:and northwest 750:Sonoran Desert 650:Central Valley 543:Colorado River 492:Main article: 481: 478: 421: 420: 418: 417: 410: 403: 395: 392: 391: 378: 377: 375: 374: 369: 363: 360: 359: 358:Bibliographies 355: 354: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 330: 327: 326: 322: 321: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 286:San Bernardino 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 234: 233: 227: 226: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 177: 174: 173: 169: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 123: 122: 118: 117: 108: 107: 98: 97: 90: 83: 82: 37: 35: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10922: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10806:Tapada limeña 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10770: 10763: 10759: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10658: 10654: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10398:Montes Claros 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10338:Vienna (1529) 10336: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10324: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10067:Hernán Cortés 10065: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10059:Conquistadors 10056: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10029:Juan de Ayala 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9883:Duke of Savoy 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9778: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9682:Dollar (Peso) 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9660: 9656: 9642: 9641:Santo Domingo 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9518:New Andalusia 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9465:Santo Domingo 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9389:Viceroyalties 9386: 9382: 9375: 9371: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9230: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9209: 9202: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9139: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8994:South America 8991: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8914: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8879:Spanish Texas 8876: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8857:North America 8854: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8838:Franche-Comté 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8508: 8506: 8501: 8499: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8472:Palmyra Atoll 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8447:Jarvis Island 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8357:West Virginia 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8262:New Hampshire 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8222:Massachusetts 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8068: 8067: 8054: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8017:San Francisco 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7992:Most populous 7989: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902:Santa Barbara 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7882:San Francisco 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7654:Fresno–Madera 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7646:Metro regions 7643: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Victor Valley 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7581:Sierra Nevada 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7506:Pomona Valley 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7456:Mojave Desert 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7431:Klamath Basin 7429: 7427: 7426:Inland Empire 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7376:Conejo Valley 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7351:Central Coast 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7341:Cascade Range 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7249:NRHP listings 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7205:Supreme Court 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7036: 7034: 7029: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6970:Crescent City 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6840:Santa Barbara 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6750:Thousand Oaks 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6655:Santa Clarita 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6640:Moreno Valley 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:San Francisco 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442:Santa Barbara 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6422:San Francisco 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5856:9780804708470 5852: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5783:0-520-02905-4 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5761:0-520-01637-8 5757: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5687: 5686:0-87835-131-0 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5660:1-55868-312-7 5656: 5652: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5614:9780385502160 5610: 5607:. Doubleday. 5605: 5604: 5597: 5596: 5584: 5582:0-8118-1938-8 5578: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5546:9780805033045 5542: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5522: 5520:9780125061803 5516: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5495: 5493:0-8061-2317-6 5489: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5444: 5443:0-8061-3772-X 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5409:9780742527942 5405: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5382:9780070169807 5378: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5335:9780804711579 5331: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5310: 5308:0-378-03792-7 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5218:0-07-052411-4 5214: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5154: 5140: 5138:0-88295-938-7 5134: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5109: 5107:9781250015051 5103: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5084:(1988) p 247. 5083: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4941: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4579:0-405-09538-4 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559:Sierra Nevada 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4302:, p. 26. 4301: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4188: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3884: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3789: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3524:(2005), p. 13 3523: 3519: 3513: 3502:September 17, 3494: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3315:(1821–1900), 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3133:Denis Kearney 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3117:legislation. 3115: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3031:The Civil War 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3007:Mendocino War 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975:Sierra Nevada 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2899:Milton Latham 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2796:Sierra Nevada 2793: 2792:Sutter's Mill 2789: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2640: 2625: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573:Orange County 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2523:Sutter's Fort 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344:. Using the 2343: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2170:Graham Affair 2167: 2166:court-martial 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126:Mariano Chico 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2075:José Figueroa 2072: 2068: 2067:Cahuenga Pass 2064: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1879:Sierra Nevada 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849:and parts of 1848: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1812: 1810: 1798: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1720: 1717: 1709: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1675:This section 1673: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:Pacific Coast 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1465: 1460: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1430:Salinas River 1427: 1423: 1422:Santa Barbara 1420:on August 3, 1419: 1416:on August 2, 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:Bering Strait 1213: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180:San Diego Bay 1175: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:Francis Drake 1144:and explorer 1143: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1025:, was led by 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 992:San Diego Bay 989: 988:Spanish Crown 985: 981: 977: 971: 961: 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:Cedros Island 920: 914: 908: 898: 896: 891: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 867:Around 1530, 864: 863:Hernán Cortés 857:Hernán Cortés 854: 852: 848: 844: 843:Pacific Ocean 840: 836: 832: 828: 820: 815: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 785:, as well as 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 754:Mojave Desert 751: 747: 743: 742:Sierra Nevada 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 706: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 666: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 636: 631: 627: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 495: 486: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 426:Human history 416: 411: 409: 404: 402: 397: 396: 394: 393: 390: 380: 379: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 362: 361: 357: 356: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 329: 328: 324: 323: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 306:Santa Barbara 304: 302: 299: 297: 296:San Francisco 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 236: 235: 232: 229: 228: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 176: 175: 171: 170: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 124: 120: 119: 115: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 94: 89: 88: 79: 76: 68: 58: 54: 48: 47: 41: 36: 27: 26: 21: 16: 10781:Architecture 10676:The Americas 10540:Newfoundland 10530:Túpac Katari 10520:Cuerno Verde 10455:Tenochtitlan 10287:Valenciennes 10044:Luis Fajardo 9913:Blas de Lezo 9858:Duke of Alba 9738:Spanish Road 9576:Buenos Aires 9485:Governorates 9254:Ayuntamiento 9247:Organization 8712:Carlist Wars 8560:Italian Wars 8462:Midway Atoll 8457:Kingman Reef 8437:Baker Island 8414:Puerto Rico 8322:South Dakota 8312:Rhode Island 8307:Pennsylvania 8287:North Dakota 8057: 7727:Contra Costa 7636:Wine Country 7496:Oxnard Plain 7491:Owens Valley 7486:Orange Coast 7411:Gold Country 7386:Death Valley 7121:Demographics 7059: 6860:Redwood City 6835:Santa Monica 6660:Garden Grove 6267:Contra Costa 6006:Mexican rule 5965: 5915: 5864: 5844: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5794: 5773: 5749: 5739: 5731: 5712: 5693: 5677: 5669: 5650: 5630: 5622: 5602: 5566: 5555: 5536:. New York: 5531: 5504: 5483: 5475: 5463: 5450: 5430: 5418: 5393: 5371:. New York: 5366: 5344: 5324:. Stanford: 5319: 5298: 5279: 5265: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5211:, New York. 5202: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5170:Vol. 18–24, 5166: 5127: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5068: 5063: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5034: 5022: 5017: 5008: 4997: 4992: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4958: 4953: 4945: 4940: 4925: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4893: 4883:September 4, 4881:. Retrieved 4877:the original 4867: 4857:September 4, 4855:. Retrieved 4851:the original 4841: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4804: 4796:the original 4786: 4768: 4756: 4751:, p.263–273. 4739: 4734: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4662: 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4634: 4624: 4616: 4611: 4599:. Retrieved 4595:the original 4585: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4555:great Sierra 4547:Juan Bandini 4537: 4528: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4486: 4478: 4470: 4445: 4435: 4423: 4414: 4402: 4397: 4389: 4384: 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4359:the original 4354: 4345: 4333: 4323: 4307: 4295: 4276: 4270: 4260:December 27, 4258:. Retrieved 4249: 4236: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4194: 4187: 4167: 4160: 4142: 4131: 4119:. Retrieved 4104: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4070: 4063: 4051: 4034: 4030: 3986: 3979: 3950: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3915:. Retrieved 3907: 3897: 3876: 3871:Starr, Kevin 3865: 3845: 3838: 3826:. Retrieved 3817: 3796: 3788: 3768: 3739: 3733: 3704: 3696: 3681: 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3660:the original 3656:Archives.gov 3655: 3646: 3634:. Retrieved 3630:the original 3626:Archives.gov 3625: 3616: 3608:the original 3598: 3572:. Retrieved 3567: 3543:. Retrieved 3539:the original 3529: 3517: 3512: 3500:. Retrieved 3493:the original 3488: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3356: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3330: 3317:Mark Hopkins 3305:The Big Four 3303: 3285: 3267: 3256: 3225: 3213:an immigrant 3201: 3189: 3177: 3170: 3152: 3149:Henry George 3141: 3122: 3119: 3106: 3098:boilermakers 3091: 3080: 3068: 3040: 3010: 2983:Fresno River 2967:Ahwahnechees 2959: 2956:Mariposa War 2936: 2912: 2880: 2858: 2835: 2833: 2818:Forty-Niners 2815: 2800: 2785: 2751: 2741: 2738:Contra Costa 2727: 2600: 2589: 2587:was signed. 2570: 2550:U.S. Marines 2535: 2527: 2500: 2471: 2452: 2432:Donner Party 2413: 2398:New Helvetia 2379: 2372: 2366: 2362:Forty-Niners 2339: 2315: 2298: 2271: 2264: 2250: 2233: 2229: 2206: 2185: 2178: 2150: 2146:Isaac Graham 2119: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2081: 2079: 2056: 2015: 2006: 1941: 1929:Sonoma Coast 1898: 1828: 1820: 1806: 1792: 1762: 1746: 1729: 1727: 1712: 1703: 1688:Please help 1676: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1602: 1595: 1587:nationalized 1576: 1567: 1566:(town), the 1561: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1522: 1492: 1486:ordered the 1474: 1445: 1434: 1418:Santa Monica 1387: 1374: 1372: 1342: 1323: 1306: 1278: 1260:established 1255: 1251: 1210: 1197: 1177: 1148:sailed into 1139: 1086: 1054: 1031: 1000: 973: 953: 947: 916: 892: 885: 866: 824: 739: 735:permaculture 723:fire ecology 707: 696: 667: 639: 552: 528: 497: 474:agricultural 424: 311:Santa Monica 128: 71: 62: 43: 15: 10748:Philippines 10713:El Salvador 10333:Capo d'Orso 10217:St. Quentin 10192:Rome (1527) 9851:Strategists 9601:Guadalajara 9528:New Navarre 9523:New Castile 9508:La Luisiana 9460:Puerto Rico 9450:Philippines 9407:New Granada 9097:Philippines 9058:(Uruguay), 9054:(Bolivia), 9004:New Granada 8944:Puerto Rico 8890: [ 8760:Territories 8580:Encomiendas 8477:Wake Island 8391:Territories 8237:Mississippi 8152:Connecticut 8042:Bakersfield 8002:Los Angeles 7907:Santa Clara 7887:San Joaquin 7787:Los Angeles 7606:South Coast 7471:North Coast 7416:Great Basin 7281:state parks 7234:LGBT rights 7200:legislature 7148:Environment 7136:agriculture 7126:Earthquakes 7000:Nevada City 6960:Placerville 6825:Santa Maria 6785:Victorville 6775:Santa Clara 6760:Simi Valley 6605:Chula Vista 6580:Bakersfield 6540:Los Angeles 6447:Santa Clara 6427:San Joaquin 6327:Los Angeles 6113:Present day 6098:Development 6078:Engineering 6023:Californios 5966:Before 1900 5509:. Orlando: 5421:. Lincoln: 5373:McGraw Hill 5209:McGraw-Hill 4640:January 11, 4459:Coast Range 4242:Nolte, Carl 4230:(1): 28–30. 3713:. pp. 3666:November 7, 3636:November 7, 3545:25 February 3452:The native 3430:(1769–1822) 3424:(1822–1848) 3278:Jack London 3276:. Novelist 3047:Confederacy 3017:Yuki tribes 2770:1950 census 2734:Santa Clara 2548:, where 14 2507:Yerba Buena 2426:guided the 2394:John Sutter 2391:francophile 2260:Californios 2256:Mexico City 2138:José Castro 2110:Siete Leyes 1877:, with the 1533:Franciscans 1414:Los Angeles 1406:Juan Crespí 1396:village of 1338:Charles III 1162:Nova Albion 1158:Coast Miwok 1154:Point Reyes 1113:Drake's Bay 1070:trade winds 1062:Philippines 1019:Rogue River 980:crossbowman 781:groups and 767:Gila Rivers 682:were using 547:Uto-Aztecan 432:began when 256:Los Angeles 129:Before 1900 102:History of 57:introducing 10894:Categories 10418:Somosierra 10408:Manila Bay 10282:Nördlingen 10222:Gravelines 9702:Columnario 9674:Currencies 9591:Concepción 9563:Audiencias 9538:New Toledo 9503:La Florida 9336:Corregidor 9300:Papal bull 9205:Antarctica 9113:Micronesia 8570:Golden Age 8352:Washington 8272:New Mexico 8267:New Jersey 8142:California 8032:Long Beach 8027:Sacramento 7942:Stanislaus 7912:Santa Cruz 7867:San Benito 7862:Sacramento 7626:Tri-Valley 7451:Lost Coast 7436:Lake Tahoe 7212:Healthcare 7180:Government 7061:Sacramento 7051:California 6950:Marysville 6925:Susanville 6880:San Rafael 6875:Santa Cruz 6805:Costa Mesa 6665:Santa Rosa 6570:Long Beach 6565:Sacramento 6482:Stanislaus 6452:Santa Cruz 6407:San Benito 6402:Sacramento 6083:Water wars 6065:Since 1900 5979:Precontact 5151:See also: 4761:Rolle 1998 4655:Rolle 1998 4300:Rolle 1998 4252:. SFGate. 4250:SFGate.com 4121:August 21, 4087:August 21, 3972:Rolle 1998 3808:0520248511 3749:0879191260 3574:January 6, 3520:New York, 3435:References 3197:Chinatowns 3144:West Coast 3137:vigilantes 3087:lightermen 3083:East Coast 2971:Chowchilla 2632:Population 2617:See also: 2501:Commodore 2386:man-of-war 2324:sailed to 2279:Sacramento 2130:commandant 2030:republican 1925:Bodega Bay 1857:, western 1855:New Mexico 1765:Dominicans 1605:sprinkled 1525:Dominicans 1480:Franciscan 1426:San Simeon 1349:Franciscan 1218:. In 1786 1211:Resolution 1205:James Cook 1188:Carmel Bay 1035:rancherias 976:Portuguese 911:See also: 787:Polynesian 777:, between 678:, and the 466:free state 448:until the 430:California 281:Sacramento 191:Newspapers 164:Since 1900 104:California 65:April 2009 40:references 10723:Nicaragua 10701:Guatemala 10611:Pichincha 10596:Chacabuco 10535:Pensacola 10480:Mataquito 10460:Cajamarca 10441:New World 10413:Trafalgar 10317:Alhucemas 10197:Landriano 10182:Comuneros 10168:Old World 10112:Joan Orpí 9832:Royalists 9606:Guatemala 9533:New Spain 9470:Venezuela 9445:Guatemala 9402:New Spain 9397:Columbian 9290:Exequatur 9190:Cape Juby 9044:Argentina 8867:New Spain 8801:Gibraltar 8565:Habsburgs 8362:Wisconsin 8327:Tennessee 8232:Minnesota 8207:Louisiana 8109:by polity 8007:San Diego 7897:San Mateo 7877:San Diego 7857:Riverside 7807:Mendocino 7737:El Dorado 7732:Del Norte 7717:Calaveras 7264:elections 7190:districts 7153:Geography 7143:Education 7094:languages 7064:(capital) 6940:Red Bluff 6915:Hollister 6900:El Centro 6865:Yuba City 6820:Fairfield 6810:Inglewood 6770:Roseville 6740:Fullerton 6730:Sunnyvale 6725:Escondido 6690:Elk Grove 6685:Lancaster 6670:Oceanside 6595:Riverside 6590:Santa Ana 6545:San Diego 6437:San Mateo 6417:San Diego 6397:Riverside 6347:Mendocino 6277:El Dorado 6272:Del Norte 6257:Calaveras 6229:By county 6176:By region 6151:Railroads 6131:Etymology 6108:Tech boom 6053:Civil War 6048:Gold Rush 5914:Bancroft 5592:1846–1900 5357:Macmillan 4365:March 24, 3468:Citations 3440:Footnotes 2903:secession 2776:Gold Rush 2546:San Pedro 2484:" of the 2482:Bear Flag 2358:Gold Rush 2316:In 1814, 2069:. 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