Hispanism - Knowledge

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sanctions the flawed concept that all cultural materials under this heading emanate from a singular source: the Peninsula.” The rise of “Hispanism” as a term, notes Joan Ramon Resina, “in Spain as in Latin America, was accomplished for the purpose of political administration and obedience to Castilian rule through methods of domination that eventually led to independence and the birth (rather than fragmentation) of a constellation of republics.” He goes on to say that “it is incumbent on us to face up to the possibility that Hispanism no longer has a future in the university.” While Nicolas Shumway believes Hispanism “is an outmoded idea based on an essentialist, ideologically driven, and Spain-centric, notions,” Carlos Alonso maintains the field of Hispanism “must be rethought and exploded.”

43: 3301:. Historically, many Americans have romanticized the Spanish legacy and given a privileged position to the Castilian language and culture, while simultaneously downplaying or rejecting the Latin American and Caribbean dialects and cultures of the Spanish-speaking areas of U.S. influence. There are now more than thirty-five million Spanish-speakers in the United States, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the country and Latinos the largest national minority. Spanish is used actively in some of the most populous states, including 1006:, the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, a picturesque country with a mixed cultural heritage, captured the imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific approach to the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This field did not have a word coined to name it until the early 20th century, when it ended up being called Hispanism. 241: 131: 3894:, and in the following year a degree program in Hispanic Studies was instituted there. Today it is called the Institute of Iberian and Latin American Studies. Those who have taught in it include Urszula Aszyk-Bangs, M.-Pierrette Malcuzynski (1948–2004), Robert Mansberger Amorós, Víctor Manuel Ferreras, and Carlos Marrodán Casas. In Kraków the first National Symposium of Spanish Scholars was held in 1985. The historians 2440: 2538: 5259:. Spanish education in Korea has continued for the past fifty years, and there is currently a strong demand for it. Since 2001, Spanish has been an optional language in secondary education. The Asociación Coreana de Hispanistas was founded in 1981 and holds two annual congresses, one in June and another in December. It also publishes the journal 4687:(2004). Doctor W. J. van Baalen was an important popularizer of the history, customs, and wealth of Spanish America, producing ten books in those areas. Along with C. F. A. Van Dam, he founded the Nederlandsch Zuid-Amerikaansch Instituut in order to promote commercial and cultural contact between both worlds. The Groningen poet 3914:

in 1991 created a need for closer relations between Brazil and the Hispanic world, as well as better knowledge of the Spanish language within Brazil. For this reason, Brazil has promoted the inclusion of Spanish as a required subject in the country's education system. A large core of Spanish scholars

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During the 16th century, Spain was a motor of innovation in Europe, given its links to new lands, subjects, literary sorts and personages, dances, and fashions. This hegemonic status, also advanced by commercial and economic interests, generated interest in learning the Spanish language, as Spain was

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Italian Hispanism arose from three sources, already identifiable in the 19th century. The first of these was the Spanish hegemonic presence in the Italian peninsula, which sparked interest in the study of Spain and in the creation of works about Spain. Secondly, Italian Hispanism was encouraged by a

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as the country's official language, alluding to the country's status as a former Spanish Empire colony. The anti-Tagalog bias and the demand to credit cultural achievements in the Filipino culture to the Spanish colonizers have resulted in backlash and a negative reputation for online supporters of

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In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire and the birth of new Latin American republics, Europe and the United States showed a renewed interest in Hispanic history, literature and culture of the declining great power and its now independent former colonies. Inside

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The early twentieth century marked the founding of two German institutions dedicated to Hispanic Studies (including Catalan, Galician and the Portuguese), in Hamburg and Berlin respectively. The University of Hamburg's Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut (Ibero-American Research Institute) was,

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and its supplements (1930–1945). It totaled 37 volumes, in which many of his students published their works. Krüger wrote mainly on Hispanic dialectology, especially on that of western Spain (Extremadura and Leon) and the Pyrenees, and he traveled on foot to gather the materials for his monumental

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and the religious and ideological dogmatism of the country. Many of them subsisted by translating or teaching their language to English people, most of whom were interested in conducting business with Spanish America, although others wished to learn about Spanish medieval literature, much in vogue

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Hispanism as an organizing rubric has been criticized by scholars in Spain and in Latin America. The term "attempts to appropriate Latin-American topics and subordinate them to a Spanish centre,” observes Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera. “The nomenclatures have a radial implication which both initiates and

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in its entirety—although still based on an English translation—were published in 1915 (by Hogetsu Shimamura and Noburu Katakami) and in 1927–28 (by Morita). In 1948, Hirosada Nagata published a nearly-complete direct (from the Spanish) Japanese translation. It fell to Nagata's student, Masatake

4191:. Eventually Spanish-American studies emerged as an area of independent of the literature of Spain. Between 1960 and 1970 the first professorships of Spanish-American language and literature were created, pioneered by Giovanni Meo Zilio, who occupied the first chair of that sort created at the 3965:

is one of the most important Hispanist journals in the country. Portuguese Hispanism appears somewhat limited, and to an extent there is a mutual distrust between the two cultures, motivated by a history of conflicts and rivalry. Nevertheless, Portuguese writers of the Renaissance—such as the

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was founded in 1930. Today, the Berlin institute houses Europe's largest library dedicated to studies of Spain, Portugal, and Latin America, and to the languages of these countries (including Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Basque, and the indigenous languages of the Americas). The

2682:) was established in 1977 and since then has held a congress biennially. Currently in Germany, Spanish often surpasses French in number of students. About forty university departments of Romance philology exist in Germany, and there are more than ten thousand students of Spanish. 4412:

has been translated into Hebrew twice, first by Natan Bistritzky and Nahman Bialik (Jerusalem, Sifriat Poalim, 1958), and later (Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuchad, 1994) by Beatriz Skroisky-Landau and Luis Landau, the latter a professor in the Department of Hebrew Literature at

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is involved in the teaching and standard use of Spanish in the Philippines. But there is no institution or association that brings together and defends the interests of Hispanicity. The most important Spanish scholars—aside from the national hero, poet and novelist

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A New Comedy in English in Manner of an Interlude Right Elegant and Full of Craft of Rhetoric: Wherein is Shewed and Described as well the Beauty and Good Properties of Women, as Their Vices and Evil Conditions with a Moral Conclusion and Exhortation to

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and Bernardino Sanvisenti, which were dedicated to the relationships between Spain and Italy, Italy and Germany, and Spain and Germany. Thirdly, the development of Italian Hispanism was supported by Romance philology, especially through the works of

4441:, consisting of over thirty professors, researchers and intellectuals linked to the languages, literatures, history and cultures of Spain, Portugal, Latin America and the Judeo-Spanish Sephardic world. Its first meeting was convened by professors 867:

For many years, especially between 1550 and 1670, European presses published a large number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries that linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published anonymously in

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Hispanism in the United States has a long tradition and is highly developed. To a certain extent this is a result of the United States's own history, which is tied closely to the Spanish empire and its former colonies, especially

2599:(1933–1945), German philology went through a difficult time. Some Romanists, through their work, praised and propagated the Nazi ideology. Meanwhile, others lost their professorships or underwent anti-Jewish persecution (such as 4043:

with the eminent Arabist Mariano Pizzi. Among other prominent Italian Hispanists were Leonardo Capitanacci, Ignazio Gajone, Placido Bordoni, Giacinto Ceruti, Francesco Pesaro, Giuseppe Olivieri, Giovanni Querini and Marco Zeno.

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in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 18th century the poet Giambattista Conti (1741–1820) was perhaps the foremost Spanish scholar, translator and anthologist of Europe. Dramatist, critic, and theater historiographer

4520:(1889–1973) promoted the renewal of relations with Spain, among other European countries of the Mediterranean, and led the creation of an edition of the great 12th-century Andalusian literary encyclopedia 1009:

Hispanism has traditionally been defined as the study of the Spanish and Spanish-American cultures, and particularly of their language by foreigners or people generally not educated in Spain. The

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contributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France (as she did also for German literature), which helped introduce Romanticism to the country. To this end she translated volume IV of

991:, for example, was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries. 3890:

taught Spanish and Spanish American literature in London, Ontario. In 1971 the first professorship of Hispanic Studies not subordinate to a department of Romance literature was created at the

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from its founding in 1919 until the 1960s, almost the only German university institution dedicated to Spanish and other languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The Institute published the journal

6069: 4952:. Currently there is a strong and renewed interest in Hispanism among Norwegian youth, and the 21st century has seen the publication of at least three Spanish grammars for Norwegians—one by 3731:. The field of Spanish-American studies has undergone a great increase recently. A survey in 2003 revealed that there are at least four thousand students of Spanish in Russian universities. 3948:

Compared to Brazil, Portugal has shown less interest in Hispanism; it was not until 2005 that a national association for it was founded. Portuguese activities in this field are mostly of a

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had done before him) with the Greek epic tradition, and these were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, providing much raw material to the French Romantic movement. The journalist and publisher

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administration’s legacy in the Philippines, Mariana Islands, Guam and Palau, where Spanish has a history as a colonial language. In 1900, less than a million Filipinos spoke Spanish;

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was the first scholar of Spanish and a reader of the theater of the Golden Age. Anton Rothbauer also distinguished himself, as a translator of modern lyric poetry and scholar of the

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The Key of the Spanish Tongue, or a Plaine and Easie Introduction Whereby a Man May in Very Short Time Attaine to the Knowledge and Perfection of that Language by Lewis Owen. (1605)

3940:. At that meeting, the Associação Brasileira de Hispanistas was established. The organization's second congress took place in 2002, and since then it has been held every two years. 4691:(1896–1989) travelled twelve times to Spain between 1924 and 1936 and—although his father, an eminent philologist and polyglot, always refused to study Spanish because of the 5204:

into Japanese are at first incomplete and by way of an English version (e.g. one by Shujiro Watanabe in 1887, and others in 1893, 1901, 1902, and 1914). Japanese versions of

3934:, traces the history of Hispanic Studies in the country. In 2000 the first Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas took place, and its proceedings were published under the title 3819:, and Szymon Babiogórski visited Spain, among others. An anonymous traveler who arrived in Barcelona in August 1595 left an account of his impressions in a manuscript called 2547:

investigated the languages and the dialects of both sides of the Pyrenees and their elements in common, as well as pre-Roman substrate languages of the Iberian Peninsula and

2223: 3436: 2852: 2543:, in which he meticulously described the landscape, flora, fauna, material culture, popular traditions and dialects of the Central Pyrenees. The versatile Romance scholar 6119: 1119:

were writers stressing the value of Spanish language and cultural heritage as part of the construction of an identity for the new Hispanic American independent nations.

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was active in Poland, promoting not only Spanish ideas of theology, but also Spanish theater, which they considered a teaching tool. In the 16th century, the travelers

3614: 2921: 5535: 5058: 3346: 3338: 1962: 1400:(1755). Smollet appears as an avid reader of Spanish narrative, and that influence is always present in his works. Meanwhile, the best work of the 17th-century writer 987:. This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin's 3453: 1458: 5927: 5196:

mentored the first Japanese Hispanists, including Hirosada Nagata (1885–1973, now considered a "patriarch" of Hispanism in Japan) and Shizuo Kasai. Meanwhile, the

3473:(1832). McKean's social gatherings were also attended by the children of the Bostonian of Irish origin John Montgomery, who was the consul of the United States in 5377: 4639:(1955), continued in the same direction as te Winkel. Two Romanists who were of great importance to Dutch Hispanism were Salverda de Grave and Sneyders de Vogel. 2860: 1538:. Lord Holland visited Spain on numerous occasions and wrote his impressions about those trips. He also collected books and manuscripts and wrote a biography of 4531: 5200:

established Hispanic Studies in its curriculum in 1921, but most university Hispanic Studies departments were founded in the 1970s and '80s. Translations of

3092:(1845). These works are so full of color and the sense of the picturesque that they even served as inspirations to Spanish writers themselves (poets such as 1093:

movement of Spanish restoration for their radicalism. Claims and historical narratives in the social media have included proposing to “replace” the current

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are Ahmad Mukhtar al-'Abbadi (who specialized in the history of Moorish Granada), Ahmad Haykal, Salah Fadl, As'ad Sharif 'Umar, and Nagwa Gamal Mehrez. The

4530:. Other important figures were 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Ahwani, 'Abd Allah 'Inan, Husayn Mu'nis, Salih al-Astar, Mahmud Mekki, and Hamid Abu Ahmad. Linked to the 6329: 3608:

is the best known. There are also libraries specialized in Hispanic matter, including ones at Tulane University, New Orleans. Important journals include

2246: 1337: 815:. The work carried out by Hispanists includes translations of literature and they may specialize in certain genres, authors or historical periods of the 3063:. In Paris, the publishing house Baudry published many works by Spanish Romantics and even maintained a collection of "best" Spanish authors, edited by 6169: 5078: 5001: 3533:

romances and composed the poems "The Spanish Revolution" (1808) and "Cervantes" (1878). He was linked in New York to Spaniards and, as director of the

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traveled throughout Spain, leaving interesting descriptions of their experiences: Baretti was fluent in Spanish. The critic Guido Bellico was in the

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and his wife. Poe studied Spanish at the University of Virginia and some of his stories have Spanish settings. He also wrote scholarly articles on

2456: 1446: 1231: 5920:"Hispanismo, indigenismo y americanismo en la construcción de la unidad nacional y los discursos identitarios de Bolívar, Martí, Sarmiento y Rodó" 6199:

Quinziano, Franco (2003), "'Caro Soggiorno': Pietro Napoli Signorelli: Un hispanista en la España del XVIII", in González Martín, Vicente (ed.),

4627:(1908–1921), drew attention to the influence that Spanish literature exerted on Dutch literature in the 17th century. Other researchers, such as 2317: 2213: 4128: 3350: 2487: 2167: 3738:(mentor of a whole generation of Spanish scholars), Victor Andreyev, Vladimir Vasiliev, Natalia Miod, Svetlana Piskunova, and Vsevolod Bagno ( 2592:

Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut in Berlin is engaged in research in the fields of literature, linguistics, ethnology, history, and art history.

2222:(the Old Spanish verb) (1897), as well as a work on Spanish syntax (1890) and several articles on Spanish pronouns between 1893 and 1895. And 3604:

In the United States there are important societies that are dedicated to the study, conservation and spread of Spanish culture, of which the

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Europe. In order to respond to that interest, some Spanish writers developed a new focus on the Spanish language as subject matter. In 1492

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Japanese Hispanism was surveyed by Ryohei Uritani in the article "Historia del hispanismo en el Japón", which was published in the journal

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Johan Brouwer, who wrote his thesis on Spanish mysticism, produced twenty-two books on Spanish subjects, as well as numerous translations.

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At the time of its founding in 1948, the modern state of Israel already included a substantial Spanish-speaking community. Their language,

3775:, traveled to the Iberian Peninsula three times and remained there for nearly ten years, becoming friends with outstanding figures such as 2334: 2017:(1815–1894) made a trip to Spain in 1852 to study the remnants of the Moorish civilization and became a devoted scholar of things Spanish. 1227: 859: 4964:(2008). There is an Association of Norwegian Hispanism, a National Association of Professors of Spanish, and several journals, including 4577: 5146: 4375:

At present there are several Israeli media outlets in (standard Castilian) Spanish, some of which have a long history. The newsweekly

3816: 1647: 6229: 3571:, who wrote historical works on the conquest of America, are without doubt contributions of the first order. Ticknor was a friend of 1908: 4402:, and Haim Beinart. Other Israeli scholars have studied the literature and history of Spain, frequently influenced by the theses of 879: 5227: 3462: 3135: 2234: 1478: 4909: 3584: 6322: 680: 5188:

The first Japanese institution to offer Spanish language classes, in 1897, was the Language School of Tokyo, known today as the

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in Polish. Other important translators include Kazimierz Zawanowski, Zofia Szleyen, Kalina Wojciechowska, and Zofia Chądzyńska.

3054: 2902: 2679: 1137:. It includes only the first four acts and is based on the Italian version of Alfonso de Ordóñez; it is often referred to as an 6116: 4550:

between Spain and the United Provinces in the late 16th century, Hispanism has deep roots in the Netherlands. The influence of

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Laboriously reconstructed after World War II, the Hispanic philology of the German-speaking countries contributed the works of

2228: 1563:(text books) on different matters in Spanish, many of them written by Spanish émigrés, for the new Spanish-American republics. 718: 5209:

Takahashi (1908–1984), to complete that translation (published in 1977). Meanwhile, an entire, direct Japanese translation of

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has promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way in which institutions such as the

4664: 4073:(1859–1928), a professor at the Universities of Messina and of Genoa, published some works of Lope de Vega and dedicated his 3898:

and Jan Kienewicz wrote on Spanish themes, as did the literary scholars Gabriela Makowiecka, Henryk Ziomek, Beata Baczynska,

3520: 3440: 3267: 2110:, through his translations and other works, spread the Spanish culture among his contemporaries; in addition, he created the 4279: 2892: 2619: 1437:

Among the British travellers in Spain in the 18th century who left written testimony of their travels are (chronologically)

5221: 3131: 3075: 2769: 1523: 4143: 3443:), as well as in 1829. He went on to become ambassador between 1842 and 1846. Irving studied in Spanish libraries and met 2755: 1234:, 1598; and others). Some of the translators of that time traveled or lived for some time in Spain, such as Lord Berners, 5197: 5189: 5126: 4512:(1869–1932) spent six years of exile in Andalusia. Perhaps the first "scientific" Arab Hispanist was the Lebanese writer 4339: 3127: 3111: 1717:

traveled to Spain in 1819 and published the observations of his trip. Other accounts of travel in Spain include those of

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along a path of development that diverged from that of the Spanish of Spain and its empire, beginning in 1492, when the

4230:(AISPI) was created in May 1973 and has held numerous congresses almost annually since then. Italian Hispanists include 3590: 3509:(1830), which are story adaptations of Irving and published several essays on Spanish literature and a drama, including 3043: 195: 6315: 5822: 5086: 4622: 4458: 4414: 3537:, included many articles on Iberian subjects in the magazine. He was in Spain in 1847, and narrated his impressions in 3444: 3261: 3145: 2581:(1926–1944), devoted specifically to works on dialectology and popular culture, following, in general, patterns of the 2207: 311: 88: 5217: 5193: 4606:(1903) still serve as starting points for research today. In 1918 he tried in vain to spark the interest of the State 3510: 1635: 1555:, taught Spanish literature as a professor at the University of London in 1828 and published his notes. The publisher 167: 6842: 6219: 5857:

Shumway, Nicolas (1 January 2005). "Hispanism in an Imperfect Past and an Uncertain Future". In Moraña, Mabel (ed.).

5758: 5658: 5462: 4640: 4066: 3428: 2694: 2573:, began a new school of stylistics based on aesthetics, which focused on the means of expression of various authors. 1365: 1251: 999:, calls for cultural regeneration and a new conception of identity based in language and humanities began to emerge. 711: 214: 112: 5735: 4696: 4672: 3183: 5774:

Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2015). "After Hispanic Studies: On the Democratization of Spanish-Language Cultural Study".

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when the latter was in Malta, and Hookham translated some medieval and classical poetry into English. The brothers

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https://www.academia.edu/24853793/After_Hispanic_Studies_On_the_Democratization_of_Spanish_Language_Cultural_Study

3839: 3502: 3468: 2951: 1542:. His home was open to all Spaniards, but especially to the liberal émigrés who arrived in the London district of 4709: 3902:, Piotr Sawicki, and Kazimierz Sabik. Grzegorz Bak studied the image of Spain in 19th-century Polish literature. 3478: 1994: 1147: 978: 292: 174: 5220:

was founded in Tokyo in 1955, consisting mostly of university professors. The association publishes the journal

3695: 3017:(1823), inspired by the time he spent with his brother at the Seminario de Nobles in Madrid during the reign of 2713: 873: 5866: 4446: 4123:

approach, and in fact the first Italian studies on literature in Spanish were of a comparative nature, such as

3707: 3487:'s translations of Spanish classics also form part of the history of North American Hispanism; he went through 3395: 2791:

French travelers to Spain in the 19th century who left written and artistic testimony include painters such as

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in 1908 referring to 'el hispanista italiano Farinelli', and was discussed at length for the U.S. by Hispanist

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period—is long and deep, and it even survived the rupture of relations between Russia and Spain caused by the

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traveled through Spain taking notes and was interested especially in the Basque language, and the philosopher

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and was friends with some of the emigrated Spaniards, some of whom wrote in both English and Spanish, such as

945: 6020: 5096: 4767: 4648: 4255: 3990:

The cultural relationship between Spain and Italy developed early in the Middle Ages, especially centered in

3979: 3880: 3772: 3589:(1876). In spite of significant difficulties with his vision, Prescott composed histories of the conquest of 2785: 2644: 2640: 2420: 1677:

into English, among others works. English novelists were strongly influenced by Cervantes. Especially so was

1462: 339: 5905:"Should We Replace Filipino with Spanish? Here's What 'Redditors' Think | la Jornada Filipina Magazine" 5256: 5046: 4945: 4831: 3952:

nature and focus on Luso-Spanish topics, partly because of academic and administrative reasons. The journal

3703: 2824: 2565:, include interpretations of Spanish literature and reflections on the Spanish culture. Vossler, along with 2159: 1998: 1978: 1916: 1710: 1627: 6761: 5720: 4668: 4470: 3842:, Jerzy Radziwiłł, and Stanisław Radziwiłł visited Spain, and all left written testimony of their travels. 2864: 2387:(historical linguistics, etymology, formation of the Romance languages, dialectology, linguistic typology); 1631: 1590:

was an enthusiastic reader of Cervantes and tried his hand at translation. He dedicated his narrative poem

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metrical style and themes to Spanish lyric poetry. This close relation extended throughout the periods of

3639: 3619: 2930: 2906: 1887:, and since then it has held congresses annually. The AHGBI played a decisive role in the creation of the 1673: 1552: 6817: 6135: 5426: 5371: 5366: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4724: 4058: 4020: 3999: 3728: 3694:, accumulated great libraries of books in Spanish and helped Spanish writers who visited Russia, such as 3605: 3385: 2663: 2607:, both of whom emigrated), by falling into disfavor with the regime or actively opposing it (for example 2367: 2260: 2185: 1967: 1349: 1239: 1165: 1151: 4835: 3548: 2978: 2250: 2136:, and in other medieval folk poetry; he also studied Spanish authors who had resided in Vienna, such as 4822:

made a trip to Spain and kept a diary about his experiences. Other prominent Danish Hispanists include

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in Hispanic Studies, but nevertheless donated his library of Hispanic Studies to it a few years later.

4555: 4271: 4040: 3935: 3862: 3572: 3484: 3083: 2014: 1809: 1512: 1262: 855: 148: 5174:, is the only newspaper in Spanish still published in the Philippines, although the quarterly journal 4740: 3975: 3916: 2467: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2137: 163: 6832: 6827: 6822: 5155: 5012: 4939: 4713: 4636: 4505: 4311: 4157: 3920: 3808: 3799:(1506–1571), known in Poland as Roizjusz, who mainly wrote in Latin and was adviser to the king. The 3257: 2283: 2276: 1450: 1057: 888: 351: 17: 5382: 5171: 5163: 4883: 4570:(1820–1883) made important contributions to the study of the Moorish domination in Spain, including 2498: 2115: 6837: 6445: 6262: 5394: 5121:

Hispanism in Asia and the Pacific is mostly related to the literature and languages of the Spanish/

4809: 3928: 3179: 2926: 2430: 1884: 1785: 1740: 1690: 1639: 1184: 996: 812: 438: 5648: 4716:) and has since been an important center for Spanish scholars. The Mexican Training Center at the 4220: 4204: 4161: 3879:

were enthusiastic translators who taught in Poland at that time. Maria Strzałkowa wrote the first

3735: 3598: 3458: 3376:, imported numerous books and valuable manuscripts that became the Obadiah Rich Collection at the 3093: 2667: 2657: 2532:, aptly combining dialectology and ethnography. Between 1926 and 1944 Krüger directed the journal 2453:(stylistics, characterization of the Spanish language, studies of Spanish literature and culture); 2357: 2131: 939: 6695: 6620: 5420: 4819: 4717: 4676: 4644: 4618: 4607: 4323: 4291: 3804: 3792: 3377: 2990: 2934: 2891:, even before his repeated trips to Spain, had shaped his intuitive vision of the country in his 2840: 2307: 2001:, of Spanish classical theater generally, and of traditional popular literature. The philologist 1974: 1942:

Important to the promotion of Hispanism in Germany was a group of Romantic writers that included

1927:(1794–1876) can be considered the first German philologist to give prominence to Spanish, in his 1813: 1771: 1744: 1623: 1498: 1243: 661: 383: 356: 141: 68: 5252: 5016: 4754: 3998:

and Sicily, and intensified during the Spanish Pre-Renaissance and Renaissance through Castile.

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in 1825 and was in Spain in 1826 (when he frequented the social gatherings of another American,

2118:, to reward the best works in Spanish poetry, fiction, and essays. The Austrian Romance scholar 1531: 955: 947: 6610: 6595: 6368: 5919: 5356: 4387: 4307: 4192: 4153: 4120: 4090: 3949: 3796: 3757: 3361: 3356:

The first academic professorships of Spanish at United States universities were established at

3238: 3234: 2901:(1828). Mérimée made many trips between 1830 and 1846, making numerous friends, among them the 2828: 2269:(Germanic influences on the languages of the Iberian Peninsula, toponymy, Basques, and Romans); 1752: 1651: 1547: 1454: 1112: 974: 3130:

traveled through Iberia in 1807 on his return trip from Jerusalem, and later took part in the

3060: 2529: 2091: 2049: 6280: 5555: 5344: 5028: 4705: 4516:(1869–1946), who wrote a book about his trips to Spain in three volumes. The Egyptian writer 3780: 3526: 3253: 2697:, which has branches in Frankfurt and Madrid and facilitates collaboration among Hispanists. 2481: 2242:

Authors who made more specialized contributions to Hispanic philology include the following:

1494: 694: 473: 3241:, and in Paris, with the Institut des Études Hispaniques, founded in 1912. Journals include 2471: 1018: 864:(Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons. 77: 6660: 5479: 5362: 5166:, Miguel Fernández Passion, Alfonso Felix, and Lourdes Castrillo de Brillantes. The weekly 4746: 4728: 4692: 4582:, which was published in its definitive form in 1881. A few years later, the Dutch scholar 4275: 4231: 4003: 3923:, Luis Sánchez y Fernández, and José Lodeiro. The year 1991 also marks the creation of the 3891: 3784: 3171: 3097: 2888: 2848: 2844: 2820: 2705: 2630: 2623: 2111: 2079: 2067: 2002: 1892: 1845: 1817: 1706: 1361: 540: 368: 306: 6238: 4727:, a professor at Groningen, studied Spanish Golden Age theater in the Netherlands and the 4287: 3899: 3872: 3461:, from where a mutual influence was born. His Romantic interest in Arab topics shaped his 3079: 3024: 2804: 2781: 2583: 2520: 2145: 875:Útil y breve institución para aprender los Principios y fundamentos de la lengua Hespañola 8: 6625: 6465: 6154: 5514: 5438: 5416: 5406: 5350: 5272: 5142: 5032: 5006: 4795: 4571: 4538:

was formed in 1968. The First Colloquium of Arab Hispanism took place in Madrid in 1975.

4454: 4450: 4395: 4303: 4283: 4259: 4239: 4196: 4188: 4165: 4134: 4024: 3971: 3768: 3699: 3668: 3568: 3233:

At present the most important centers for Hispanism in France are at the Universities of

3144:(1826), which exalted Hispano-Arabic chivalry. Another work that was widely read was the 3028: 2882: 2765: 2750: 2741: 2650: 2297: 2107: 2006: 1953: 1912: 1873: 1805: 1789: 1748: 1564: 1556: 1543: 1423: 1270: 1235: 1206: 1189: 1010: 970: 793: 753: 699: 545: 498: 453: 378: 329: 278: 53: 5082: 4889: 4597: 4216: 4100: 4094: 3745: 3594: 3562: 3538: 3492: 3389: 2947: 2792: 2217: 2195: 2025: 2010: 1920: 1364:. In addition, the works of some great Golden Age poets were translated into English by 1158:. The English knew the masterpieces of Castilian literature, from early translations of 6796: 6600: 6580: 6520: 6480: 6425: 6415: 5795: 5674: 5530: 5450: 5410: 5134: 4949: 4927: 4893: 4879: 4865: 4857: 4814: 4559: 4551: 4482: 4327: 4295: 4104: 4070: 4028: 3858: 3776: 3764: 3676: 3516: 3417: 3384:, published translations. Many travelers published their impressions on Spain, such as 3071: 2877:

of Spain", and he knew the language well. In his works there are numerous allusions to

2873:

was in Spain accompanying his father in 1811 and 1813. He was proud to call himself a "

2773: 2729: 2636: 2608: 2566: 2444: 2303: 2177: 2123: 2083: 2059:

Diccionario etimolójico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indíjenas americanas

2045: 1853: 1841: 1731: 1655: 1643: 1519: 1474: 1438: 1406: 1381: 1331: 1258: 1197: 1175: 1069: 1061: 916: 837: 570: 555: 528: 518: 513: 508: 503: 478: 468: 403: 363: 188: 57: 5680:

Institutiones in Linguam Hispanicam, admodum faciles, quales antehac numquam visae ...

5129:

today vary widely, ranging from 2,660 to 400,000. Spanish remains perceivable in some

4591: 4299: 4172: 3760:. According to one estimate, more than 100 Poles made the pilgrimage during that era. 3744:). Recently, a Russian Hernandian Circle was founded, devoted to studying the work of 3727:

The Russian Association of Hispanists, founded in 1994, is currently supported by the

2856: 2507: 2436: 2363: 2029: 1985:, 1803–1809) and Spanish classical poetry into German. The philologist and folklorist 1779: 1667: 1160: 6786: 6715: 6615: 6540: 6500: 6400: 6256: 6215: 5862: 5818: 5799: 5791: 5754: 5654: 5628: 5571: 5491: 5062: 4988:, at the beginning of the 20th century there was an important group of Hispanists in 4628: 4587: 4583: 4399: 4331: 4315: 4263: 4251: 4243: 4062: 3887: 3854: 3667:. This history started in the 18th century, and in the 19th century the influence of 3664: 3544: 3424: 3401: 3215: 2701: 2544: 2475: 2461: 2119: 2021: 1765: 1695: 1466: 1094: 962: 951: 896: 832:

the dominant political power and was the first to develop an overseas empire in post-

816: 804: 789: 565: 463: 448: 433: 413: 271: 266: 248: 92: 5275:

lists over 60 associations of Hispanists around the world, including the following:

4403: 4372:

and North Africa. There are some 100,000 speakers of Judeo-Spanish in Israel today.

3953: 3791:. Several professors from Spain worked in the Academy of Kraków (today known as the 3557:. But the most important group of Spanish scholars was one from Boston. The work of 2764:(also from 1597) that served as a model to those that were later written in French. 2761: 2239:(Bonn 1887), the first work on the influences of the Germanic languages on Spanish. 1254:(Lord Burghley; 1520–1598) owned the largest Spanish library in the United Kingdom. 1170: 845: 6776: 6756: 6725: 6665: 6630: 6605: 6570: 6535: 6525: 6505: 6475: 6435: 6395: 6363: 6339: 5962: 5936: 5787: 5432: 5400: 5388: 5130: 4901: 4753:

in 1994, and Hispanism continues to be promoted by Dutch writers such as Rik Zaal (

4688: 4614: 4335: 4208: 4184: 4139: 4093:, a professor of Spanish language and literature at the University of Milan, wrote 4054: 4032: 3835: 3812: 3800: 3672: 3409: 3273: 3249: 3151: 3124:, changing the ending after having seen Zorrilla's version in the edition of 1864. 3106: 3064: 3018: 2832: 2740:. Spanish influence was also brought to France by Spanish Protestants who fled the 2733: 2709: 2548: 2515: 2511: 2326: 2322: 2289: 2280: 2272: 2155: 2141: 2037: 1911:, Hispanism bloomed in Germany around the enthusiasm that German Romantics had for 1904: 1857: 1797: 1401: 1397: 1318: 1290: 1211: 1201: 1077: 1053: 1022: 935: 927: 920: 908: 892: 820: 808: 769: 761: 757: 560: 523: 483: 428: 423: 418: 346: 232: 81: 6186: 5695: 4212: 3756:

Records of visits to Spain by Poles begin in the Middle Ages, with pilgrimages to

3204: 3196: 2041: 1285:, possibly written in collaboration with Shakespeare, who is thought to have read 854:(1533) for his Italian friends, who were eager to learn Castilian. And the lawyer 6675: 6670: 6655: 6645: 6635: 6565: 6555: 6490: 6450: 6390: 6353: 6123: 5838:

Resina, Joan Ramón. "Post-Hispanism, or the Long Goodbye of National Philology".

5678: 5632: 5609: 5456: 5159: 4897: 4805: 4660: 4498: 4422: 4365: 4267: 4176: 4124: 4108: 3995: 3962: 3850: 3846: 3719: 3715: 3405: 3369: 3101: 3033:

Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts

2816: 2800: 2745: 2525: 2492: 2414: 2410: 2199: 2053: 2033: 1958:

Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts

1829: 1759: 1678: 1490: 1470: 1431: 1393: 1377: 1286: 1116: 1065: 1014: 887:

Among the more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars were the Italians

849: 550: 493: 488: 443: 320: 5941: 4761: 4180: 3219: 1736: 1410:(1752), which was inspired by Cervantes. Cervantes also was the inspiration for 1068:

for the past years. In particular, it has surfaced in social media as a bias on

6766: 6730: 6705: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6650: 6640: 6585: 6575: 6515: 6440: 6430: 6420: 6378: 5751:

The Rise of Spanish-Language Filmmaking: Out from Hollywood's Shadow, 1929-1939

5485: 5473: 5467: 5338: 4905: 4875: 4823: 4736: 4632: 4494: 4486: 4369: 4247: 3876: 3831: 3558: 3498: 3227: 2796: 2685:

Today in Germany there are publishers specialized in Hispanic Studies, such as

2396: 2382: 2378: 2163: 2066:(1891), as well as other works on grammar and the Spanish of the Americas; and 1924: 1869: 1865: 1849: 1662: 1518:

Other English travel writers who straddled the 18th and 19th centuries include

1508: 1482: 1427: 1415: 1389: 1322: 931: 636: 408: 4508:(c. 1591 – 1632) wrote about the Muslim dynasties in Spain. The Egyptian poet 4438: 4368:

from Spain. Between the 16th and 20th centuries many of them lived in the old

3042:

Spanish literature was also promoted to readers of French by the Swiss author

2633:

produced a Spanish-German dictionary and an anthology of Spanish lyric poetry.

1155: 966: 6811: 6791: 6720: 6560: 6455: 6405: 6373: 5591: 5524: 5497: 5326: 4853: 4773: 4732: 4567: 4513: 4426: 4361: 4353: 3895: 3680: 3413: 3341:

was founded in 1917 and holds a biennial congress outside the United States;

3334: 3318: 3223: 3211: 3200: 2919:

sketches that feature the description of a bullfight. Mérimée's short novels

2612: 2600: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 1825: 1800:, who documented the evolution of the paratheatrical forms in the Golden Age; 1726: 1580: 1179: 1073: 981:(1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translated 941: 904: 773: 617: 458: 373: 334: 6307: 5634:

A Spanish Grammar...: Now Augmented and Increased... Done by John Minsheu...

5151: 4047:

In the 19th century, Italian Romanticism took great interest in the Spanish

3110:

in Madrid. Dumas wrote his somewhat negative views of his experience in his

3059:(1826–27), an anthology of post-15th-century Castilian poetry translated by 2484:(Spanish of the Americas, studies on Gypsy dialect and slang, dialectology); 1638:, and many of whom (including Juan Calderón, who held a chair of Spanish at 6751: 6746: 6590: 6510: 6385: 5444: 5332: 5213:

was also produced (the two parts in 1958 and 1962) by Yu Aida (1903–1971).

5050: 4997: 4566:

aroused Dutch curiosity about the exoticism of things Spanish. The Arabist

4547: 4509: 4235: 4200: 4149: 3866: 3684: 3660: 3373: 2914: 2737: 2717: 2596: 2558: 2450: 2151: 1943: 1861: 1833: 1821: 1747:, who was mentor to a whole British generation of Spanish scholars such as 1718: 1714: 1587: 1576: 1539: 1442: 1219: 1134: 1129: 900: 772:. It may also entail studying Spanish language and cultural history in the 579: 31: 4935: 4840:); and Valdemar Beadle (Middle Ages and the Spanish and Italian Baroque). 4663:. Since then many such dictionaries have been published, including one by 4449:), who was appointed the first president of the association; Raanán Rein ( 4171:

The field of modern Hispanic Studies originated in 1945, with the trio of

2158:

on linguistic idealism and literary stylistics were widely read in Spain.

6410: 5092: 5037: 4993: 4800: 4563: 4517: 4478: 4408: 4357: 3967: 3505:. In order to fulfill his duties as a Spanish professor, he composed his 3330: 3322: 3294: 3290: 3167: 2998: 2870: 2808: 2604: 2570: 2426: 2311: 1986: 1948: 1837: 1701: 1595: 1568: 1294: 1275: 1266: 1247: 1133:, as an adaptation in verse published in London between 1525 and 1530 by 1043: 1003: 983: 912: 833: 301: 240: 4485:. Many Moors remained in Spain until their final expulsion in 1609. The 2744:, many of whom took up teaching of the Spanish language. These included 2611:, who fled from Germany, and Werner Krauss (not to be confused with the 1384:

and ornate engravings. Also in the 18th century two new translations of

641: 6495: 6485: 6358: 5320: 5175: 4779:

This is Majorca: The Balearic Islands : Minorca, Ibiza, Formentera

4613:

Serious studies of literature gained new impetus thanks to the work of

4527: 4522: 4474: 4434: 4379:, for example, was founded in the late 1960s, and today it also has an 3497:(1833–1834). A good connoisseur of the classics, Longfellow translated 3310: 3302: 1659: 1603: 961:

Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of the Englishman

803:

is a scholar specializing in Hispanicism. It was used in an article by

671: 6276:

Richard L. Kagan has edited a volume on Hispanism in the United States

4489:, at its height, included a number of Arabic-speaking enclaves in the 4383:. Israel has at least three radio stations that broadcast in Spanish. 3053:

Also important for French access to Spanish poetry was the two-volume

2777: 1368:, who died in Madrid. As early as 1738, a luxurious London edition of 6781: 6771: 6710: 6470: 5519: 5122: 5070: 4671:. Many Spanish grammars in Dutch also have been published, including 4442: 4049: 4011: 3002: 2994: 2982: 2967: 2757:

Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler la langue espagnole

2551: 2518:

of the 1980s, of the same name), which applied the principles of the

2331:(linguistic situation of the Iberian Peninsula, typology of Spanish); 2293: 2127: 1599: 1373: 666: 646: 27:

The study of the literature and culture of the Spanish-speaking world

5127:

estimates of the number of Filipinos whose first language is Spanish

4966:

La Corriente del Golfo (Revista Noruega de Estudios Latinoamericanos

4554:

literature can be seen in the work of the Dutch poet and playwright

4469:

Spain's links with the Arab world began in the Middle Ages with the

3795:), including the Sevillian Garsías Cuadras and the Aragonese jurist 1076:

as heroes and "civilizers", and the Philippine national heroes like

608: 603: 593: 130: 6680: 6550: 6530: 6460: 6094: 5066: 4989: 4760:, Gerrit Jan Zwier, Arjen Duinker, Jean Pierre Rawie, Els Pelgrom ( 4319: 4112: 4007: 3911: 3838:

and wrote an account of his journey. In the years 1674–1675, Canon

3474: 3432: 3157: 3121: 2812: 2562: 2524:

movement, founded earlier by Swiss and German philologists such as

2300:, Spanish and Spanish-American literature, Latin American culture); 2203: 2190:(1880), as well as the outline of a historical grammar of Spanish, 1883:(AHGBI) was founded in 1955 by a group of university professors at 1281: 1081: 743: 651: 6302: 4380: 3491:

in 1829 expressing his impressions in his letters, a diary and in

3345:

is the association's official publication. (Since 1944, it is the

3140:(1849–1850). It may have been at that time that he began to write 2693:, which is devoted to the Golden Age, and Klaus Dieter Vervuert's 1303:. Fletcher also borrowed from other works by Cervantes, including 6231:

Un enlace de culturas: Relaciones de España con los países árabes

6214:, Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad de Zaragoza, Aragon y Rioja, 6043: 4985: 4490: 4079:(1927) to the bibliography of the Spanish theater; he also wrote 4015: 3530: 3357: 3306: 3175: 2874: 1192:, whose poetry influenced him greatly. John Bourchier translated 785: 776:

and in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries in

626: 5296:

Women in Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin-American Studies (WiSPS)

5232:

is published by the Círculo de Lingüística Hispánica de Kansai.

5069:(1927), a biography of Cervantes (1944), a translation from the 4031:, who accused it of "bad taste", "corruption", and "barbarism". 4023:(1731–1815) defended Spanish literature against critics such as 2588: 1880: 1642:), spread knowledge of the Spanish language and its literature. 5721:"Nueuo dictionario, o thesoro de la lengua española y flamenca" 5596:

Spain in America: The Origins of Hispanism in the United States

5180:, edited by Edmundo Farolán, also exists, in print and online. 5154:(who wrote in Spanish)—are Antonio M. Molina (not the composer 5138: 4923: 4849: 4651:(1876–1958) in 1921. In 1906, for the first time since 1659, a 4421:(Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University Press, 2002). The historian 4391: 3991: 3656: 3576: 3488: 3448: 3286: 2986: 2878: 2760:(Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597) was supplemented by the grammar of 2690: 2686: 869: 777: 631: 6297: 5293:

Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI)

4160:(translator of Spanish modern poetry, especially the poems of 3783:

took 300 Spanish books to Poland, and these were added to the

3547:, translating into English her poem "The Lost Bird" and novel 2911:

Lettres addressées d'Espagne au directeur de la Revue de Paris

2675: 1526:, better known as Lord Holland (1773–1840), a great friend of 5578:(Buenos Aires), 24/02/1908. Reproduced in Miguel de Unamuno, 5248: 4996:(1878–1941; he adopted the surname Tuulio in 1933); his wife 4870: 4704:

In the Netherlands, the Institute of Hispanic Studies at the

3821:

Diariusz z peregrynacji włoskiej, hiszpańskiej, portugalskiej

3580: 3423:

The beginnings of Hispanism itself are found in the works of

3326: 3314: 844:, the first published grammar of a modern European language. 765: 598: 6298:

History of the Spanish Literature, Arts, Architecture, Music

3845:

Modern Polish Hispanic Studies begin with the Romantic poet

2728:

Hispanism in France dates back to the powerful influence of

2615:

of the same name), who lost his academic position in 1935).

2100:

Einführung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft

1317:

for his beautiful young saleswoman. Cervantes also inspired

1257:

Elizabethan theater also felt the powerful influence of the

6126:

at fundacionprincipedeasturias.org (accessed 25 April 2009)

6105: 5753:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 86. 4643:(1863–1947) became a professor of Romance philology at the 3365: 3298: 2393:(toponymy and anthroponymy of the Ibero-Romance languages); 781: 5882:

Alonso, Carlos. "Spanish: The Foreign National Language".

5536:

American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese

5113:), which was founded in 1985 and meets every three years. 3347:

American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese

2020:

Hispanists of German, Austrian, and Swiss origins include

1546:

in the 19th century, fleeing the absolutist repression of

6188:

La imagen de España en la literatura polaca del siglo XIX

4535: 4199:(historian of Spanish-American literature, translator of 3454:

A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus

3195:

Spanish classical painting exerted a strong influence on

2413:(Spanish etymologies, pre-Roman languages, dialectology, 1606:

also was greatly interested in Spain and was a reader of

75:

and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as

6106:

Women in Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin-American Studies

5899: 5897: 5598:. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press 2002. 5031:, who translated a great part of the early 17th-century 4168:

also made important contributions to Cervantes studies.

3825:

Diary of the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Pilgrimages

3272:(1979)—was written by Jacques de Bruyne, a professor at 2194:, in the encyclopedia of Romance philology published by 5562:, New Haven: Yale University Press 2012, p. 220 fn. 20. 4227: 2788:

borrowed plots and characters from Spanish literature.

1567:

set some of his works in Spain. And the protagonist of

1127:

The first Spanish book translated into English was the

995:

Spain, after the country lost definitely its empire in

950:(1661). The lexicographical contribution of the German 6095:

Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland

5767: 3451:, using one of the latter's works as a source for his 1881:

Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland

1755:. Other outstanding Hispanists include the following: 5894: 5773: 4776:, Maarten Steenmeijer, and Jean Arnoldus Schalekamp ( 4579:

Recherches sur l'Histoire et littérature de l'Espagne

2236:

Zur Kritik der altgermanischen Elemente im Spanischen

1762:, Irish student of the epic poetry of the Golden Age; 1226:

had been translated fully (in London, J. Wolf, 1591;

4586:(1859–1930) held the chair of Spanish literature at 3525:(1845) he includes the works of many Spanish poets. 3408:, and other travelers like the Sephardic journalist 3266:(1995)—an English translation of the original Dutch 3070:

Images of Spain were offered by the travel books of

2286:

in Spanish, the pre-Roman substrate, Judeo-Spanish);

2162:

studies in Germany were advanced by the editions of

5623: 5621: 5109:

There is an Asian Association of Spanish Scholars (

4739:has written books about travel to Spain, including 4685:

Jos Hallebeek, Antoon van Bommel, and Kees van Esch

4130:

La Spagna nella vita italiana durante la Rinascenza

3353:brings together Spanish speakers in North America. 2086:dialectology, and the Spanish of the Americas. The 1997:, German consul in Spain, was a devoted student of 1898: 1348:into a foreign language was the English version by 1210:in 1586, which may have inspired the first English 155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6194:, Madrid: doctoral thesis, Universidad Complutense 6157:Portal del hispanismo. Retrieved 1 September 2013. 5817:. Liverpool: University of Liverpool. p. 17. 5065:(1924), a comparison between Romanian and Spanish 4769:The Splendour of Spain from Cervantes to Velázquez 4624:De Ontwikkelingsgang der Nederlandsche Letterkunde 1933:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen 1681:, who created a quixotic pair in Mr. Pickwick and 1087:Issues and reactions had stirred on the so-called 246: 6809: 5963:http://asociacioninternacionaldehispanistas.org/ 5618: 5607: 1434:also were familiar with the works of Cervantes. 958:(1642) were also important to French Hispanism. 5611:Il paragone della lingva toscana et castigliana 4885:Tratado de las enfermedades de las aves de caza 3779:and leaving letters of his travels. The bishop 3706:and wrote texts on Spanish Golden Age theater. 3457:(1828), and made friends and corresponded with 3210:Spanish music has influenced composers such as 3160:included a chapter "De l'Espagne" in his essay 3082:, who travelled in Spain in 1840 and published 2958:(1829) to him. (And Martínez de la Rosa's play 2712:and Alfred Wolfgang Wurzbach (for example with 1418:. Thwe first critical and annotated edition of 5736:"Gramatica, o instruccion española, y alemana" 4425:has written numerous works and has translated 3561:, a professor of Spanish at Harvard who wrote 3477:, and particularly by the Spanish-born writer 3351:North American Academy of the Spanish Language 2399:(historical linguistics, etymology, toponymy, 2130:, in the lyric poetry of the medieval Spanish 2072:Spanische Grammatik auf historischer Grundlage 989:Grammaire et observations de langue espagnolle 6337: 6323: 6207: 5673: 5627: 5279:Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval ( 5266: 5145:has given Spanish classes for years, and the 3599:history of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs 3164:(1822). Later (1834) he visited the country. 3005:, translating and publishing a collection of 1725:(1845) was republished in many editions, and 1088: 1056:) are a term that has become associated with 1047: 719: 6203:, Universidad de Salamanca, pp. 551–574 5693: 5306:Asociación Canadiense de Hispanistas (ACH) ( 5041:into Romanian and published—under the title 5015:; and Sinikka Kallio-Visapää (translator of 3104:, who attended the production of Zorrilla's 2720:) also contributed to Hispanism in Austria. 1960:and translator of the Cervantes short farce 1579:, much as was Don Quixote with his books of 1122: 56:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to 6227: 6201:La filología italiana ante el nuevo milenio 6070:"Instituto Cervantes Portal del hispanismo" 5733: 5697:Lingue Hispanicae Compendiosa Institutio... 5582:, 4ª ed. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1964, p. 99. 5299:Asociación de Hispanismo Filosófico (AHF) ( 5281:Hispanic Association of Medieval Literature 5027:In Romania, the initiator of Hispanism was 4958:Johan Falk, Luis Lerate, and Kerstin Sjölin 4830:, 1947); Johann Ludwig Heiberg (1791–1860, 4477:were present in Spain until 1492, when the 3734:Twentieth-century Spanish scholars include 3339:American Association of Teachers of Spanish 3279: 3207:have influenced modern painting generally. 3182:. Their impressions are captured in Sand's 3011:Romances historiques traduits de l'espagnol 3009:and a history of King Rodrigo in 1821, and 2076:Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana 1993:(Vienna, 1816) with a prologue in Spanish. 1658:were both scholars of Spanish culture. The 71:and maintains a consistent citation style. 6330: 6316: 5147:Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language 5088:Iscusitul hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha 4431:Las excelencias y calumnias de los hebreos 3994:through the relation that it had with the 3748:, who visited the USSR in September 1937. 3013:in 1822. He also composed a stage review, 2653:wrote several books on colloquial Spanish. 1372:in Spanish was published, prepared by the 926:Dictionaries were composed by the Italian 726: 712: 30:For advocacy of Hispanic nationalism, see 6198: 6165: 6163: 5940: 5286:Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas ( 4471:Moorish conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 3849:. He was followed in the 19th century by 3830:In the 17th century, the Polish nobleman 3380:, and numerous magazines, especially the 2660:and the Spanish nineteenth-century media. 2052:. Among them are two emigrants to Chile, 1946:, an orientalist and poet who translated 1909:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen 1735:, which was translated into Castilian by 1551:among the Romantics. One of the émigrés, 215:Learn how and when to remove this message 113:Learn how and when to remove this message 6110: 5748: 5255:in the 16th century, who was studied by 4914:(1960), taught and published in Sweden. 4562:in the 17th century. Nineteenth-century 4223:, as well as that of the 20th century). 4076:Saggi di bibliografia teatrale spagnuola 3925:Anuario Brasileño de Estudios Hispánicos 3881:outline of history of Spanish literature 3260:in relation to its Flemish counterpart. 3248:Prominent Hispanists in Belgium include 1935:(1854). His first Spanish-related work, 1891:(AIH), whose first congress was held at 1575:is deranged by her excessive reading of 1559:established a great business publishing 1504:Memoirs of an Eighteenth-Century Footman 954:(1599) and of the Franco-Spanish author 6018: 5856: 5288:International Association of Hispanists 5271:The Spanish-language portal run by the 5237:Español actual: Revista de español vivo 5104: 4834:studies); Kristoffer Nyrop (1858–1931, 3982:—wrote in both Spanish and Portuguese. 3583:in 1818, describing his impressions in 3515:(1842), where he imitates those of the 3001:, emphasized the literary value of the 1889:Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas 881:Gramática de la lengua vulgar de España 14: 6810: 6160: 5812: 5687: 5667: 5077:(1964), and an anthology in Romanian. 4695:—the poet dedicated his book of poems 4065:traveled throughout Spain and wrote a 3553:, both of which were published in the 3199:, and more recently, painters such as 2561:, founder of the linguistic school of 2360:, formation of the Romance languages); 2102:(1901) (translated into Spanish), and 1687:Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 1352:(first part, 1612; second, 1620). And 1222:. By the end of the 16th century, the 6311: 5917: 5734:Braidenbach, Nicolas Mez von (1666). 5718: 5601: 5314: 5116: 5101:) have published books on Cervantes. 4948:scholar) were both professors at the 4934:into Norwegian in collaboration with 4904:researched Latin American novels and 4655:was published, followed in 1912 by a 3048:De la littérature du midi de l'Europe 2723: 2126:, was particularly interested in the 2104:Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2056:(1863–1938), whose works include his 2009:was an avid reader and translator of 1977:(1767–1845), who translated works of 1305:Los trabajos de Persiles y Segismunda 1037: 764:-speaking world, principally that of 5646: 5053:, which had appeared in the journal 4798:had an impact in Denmark, where his 4735:refugee writers in the Netherlands. 4219:(student of the lyric poetry of Sor 3836:pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela 3627:Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 3464:Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada 3142:Les aventures du dernier Abencerraje 3037:Histoire de la littérature espagnole 2094:was a classic in Spain, as were his 153:adding citations to reliable sources 124: 36: 6184: 5301:Philosophical Hispanism Association 5198:Osaka University of Foreign Studies 5190:Tokyo University of Foreign Studies 5111:Asociación Asiática de Hispanistas 5075:book on Hispanic Studies in Romania 4536:Asociación de Hispanistas de Egipto 4437:was created on 21 June 2007 at the 4435:Asociación de Hispanistas de Israel 3930:Suplemento: El hispanismo en Brasil 3439:(1780–1841), the marquise widow of 3170:spent the winter of 1837–1838 with 3134:in 1823, which he describes in his 3096:and narrators such as those of the 2974:Bibliothèque universelle des romans 2944:(1845) are classic works on Spain. 2423:(historical phonetics, lexicology); 2088:Handbuch der romanischen Philologie 2078:, 1913), as well as other works on 1388:were published, one by the painter 1356:was imitated in the satirical poem 1289:. Fletcher's frequent collaborator 1111:In the late 19th century Uruguayan 1106: 1025:have done for their own countries. 63:Please consider converting them to 24: 6270: 5881: 5837: 5742: 5580:Mi religión y otros ensayos breves 5308:Canadian Association of Hispanists 5218:Asociación Japonesa de Hispanistas 4459:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 4415:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 4386:Modern Israeli Hispanists include 3763:In the 16th century, the humanist 2620:Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos 2096:Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen 1929:Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen 1422:was that of the English clergyman 1101: 25: 6854: 6291: 4665:C. F. A. van Dam and H. C. Barrau 4647:in 1907, and he was succeeded by 4341:Storia della letteratura spagnola 4228:Association of Italian Hispanists 3035:in 1812 and gave it the title of 2298:Spanish of the River Plate region 2202:, known for his study of Spanish 1594:(1811) to Spain and its history. 5792:10.1179/1477570015Z.000000000105 5247:The relations between Spain and 4908:. Mateo López Pastor, author of 4749:produced a Dutch translation of 4599:An Outline of the History of the 4573:Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne 4096:Manuale di letteratura spagnuola 3767:(1485–1548), ambassador of King 3698:. The Russian realist dramatist 2962:was produced in Paris in 1831.) 2680:German Association of Hispanists 2277:dialectology and popular culture 1903:Aside from the imitation of the 1899:Germany, Austria and Switzerland 1723:Handbook for Travellers in Spain 1300:The Knight of the Burning Pestle 1098:these ideas in the Philippines. 1072:that regards the colonizers and 239: 129: 41: 6283:has discussed it in his volume 6228:Utray Sardá, Francisco (n.d.), 6178: 6145: 6129: 6099: 6088: 6062: 6053: 6036: 6027: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5956: 5911: 5875: 5850: 5831: 5806: 5727: 4868:(publisher of medieval Spanish 4852:, prominent Hispanists include 4439:Instituto Cervantes de Tel Aviv 4390:(the discoverer of the Spanish 4322:(who worked with the poetry of 4211:(Peruvianist and translator of 3910:The integration of Brazil into 3741:El Quijote vivido por los rusos 3659:—before, during, and after the 3263:A Comprehensive Spanish Grammar 2977:, which was published in 1774. 2823:; and other writers, including 2666:published a new translation of 2579:Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen 2443:(Arabic influences on Spanish, 2166:. Other important authors were 2074:(1910; revised ed. in Spanish, 1768:, a historian of Spanish music; 1709:left traces of his devotion to 140:needs additional citations for 6208:Serrano Vélez, Manuel (2005), 5712: 5640: 5585: 5565: 5549: 4785: 4641:Jean Jacques Salverda de Grave 4541: 4447:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 4081:Il Cid, studio storico-critico 3857:, and Julian Adolf Swiecicki. 3543:(1850–1857). In Madrid he met 3522:The Poets and Poetry of Europe 3317:, and in large cities such as 3128:François-René de Chateaubriand 3120:, Dumas revived the legend of 2732:literature on authors such as 2695:Iberoamericana Vervuert Verlag 2534:Volkstum und Kultur der Romane 2503:(manual of Old Spanish, 1907). 2150:(Leipzig, 1883). The works of 67:to ensure the article remains 13: 1: 5719:Porte, Arnaldo de La (1659). 5542: 5501: 5043:Studies on Spanish Literature 4464: 4041:Reales Estudios de San Isidro 3865:in Spain and Portugal during 3773:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3690:Romantic travellers, such as 3564:History of Spanish Literature 3445:Martín Fernández de Navarrete 3154:, who visited Spain in 1823. 2971:is represented in the French 2952:Francisco Martínez de la Rosa 2799:; well-known authors such as 2786:Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian 2772:and had as one of his models 2589:Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut 2514:(not to be confused with the 2433:, and lexicology of Spanish); 2180:, who produced an edition of 2176:(Old Leonese) (Berlin 1867); 1743:, and the literary historian 1265:, a frequent collaborator of 5776:Comparative American Studies 5683:Imprimebat Petrus à Brachel. 5647:Owen, Lewis (13 July 2010). 5574:, 'Sobre Don Juan Tenorio', 5365:(1870–1955), founder of the 5194:Gonzalo Jiménez de la Espada 5061:(1889–1970) wrote a book on 4941:Sancho Panza, hombre de bien 4710:Cornelis Frans Adolf van Dam 4576:(1861) and the continuation 4532:Egyptian Institute of Madrid 4195:in 1968. He was followed by 3787:of Kraków under the name of 3710:visited Spain and published 3655:The history of Hispanism in 3479:George Washington Montgomery 3429:Leandro Fernández de Moratín 3185:Un hiver au midi de l'Europe 3132:French intervention in Spain 2989:in 1814, comparing them (as 2768:read the chroniclers of the 2676:Deutscher Hispanistenverband 2587:school. Meanwhile, Berlin's 1636:Telesforo de Trueba y Cossío 1528:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 1185:Los siete libros de la Diana 1141:, and its original title is 1028: 979:Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach 7: 6303:Hispanic Society of America 6021:"Vecchie romanze spagnuole" 5942:10.12795/PH.2011.v25.i01.12 5861:. Vanderbilt. p. 297. 5813:Resina, Joan Ramón (2013). 5534:quarterly published by the 5508: 5427:Geoffrey Parker (historian) 5367:Hispanic Society of America 5045:(Jasi, 1868–1870)—works on 4938:. Leif Sletsjoe (author of 4882:; Bertil Maler (who edited 4621:who, with his seven-volume 4590:. Two of his publications, 4558:and in the translations of 4103:(1902) on the influence of 3943: 3729:Russian Academy of Sciences 3712:Apuntes de viaje por España 3708:Yevgeni Salias de Tournemir 3606:Hispanic Society of America 3386:Alexander Slidell Mackenzie 3368:(1826). The U.S. consul in 2500:Altspanisches Elementarbuch 2114:that bears his name in the 1956:, author of the unorthodox 1729:, author of the travelogue 1610:. He translated the ballad 1166:Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo 10: 6859: 6019:Berchet, Giovanni (1837). 5859:in Ideologies of Hispanism 5267:Associations of Hispanists 5057:(Literary Conversations). 5022: 4979: 4812:, who also translated his 4790: 4766:), Chris van der Heijden ( 4649:Kornelis Sneyders de Vogel 4256:Juana Granados de Bagnasco 3840:Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski 3702:translated the theater of 3586:Life, letters and journals 3573:Pascual de Gayangos y Arce 3485:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 3437:Sarah Maria Theresa McKean 2853:Joseph Bonaventure Laurens 2825:Jean-François de Bourgoing 2015:Adolf Friedrich von Schack 1995:Juan Nicolás Böhl de Faber 1739:, the poet and translator 1713:in his work. The polyglot 1628:Pedro Calderón de la Barca 1380:, with an introduction by 1188:by the Hispano-Portuguese 997:the Spanish defeat in 1898 977:(1659, 1669) and Austrian 826: 741:(sometimes referred to as 29: 6739: 6346: 5608:Alessandri, G.M. (1560). 5011:(1904–1981), who studied 4922:Hispanism was founded in 4917: 4843: 4720:was established in 1993. 4506:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari 4347: 3980:Francisco Manuel de Mello 3905: 3853:, Wojciech Dzieduszycki, 3751: 3650: 3640:Revista Hispánica Moderna 3116:(1847–1848). In his play 1952:into German (1799–1801); 1939:, was published in 1819. 1788:, student of the Spanish 1524:Henry Richard Vassall-Fox 1344:The first translation of 1310:The Custom of the Country 1216:The Unfortunate Traveller 1123:Great Britain and Ireland 934:(1590) and the Frenchmen 889:Giovanni Mario Alessandri 6843:Spanish-language culture 5918:Serna, Mercedes (2011). 5242: 5183: 5158:), José María Castañer, 5059:Alexandru Popescu-Telega 4944:) and Kurt E. Sparre (a 4911:Modern spansk litteratur 4810:Charlotte Dorothea Biehl 4725:Jonas Andries van Prague 4657:Dutch/Spanish dictionary 4653:Spanish/Dutch dictionary 4457:); and Tamar Alexander ( 4145:Cervantes: Il Chisciotte 4133:(1907) and the works of 4021:Pietro Napoli Signorelli 3985: 3875:, Edward Porebowicz and 3280:United States and Canada 3180:Valldemossa Charterhouse 2979:Auguste Creuzé de Lesser 2954:and dedicated his novel 2748:, author of a sequel to 2664:Hans Magnus Enzensberger 2528:, Ruduolf Meringer, and 2263:, historical phonetics); 1991:Silva de romances viejos 1963:El juez de los divorcios 813:Johns Hopkins University 5749:Jarvinen, Lisa (2012). 5421:University of the South 5013:Arabisms in Old Spanish 4820:Hans Christian Andersen 4718:University of Groningen 4708:was founded in 1951 by 4681:Jonas Andries van Praag 4677:Gerardus Johannes Geers 4645:University of Groningen 4619:University of Amsterdam 4608:University of Groningen 4504:The Moroccan historian 4115:in Spanish literature. 4053:, with translations by 4002:engaged members of the 3976:Francisco Sá de Miranda 3917:University of São Paulo 3886:The poet and Hispanist 3793:Jagiellonian University 3714:(1874), shortly before 3378:New York Public Library 3188:(1842) and in Chopin's 3015:Les français en Espagne 2991:Johann Gottfried Herder 2865:Antoine Frédéric Ozanam 2645:German culture in Spain 2639:contributed studies on 2253:, phraseology, idioms); 2219:Das altspanische Verbum 2138:Cristóbal de Castillejo 2070:(1857–1919), author of 1975:August Wilhelm Schlegel 1810:William James Entwistle 1745:James Fitzmaurice-Kelly 1632:José María Blanco White 1536:José María Blanco White 1360:(1663–78), composed by 1297:in the more well-known 1150:(1585–1649) translated 969:(1597, 1607), Italians 930:(1602), the Englishman 247: 6185:Bak, Grzegorz (2002), 6170:in memoriam utexas.edu 6059:Serrano Vélez, p. 111. 5928:Philologia Hispalensis 5172:Guillermo Gómez Rivera 4712:(who was a student of 4419:Cervantes and the Jews 4312:Giovanni Maria Bertini 4193:University of Florence 4158:Giovanni Maria Bertini 3921:Fidelino de Figueiredo 3758:Santiago de Compostela 3721:La Rusia contemporánea 3615:Revista de las Españas 3540:Letters of a traveller 3400:). These were read by 3137:Mémoires d'Outre-tombe 3078:, as well as the poet 2922:Les âmes du purgatoire 2907:Antonio Alcalá Galiano 2899:La Famille de Carvajal 2894:Théatre de Clara Gazul 2837:Isidore Justin Séverin 2829:Jean Charles Davillier 2358:Aragonese dialectology 1760:Francis William Pierce 1674:Palmerín de Inglaterra 1652:Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen 1592:The Vision of Roderick 1553:Antonio Alcalá Galiano 1426:(1781). The novelists 1194:Libro de Marco Aurelio 1089: 1048: 919:(1614); and the Dutch 752:) is the study of the 672:Palenquero or Palenque 667:Chavacano or Chabacano 6285:History in the Making 6050:author, born in 1977. 5694:Mulerius, C. (1630). 5560:History in the Making 5229:Lingüística Hispánica 4706:University of Utrecht 4394:and a student of the 4221:Juana Inés de la Cruz 4205:Miguel Ángel Asturias 4099:(1907), as well as a 3789:Bibliotheca Volsciana 3527:William Cullen Bryant 3459:Cecilia Böhl de Faber 3382:North American Review 3147:Lettres d'un espagnol 3113:Impressions de voyage 2861:Pierre Louis de Crusy 2687:Edition Reichenberger 2668:Federico García Lorca 2658:Mariano José de Larra 2192:Die spanische Sprache 2116:Spanish Royal Academy 1937:Altspanische Romanzen 1786:Norman David Shergold 1774:, who translated the 1412:The Spiritual Quixote 1046:, the Hispanists (or 856:Cristóbal de Villalón 6279:Hispanist historian 6261:: CS1 maint: year ( 6211:Locos por el Quijote 6142:Retrieved 2009-10-31 5700:B. & A. Elzevier 5363:Archer M. Huntington 5105:Asia and the Pacific 4962:Ana Beatriz Chiquito 4804:was translated into 4714:Ramón Menéndez Pidal 4292:Giuseppe Carlo Rossi 4175:(editor of works of 4069:of his impressions. 4004:Accademia Pontaniana 4000:Garcilaso de la Vega 3978:, and the historian 3961:10 June 2012 at the 3892:University of Warsaw 3861:wrote, in French, a 3785:Jagiellonian Library 2845:Alexandre de Laborde 2656:Torsten Rox studied 2624:Ernst Robert Curtius 2429:(etymology, syntax, 2405:language and culture 2209:Die cantes flamencos 2144:edited the medieval 2140:. The Swiss scholar 2003:Wilhelm von Humboldt 1999:Calderón de la Barca 1979:Calderón de la Barca 1931:(1836–1843) and his 1917:Calderón de la Barca 1814:Peter Edward Russell 1772:Edward Meryon Wilson 1711:Calderón de la Barca 1707:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1646:was a friend of the 1600:Spanish folk ballads 1534:, and benefactor of 1532:Manuel José Quintana 1335:) influencing their 1152:Garcilaso de la Vega 1146:. The Scottish poet 895:(1566); the English 861:Gramática castellana 851:Diálogo de la lengua 842:Gramática castellana 245:A manuscript of the 149:improve this article 6762:Culture by location 6155:Instituto Cervantes 5907:. 3 September 2020. 5515:Instituto Cervantes 5439:Edgar Allison Peers 5417:Eric Woodfin Naylor 5407:Erwin Kempton Mapes 5378:Juan López-Morillas 5273:Instituto Cervantes 5143:Instituto Cervantes 5055:Convorbiri literare 5033:Miguel de Cervantes 4960:(2008); and one by 4956:(2005); another by 4878:; Karl Michaëlson; 4828:Spansk-dansk Ordbog 4796:Miguel de Cervantes 4683:(1957) and one by 4659:, both composed by 4593:Pícaros y ganapanes 4455:University of Haifa 4451:Tel Aviv University 4396:Spanish Inquisition 4388:Samuel Miklos Stern 4356:, was derived from 4308:Margherita Morreale 4304:Pier Paolo Pasolini 4154:Salvatore Battaglia 4091:Bernardo Sanvisenti 4025:Girolamo Tiraboschi 4006:and introduced the 3972:Jorge de Montemayor 3863:book on his travels 3817:Stanisław Radziwiłł 3797:Pedro Ruiz de Moros 3769:Sigismund I the Old 3700:Alexander Ostrovsky 3675:novelists (such as 3669:Miguel de Cervantes 3569:William H. Prescott 3519:. In his anthology 3512:The Spanish Student 3269:Spaanse Spraakkunst 3258:Castilian mysticism 3243:Bulletin Hispanique 3178:, installed in the 3044:Simonde de Sismondi 3029:Friedrich Bouterwek 2883:Miguel de Cervantes 2766:Michel de Montaigne 2754:. N. Charpentier's 2751:Lazarillo de Tormes 2641:Spanish Romanticism 2530:Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke 2510:created the famous 2261:Germanic influences 2108:Johannes Fastenrath 2092:Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke 2064:Chilenische Studien 2050:Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke 2007:Arthur Schopenhauer 1954:Friedrich Bouterwek 1913:Miguel de Cervantes 1753:Alexander A. Parker 1749:Edgar Allison Peers 1573:Abbey of Northanger 1271:Miguel de Cervantes 1207:Lazarillo de Tormes 1190:Jorge de Montemayor 1084:as the "villains". 1011:Instituto Cervantes 1004:the Romantic period 975:Arnaldo de la Porte 971:Lorenzo Franciosini 915:(1644); the German 907:(1605); the French 794:Spanish East Indies 700:Instituto Cervantes 6818:Literary criticism 6797:Vernacular culture 6521:Germanic languages 6122:2008-08-29 at the 6033:Utray Sardá, p. 23 5815:Iberian Modalities 5556:J. H. Elliott 5451:John D. Rutherford 5411:University of Iowa 5315:Leading Hispanists 5117:Former East Indies 4950:University of Oslo 4815:Novelas ejemplares 4552:Spanish Golden Age 4483:Emirate of Granada 4473:. Arabic-speaking 4324:Juan Ramón Jiménez 4296:Giuseppe Ungaretti 4278:, Lorenzo Giussi, 4029:Saverio Bettinelli 3781:Piotr Dunin-Wolski 3736:Sergei Goncharenko 3517:Spanish Golden Age 3418:Spanish literature 3254:Lucien-Paul Thomas 3118:Don Juan de Marana 2774:Antonio de Guevara 2730:Spanish Golden Age 2724:France and Belgium 2482:Max Leopold Wagner 2472:Juan Donoso Cortés 2445:Mozarabic language 2417:, Basque studies); 2251:colloquial Spanish 2224:Moritz Goldschmidt 2173:Das Altleonesische 1983:Spanisches Theater 1732:The Bible in Spain 1656:Benjamin B. Wiffen 1644:John Hookham Frere 1548:King Ferdinand VII 1520:John Hookham Frere 1501:, John Macdonald ( 1487:Richard Cumberland 1475:John Talbot Dillon 1439:John Durant Breval 1407:The Female Quixote 1392:(1742) and one by 1332:Novelas ejemplares 1315:La ilustre fregona 1259:Spanish Golden Age 1198:Antonio de Guevara 1176:Diego de San Pedro 1070:Philippine history 1062:colonial mentality 1038:In the Philippines 1019:Alliance Française 965:(1591), Frenchman 917:Heinrich Doergangk 838:Antonio de Nebrija 6805: 6804: 6787:Political culture 6009:Quinziano, p. 552 5572:Miguel de Unamuno 5492:John Brande Trend 5253:Gregorio Céspedes 5156:Antonio J. Molina 5049:, Cervantes, and 4954:Cathrine Grimseid 4930:, who translated 4756:Alles over Spanje 4747:Barber van de Pol 4742:Roads to Santiago 4731:, as well as the 4729:Generation of '98 4701:(1964) to Spain. 4693:Eighty Years' War 4601:Novela Picaresca 4588:Boston University 4433:into Hebrew. The 4400:Benzion Netanyahu 4316:Giuliano Bonfante 4276:Francesco Ugolini 4232:Silvio Pellegrini 4203:, and student of 4063:Edmondo de Amicis 3867:First Carlist War 3809:Andrzej Tęczyński 3692:Sergei Sobolevski 3665:Spanish Civil War 3575:, whom he met in 3545:Carolina Coronado 3425:Washington Irving 3412:and the diplomat 3402:Washington Irving 3256:. Groult studied 3216:Emmanuel Chabrier 3100:), as well as to 3098:Generation of '98 3085:Voyage en Espagne 3080:Théophile Gautier 2881:and the works of 2849:Antoine de Latour 2805:Théophile Gautier 2782:Alain-René Lesage 2702:Franz Grillparzer 2631:Rudolph Grossmann 2584:Wörter und Sachen 2521:Wörter und Sachen 2068:Friedrich Hanssen 2022:Franz Grillparzer 1818:Nigel Glendinning 1766:John Brande Trend 1741:Edward Fitzgerald 1696:Cantar de Mio Cid 1479:Alexander Jardine 1467:Philip Thicknesse 1463:William Dalrymple 1398:picaresque novels 1338:The Spanish Gipsy 1113:José Enrique Rodó 973:(1620, 1624) and 963:Richard Percivale 956:Pere Lacavallería 952:Heinrich Hornkens 948:François Huillery 897:Richard Percivale 817:Iberian Peninsula 805:Miguel de Unamuno 790:Equatorial Guinea 736: 735: 249:Cantar de mio Cid 225: 224: 217: 199: 123: 122: 115: 73:Several templates 16:(Redirected from 6850: 6833:European studies 6828:Spanish language 6823:Culture of Spain 6777:Official culture 6757:Cultural studies 6446:Central European 6340:cultural studies 6332: 6325: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6266: 6260: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6244:on 26 March 2012 6243: 6237:, archived from 6236: 6224: 6204: 6195: 6193: 6172: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6143: 6138:The Times Online 6133: 6127: 6114: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6072:. Archived from 6066: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5924: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5892: 5891: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5653:. BiblioBazaar. 5644: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5605: 5599: 5592:Richard L. Kagan 5589: 5583: 5569: 5563: 5553: 5503: 5433:Stanley G. Payne 5401:Edward Malefakis 5389:Brown University 5386: 5261:Hispanic Studies 5177:Revista Filipina 5131:creole languages 5083:George Călinescu 5079:Ileana Georgescu 5029:Ștefan Vârgolici 5010: 5002:Eero K. Neuvonen 4994:Oiva J. Tallgren 4837:Spansk grammatik 4763:The Acorn Eaters 4689:Hendrik de Vries 4556:Gerbrand Bredero 4475:Moorish kingdoms 4453:); Aviva Dorón ( 4298:(who translated 4284:Luigi de Filippo 4260:Gabriele Ranzato 4240:Antonio Viscardi 4197:Giuseppe Bellini 4189:Franco Meregalli 4166:Cesare de Lollis 4135:Arturo Farinelli 4086:Le gesta del Cid 4055:Giovanni Berchet 4037:Giuseppe Baretti 4033:Giacomo Casanova 3801:Society of Jesus 3746:Miguel Hernández 3687:) was profound. 3623: 3410:Mordecai M. Noah 3274:Ghent University 3107:Don Juan Tenorio 3065:Eugenio de Ochoa 3061:Juan María Maury 3056:Espagne poétique 3019:Joseph Bonaparte 2950:was a friend of 2948:Honoré de Balzac 2938: 2793:Eugène Delacroix 2770:Spanish Conquest 2734:Pierre Corneille 2651:Werner Beinhauer 2540:Die Hochpyrenäen 2496: 2465: 2421:Friedrich Schürr 2415:creole languages 2386: 2355: 2330: 2290:Rudolf Grossmann 2267:Emil Gamillscheg 2247:Werner Beinhauer 2232: 2187:Libro de la caza 2026:Wendelin Förster 1971: 1905:picaresque novel 1806:Geoffrey Ribbans 1791:auto sacramental 1598:translated some 1565:Matthew G. Lewis 1557:Rudolph Ackerman 1499:William Beckford 1402:Charlotte Lennox 1366:Richard Fanshawe 1319:Thomas Middleton 1291:Francis Beaumont 1269:, borrowed from 1236:Bartholomew Yong 1212:picaresque novel 1148:William Drummond 1107:Hispanic America 1092: 1078:Andres Bonifacio 1051: 1023:Goethe Institute 928:Girolamo Vittori 921:Carolus Mulerius 893:Giovanni Miranda 821:Hispanic America 809:Richard L. Kagan 770:Hispanic America 728: 721: 714: 439:Central American 252: 243: 233:Spanish language 229: 228: 220: 213: 209: 206: 200: 198: 157: 133: 125: 118: 111: 107: 104: 98: 96: 85: 45: 44: 37: 21: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6838:Romance studies 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6735: 6696:Southeast Asian 6621:Native American 6342: 6336: 6294: 6273: 6271:Further reading 6254: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6222: 6191: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6150: 6146: 6134: 6130: 6124:Wayback Machine 6115: 6111: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6076:on 3 March 2016 6068: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5935:(15): 201–217. 5922: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5855: 5851: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5811: 5807: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5747: 5743: 5732: 5728: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5626: 5619: 5606: 5602: 5590: 5586: 5570: 5566: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5511: 5463:Alison Sinclair 5457:Dorothy Severin 5380: 5372:Gabriel Jackson 5357:Guillermo Gómez 5317: 5269: 5245: 5186: 5164:Guillermo Gómez 5160:Edmundo Farolan 5119: 5107: 5025: 5017:Ortega y Gasset 5004: 4982: 4928:Magnus Gronvold 4920: 4894:Bengt Hasselrot 4880:Emanuel Walberg 4866:Gunnar Tilander 4864:into Swedish); 4860:(translator of 4858:Edvard Lidforss 4846: 4826:; Carl Bratli ( 4808:(1776–1777) by 4793: 4788: 4774:"Albert Helman" 4679:(1924), one by 4667:and another by 4560:Guilliam de Bay 4544: 4499:Spanish Morocco 4467: 4350: 4328:Ermanno Caldera 4272:Manlio Castello 4177:Antonio Machado 4125:Benedetto Croce 4071:Antonio Restori 3996:Crown of Aragon 3988: 3963:Wayback Machine 3946: 3937:Hispanismo 2000 3908: 3859:Karol Dembowski 3851:Joachim Lelewel 3847:Adam Mickiewicz 3805:Stanisław Łaski 3754: 3716:Emilio Castelar 3653: 3617: 3610:Hispanic Review 3597:, as well as a 3406:Edgar Allan Poe 3397:Spain Revisited 3391:A Year in Spain 3282: 3102:Alexandre Dumas 3072:Madame d'Aulnoy 3046:with his study 3025:Madame de Stäel 2924: 2889:Prosper Mérimée 2857:Édouard Magnien 2821:Prosper Mérimée 2817:Hippolyte Taine 2801:Alexandre Dumas 2726: 2637:Hans Juretschke 2609:Helmut Hatzfeld 2567:Helmut Hatzfeld 2526:Hugo Schuchardt 2516:pop music genre 2490: 2459: 2437:Günther Haensch 2411:Hugo Schuchardt 2376: 2370:, ethnography); 2337: 2320: 2304:Helmut Hatzfeld 2226: 2200:Hugo Schuchardt 2182:Don Juan Manuel 2178:Gottfried Baist 2046:Gottfried Baist 2030:Karl Vollmöller 1965: 1901: 1854:Edward C. Riley 1842:John H. R. Polt 1830:John H. Elliott 1780:Luis de Góngora 1693:translated the 1679:Charles Dickens 1668:Amadís de Gaula 1614:in part of his 1612:Ay de mi Alhama 1513:Neville Wyndham 1491:Joseph Townsend 1471:Henry Swinburne 1432:Lawrence Sterne 1394:Tobias Smollett 1382:Gregorio Mayans 1287:Juan Luis Vives 1161:Amadís de Gaula 1125: 1109: 1104: 1102:World influence 1066:cultural cringe 1040: 1031: 1015:British Council 829: 792:and the former 750:Spanish studies 732: 662:Roquetas Pidgin 384:irregular verbs 254: 221: 210: 204: 201: 158: 156: 146: 134: 119: 108: 102: 99: 87: 76: 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6856: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6767:Ethnic studies 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6611:Middle Eastern 6608: 6603: 6598: 6596:Latin American 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6369:Asian American 6361: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6335: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6292:External links 6290: 6289: 6288: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6225: 6220: 6205: 6196: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6159: 6144: 6128: 6109: 6098: 6087: 6061: 6052: 6035: 6026: 6011: 6002: 5993: 5991:Bak, pp. 22–23 5984: 5982:Bak, pp. 19–20 5975: 5973:Bak, pp. 15–16 5966: 5955: 5931:(in Spanish). 5910: 5893: 5874: 5867: 5849: 5830: 5824:978-1846318337 5823: 5805: 5766: 5759: 5741: 5726: 5711: 5686: 5666: 5659: 5639: 5617: 5600: 5584: 5564: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5489: 5486:George Ticknor 5483: 5477: 5474:Walter Starkie 5471: 5468:Robert Southey 5465: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5419:(1936–2019), ( 5414: 5409:(1884–1961), ( 5404: 5398: 5392: 5387:(1913–1997), ( 5375: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5339:Alan Deyermond 5336: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5284: 5268: 5265: 5244: 5241: 5239:(48 , 69–92). 5226:. The journal 5185: 5182: 5118: 5115: 5106: 5103: 5024: 5021: 4981: 4978: 4919: 4916: 4906:Juan Goytisolo 4845: 4842: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4737:Cees Nooteboom 4629:William Davids 4584:Fonger de Haan 4543: 4540: 4495:Spanish Sahara 4487:Spanish Empire 4466: 4463: 4417:and author of 4404:Américo Castro 4381:online edition 4370:Ottoman Empire 4349: 4346: 4332:Rinaldo Froldi 4288:Carmelo Samonà 4264:Lucio Ambruzzi 4252:Francesco Vian 4244:Luigi Sorrento 3987: 3984: 3945: 3942: 3915:formed at the 3907: 3904: 3900:Florian Śmieja 3888:Florian Śmieja 3877:Zygmunt Czerny 3873:Felix Rozanski 3855:Leonard Rettel 3832:Jakub Sobieski 3753: 3750: 3718:published his 3652: 3649: 3579:, and visited 3559:George Ticknor 3507:Spanish Novels 3499:Jorge Manrique 3281: 3278: 3228:Claude Debussy 2897:(1825) and in 2841:Charles Didier 2797:Henri Regnault 2725: 2722: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2634: 2545:Gerhard Rohlfs 2512:Hamburg School 2505: 2504: 2485: 2479: 2457:Edmund Schramm 2454: 2448: 2441:Arnald Steiger 2434: 2424: 2418: 2408: 2397:Gerhard Rohlfs 2394: 2391:Joseph M. Piel 2388: 2371: 2361: 2332: 2315: 2310:, language of 2301: 2287: 2270: 2264: 2254: 2122:, a friend of 2120:Ferdinand Wolf 1925:Friedrich Diez 1900: 1897: 1866:Alan Deyermond 1802: 1801: 1795: 1783: 1769: 1763: 1663:Robert Southey 1640:King's College 1624:Richard Trench 1509:Robert Southey 1483:Richard Croker 1459:Francis Carter 1447:Wyndham Beawes 1428:Henry Fielding 1416:Richard Graves 1396:, a writer of 1390:Charles Jervas 1350:Thomas Shelton 1323:William Rowley 1293:also imitated 1244:Leonard Digges 1240:Thomas Shelton 1232:William Apsley 1171:Cárcel de amor 1124: 1121: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1027: 846:Juan de Valdés 840:published his 828: 825: 734: 733: 731: 730: 723: 716: 708: 705: 704: 703: 702: 697: 692: 684: 683: 677: 676: 675: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 637:Judaeo-Spanish 634: 629: 621: 620: 618:Interlanguages 614: 613: 612: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 583: 582: 576: 575: 574: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 537: 536: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 398: 397: 391: 390: 389: 388: 387: 386: 381: 371: 366: 361: 360: 359: 354: 344: 343: 342: 332: 324: 323: 317: 316: 315: 314: 309: 304: 296: 295: 289: 288: 287: 286: 281: 276: 275: 274: 261: 260: 256: 255: 253:, 13th century 244: 236: 235: 223: 222: 137: 135: 128: 121: 120: 103:September 2022 65:full citations 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6855: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6792:Super culture 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6328: 6326: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6258: 6240: 6233: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221:9788483241981 6217: 6213: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6171: 6166: 6164: 6156: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6091: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6056: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6030: 6022: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5964: 5959: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5782:(3): 177–193 5781: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5760:9780813552859 5756: 5752: 5745: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5675:Doergangk, H. 5670: 5662: 5660:9781171308973 5656: 5652: 5651: 5643: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5629:Percivale, R. 5624: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5604: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5525:Hispagnolisme 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5499: 5498:Leslie Walton 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5327:Gerald Brenan 5325: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5003: 5000:(1892–1991); 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Varey 1796: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1727:George Borrow 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1665:, translated 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648:Duke of Rivas 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:Childe Harold 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577:Gothic novels 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:Richard Twiss 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:Samuel Butler 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:John Fletcher 1260: 1255: 1253: 1252:William Cecil 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202:David Rowland 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180:Philip Sidney 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074:conquistadors 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:white washing 1055: 1050: 1045: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 992: 990: 986: 985: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 936:Jacques Ledel 933: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909:Jean Saulnier 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 882: 877: 876: 871: 865: 863: 862: 858:wrote in his 857: 853: 852: 848:composed his 847: 843: 839: 835: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 774:United States 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 745: 740: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 710: 709: 707: 706: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 686: 685: 682: 679: 678: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 623: 622: 619: 616: 615: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 585: 584: 581: 578: 577: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 535: 532: 531: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 474:Equatoguinean 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 400: 399: 396: 393: 392: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 341: 338: 337: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 326: 325: 322: 319: 318: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 294: 291: 290: 285: 282: 280: 277: 273: 270: 269: 268: 267:Pronunciation 265: 264: 263: 262: 258: 257: 251: 250: 242: 238: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 219: 216: 208: 197: 194: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 173: 169: 166: – 165: 161: 160:Find sources: 154: 150: 144: 143: 138:This article 136: 132: 127: 126: 117: 114: 106: 94: 93:documentation 90: 83: 82:documentation 79: 74: 70: 66: 61: 59: 55: 50:This article 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 6752:Area studies 6747:Anthropology 6661:Scandinavian 6591:Kremlinology 6545: 6511:Filipinology 6284: 6246:, retrieved 6239:the original 6230: 6210: 6200: 6187: 6179:Bibliography 6152:Publications 6147: 6137: 6136:Obituary in 6131: 6117:Raymond Carr 6112: 6101: 6090: 6080:12 September 6078:. 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Fokker 4623: 4612: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4578: 4572: 4548:a bitter war 4546:In spite of 4545: 4521: 4510:Ahmed Shawqi 4503: 4468: 4430: 4423:Yosef Kaplan 4418: 4407: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4351: 4340: 4294:, the poets 4268:Eugenio Mele 4225: 4201:Pablo Neruda 4181:Luis de León 4179:and of Fray 4173:Oreste Macrì 4170: 4144: 4129: 4117: 4095: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4059:Pietro Monti 4057:in 1837 and 4048: 4046: 3989: 3954: 3947: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3919:, including 3909: 3885: 3871: 3844: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3788: 3762: 3755: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3689: 3654: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3585: 3563: 3555:Evening Post 3554: 3549: 3539: 3535:Evening Post 3534: 3521: 3511: 3506: 3493: 3483: 3469: 3463: 3452: 3422: 3396: 3390: 3381: 3374:Obadiah Rich 3364:(1825), and 3355: 3342: 3283: 3268: 3262: 3247: 3242: 3232: 3220:Édouard Lalo 3209: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3126: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3089: 3084: 3069: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2983:folk ballads 2973: 2966: 2965:The Spanish 2964: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2941: 2920: 2916:costumbrista 2915: 2913:, which are 2910: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2869: 2790: 2756: 2749: 2746:Juan de Luna 2738:Paul Scarron 2727: 2718:Lope de Vega 2706:Black Legend 2700:In Austria, 2699: 2684: 2673: 2617: 2594: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2559:Karl Vossler 2556: 2539: 2533: 2519: 2508:Fritz Krüger 2506: 2499: 2488:Adolf Zauner 2451:Karl Vossler 2401:dialectology 2368:dialectology 2364:Fritz Krüger 2275:(etymology, 2257:Joseph Brüch 2241: 2235: 2218: 2216:, who wrote 2208: 2191: 2186: 2172: 2170:, who wrote 2168:Emil Gessner 2152:Karl Vossler 2146: 2132: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2058: 2054:Rodolfo Lenz 2034:Adolf Tobler 2019: 1990: 1982: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1944:Ludwig Tieck 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1902: 1878: 1862:Paul Preston 1834:Raymond Carr 1822:Brian Dutton 1803: 1790: 1775: 1737:Manuel Azaña 1730: 1722: 1719:Richard Ford 1715:John Bowring 1700: 1694: 1686: 1672: 1666: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1591: 1588:Walter Scott 1585: 1572: 1560: 1540:Lope de Vega 1517: 1503: 1495:Arthur Young 1451:James Harris 1443:Thomas James 1436: 1419: 1411: 1405: 1385: 1378:Pedro Pineda 1369: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1343: 1336: 1330: 1329:(one of the 1327:La gitanilla 1326: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1280: 1274: 1256: 1223: 1220:Thomas Nashe 1215: 1205: 1193: 1183: 1169: 1159: 1142: 1138: 1135:John Rastell 1128: 1126: 1110: 1086: 1041: 1032: 1008: 1001: 993: 988: 982: 960: 925: 901:John Minsheu 886: 880: 874: 866: 860: 850: 841: 830: 800: 798: 749: 742: 738: 737: 689: 580:Dialectology 541:Puerto Rican 369:Prepositions 226: 211: 202: 192: 185: 178: 171: 159: 147:Please help 142:verification 139: 109: 100: 89:Citation bot 51: 32:Panhispanism 6626:New Zealand 6466:Circumpolar 6411:Assyriology 6281:J.H. Elliot 5846:(2009): 36. 5704:12 December 5494:(1887–1958) 5488:(1791–1871) 5482:(1931–2017) 5480:Hugh Thomas 5476:(1894–1976) 5470:(1774–1843) 5459:(born 1942) 5453:(born 1941) 5447:(born 1946) 5441:(1891–1952) 5435:(born 1943) 5429:(born 1943) 5403:(1932–2016) 5397:(born 1939) 5381: [ 5374:(1921–2019) 5359:(born 1936) 5353:(born 1939) 5347:(born 1930) 5341:(1932–2009) 5335:(1919–2005) 5329:(1894–1987) 5323:(born 1950) 5251:began with 5211:Don Quixote 5206:Don Quixote 5202:Don Quixote 5093:Tudor Vianu 5038:Don Quixote 5005: [ 4932:Don Quixote 4876:Alf Lombard 4862:Don Quixote 4824:Knud Togeby 4801:Don Quixote 4786:Scandinavia 4751:Don Quixote 4635:(1926) and 4633:Joseph Vles 4596:(1899) and 4564:Romanticism 4542:Netherlands 4518:Taha Husayn 4479:Reconquista 4409:Don Quixote 4358:Old Spanish 4248:Guido Tammi 4142:(author of 4121:comparatist 4083:(1881) and 4008:Petrarchian 3968:Gil Vicente 3950:comparatist 3696:Juan Valera 3677:Dostoyevsky 3618: [ 3529:translated 3467:(1829) and 3331:San Antonio 3323:Los Angeles 3295:Philippines 3291:Puerto Rico 3168:George Sand 3150:(1826), by 3088:(1845) and 3076:Saint-Simon 2999:Victor Hugo 2960:Abén Humeya 2940:(1834) and 2925: [ 2909:. 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Cancer. 5576:La Nación 5520:Hispanist 5257:Chul Park 5223:Hispánica 5192:. 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Also: 2563:idealism 2204:flamenco 2160:Calderón 2106:(1935). 2013:. Count 1721:, whose 1620:Don Juan 1581:chivalry 1358:Hudibras 1341:(1623). 1307:for his 1282:Cardenio 1279:for his 1230:, 1596; 1168:and the 1095:Filipino 1082:Lapulapu 938:(1565), 923:(1630). 899:(1591), 884:(1559). 744:Hispanic 681:Teaching 652:Castrapo 642:Portuñol 561:Standard 524:Peruvian 509:Paraguay 484:Honduran 429:Canarian 424:Bolivian 419:Belizean 395:Dialects 352:personal 347:Pronouns 259:Overview 205:May 2011 58:link rot 6740:Related 6676:Serbian 6671:Semitic 6656:Russian 6646:Romance 6636:Pacific 6566:Italian 6556:Iranian 6531:Hebraic 6491:English 6461:Chinese 6451:Chicano 6391:Aramaic 6354:African 6044:Yu Aida 5091:), and 5063:Unamuno 5023:Romania 4986:Finland 4980:Finland 4970:Tribune 4791:Denmark 4617:of the 4491:Maghreb 4392:kharjas 4300:Góngora 4215:); and 4016:Baroque 3685:Tolstoy 3673:realist 3550:Jarilla 3531:Morisco 3358:Harvard 3349:.) 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