107:
31:
571:
547:
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847:
835:
independence was an impractical expectation in the situation at that time, and added that maternity protection with financial assistance by the government would be necessary to establish women's national, social existence in the context of the difficult condition of women's workers, against Yosano's argument. Afterwards,
887:
Hiratsuka would join the cooperative movement in the 1930s, concluding that this would be the best option to include the most number of people towards the main goal of social reform. The next several years, however, saw
Hiratsuka withdraw somewhat from the public eye, saddled with debts and her lover
834:
started to claim the importance of women's financial independence in the context of the rapid development of capitalism in Japan after the end of World War I. Since
Hiratsuka were influenced by Key's argument for the priority of motherhood through her translated works, she claimed that complete
793:
Even though many
Japanese became exposed to the ideas of the modern feminists, due to rebuttals by Japan's media, most did not take their ideas seriously, thinking that Raichō and her comrades were attempting to steal a moment of fame in history. Exaggerated stories of their love affairs and
872:. It was largely through this group's efforts that Article 5 of the Police Security Regulations—which, enacted in 1900, had barred women from joining political organizations and holding or attending political meetings—was overturned in 1922.
794:
nonconformism, once again spread by Japan's mainstream press, turned public opinion against the magazine and prompted Raichō to publish several fierce defenses of her ideals. Her April 1913 essay "To the Women of the World" (
812:, Good wife and wise mother): "I wonder how many women have, for the sake of financial security in their lives, entered into loveless marriages to become one man's lifelong servant and prostitute." This nonconformism pitted
1472:
402:
774:("Thunderbird"), she began to call for a women's spiritual revolution, and within its first few years the journal's focus shifted from literature to women's issues, including candid discussion of
407:
816:
not only against the society but the state, contributing to the censorship of women's magazines that "disturbed public order" or introduced "Western ideas about women" incompatible with Japan.
969:
914:
1359:
913:
with a request that a system be created in which Japan could remain neutral and pacifist. Hiratsuka continued to champion women's rights in the postwar era, founding the
854:
In 1920, following an investigation into female workers' conditions in textile factories in Nagoya which further galvanized her political resolve, Hiratsuka founded the
939:
group. As a leading light of the women's movement in early twentieth century Japan, she was a highly influential figure whose devotees ranged from pioneering
738:
Upon graduation from university, Hiratsuka entered the Narumi Women's
English School where, in 1911, she founded Japan's first all-women literary magazine,
1044:
1402:
601:
1158:
888:
beset with health problems, although she would continue to write and lecture. In the postwar years, she emerged again as a public figure through the
880:
from marrying. This unsuccessful campaign remains a point of controversy surrounding
Hiratsuka's career in that it saw her aligning herself with the
824:
1270:
843:
participated in this debate, and it became a big social movement known as the
Maternity Protection Controversy (母性保護論争, Bosei-hogo ronso).
735:. The pair were found alive on the mountain, but the attempted suicide by such a highly educated pair aroused widespread public criticism.
1706:
1666:
1491:
689:, of which she would become a devoted practitioner. Of particular influence to her was turn-of-the-century Swedish feminist writer
440:
1619:(One Hundred Million People's Showa History from Father to Child – Modern Biographical Histories), Mainichi Shimbun Press, 1977.
594:
414:
1641:
1334:
935:
While her career as a political activist covered many decades, Hiratsuka is primarily remembered for her stewardship of the
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1701:
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587:
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468:
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1501:
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454:
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876:, however, remained elusive in Japan. A further and more controversial campaign attempted to ban men with
30:
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1746:
1721:
1716:
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1681:
676:
630:
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1671:
855:
685:) in 1903, Hiratsuka came to be influenced by contemporary currents of European philosophy, as well as
334:
106:
1736:
1442:"The Controversy over the Protection of Motherhood and its Impact upon the Japanese Women's Movement"
968:
whose membership in the Seitō organization generated some controversy. Her postwar organization, the
90:
884:
movement, asserting that the spread of V.D. was having a detrimental effect on the
Japanese "race".
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1295:
819:
The journal folded in 1915, but not before establishing its founder as a leading light in Japan's
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324:
1636:
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Engendering
Eugenics: Women's Pursuit of Anti-V.D. Marriage Restriction Law in Taisho Japan
475:
461:
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209:
8:
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820:
719:
during her time at Japan Women's
University. In 1908 she attempted a double-suicide with
499:
249:
219:
141:
975:
On 10 February 2014, Google celebrated Raicho
Hiratsuka’s 128th Birthday with a doodle.
1340:
907:
732:
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314:
1561:
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1330:
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881:
703:
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752:). She began the first issue with the words, "In the beginning, woman was the sun" (
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1214:
In the beginning, woman was the sun : the autobiography of a Japanese feminist
877:
823:. Meanwhile, in 1914, Hiratsuka began living openly with her younger lover, artist
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827:, with whom she had two children out of wedlock and eventually married in 1941.
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In the Beginning, Woman Was the Sun – The Autobiography of a Japanese Feminist
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in 1886, the second daughter of a high ranking civil servant, and educated at
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786:. Contributors included renowned poet and women's rights proponent
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927:, and continuing to write and lecture up until her death in 1971.
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1323:
Heisig, James W.; Kasulis, Thomas P.; Maraldo, John C. (2011).
759:
644:
723:, her teacher – a married writer – and a disciple of novelist
672:
55:
693:, some of whose works she translated into Japanese, and the
1544:"10 February: Remembering Raicho Hiratsuka on Birthday"
1360:"Echoes of an old debate on feminism and individualism"
900:
and three other members of the Japan Women's Movement (
707:(1879). Hiratsuka was also interested in the works of
1322:
643:; February 10, 1886 – May 24, 1971) was a Japanese
1496:. University of California Press. pp. 64–65.
16:Japanese anarchist and feminist writer (1886–1971)
1329:. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 1148–58.
1648:
923:) in 1963 together with Nogami and noted artist
868:) together with fellow women's rights activist
1614:
1247:"asahi.com： 森田草平と平塚らいてう―栃木・塩原温泉 - 愛の旅人 - トラベル"
1159:Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)
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1493:Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History
892:. In 1950, the day after the outbreak of the
800:) rejected the conventional role of women as
595:
948:
1357:
1296:"茅ヶ崎の煌き（平塚らいてう）｜茅ヶ崎観光情報サイト「ちがさきナビ」茅ヶ崎市観光協会"
602:
588:
1210:
1400:
845:
1217:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1649:
1489:
1470:
1446:European Journal of East Asian Studies
1439:
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1433:
441:On the Question of Women's Liberation
1541:
1318:
1316:
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953:) who was a student in Tokyo during
1588:"Raicho Hiratsuka's 128th Birthday"
415:Women's Rights Recovery Association
13:
1430:
1016:In The Beginning Woman Was The Sun
14:
1768:
1667:20th-century Japanese translators
1630:
1326:Japanese Philosophy: A Sourcebook
1313:
1176:
983:
978:
1473:"母性保護論争: 与謝野晶子・平塚らいてう・山川菊栄・山田わか"
569:
557:
545:
469:The Tyranny of Structurelessness
105:
29:
1707:Japan Women's University alumni
1580:
1542:Desk, OV Digital (2023-02-09).
1535:
1510:
1483:
1471:Fukuda, Hagino (June 1, 1990).
1464:
1401:Hironaka, Yuriko (March 2009).
1038:
1626:, Ohio State University Press.
1394:
1370:
1358:O'dwyer, Shaun (14 Nov 2013).
1351:
1288:
1263:
1239:
1204:
1093:Genshi, josei wa taiyō de atta
1012:Genshi, josei wa taiyō de atta
1000:The View from the Round Window
972:, remains active to this day.
766:, legendary ancestress of the
35:Raichō, from her autobiography
1:
1642:New Japan Women's Association
1169:
1049:The Renaissance of Motherhood
970:New Japan Women's Association
915:New Japan Women's Association
455:The Politics of Individualism
1154:Timeline of women's suffrage
7:
1275:www.library.pref.gifu.lg.jp
1099:
631:historical kana orthography
10:
1773:
1608:
1211:Hiratsuka, Raichō (2006).
1702:Japanese feminist writers
1615:
1271:"森田草平（もりた そうへい） - 岐阜県図書館"
1164:Women's suffrage in Japan
1087:
1070:
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1028:Watakushi no aruita michi
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990:
949:
930:
919:
906:) in order to present US
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62:
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28:
21:
1458:10.1163/1570061042780883
677:Japan Women's University
1752:Translators to Japanese
1440:Tomida, Hiroko (2004).
1134:List of peace activists
856:New Women's Association
768:Imperial House of Japan
758:) – a reference to the
666:
505:Individualist anarchism
1742:Japanese Zen Buddhists
1732:Japanese women writers
1490:Hunter, Janet (1984).
1119:Blue Stockings Society
851:
727:, in the mountains of
849:
1727:Japanese suffragists
1697:Feminist eugenicists
1692:Zen Buddhism writers
1064:Ellen Karolina Key,
552:Anarchism portal
462:The Traffic in Women
1712:Japanese anarchists
1616:父が子に送る一億人の昭和史：人物現代史
1378:"平塚らいてうの会 -らいてう年譜-"
830:From 1918 to 1919,
576:Politics portal
564:Feminism portal
500:Anarcho-syndicalism
142:Reproductive rights
1757:Writers from Tokyo
1747:Pacifist feminists
1722:Japanese pacifists
1717:Japanese feminists
1687:Buddhist pacifists
1682:Buddhist feminists
1572:has generic name (
1045:Ellen Karolina Key
964:and social critic
908:Secretary of State
852:
653:political activist
1677:Anarcho-pacifists
1672:Anarcha-feminists
1403:"母性保護論争における与謝野晶子"
1382:raichou.c.ooco.jp
1336:978-0-8248-3552-1
1187:"平塚らいてう｜近代日本人の肖像"
1066:Love and Marriage
1032:The Road I Walked
866:Shin-fujin kyokai
661:feminist in Japan
659:, and pioneering
629:according to the
623:, transliterated
612:
611:
495:Anarcho-communism
147:Women's education
137:Intersectionality
84:
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53:February 10, 1886
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1737:Japanese writers
1637:Raicho Hiratsuka
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1412:. Archived from
1410:兵庫教育大学地理学研究室研究報告
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878:venereal disease
874:Women's suffrage
863:
862:
821:women's movement
811:
810:
799:
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790:, among others.
776:female sexuality
757:
756:
747:
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615:Hiratsuka Raichō
604:
597:
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562:
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109:
99:Anarcha-feminism
86:
85:
69:
52:
50:
33:
23:Hiratsuka Raichō
19:
18:
1772:
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1647:
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1622:Sumiko Otsubo,
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1606:
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1196:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1102:
1041:
986:
981:
957:
933:
925:Iwasaki Chihiro
825:Okumura Hiroshi
713:Meister Eckhart
695:individualistic
669:
608:
568:
558:
556:
546:
544:
537:
536:
515:Feminist theory
510:Queer anarchism
490:
482:
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434:Natural Justice
428:
420:
419:
393:Mujeres Creando
383:
375:
374:
335:Sánchez Saornil
165:
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117:
67:
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36:
24:
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1631:External links
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1592:www.google.com
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1548:Observer Voice
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1452:(2): 243–271.
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1139:Fusae Ichikawa
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1088:『元始、女性は太陽であった』
1081:Teruko Craig,
1079:
1062:
1059:Bosei no fukkō
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1019:
1007:『元始、女性は太陽であった』
1003:
985:
984:Original works
982:
980:
979:Selected works
977:
932:
929:
890:peace movement
870:Ichikawa Fusae
850:Raichō in 1955
837:Yamakawa Kikue
755:「元始、女性は太陽であった」
725:Natsume Soseki
717:G. W. F. Hegel
709:Baruch Spinoza
704:A Doll's House
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635:Hiratsuka Haru
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1419:on 2022-02-26
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1251:www.asahi.com
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960:s heyday, to
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803:ryōsai kenbo
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788:Yosano Akiko
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762:sun goddess
750:Bluestocking
748:, literally
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729:Nasushiobara
721:Morita Sōhei
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699:Henrik Ibsen
687:Zen Buddhism
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68:(1971-05-24)
66:May 24, 1971
1662:1971 deaths
1657:1886 births
1570:|last=
1522:新日本婦人の会中央本部
1364:Japan Times
1345:j.ctt6wqg76
841:Yamada Waka
697:heroine of
355:Waisbrooker
116:Core tenets
75:Nationality
1651:Categories
1597:2023-02-09
1553:2023-02-09
1528:2021-10-20
1503:0520043901
1479:: 328–336.
1477:日本の経済思想四百年
1423:2021-10-19
1387:2024-05-22
1306:2024-05-22
1281:2024-05-22
1256:2024-05-22
1197:2024-05-22
1170:References
945:Na Hye-sok
894:Korean War
649:journalist
427:Literature
280:Kuliscioff
220:Comaposada
49:1886-02-10
1518:"ENGLISH"
1144:Ellen Key
1123:Seitō-sha
962:anarchist
797:「世の婦人たちに」
764:Amaterasu
691:Ellen Key
657:anarchist
532:Zapatismo
525:Socialist
388:Liebig 34
255:Hiratsuka
210:de Cleyre
205:Claramunt
200:Capetillo
132:Free love
122:Anarchism
1562:cite web
1300:茅ヶ崎市観光協会
1233:62732710
1191:近代日本人の肖像
1129:Feminism
1100:See also
1023:『私の歩いた道』
950:나혜석; 羅蕙錫
882:eugenics
784:abortion
780:chastity
671:Born in
620:平塚 らいちょう
476:The Word
360:Wichmann
350:Takamure
310:Montseny
285:Kuzmenko
195:Campbell
127:Feminism
91:a series
89:Part of
79:Japanese
1609:Sources
1109:journal
1054:『母性の復興』
966:Itō Noe
920:新日本婦人の会
733:Tochigi
633:; born
520:Radical
345:Solanas
330:Roussel
320:Parsons
300:Marsden
290:Lacerda
245:Heywood
235:Goldman
230:Galindo
175:Berneri
58:, Japan
1500:
1343:
1333:
1231:
1221:
1071:『愛と結婚』
991:『円窓より』
941:Korean
931:Legacy
772:Raichō
760:Shinto
715:, and
682:日本女子大学
645:writer
370:Witkop
365:Wilson
305:Michel
260:Holmes
250:He-Yin
240:Harman
225:Federn
185:Bolten
170:Austin
164:People
1417:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1341:JSTOR
1113:Seitō
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955:Seitō
937:Seitō
903:婦人運動家
861:新婦人協会
814:Seitō
740:Seitō
673:Tokyo
315:Montt
275:Kelly
270:Kanno
215:Crabb
180:Biehl
56:Tokyo
1574:help
1498:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1229:OCLC
1219:ISBN
839:and
809:良妻賢母
782:and
667:Life
640:平塚 明
626:らいてう
340:Sjöö
295:Mañé
190:Boni
63:Died
41:Born
1454:doi
701:'s
408:FAI
403:CNT
265:Itō
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