Hipparcos - Knowledge

844:

reference epoch. Middle: their space motions over about four years, with arbitrary proper motion vectors and scale factors; triangles show their positions at a fixed epoch near the end of the interval. Right: the total positional changes including the additional apparent motions due to annual parallax, the four loops corresponding to four Earth orbits around the sun. The parallax-induced motions are in phase for all stars in the same region of sky, so that relative measurements within one field can provide only relative parallaxes. Although the relative separations between the stars change continuously over the measurement period, they are described by just five numerical parameters per star (two components of position, two of proper motion, and the parallax).

2005:(Hp<9 magnitude) exceeded the original mission goals, and are between 0.6 and 1.0 mas. Some 20,000 distances were determined to better than 10%, and 50,000 to better than 20%. The inferred ratio of external to standard errors is ≈1.0–1.2, and estimated systematic errors are below 0.1 mas. The number of solved or suspected double or multiple stars is 23,882. Photometric observations yielded multi-epoch photometry with a mean number of 110 observations per star, and a median photometric precision (Hp<9 magnitude) of 0.0015 magnitude, with 11,597 entries were identified as variable or possibly-variable. 1992: 110: 51: 8500: 7203: 1315: 840: 894: 2518: 1658: 1532: 1413: 1204: 913: 503: 2653: 8524: 2083: 697: 8536: 8512: 733:) from which the phase of the entire pulse train from a star could be derived. The apparent angle between two stars in the combined fields of view, modulo the grid period, was obtained from the phase difference of the two star pulse trains. Originally targeting the observation of some 100,000 stars, with an astrometric accuracy of about 0.002 arc-sec, the final 898:

observation. The curve is the modelled stellar path fitted to all the measurements. The inferred position at each epoch is indicated by a dot, and the residual by a short line joining the dot to the corresponding position line. The amplitude of the oscillatory motion gives the star's parallax, with the linear component representing the star's proper motion.

1722:, i.e. its space motion along the line-of-sight. Whilst critical for an understanding of stellar kinematics, and hence population dynamics, its effect is generally imperceptible to astrometric measurements (in the plane of the sky), and therefore it is generally ignored in large-scale astrometric surveys. In practice, it can be measured as a 1518:

be enhanced in complexity until suitable fits were obtained. A complete orbit, requiring 7 elements, was determined for 45 systems. Orbital periods close to one year can become degenerate with the parallax, resulting in unreliable solutions for both. Triple or higher-order systems provided further challenges to the data processing.

1322:, Tycho-1, and Tycho-2 Catalogues as a function of time. Tycho-1 dependencies are shown for two representative magnitudes. For Tycho-2, a typical proper motion error of 2.5 milliarc-sec applies to both bright stars (positional error at J1991.25 of 7 milliarc-sec) and faint stars (positional error at J1991.25 of 60 milliarc-sec). 2058:

Between 1997 and 2007, investigations into subtle effects in the satellite attitude and instrument calibration continued. A number of effects in the data that had not been fully accounted for were studied, such as scan-phase discontinuities and micrometeoroid-induced attitude jumps. A re-reduction of

1616:. Variable stars were classified as periodic or unsolved variables; the former were published with estimates of their period, variability amplitude, and variability type. In total some 11,597 variable objects were detected, of which 8,237 were newly classified as variable. There are, for example, 273 1310:

stars, and ensures that the catalogue proper motions are, as far as possible, kinematically non-rotating. The determination of the relevant three solid-body rotation angles, and the three time-dependent rotation rates, was conducted and completed in advance of the catalogue publication. This resulted

1748:

The absence of reliable distances for the majority of stars means that the angular measurements made, astrometrically, in the plane of the sky, cannot generally be converted into true space velocities in the plane of the sky. For this reason, astrometry characterises the transverse motions of stars

1731:

is a function of time. The resulting effect of secular or perspective acceleration is the interpretation of a transverse acceleration actually arising from a purely linear space velocity with a significant radial component, with the positional effect proportional to the product of the parallax, the

1517:

proper motion discrepant compared to those established from long temporal baseline proper motion programmes on ground. Higher-order photocentric motions could be represented by a 7-parameter, or even 9-parameter model fit (compared to the standard 5-parameter model), and typically such models could

876:

since the number of independent geometrical observations per object was large (typically of order 30) compared with the number of unknowns for the standard model (five astrometric unknowns per star), astrometric solutions not complying with this simple five-parameter model could be expanded to take

712:, with an aperture of 29 cm (11 in). A special beam-combining mirror superimposed two fields of view, 58° apart, into the common focal plane. This complex mirror consisted of two mirrors tilted in opposite directions, each occupying half of the rectangular entrance pupil, and providing an 1366:

stars. Although very different in terms of instruments, observational methods and objects involved, the various techniques generally agreed to within 10 milliarc-sec in the orientation and 1 milliarc-sec/year in the rotation of the system. From appropriate weighting, the coordinate axes defined by

1264:

For the main mission results, the data analysis was carried out by two independent scientific teams, NDAC and FAST, together comprising some 100 astronomers and scientists, mostly from European (ESA-member state) institutes. The analyses, proceeding from nearly 1000 Gbit of satellite data acquired

1189:

The second component comprised additional stars selected according to their scientific interest, with none fainter than about magnitude V=13 mag. These were selected from around 200 scientific proposals submitted on the basis of an Invitation for Proposals issued by ESA in 1982, and prioritised by

1173:

Constraints on total observing time, and on the uniformity of stars across the celestial sphere for satellite operations and data analysis, led to an Input Catalogue of some 118,000 stars. It merged two components: first, a survey of around 58,000 objects as complete as possible to the following

2004:

was the result of the critical comparison and merging of the two (NDAC and FAST consortia) analyses, and contains 118,218 entries (stars or multiple stars), corresponding to an average of some three stars per square degree over the entire sky. Median precision of the five astrometric parameters

843:

Principles of the astrometric measurements. Filled circles and solid lines show three objects from one field of view (about 1° in size), and open circles and dashed lines show three objects from a distinct sky region superimposed by virtue of the large basic angle. Left: object positions at one

2422:

According to a 2012 paper, the anomaly was due to the use of a weighted mean when there is a correlation between distances and distance errors for stars in clusters. It is resolved by using an unweighted mean. There is no systematic bias in the Hipparcos data when it comes to star clusters.

897:

The path on the sky of one of the Hipparcos Catalogue objects, over a period of three years. Each straight line indicates the observed position of the star at a particular epoch: because the measurement is one-dimensional, the precise location along this position line is undetermined by the

1749:

in angular measure (e.g. arcsec per year) rather than in km/s or equivalent. Similarly, the typical absence of reliable radial velocities means that the transverse space motion (when known) is, in any case, only a component of the complete, three-dimensional, space velocity.

1297:

The satellite observations essentially yielded highly accurate relative positions of stars with respect to each other, throughout the measurement period (1989–1993). In the absence of direct observations of extragalactic sources (apart from marginal observations of quasar

1165:

Although fully superseded by the satellite results, it nevertheless includes supplemental information on multiple system components as well as compilations of radial velocities and spectral types which, not observed by the satellite, were not included in the published

888:

a somewhat larger number of actual observations per object, of order 110, provided accurate and homogeneous photometric information for each star, from which mean magnitudes, variability amplitudes, and in many cases period and variability type classification could be

1190:

the Scientific Proposal Selection Committee in consultation with the Input Catalogue Consortium. This selection had to balance 'a priori' scientific interest, and the observing programme's limiting magnitude, total observing time, and sky uniformity constraints.

1736:

it is of (marginal) importance only for the nearest stars with the largest radial velocities and proper motions, but was accounted for in the 21 cases for which the accumulated positional effect over two years exceeds 0.1 milliarc-sec. Radial velocities for

2008:

For the star mapper results, the data analysis was carried out by the Tycho Data Analysis Consortium (TDAC). The Tycho Catalogue comprises more than one million stars with 20–30 milliarc-sec astrometry and two-colour (B and V band) photometry.

1268:

A detailed optical calibration model was included to map the transformation from sky to instrumental coordinates. Its adequacy could be verified by the detailed measurement residuals. The Earth's orbit, and the satellite's orbit with respect to the

2142:: the accurate distances and luminosities of 100,000 stars has provided the most comprehensive and accurate data set of fundamental stellar parameters to date, placing constraints on internal rotation, element diffusion, convective motions, and 1726:

of the spectral lines. More strictly, however, the radial velocity does enter a rigorous astrometric formulation. Specifically, a space velocity along the line-of-sight means that the transformation from tangential linear velocity to (angular)

652:. The underlying scientific motivation was to determine the physical properties of the stars through the measurement of their distances and space motions, and thus to place theoretical studies of stellar structure and evolution, and studies of 1367:

the published catalogue are believed to be aligned with the extragalactic radio frame to within ±0.6 milliarc-sec at the epoch J1991.25, and non-rotating with respect to distant extragalactic objects to within ±0.25 milliarc-sec/yr.

823:

the two viewing directions of the satellite, separated by a large and suitable angle (58°), resulted in a rigid connection between quasi-instantaneous one-dimensional observations in different parts of the sky. In turn, this led to

835:-based scanning of the satellite resulted in an optimum use of the available observing time, with a resulting catalogue providing reasonably homogeneous sky density and uniform astrometric accuracy over the entire celestial sphere; 1481:

provided considerable complications to the observations (due to the finite size and profile of the detector's sensitive field of view) and to the data analysis. The data processing classified the astrometric solutions as follows:

2830: 752:. The positions of these latter stars were to be determined to a precision of 0.03 arc-sec, which is a factor of 25 less than the main mission stars. Originally targeting the observation of around 400,000 stars, the resulting 716:

field of view of about 1° × 1°. The telescope used a system of grids, at the focal surface, composed of 2688 alternate opaque and transparent bands, with a period of 1.208 arc-sec (8.2 micrometre). Behind this grid system, an

1995:

Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the Hipparcos Catalogue, coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude, relative to the modern constellations and the

2062:

This has led to improved astrometric accuracies for stars brighter than Hp=9.0 magnitude, reaching a factor of about three for the brightest stars (Hp<4.5 magnitude), while also underlining the conclusion that the

1153:

The satellite observations relied on a pre-defined list of target stars. Stars were observed as the satellite rotated, by a sensitive region of the image dissector tube detector. This pre-defined star list formed the

2106:

the provision of an accurate reference frame: this has allowed the consistent and rigorous re-reduction of historical astrometric measurements, including those from Schmidt plates, meridian circles, the 100-year-old

624:

positions from the ground was running into essentially insurmountable barriers to improvements in accuracy, especially for large-angle measurements and systematic terms. Problems were dominated by the effects of the

1612:, with typically 110 distinct observations per star throughout the 3.5-year observation period. As part of the data reduction and catalogue production, new variables were identified and designated with appropriate 1508:

If a binary star has a long orbital period such that non-linear motions of the photocentre were insignificant over the short (3-year) measurement duration, the binary nature of the star would pass unrecognised by

2153:

and the dynamical structure of the solar neighbourhood, ranging from the presence and evolution of clusters, associations and moving groups, the presence of resonance motions due to the Galaxy's central bar and

2027:

A more extensive analysis of the star mapper (Tycho) data extracted additional faint stars from the data stream. Combined with old photographic plate observations made several decades earlier as part of the

2620:

Hipparcos Science Team: Uli Bastian, Pierluigi Bernacca, Michel Crézé, Francesco Donati, Michel Grenon, Michael Grewing, Erik Høg, Jean Kovalevsky, Floor van Leeuwen, Lennart Lindegren, Hans van der Marel,

1273:, were essential for describing the location of the observer at each epoch of observation, and were supplied by an appropriate Earth ephemeris combined with accurate satellite ranging. Corrections due to 2418:

cluster, established both from the original catalogue as well as from the revised analysis. This has been contested by various other recent work, placing the mean cluster distance at around 130 parsecs.

6120: 5618: 4089:

Chiba, M.; Beers, T. C. (2000). "Kinematics of metal-poor stars in the Galaxy. III. Formation of the stellar halo and thick disk as revealed from a large sample of non-kinematically selected stars".

778:

The spacecraft consisted of two platforms and six vertical panels, all made of aluminum honeycomb. The solar array consisted of three deployable sections, generating around 300 W in total. Two

849:

the various geometrical scan configurations for each star, at multiple epochs throughout the 3-year observation programme, resulted in a dense network of one-dimensional positions from which the

1162:

was contained in the Input Catalogue. The Input Catalogue was compiled by the INCA Consortium over the period 1982–1989, finalised pre-launch, and published both digitally and in printed form.

744:

system viewed a beam splitter in the optical path and was used as a star mapper. Its purpose was to monitor and determine the satellite attitude, and in the process, to gather photometric and

6085: 1138:(ESOC) in Germany, the satellite was successfully operated in its geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) for almost 3.5 years. All of the original mission goals were, eventually, exceeded. 2237:

scientific literature between 1997 and 2007 was published in 2009, and a popular account of the project in 2010. Some examples of notable results include (listed chronologically):

1326:

A variety of methods to establish this reference frame link before catalogue publication were included and appropriately weighted: interferometric observations of radio stars by

1145:

mission cost about €600 million (in year 2000 economic conditions), and its execution involved some 200 European scientists and more than 2,000 individuals in European industry.

2488:

of stars from both spacecraft is being used to search for hidden binary companions. Hipparcos-Gaia data is also used to measure the dynamical mass of known binaries, such as

7342: 8093: 644:, which considered it too complex and expensive for a single national programme and recommended that it be proposed in a multinational context. Its acceptance within the 2146:. Combined with theoretical models and other data it yields evolutionary masses, radii, and ages for large numbers of stars covering a wide range of evolutionary states; 1025: 7443: 7940: 6010: 8118: 2111:, and 150 years of Earth-orientation measurements. These, in turn, have yielded a dense reference framework with high-accuracy, long-term proper motions (the 1354:; photographic programmes to determine stellar proper motions with respect to extragalactic objects (Bonn, Kiev, Lick, Potsdam, Yale/San Juan); and comparison of 9118: 7485: 1592:

The highest accuracy photometric data were provided as a by-product of the main mission astrometric observations. They were made in a broad-band visible light

4401: 8225: 637:

instrument flexures, and the absence of all-sky visibility. A formal proposal to make these exacting observations from space was first put forward in 1967.

7067: 6773: 6749: 7566: 6829: 6000: 4254:

Famaey, B.; et al. (2005). "Local kinematics of K and M giants from Coravel, Hipparcos, and Tycho-2 data. Revisiting the concept of superclusters".

748:

data of all stars down to about 11th magnitude. These measurements were made in two broad bands approximately corresponding to B and V in the (Johnson)

8961: 8572: 6090: 4454:

Pinsonneault, M. H.; et al. (1998). "The problem of Hipparcos distances to open clusters. I. Constraints from multicolour main-sequence fitting".

767:

in a regular precessional motion maintaining a constant inclination between the spin axis and the direction to the Sun. The spacecraft spun around its

9386: 9355: 9254: 9235: 9190: 9049: 9034: 9024: 9008: 8971: 8915: 8857: 8716: 8635: 8231: 7433: 6237: 8219: 9245: 9123: 8736: 4611:

Soderblom, D. R.; et al. (2005). "Confirmation of errors in Hipparcos parallaxes from Hubble Space Telescope FGS astrometry of the Pleiades".

1289:. Residuals were examined to establish limits on any deviations from this general relativistic value, and no significant discrepancies were found. 2071: 1742: 9297: 8977: 7866: 7239: 5966: 2149:

Galactic kinematics and dynamics: the uniform and accurate distances and proper motions have provided a substantial advance in understanding of

9003: 7352: 5783: 9401: 9396: 9360: 9345: 9318: 9275: 9270: 9240: 9225: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9148: 9133: 9093: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9044: 9029: 8998: 8988: 8966: 8952: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8910: 8905: 8895: 8867: 8862: 8852: 8847: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8778: 8752: 8731: 8721: 8706: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8650: 8640: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8612: 7322: 5145: 1741:

stars, to the extent that they are presently known from independent ground-based surveys, can be found from the astronomical database of the

1265:

over 3.5 years, incorporated a comprehensive system of cross-checking and validation, and is described in detail in the published catalogue.

9173: 8761: 4912:"Precise Dynamical Masses of Directly Imaged Companions from Relative Astrometry, Radial Velocities, and Hipparcos-Gaia DR2 Accelerations" 6060: 1632:. The star mapper observations, constituting the Tycho (and Tycho-2) Catalogue, provided two colours, roughly B and V in the Johnson UBV 1387:(ICRF), and representing the best estimates at the time of the catalogue completion (in 1996). The HCRF is thus a materialisation of the 534:, the accurate measurement of the positions of celestial objects on the sky. This permitted the first high-precision measurements of the 6646: 2214:. The high-precision multi-epoch photometry has been used to measure variability and stellar pulsations in many classes of objects. The 9249: 9114: 7501: 6606: 5682: 5674: 1758:

Principal observational characteristics of the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues. ICRS is the International Celestial Reference System.

2094:

mapped many stars in the solar neighbourhood with great accuracy, though this represents only a small fraction of stars in the galaxy.

9451: 9350: 6157: 6110: 5457: 2686: 9334: 9230: 9185: 9168: 9164: 9108: 9104: 9057: 9053: 8993: 8923: 8919: 8900: 8826: 5380: 2211: 1388: 700:

Optical micrograph of part of the main modulating grid (top) and the star mapper grid (bottom). The period of the main grid is 8.2

9417:

are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

7468: 1383: 8472: 8183: 8565: 8515: 8381: 7453: 7147: 6892: 6398: 5706: 1285:

light bending were significant (4 milliarc-sec at 90° to the ecliptic) and corrected for deterministically assuming γ=1 in the

7463: 7062: 5489: 5428: 3236: 3209: 3181: 3129: 725:

type detector) with a sensitive field of view of about 38-arc-sec diameter converted the modulated light into a sequence of

9466: 7506: 6927: 6919: 6861: 5987: 1134:

was never achieved. However, with the addition of further ground stations, in addition to ESA operations control centre at

782:

antennas were located on the top and bottom of the spacecraft, providing an omni-directional downlink data rate of 24

8528: 3888:

Helmi, A.; et al. (1999). "Debris streams in the solar neighbourhood as relics from the formation of the Milky Way".

2222:

catalogues are now routinely used to point ground-based telescopes, navigate space missions, and drive public planetaria.

1048:, Switzerland; the image dissector tube and photomultiplier detectors assembled by the Dutch Space Research Organisation ( 7232: 6638: 6502: 6462: 5262: 656:

structure and kinematics, on a more secure empirical basis. Observationally, the objective was to provide the positions,

562:, astrophysicists were able to finally measure all six quantities needed to determine the motion of stars. The resulting 17: 2405:

Identification of two possible "siblings" of the Sun (HIP 87382 and HIP 47399), to be studied for evidence of exoplanets

2162:, discrimination of the disk and halo populations, evidence for halo accretion, and the measurement of space motions of 797:

for attitude determination) ensured correct dynamic attitude control and determination during the operational lifetime.

9461: 9441: 9412:

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

7874: 7751: 7599: 6558: 6286: 5974: 5799: 5505: 5404: 8558: 8287: 7910: 7904: 7542: 7173: 5854: 5138: 2942:

Kovalevsky, J.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Catalogue as a Realisation of the Extragalactic Reference Frame".

2770: 2565: 2447: 1705: 1579: 1460: 1359: 1251: 960: 668:, a target in practice eventually surpassed by a factor of two. The name of the space telescope, "Hipparcos", was an 5109:

Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues at the CASU Astronomical Data Centre, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge

3557:"Fine structure of the red giant clump from Hipparcos data, and distance determinations based on its mean magnitude" 2547: 2102:

results have affected a very broad range of astronomical research, which can be classified into three major themes:

1687: 1561: 1442: 1233: 942: 8539: 8257: 7946: 7327: 7317: 6025: 5698: 1141:

Including an estimate for the scientific activities related to the satellite observations and data processing, the

1135: 4405: 8269: 7337: 7082: 6566: 6526: 6075: 6055: 6040: 5878: 5759: 5610: 5594: 5562: 4558:

Percival, S. M.; et al. (2005). "The distance to the Pleiades. Main sequence fitting in the near infrared".

2116: 1306:

linked to extragalactic sources. This allows surveys at different wavelengths to be directly correlated with the

2873: 8504: 8346: 7438: 7225: 6967: 6630: 6510: 5775: 5650: 5642: 5537: 5420: 5324: 5308: 2543: 2178:

has provided results in topics as diverse as Solar System science, including mass determinations of asteroids,

1683: 1557: 1438: 1229: 938: 737:

comprised nearly 120,000 stars with a median accuracy of slightly better than 0.001 arc-sec (1 milliarc-sec).

7183: 7072: 6310: 6269: 6258: 5767: 5743: 5578: 7775: 7127: 7117: 7112: 6975: 6390: 6030: 5131: 2036:

of more than 2.5 million stars (and fully superseding the original Tycho Catalogue) was published in 2000.

1123: 347: 3614:

Smart, R. L.; et al. (1998). "Unexpected stellar velocity distribution in the warped Galactic disk".

8109: 7163: 7045: 7033: 6789: 6781: 6765: 5751: 4348:

Makarov, V. V.; Murphy, D. W. (2007). "The local stellar velocity field via vector spherical harmonics".

3835:

Corbet, R. H. D. (1999). "The use of gamma-ray bursts as direction and time markers in SETI strategies".

1399:) system, retaining approximately the global orientation of that system but without its regional errors. 1303: 1032:, Germany; the optical filters, the experiment structures and the attitude and orbit control system from 866: 685: 609: 103: 35: 6542: 4309:"Combined astrometric catalogue EOC—3. An improved reference frame for long-term Earth rotation studies" 3487:

Moffat, A. F. J.; et al. (1998). "Wolf-Rayet stars and O-star runaways with Hipparcos Kinematics".

530:(ESA), launched in 1989 and operated until 1993. It was the first space experiment devoted to precision 9323: 8416: 8236: 7829: 7811: 7781: 7691: 7406: 7373: 7347: 6951: 6935: 6664: 6654: 6622: 6550: 6470: 6334: 6253: 5497: 5396: 5238: 2539: 1679: 1553: 1434: 1225: 934: 238: 6045: 4780:"Stellar and substellar companions of nearby stars from Gaia DR2. Binarity from proper motion anomaly" 9456: 8401: 8039: 7705: 7547: 7332: 7206: 7137: 7087: 5570: 5217: 3397:

Provencal, J. L.; et al. (1998). "Testing the white dwarf mass-radius relation with Hipparcos".

2583: 1613: 1080:, Sweden; and the apogee boost motor from SEP in France. Groups from the Institut d'Astrophysique in 568:, a high-precision catalogue of more than 118,200 stars, was published in 1997. The lower-precision 8361: 7168: 7107: 3419: 2528: 2120: 1668: 1542: 1423: 1214: 923: 118: 97: 3228:

Astronomical Applications of Astrometry: Ten Years of Exploitation of the Hipparcos Satellite Data

2875:

Astronomical Applications of Astrometry: Ten Years of Exploitation of the Hipparcos Satellite Data

2804: 2115:). Reduction of current state-of-the-art survey data has yielded the dense UCAC2 Catalogue of the 828:

determinations which are absolute (rather than relative, with respect to some unknown zero-point);

820:

all-sky visibility permitted a direct linking of the stars observed all over the celestial sphere;

8406: 7928: 7605: 7458: 7394: 6813: 6709: 6701: 6095: 5201: 5118: 2532: 1672: 1637: 1546: 1427: 1218: 927: 8160: 2592:: ESA project scientist (1981–1997), and project manager during satellite operations (1989–1993) 1088:, France, contributed optical performance, calibration and alignment test procedures; Captec in 8376: 7769: 7056: 6983: 6574: 6229: 6065: 5958: 5658: 5364: 3414: 2108: 2029: 1489:

component solutions (Annex C): 13,211 entries, comprising 24,588 components in 12,195 solutions

1351: 1179: 1175: 1001: 749: 4979:"The mass of the young planet Beta Pictoris b through the astrometric motion of its host star" 3450:

Perryman, M. A. C.; et al. (1998). "The Hyades: distance, structure, dynamics, and age".

1182:

later than G5 (b is the Galactic latitude). Stars constituting this survey are flagged in the

8889: 8124: 7423: 7248: 6115: 6105: 5666: 5441: 3311:

Høg, E.; Petersen, J. O. (1997). "Hipparcos parallaxes and the nature of delta Scuti stars".

2269: 2203: 2159: 2048: 2021: 1641: 1629: 1609: 1347: 978: 793:

thrusters for course manoeuvres, 20-millinewton cold gas thrusters for attitude control, and

645: 527: 90: 5177: 4805: 4779: 4581: 4440: 4324: 4277: 4075: 4048: 3821: 3500: 3473: 3324: 3158: 3106: 3079: 3052: 3025: 2955: 2913: 2119:

on the same reference system, and improved astrometric data from recent surveys such as the

1000:

Other hardware components were supplied as follows: the beam-combining mirror from REOSC at

817:, instrumental gravitational flexure and thermal distortions could be obviated or minimised; 9286: 8462: 8166: 8010: 7892: 7660: 7642: 7593: 7416: 7411: 7188: 7077: 6494: 6478: 6221: 5065: 5000: 4933: 4866: 4801: 4736: 4683: 4630: 4577: 4516: 4473: 4436: 4367: 4320: 4273: 4220: 4165: 4108: 4071: 4044: 4007: 3960: 3907: 3854: 3817: 3780: 3731: 3680: 3623: 3578: 3527: 3496: 3469: 3406: 3361: 3320: 3275: 3154: 3102: 3075: 3048: 3021: 2978: 2951: 2909: 2842: 2750: 2625:, Andrew Murray, Michael Perryman (chair), Rudolf Le Poole, Hans Schrijver, Catherine Turon 2307: 2248: 1991: 1625: 1064:, United Kingdom; the structure and reaction control system from Daimler-Benz Aerospace in 882: 4778:

Kervella, Pierre; Arenou, Frédéric; Mignard, François; Thévenin, Frédéric (1 March 2019).

4201:

Gies, D.R.; Helsel, J. W. (2005). "Ice age epochs and the Sun's path through the Galaxy".

4062:

Robichon, N.; Arenou, F. (2000). "HD209458 planetary transits from Hipparcos photometry".

2693: 1718:

Classical astrometry concerns only motions in the plane of the sky and ignores the star's

1504:

no valid astrometric solution: 263 entries (of which 218 were flagged as suspected double)

8: 8726: 8597: 8586: 8582: 8446: 8391: 8386: 8356: 8195: 8154: 8142: 8136: 8023: 7835: 7805: 7664: 7636: 7537: 7268: 7039: 7018: 6991: 6733: 6278: 6125: 5902: 5554: 5332: 4717:

Melis, C.; et al. (2014). "A VLBI resolution of the Pleiades distance controversy".

3941:

de Zeeuw, P. T.; et al. (1999). "A Hipparcos census of the nearby OB associations".

3145:

Høg, E.; et al. (2000). "The Tycho-2 Catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars".

2969:

Bessell, Michael S. (July 2000). "The Hipparcos and Tycho Photometric System Passbands".

2346: 2277: 2199: 2195: 2179: 1278: 1131: 1115: 1073: 1033: 994: 982: 810: 551: 539: 381: 352: 259: 179: 5069: 5004: 4978: 4937: 4870: 4740: 4687: 4634: 4520: 4507:

Pan, X. P.; et al. (2004). "A distance of 133-137pc to the Pleiades star cluster".

4477: 4371: 4224: 4169: 4112: 4011: 3964: 3911: 3858: 3784: 3735: 3684: 3627: 3582: 3531: 3410: 3365: 3279: 2982: 2846: 2754: 9436: 8550: 8436: 8341: 8148: 8085: 7958: 7842: 7122: 6999: 6821: 6486: 6080: 6020: 5862: 5481: 5473: 5372: 5340: 5230: 5055: 5024: 4990: 4959: 4923: 4892: 4856: 4825: 4791: 4760: 4726: 4699: 4673: 4646: 4620: 4593: 4567: 4540: 4489: 4463: 4383: 4357: 4289: 4263: 4236: 4210: 4183: 4155: 4124: 4098: 3976: 3950: 3923: 3897: 3870: 3844: 3749: 3721: 3670: 3639: 3596: 3568: 3459: 3432: 3379: 3351: 3293: 3265: 2994: 2658: 2256: 2163: 2150: 2128: 2090:

galaxy, showing two prominent spiral arms attached to the ends of a thick central bar.

2055:

11. Some 10,000 nonstellar objects are also included to complement the catalogue data.

1633: 1486:

single-star solutions: 100,038 entries, of which 6,763 were flagged as suspected double

1282: 1274: 1041: 865:

reduction of the totality of observations. The astrometric parameters as well as their

109: 8523: 3769:"Galactic disk dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers" 2472:

Another distance debate set-off by Hipparcos is for the distance to the star Polaris.

2414:

One controversial result has been the derived proximity, at about 120 parsecs, of the

763:

The attitude of the spacecraft about its center of gravity was controlled to scan the

756:

comprised just over 1 million stars, with a subsequent analysis extending this to the

9446: 7916: 7817: 7715: 7698: 7676: 6845: 6430: 6422: 6149: 6141: 5995: 5348: 5275: 5209: 5083: 5028: 5016: 4963: 4951: 4896: 4884: 4829: 4817: 4752: 4703: 4532: 4178: 4143: 3793: 3768: 3744: 3709: 3693: 3658: 3591: 3556: 3436: 3374: 3339: 3232: 3205: 3177: 3125: 2998: 2766: 2666: 2601: 2489: 2481: 2320:

Galactic disk dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers

2225:

Since 1997, several thousand scientific papers have been published making use of the

2167: 2139: 2135: 2112: 2033: 1127: 1057: 1024:, Switzerland; the mechanism control system and the thermal control electronics from 757: 709: 585: 573: 430: 80: 7898: 5886: 4764: 4650: 4597: 4493: 4387: 4293: 4240: 4187: 4128: 3980: 3600: 3383: 3297: 2595:

Catherine Turon (Observatoire de Paris-Meudon): leader of Input Catalogue Consortium

8645: 8477: 8336: 8061: 7401: 6614: 5388: 5246: 5103: 5073: 5008: 4941: 4874: 4809: 4744: 4691: 4638: 4585: 4544: 4524: 4481: 4375: 4328: 4281: 4228: 4173: 4116: 4015: 3968: 3927: 3915: 3874: 3862: 3788: 3739: 3688: 3643: 3631: 3586: 3535: 3424: 3369: 3283: 2986: 2758: 2622: 2605: 2589: 2242: 2143: 2052: 1617: 1335: 1068:, Germany; the solar arrays and thermal control system from Fokker Space System in 764: 648:'s scientific programme, in 1980, was the result of a lengthy process of study and 337: 6350: 4813: 3753: 3039:

Lindegren, L.; et al. (1997). "Double star data in the Hipparcos Catalogue".

771:

at the rate of 11.25 revolutions/day (168.75 arc-sec/s) at an angle of 43° to the

8293: 8130: 7389: 7178: 6717: 6598: 5550: 5169: 5154: 4589: 4333: 4308: 4285: 3656: 2579: 2493: 2332: 2183: 1719: 1621: 1311:

in an accurate but indirect link to an inertial, extragalactic, reference frame.

1029: 741: 722: 718: 555: 3066:

Van Leeuwen, F.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Mission: Photometric Data".

2446:

derived with other techniques was confirmed by parallax measurements made using

572:

of more than a million stars was published at the same time, while the enhanced

8326: 7527: 7283: 6035: 6015: 5586: 4946: 4911: 4879: 4844: 4427:

Van Leeuwen, F. (1999). "Hipparcos distance calibrations for 9 open clusters".

2614: 2314: 2207: 1723: 1355: 1111: 1052:) in the Netherlands; the refocusing assembly mechanism designed by TNO-TPD in 850: 787: 391: 5012: 4695: 3288: 3253: 2900:

Turon, C.; et al. (1995). "Properties of the Hipparcos Input Catalogue".

2762: 2492:

companions. Hipparcos-Gaia data was used to measure the mass of the exoplanet

2198:

and their host stars; the height of the Sun above the Galactic mid-plane; the

9430: 7670: 7611: 7478: 7301: 5910: 5807: 5521: 5185: 5113: 5087: 5078: 5043: 5020: 4955: 4888: 4821: 4664:

Charles Francis; Erik Anderson (2012). "XHIP-II: Clusters and associations".

2485: 2374: 1728: 1478: 1286: 1005: 990: 862: 858: 661: 543: 456: 175: 30:

This article is about the satellite/catalogue. For the Greek astronomer, see

4748: 2342:

evidence of a galaxy merger in the early formation history of the Milky Way

2067:

as originally published is generally reliable within the quoted accuracies.

9391: 9302: 9138: 7654: 7473: 6070: 5894: 5042:

Venner, Alexander; Pearce, Logan A.; Vanderburg, Andrew (1 November 2022).

4756: 4536: 2352: 2281: 2191: 986: 775:. The Z-axis rotated about the Sun-satellite line at 6.4 revolutions/year. 681: 605: 559: 4910:

Brandt, Timothy D.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P. (1 October 2019).

1021: 50: 9340: 9220: 8957: 8783: 8701: 8666: 8411: 8331: 8004: 8000: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7968: 7685: 7522: 6374: 5513: 5412: 5254: 4625: 4572: 4468: 4402:"Search for Sun's Sibling Could Find Life's Cousin : Discovery News" 4268: 4215: 4160: 4103: 4035:

Söderhjelm, S. (1999). "Visual binary orbits and masses post Hipparcos".

3955: 3902: 3849: 3726: 3675: 3573: 3464: 3356: 3270: 3226: 2718: 2358: 2262: 2187: 2155: 1474: 1281:) made use of the corresponding satellite velocity. Modifications due to 878: 870: 745: 277: 7217: 4528: 2872:

Michael Perryman (December 2008). "The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues".

2458:, the most accurate and precise distance yet presented for the cluster. 9179: 9039: 8426: 8077: 8069: 8045: 8016: 7996: 7978: 7964: 7787: 6853: 6165: 6005: 5722: 5114:

Hipparcos Main Catalogue and Tycho-1 Catalogue at the CDS in Strasbourg

3808:

Comerón, F. (1999). "Vertical motion and expansion of the Gould Belt".

3657:

Oudmaijer, Rene D.; Groenewegen, Martin A. T.; Schrijver, Hans (1998).

3516:"Hipparcos subdwarf parallaxes: metal-rich clusters and the thick disk" 2383: 2324: 1314: 1077: 1009: 839: 814: 713: 701: 677: 630: 601: 535: 531: 76: 31: 2127:. Implicit in the high-accuracy reference frame is the measurement of 977:

satellite was financed and managed under the overall authority of the

893: 55:

Hipparcos satellite in the Large Solar Simulator, ESTEC, February 1988

8467: 8441: 8366: 8189: 8031: 7952: 7618: 7260: 5926: 5634: 5449: 2744: 2501: 2497: 2367: 2301:

unexpected stellar velocity distribution in the warped Galactic disk

2295: 2087: 1085: 1013: 794: 790: 665: 523: 502: 5108: 2517: 2394:

local kinematics of K and M giants and the concept of superclusters

2131:

and the detection and characterisation of double and multiple stars;

1657: 1531: 1412: 1203: 1072:, Netherlands; the data handling and telecommunications system from 1045: 1037: 912: 664:

for some 100,000 stars with an unprecedented accuracy of 0.002

620:

By the second half of the 20th century, the accurate measurement of

9143: 7858: 7793: 7723: 7532: 7296: 7291: 6805: 6741: 6582: 6358: 6294: 6050: 5950: 5942: 5846: 5791: 5602: 5465: 5291: 5283: 5123: 5060: 4995: 4928: 4861: 4796: 4642: 4485: 4379: 4232: 4120: 4020: 3995: 3972: 3866: 3540: 3515: 3428: 2990: 2415: 2288: 1593: 1374:

and Tycho Catalogues were then constructed such that the resulting

1108: 1104: 854: 832: 825: 657: 649: 547: 248: 4731: 4678: 4362: 3919: 3635: 1732:

proper motion, and the radial velocity. At the accuracy levels of

1381:(HCRF) coincides, to within observational uncertainties, with the 1081: 8757: 8431: 8306: 8299: 8281: 8275: 8213: 8207: 8201: 7922: 7648: 7448: 7428: 7368: 7273: 7028: 6959: 6797: 6446: 6406: 6302: 6213: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6173: 5870: 5838: 5044:"An edge-on orbit for the eccentric long-period planet HR 5183 b" 3012:

Perryman, M.A.C.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Catalogue".

2786:

Lacroute, P. (1967). "Proceedings of the 13th General Assembly".

2467: 2399:

an improved reference frame for long-term Earth rotation studies

2388: 2082: 1339: 1061: 696: 676:, and it also reflected the name of the ancient Greek astronomer 669: 634: 593: 4845:"The Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations: Gaia EDR3 Edition" 3996:"Stellar encounters with the Oort Cloud based on Hipparcos data" 2426:

In August 2014, the discrepancy between the cluster distance of

2059:

the associated steps of the analysis was eventually undertaken.

2020:

were completed in August 1996. The catalogues were published by

134: 9381: 9376: 9329: 9292: 9281: 9128: 9099: 8983: 8884: 8842: 8772: 8767: 8711: 8421: 8053: 7823: 7757: 7587: 7132: 6869: 6725: 6438: 6382: 6342: 6265: 6245: 6100: 5815: 5714: 5690: 5529: 5356: 5316: 5193: 3254:"Galactic kinematics of Cepheids from Hipparcos proper motions" 1331: 1299: 1119: 1093: 1089: 1069: 1065: 1017: 783: 779: 768: 726: 653: 640:

The mission was originally proposed to the French space agency

490: 479: 263: 1837: • with associated photometry 1829: • with associated astrometry 8263: 7934: 7850: 7799: 7745: 7102: 7097: 6900: 6837: 6757: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6659: 6590: 6454: 6414: 6366: 6326: 6318: 5918: 5299: 4777: 2124: 1392: 1270: 1053: 730: 626: 550:

of stars, enabling better calculations of their distance and

371: 361: 267: 4663: 1890: • with only Hipparcos data 1302:) the resulting rigid reference frame was transformed to an 1103:

satellite was launched (with the direct broadcast satellite

881:, or non-linear photocentric motions ascribed to unresolved 633:, but were compounded by complex optical terms, thermal and 8396: 8371: 8351: 7142: 7092: 7050: 7023: 6943: 6534: 5934: 5626: 2971:

The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

2336: 1327: 1049: 641: 621: 214: 3176:. Sky Publishing Corporation & European Space Agency. 1391:(ICRS) in the optical domain. It extends and improves the 708:

The spacecraft carried a single all-reflective, eccentric

3124:. Noordwijk, the Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. 1396: 772: 8580: 3171: 1004:, France; the spherical, folding and relay mirrors from 786:. An attitude and orbit-control subsystem (comprising 5- 3837:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

3707: 1882: • based on Tycho data 1084:, Belgium and the Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale in 861:, could be solved for in what was effectively a global 805:

Some key features of the observations were as follows:

5041: 2749:. Astronomers' Universe. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2617:: chair of the observing programme selection committee 2024:(ESA) on behalf of the scientific teams in June 1997. 1808: • deviation from inertial (3 axes) 1096:

contributed to the on-board software and calibration.

3251: 3119: 2634:

Dietmar Heger: ESA/ESOC spacecraft operations manager

902: 600:

and also a reference to the ancient Greek astronomer

4977:

Snellen, I. A. G.; Brown, A. G. A. (1 August 2018).

4347: 3093:

Høg, E.; et al. (1997). "The Tycho Catalogue".

2841:. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico: 441–447. 2828: 2788:

Transactions of the International Astronomical Union

2648: 2637:

Michel Bouffard: Matra Marconi Space project manager

2480:

Hipparcos data is recently being used together with

2409: 1800: • coincidence with ICRS (3 axes) 3337: 2719:"HIPPARCOS Satellite details 1989-062B NORAD 20169" 2291:parallaxes: metal-rich clusters and the thick disk 1362:(VLBI) and by ground-based optical observations of 1122:, French Guiana, on 8 August 1989. Launched into a 1056:, Netherlands; the electrical power subsystem from 1040:, France; the instrument switching mechanisms from 4404:. News.discovery.com. 9 April 2012. Archived from 4061: 3310: 2929:Hipparcos Input Catalogue, ESA SP-1136 (7 volumes) 2382:the local density of matter in the Galaxy and the 5048:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4909: 4306: 4200: 4148:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4144:"The local density of matter mapped by Hipparcos" 4141: 4088: 3773:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3714:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3663:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3659:"The Lutz-Kelker bias in rigonometric parallaxes" 3561:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3344:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3258:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2496:and is sometimes used to study other long-period 2070:All catalogue data are available online from the 1498:variability-induced movers (Annex V): 288 entries 1492:acceleration solutions (Annex G): 2,622 solutions 9428: 7343:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre 2871: 2628:Franco Emiliani: ESA project manager (1981–1985) 1012:, Germany; the external straylight baffles from 809:through observations from space, the effects of 2743:Perryman, Michael (2010). Khanna, Ramon (ed.). 2402:the local stellar velocity field in the Galaxy 7353:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility 3993: 3340:"Local stellar kinematics from Hipparcos data" 2611:Jean Kovalevsky: leader of the FAST Consortium 1178:earlier than G5, and V<7.3 + 1.1sin|b| for 1174:limiting magnitudes: V<7.9 + 1.1sin|b| for 8566: 7233: 5139: 5104:The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission at ESA 2631:Hamid Hassan: ESA project manager (1985–1989) 2391:epochs and the Sun's path through the Galaxy 2298:clump and associated distance determinations 2158:, determination of the parameters describing 2072:Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg 1743:Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg 1501:stochastic solutions (Annex X): 1,561 entries 4976: 4453: 3202:Hipparcos, the New Reduction of the Raw Data 1473:Whilst of enormous astronomical importance, 1402: 1148: 981:(ESA). The main industrial contractors were 674:High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite 604:of Nicaea, who is noted for applications of 598:HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite 576:of 2.5 million stars was published in 2000. 4849:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 4426: 3231:. Cambridge University Press. p. 692. 3199: 3065: 2546:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2051:: an all-sky atlas of one million stars to 1686:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1560:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1521: 1441:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1232:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 941:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 8573: 8559: 7502:European Launcher Development Organisation 7240: 7226: 5146: 5132: 5119:Hipparcos Astrometry Catalogue as CSV file 4034: 3710:"Refining the Oort and Galactic constants" 3172:Sinnott, Roger; Perryman, Michael (1997). 2941: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2640:Bruno Strim: Alenia Spazio project manager 1922: Completeness to 99.9 per cent 1020:, Spain; the modulating grid from CSEM in 729:counts (with a sampling frequency of 1200 108: 27:European Space Agency scientific satellite 7565: 7247: 5077: 5059: 4994: 4945: 4927: 4878: 4860: 4795: 4730: 4677: 4624: 4610: 4571: 4467: 4361: 4332: 4267: 4214: 4177: 4159: 4102: 4019: 3954: 3901: 3848: 3792: 3743: 3725: 3708:Olling, R. P.; Merrifield, M. R. (1998). 3692: 3674: 3590: 3572: 3539: 3463: 3418: 3396: 3373: 3355: 3287: 3269: 3038: 2746:The Making of History's Greatest Star Map 2566:Learn how and when to remove this message 1706:Learn how and when to remove this message 1604:. The median photometric precision, for H 1580:Learn how and when to remove this message 1461:Learn how and when to remove this message 1252:Learn how and when to remove this message 961:Learn how and when to remove this message 688:(due to the Earth wobbling on its axis). 4557: 3994:Garcia Sanchez, J.; et al. (1999). 3940: 3766: 3449: 3224: 3011: 2785: 2742: 2212:search for extraterrestrial intelligence 2081: 1990: 1982: Completeness to 99 per cent 1974: Completeness to 90 per cent 1914: Completeness to 90 per cent 1495:orbital solutions (Annex O): 235 entries 1389:International Celestial Reference System 1313: 892: 838: 695: 691: 3807: 3554: 3252:Feast, M. W.; Whitelock, P. A. (1997). 2968: 2860: 2598:Erik Høg: leader of the TDAC Consortium 2586:): proposer of space astrometry in 1967 2484:data. Especially the comparison of the 1752: 1384:International Celestial Reference Frame 14: 9429: 4842: 4253: 3834: 3486: 3195: 3193: 2927:Turon, Catherine; et al. (1992). 2679: 608:to astronomy and his discovery of the 8554: 7564: 7464:Space Situational Awareness Programme 7221: 5127: 4716: 3887: 3613: 2926: 2899: 2799: 2797: 2738: 2736: 2323:vertical motion and expansion of the 2233:catalogues. A detailed review of the 2077: 8511: 7507:European Space Research Organisation 7323:Space Research and Technology Centre 5153: 3513: 2805:"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues" 2687:"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues" 2669:, follow-up mission launched in 2013 2544:adding citations to reliable sources 2511: 2174:Associated with these major themes, 1684:adding citations to reliable sources 1651: 1647: 1558:adding citations to reliable sources 1525: 1439:adding citations to reliable sources 1406: 1350:(CCD), photographic plates, and the 1230:adding citations to reliable sources 1197: 939:adding citations to reliable sources 906: 8535: 4506: 3190: 3144: 3092: 2711: 680:, who is considered the founder of 376:35,797.5 km (22,243.5 mi) 24: 4843:Brandt, Timothy D. (1 June 2021). 3338:Dehnen, W.; Binney, J. J. (1998). 3122:The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues 2794: 2733: 2268:the structure and dynamics of the 2241:studies of Galactic rotation from 1292: 1193: 903:Development, launch and operations 25: 9478: 7174:List of proposed space telescopes 5855:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 5097: 3555:Girardi, L.; et al. (1998). 2475: 2410:The Pleiades distance controversy 2351:close approaches of stars to the 2335:as direction and time markers in 1360:Very-long-baseline interferometry 1130:failed to fire, and the intended 9452:European Space Agency satellites 8534: 8522: 8510: 8499: 8498: 7328:ESA Centre for Earth Observation 7202: 7201: 4307:Vondrák, J.; Stefka, V. (2007). 4179:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.02905.x 4142:Holmberg, J.; Flynn, C. (2000). 3794:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02001.x 3745:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01577.x 3694:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01409.x 3592:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02011.x 3375:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01600.x 2831:"Hipparcos, The Input Catalogue" 2692:. ESA. June 1997. Archived from 2651: 2608:): leader of the NDAC Consortium 2516: 1966: • at b=±90° 1958: • at b=±30° 1656: 1530: 1411: 1202: 1136:European Space Operations Centre 911: 501: 448:1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) 49: 6076:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory 5035: 4970: 4903: 4836: 4771: 4710: 4657: 4604: 4551: 4500: 4447: 4420: 4394: 4341: 4300: 4247: 4194: 4135: 4082: 4055: 4028: 3987: 3934: 3881: 3828: 3801: 3760: 3701: 3650: 3607: 3548: 3507: 3480: 3443: 3390: 3331: 3304: 3245: 3218: 3165: 3138: 3113: 3086: 3059: 3032: 3005: 2962: 2935: 2829:Gomez, A.E.; Torra, J. (1987). 2170:, and many other types of star. 1906: Limiting magnitude 1853: Limiting magnitude 1776: Measurement period 1318:Typical accuracies of the FK5, 8347:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer 3120:European Space Agency (1997). 2920: 2893: 2822: 2779: 2210:rates; and strategies for the 1950: • at b=0° 1943: Mean sky density: 1935: Number of entries 1874: Number of entries 1821: Number of entries 1158:(HIC): each star in the final 538:(compared to the less precise 403: 189:1,140 kg (2,510 lb) 120: 13: 1: 7184:List of heliophysics missions 2673: 1898: Mean sky density 1845: Mean sky density 1792: Reference system 800: 615: 366:500.3 km (310.9 mi) 135:http://sci.esa.int/hipparcos/ 4560:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4429:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4313:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4256:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4064:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4037:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3810:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3489:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3452:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3313:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3147:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3095:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3068:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3041:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3014:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2944:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2902:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2881:. Cambridge University Press 2186:; the internal structure of 1784: Catalogue epoch 1608:<9 magnitude, was 0.0015 1124:geostationary transfer orbit 877:into account the effects of 873:were derived in the process; 760:of about 2.5 million stars. 507:Legacy ESA insignia for the 348:Geostationary transfer orbit 7: 9467:Spacecraft launched in 1989 7164:Great Observatories program 4814:10.1051/0004-6361/201834371 3200:Van Leeuwen, Floor (2007). 2835:Rev Mexicana Astron. Astrof 2644: 1304:inertial frame of reference 686:precession of the equinoxes 610:precession of the equinoxes 592:The word "Hipparcos" is an 197:635 kg (1,400 lb) 36:Hipparchus (disambiguation) 10: 9483: 8417:Mars sample return mission 8237:European Data Relay System 7917:Meteosat Second Generation 7830:James Webb Space Telescope 7692:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 7374:European Data Relay System 7348:Concurrent Design Facility 6655:Orbiting Solar Observatory 4784:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4590:10.1051/0004-6361:20041694 4334:10.1051/0004-6361:20065846 4286:10.1051/0004-6361:20041272 3225:Perryman, Michael (2009). 2465: 2461: 2194:; the characterisation of 1756: 1614:variable star designations 853:coordinate direction, the 684:and the discoverer of the 29: 9462:Satellites orbiting Earth 9442:Space astrometry missions 9410: 9369: 9311: 9263: 9157: 9086: 9017: 8945: 8876: 8835: 8745: 8659: 8605: 8490: 8455: 8317: 8246: 8176: 8108: 8040:Meteosat Third Generation 7899:Meteosat First Generation 7885: 7734: 7629: 7580: 7573: 7560: 7548:Planetary Science Archive 7515: 7494: 7382: 7361: 7333:European Astronaut Centre 7310: 7282: 7259: 7255: 7207:Category:Space telescopes 7197: 7156: 7011: 6912: 6881: 6134: 5986: 5831: 5734: 5549: 5440: 5274: 5229: 5168: 5161: 5013:10.1038/s41550-018-0561-6 4696:10.1134/S1063773712110023 2763:10.1007/978-3-642-11602-5 2584:Observatory of Strasbourg 2507: 2373:formation of the stellar 1929: 1868: 1861: Completeness 1815: 1770: 1403:Double and multiple stars 1379:celestial reference frame 1156:Hipparcos Input Catalogue 1149:Hipparcos Input Catalogue 1092:. Ireland, and Logica in 1026:Dornier Satellite Systems 500: 496: 485: 475: 470: 466: 462: 452: 444: 436: 426: 421: 417: 413: 400: 390: 380: 370: 360: 343: 333: 328: 324: 320: 312: 304: 299: 295: 291: 283: 273: 255: 244: 233: 228: 224: 220: 209: 205:210 kg (460 lb) 201: 193: 185: 171: 163: 158: 154: 150: 140: 130: 117: 96: 86: 72: 68: 60: 48: 7169:List of space telescopes 4947:10.3847/1538-3881/ab04a8 4916:The Astronomical Journal 4880:10.3847/1538-4365/abf93c 3767:Stothers, R. B. (1998). 2931:. European Space Agency. 2310:of parallax measurement 2121:Sloan Digital Sky Survey 2086:Artist's concept of the 2047:were used to create the 1522:Photometric observations 879:double or multiple stars 871:correlation coefficients 589:, was launched in 2013. 237:8 August 1989, 23:25:53 7459:Living Planet Programme 7318:Space Operations Centre 4806:2019A&A...623A..72K 4749:10.1126/science.1256101 4582:2005A&A...429..887P 4441:1999A&A...341L..71V 4325:2007A&A...463..783V 4278:2005A&A...430..165F 4076:2000A&A...355..295R 4049:1999A&A...341..121S 3822:1999A&A...351..506C 3501:1998A&A...331..949M 3474:1998A&A...331...81P 3325:1997A&A...323..827H 3289:10.1093/mnras/291.4.683 3204:. Springer, Dordrecht. 3159:2000A&A...355L..27H 3107:1997A&A...323L..57H 3080:1997A&A...323L..61V 3053:1997A&A...323L..53L 3026:1997A&A...323L..49P 2956:1997A&A...323..620K 2914:1995A&A...304...82T 2317:and Galactic constants 1638:spectral classification 1358:parameters obtained by 1338:(VLA); observations of 1116:Centre Spatial Guyanais 1107:as co-passenger) on an 440:29 cm (11 in) 260:Centre Spatial Guyanais 7770:Hubble Space Telescope 7338:Space Astronomy Centre 6495:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) 5079:10.1093/mnras/stac2430 2294:fine structure of the 2117:U.S. Naval Observatory 2109:Astrographic Catalogue 2095: 2030:Astrographic Catalogue 1997: 1630:eclipsing binary stars 1513:, but could show as a 1352:Hubble Space Telescope 1323: 1002:Saint-Pierre-du-Perray 899: 845: 750:UBV photometric system 705: 536:intrinsic brightnesses 34:. For other uses, see 7567:Projects and missions 7249:European Space Agency 6116:Space Solar Telescope 4456:Astrophysical Journal 4203:Astrophysical Journal 3399:Astrophysical Journal 3174:Millennium Star Atlas 2432:1.5 parsecs (pc) 2265:mass–radius relation 2249:Delta Scuti variables 2204:initial mass function 2129:gravitational lensing 2085: 2049:Millennium Star Atlas 2022:European Space Agency 1994: 1816:Hipparcos Catalogue: 1642:effective temperature 1626:Delta Scuti variables 1348:charge-coupled device 1317: 979:European Space Agency 896: 842: 699: 692:Satellite and payload 646:European Space Agency 554:. When combined with 528:European Space Agency 334:Reference system 159:Spacecraft properties 8589:Orbital launches in 8167:European Robotic Arm 8011:Sentinel-5 Precursor 7189:List of planetariums 6086:NRO donation to NASA 4613:Astronomical Journal 4350:Astronomical Journal 4091:Astronomical Journal 4000:Astronomical Journal 3943:Astronomical Journal 3520:Astronomical Journal 3514:Reid, I. N. (1998). 2721:. N2YO. 16 June 2015 2540:improve this section 2438:and the distance of 1753:Published catalogues 1680:improve this section 1554:improve this section 1435:improve this section 1283:general relativistic 1226:improve this section 935:improve this section 883:astrometric binaries 8492:Future missions in 7538:European Space Camp 7269:Guiana Space Centre 6885:(Mission completed) 5170:Radio and Microwave 5070:2022MNRAS.516.3431V 5005:2018NatAs...2..883S 4938:2019AJ....158..140B 4871:2021ApJS..254...42B 4741:2014Sci...345.1029M 4725:(6200): 1029–1032. 4688:2012AstL...38..681F 4635:2005AJ....129.1616S 4529:10.1038/nature02296 4521:2004Natur.427..326P 4478:1998ApJ...504..170P 4372:2007AJ....134..367M 4225:2005ApJ...626..844G 4170:2000MNRAS.313..209H 4113:2000AJ....119.2843C 4012:1999AJ....117.1042G 3965:1999AJ....117..354D 3912:1999Natur.402...53H 3859:1999PASP..111..881C 3785:1998MNRAS.300.1098S 3736:1998MNRAS.297..943O 3685:1998MNRAS.294L..41O 3628:1998Natur.392..471S 3583:1998MNRAS.301..149G 3532:1998AJ....115..204R 3411:1998ApJ...494..759P 3366:1998MNRAS.298..387D 3280:1997MNRAS.291..683F 2983:2000PASP..112..961B 2847:1987RMxAA..14..441G 2755:2010mhgs.book.....P 2370:planetary transits 2200:age of the Universe 2196:extra-solar planets 2065:Hipparcos Catalogue 2002:Hipparcos Catalogue 1930:Tycho 2 Catalogue: 1759: 1739:Hipparcos Catalogue 1184:Hipparcos Catalogue 1168:Hipparcos Catalogue 1160:Hipparcos Catalogue 1132:geostationary orbit 1114:, flight V33, from 1074:Saab Ericsson Space 1034:Matra Marconi Space 995:Thales Alenia Space 983:Matra Marconi Space 857:, and the object's 811:astronomical seeing 735:Hipparcos Catalogue 583:follow-up mission, 565:Hipparcos Catalogue 552:tangential velocity 540:apparent brightness 353:Geostationary orbit 180:Matra Marconi Space 144:2.5 years (planned) 45: 18:Hipparcos Catalogue 8342:Ceres Polar Lander 8177:Telecommunications 6822:Suzaku (Astro-EII) 6647:OAO-3 (Copernicus) 6631:Mikhailo Lomonosov 6479:Hinotori (Astro-A) 6081:New Worlds Mission 2659:Spaceflight portal 2361:orbits and masses 2257:stellar kinematics 2151:stellar kinematics 2096: 2078:Scientific results 2045:Tycho-1 Catalogues 1998: 1757: 1634:photometric system 1600:, and designated H 1324: 1279:stellar aberration 1275:special relativity 1128:apogee boost motor 1126:(GTO), the Mage-2 1042:Oerlikon-Contraves 900: 846: 706: 558:measurements from 329:Orbital parameters 146:4 years (achieved) 41: 9422: 9421: 8548: 8547: 8486: 8485: 8104: 8103: 7886:Earth observation 7716:Comet Interceptor 7707:Rosalind Franklin 7679:Trace Gas Orbiter 7630:Planetary science 7556: 7555: 7469:Science Programme 7215: 7214: 7113:SIM & SIMlite 6487:Hisaki (SPRINT-A) 6447:Hakucho (CORSA-b) 6001:Astro-1 Telescope 5827: 5826: 4666:Astronomy Letters 4515:(6972): 326–328. 3622:(6675): 471–473. 3238:978-0-521-51489-7 3211:978-1-4020-6341-1 3183:978-0-933346-83-3 3131:978-92-9092-399-2 2602:Lennart Lindegren 2576: 2575: 2568: 2255:studies of local 2243:Cepheid variables 2168:globular clusters 2160:galactic rotation 2140:stellar evolution 2136:stellar structure 2113:Tycho-2 Catalogue 2034:Tycho-2 Catalogue 1989: 1988: 1869:Tycho Catalogue: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1648:Radial velocities 1618:Cepheid variables 1590: 1589: 1582: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1058:British Aerospace 971: 970: 963: 758:Tycho-2 Catalogue 710:Schmidt telescope 574:Tycho-2 Catalogue 522:was a scientific 515: 514: 431:Schmidt telescope 356: 16:(Redirected from 9474: 9457:Space telescopes 8962:DFS Kopernikus 1 8646:Intelsat VA F-15 8594: 8593: 8592: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8552: 8551: 8538: 8537: 8526: 8514: 8513: 8502: 8501: 8478:Schiaparelli EDM 8337:Calathus Mission 8161:Georges Lemaître 8119:ISS contribution 7578: 7577: 7562: 7561: 7257: 7256: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7205: 7204: 7004: 7000:Hitomi (Astro-H) 6996: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6932: 6924: 6905: 6897: 6886: 6874: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6834: 6826: 6818: 6810: 6802: 6794: 6786: 6778: 6770: 6762: 6754: 6746: 6738: 6730: 6722: 6714: 6706: 6651: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6571: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6250: 6242: 6234: 6226: 6218: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6178: 6170: 6162: 6154: 6146: 5979: 5971: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5939: 5931: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5867: 5859: 5851: 5843: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5772: 5764: 5756: 5748: 5737:or unclassified) 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5502: 5494: 5486: 5482:Hinode (Solar-B) 5478: 5470: 5462: 5454: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5373:Hinode (Solar-B) 5369: 5361: 5353: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5313: 5305: 5296: 5288: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5222: 5214: 5206: 5198: 5190: 5182: 5166: 5165: 5155:Space telescopes 5148: 5141: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5092: 5091: 5081: 5063: 5054:(3): 3431–3446. 5039: 5033: 5032: 4998: 4983:Nature Astronomy 4974: 4968: 4967: 4949: 4931: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4882: 4864: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4799: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4734: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4681: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4628: 4626:astro-ph/0412093 4619:(3): 1616–1624. 4608: 4602: 4601: 4575: 4573:astro-ph/0409362 4555: 4549: 4548: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4471: 4469:astro-ph/9803233 4451: 4445: 4444: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4408:on 11 April 2012 4398: 4392: 4391: 4365: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4271: 4269:astro-ph/0409579 4251: 4245: 4244: 4218: 4216:astro-ph/0503306 4198: 4192: 4191: 4181: 4163: 4161:astro-ph/9812404 4139: 4133: 4132: 4106: 4104:astro-ph/0003087 4097:(6): 2843–2865. 4086: 4080: 4079: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4006:(2): 1042–1055. 3991: 3985: 3984: 3958: 3956:astro-ph/9809227 3938: 3932: 3931: 3905: 3903:astro-ph/9911041 3885: 3879: 3878: 3852: 3850:astro-ph/9904268 3843:(761): 881–885. 3832: 3826: 3825: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3779:(4): 1098–1104. 3764: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3729: 3727:astro-ph/9802034 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3678: 3676:astro-ph/9801093 3654: 3648: 3647: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3594: 3576: 3574:astro-ph/9805127 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3465:astro-ph/9707253 3447: 3441: 3440: 3422: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3377: 3359: 3357:astro-ph/9710077 3335: 3329: 3328: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3273: 3271:astro-ph/9706293 3249: 3243: 3242: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2977:(773): 961–965. 2966: 2960: 2959: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2880: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2623:Francois Mignard 2606:Lund Observatory 2590:Michael Perryman 2571: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2520: 2512: 2457: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2345:study of nearby 2333:gamma-ray bursts 2308:Lutz–Kelker bias 2278:Wolf–Rayet stars 2190:; the masses of 2180:Earth's rotation 2144:asteroseismology 2053:visual magnitude 2018:Tycho Catalogues 1953:≈150 per sq deg 1760: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1660: 1652: 1636:, important for 1622:RR Lyr variables 1585: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1534: 1526: 1466: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1415: 1407: 1336:Very Large Array 1257: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1206: 1198: 966: 959: 955: 952: 946: 915: 907: 765:celestial sphere 582: 505: 406: 405: 362:Perigee altitude 351: 338:Geocentric orbit 229:Start of mission 141:Mission duration 122: 113: 112: 106: 53: 46: 40: 21: 9482: 9481: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9406: 9365: 9356:Molniya-3 No.46 9307: 9303:Intelsat VI F-2 9259: 9255:Gorizont No.31L 9236:Molniya-1 No.69 9191:Resurs-F1 No.48 9153: 9082: 9050:Resurs-F1 No.47 9035:Gorizont No.27L 9025:Nadezhda No.403 9013: 9009:Resurs-F1 No.46 8972:Molniya-3 No.45 8941: 8916:Resurs-F1 No.45 8872: 8831: 8741: 8717:Molniya-1 No.84 8655: 8636:Gorizont No.29L 8601: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8579: 8549: 8544: 8482: 8451: 8319: 8313: 8294:LISA Pathfinder 8251: 8249: 8242: 8172: 8155:Albert Einstein 8143:Johannes Kepler 8100: 7881: 7739: 7737: 7730: 7625: 7569: 7552: 7511: 7490: 7378: 7357: 7306: 7284:Launch vehicles 7278: 7251: 7246: 7216: 7211: 7193: 7179:X-ray telescope 7152: 7034:Constellation-X 7007: 7002: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6954: 6946: 6938: 6930: 6922: 6908: 6903: 6895: 6884: 6883: 6877: 6872: 6870:Yokoh (Solar-A) 6864: 6856: 6848: 6840: 6838:Tenma (Astro-B) 6832: 6824: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6792: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6712: 6704: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6599:LISA Pathfinder 6593: 6585: 6577: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6455:HALCA (MUSES-B) 6449: 6441: 6433: 6431:Ginga (Astro-C) 6425: 6417: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6385: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6297: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6150:Akari (Astro-F) 6144: 6130: 5982: 5977: 5969: 5961: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5823: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5736: 5735:Other (particle 5730: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5629: 5621: 5613: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5573: 5565: 5545: 5540: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5452: 5436: 5431: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5294: 5286: 5270: 5265: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5225: 5220: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5157: 5152: 5100: 5095: 5040: 5036: 4989:(11): 883–886. 4975: 4971: 4908: 4904: 4841: 4837: 4776: 4772: 4715: 4711: 4672:(11): 681–693. 4662: 4658: 4609: 4605: 4556: 4552: 4505: 4501: 4452: 4448: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4346: 4342: 4305: 4301: 4252: 4248: 4199: 4195: 4140: 4136: 4087: 4083: 4060: 4056: 4033: 4029: 3992: 3988: 3939: 3935: 3896:(6757): 53–55. 3886: 3882: 3833: 3829: 3806: 3802: 3765: 3761: 3706: 3702: 3655: 3651: 3612: 3608: 3553: 3549: 3512: 3508: 3485: 3481: 3448: 3444: 3395: 3391: 3336: 3332: 3309: 3305: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3118: 3114: 3091: 3087: 3064: 3060: 3037: 3033: 3010: 3006: 2967: 2963: 2940: 2936: 2925: 2921: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2741: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2699:on 16 June 2015 2696: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2580:Pierre Lacroute 2572: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2537: 2521: 2510: 2494:Beta Pictoris b 2478: 2470: 2464: 2453: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2434:as measured by 2429: 2427: 2412: 2377:and thick disk 2347:OB associations 2306:confirming the 2184:Chandler wobble 2134:constraints on 2080: 2032:programme, the 1969:≈25 per sq deg 1961:≈50 per sq deg 1755: 1720:radial velocity 1712: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1677: 1661: 1650: 1644:determination. 1607: 1603: 1586: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1551: 1535: 1524: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1432: 1416: 1405: 1295: 1293:Reference frame 1258: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1223: 1207: 1196: 1194:Data reductions 1151: 1030:Friedrichshafen 967: 956: 950: 947: 932: 916: 905: 867:standard errors 831:the continuous 803: 754:Tycho Catalogue 742:photomultiplier 723:photomultiplier 719:image dissector 694: 618: 580: 570:Tycho Catalogue 556:radial velocity 506: 401: 372:Apogee altitude 350: 284:Entered service 249:Ariane 44LP H10 178: 145: 107: 102: 79: 56: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9480: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9420: 9419: 9415:Crewed flights 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9278: 9273: 9267: 9265: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9246:Interkosmos 24 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9176: 9171: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9124:Resurs-F2 No.4 9121: 9112: 9096: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8955: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8926: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8764: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8737:Meteor-2 No.22 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8596: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8555: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8357:Darwin Mission 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8303: 8302:(2019–present) 8297: 8291: 8285: 8284:(2013–present) 8279: 8278:(2009–present) 8273: 8267: 8266:(2001–present) 8261: 8254: 8252: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8239:(2016–present) 8234: 8229: 8228:(2014–present) 8223: 8222:(2011–present) 8217: 8216:(2010–present) 8211: 8210:(2008–present) 8205: 8204:(2005–present) 8199: 8198:(2001–present) 8193: 8187: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8149:Edoardo Amaldi 8146: 8140: 8139:(2010–present) 8134: 8128: 8127:(2008–present) 8122: 8121:(1998–present) 8115: 8113: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8090: 8082: 8074: 8066: 8058: 8050: 8036: 8028: 8020: 8019:(2018–present) 8014: 8013:(2017–present) 8008: 8007:(2016–present) 7994: 7993:(2015–present) 7976: 7975:(2014–present) 7962: 7961:(2013–present) 7956: 7955:(2010–present) 7950: 7949:(2009–present) 7944: 7938: 7937:(2006–present) 7932: 7926: 7920: 7919:(2002–present) 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7895:(1988–present) 7889: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7871: 7863: 7855: 7847: 7839: 7838:(2023–present) 7833: 7832:(2021–present) 7827: 7826:(2019–present) 7821: 7820:(2013–present) 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7796:(2002–present) 7791: 7790:(1999–present) 7785: 7779: 7773: 7772:(1990–present) 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7720: 7712: 7703: 7695: 7689: 7688:(2018–present) 7683: 7682:(2016–present) 7674: 7668: 7658: 7657:(2003–present) 7652: 7646: 7640: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7615: 7614:(2020–present) 7609: 7603: 7602:(1995–present) 7597: 7591: 7584: 7582: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7528:ESA Television 7525: 7519: 7517: 7516:Related topics 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7362:Communications 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7253: 7252: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7222: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6989: 6981: 6973: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6889: 6887: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6867: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6795: 6787: 6779: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6644: 6636: 6628: 6620: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6580: 6572: 6564: 6556: 6548: 6540: 6532: 6524: 6516: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6436: 6428: 6420: 6412: 6404: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6340: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6311:Compton (CGRO) 6308: 6300: 6292: 6284: 6276: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6243: 6238:ASCA (Astro-D) 6235: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6147: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6036:Hypertelescope 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6016:Fresnel Imager 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5972: 5964: 5956: 5948: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5916: 5908: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5813: 5805: 5797: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5740: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5672: 5664: 5659:Max Valier Sat 5656: 5648: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5595:HXMT (Insight) 5592: 5587:Einstein Probe 5584: 5576: 5571:Chandra (AXAF) 5568: 5559: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5455: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5370: 5362: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5330: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5302:constellation 5297: 5289: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5260: 5252: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5207: 5199: 5191: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5098:External links 5096: 5094: 5093: 5034: 4969: 4902: 4835: 4770: 4709: 4656: 4643:10.1086/427860 4603: 4566:(3): 887–894. 4550: 4499: 4486:10.1086/306077 4462:(1): 170–191. 4446: 4419: 4393: 4380:10.1086/518242 4356:(1): 367–375. 4340: 4319:(2): 783–788. 4299: 4262:(1): 165–186. 4246: 4233:10.1086/430250 4209:(2): 844–848. 4193: 4154:(2): 209–216. 4134: 4121:10.1086/301409 4081: 4054: 4027: 4021:10.1086/300723 3986: 3973:10.1086/300682 3949:(1): 354–399. 3933: 3880: 3867:10.1086/316395 3827: 3800: 3759: 3720:(3): 943–952. 3700: 3669:(3): L41–L46. 3649: 3606: 3567:(1): 149–160. 3547: 3541:10.1086/300167 3526:(1): 204–228. 3506: 3479: 3442: 3429:10.1086/305238 3420:10.1.1.44.7051 3405:(2): 759–767. 3389: 3350:(2): 387–394. 3330: 3303: 3264:(4): 683–693. 3244: 3237: 3217: 3210: 3189: 3182: 3164: 3137: 3130: 3112: 3085: 3058: 3031: 3004: 2991:10.1086/316598 2961: 2934: 2919: 2892: 2859: 2821: 2793: 2778: 2771: 2732: 2710: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2662: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2618: 2615:Adriaan Blaauw 2612: 2609: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2574: 2573: 2556:September 2012 2524: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2477: 2476:Hipparcos-Gaia 2474: 2466:Main article: 2463: 2460: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2284: 2276:kinematics of 2273: 2272: 2270:Hyades cluster 2266: 2259: 2252: 2251: 2247:the nature of 2245: 2208:star formation 2202:; the stellar 2172: 2171: 2147: 2132: 2079: 2076: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1901:25 per sq deg 1899: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1864:V=7.3–9.0 mag 1862: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1848:≈3 per sq deg 1846: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1779:1989.8–1993.2 1777: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1754: 1751: 1714: 1713: 1696:September 2012 1664: 1662: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1605: 1601: 1596:, specific to 1588: 1587: 1570:September 2012 1538: 1536: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1479:multiple stars 1469: 1468: 1451:September 2012 1419: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1356:Earth rotation 1294: 1291: 1260: 1259: 1242:September 2012 1210: 1208: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1180:spectral types 1176:spectral types 1150: 1147: 1112:launch vehicle 969: 968: 951:September 2012 919: 917: 910: 904: 901: 891: 890: 886: 874: 837: 836: 829: 821: 818: 802: 799: 740:An additional 693: 690: 662:proper motions 617: 614: 544:proper motions 513: 512: 498: 497: 494: 493: 487: 483: 482: 477: 473: 472: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 454: 450: 449: 446: 442: 441: 438: 434: 433: 428: 424: 423: 422:Main telescope 419: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 384: 378: 377: 374: 368: 367: 364: 358: 357: 345: 341: 340: 335: 331: 330: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 308:decommissioned 306: 302: 301: 300:End of mission 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 257: 253: 252: 246: 242: 241: 235: 231: 230: 226: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 124: 115: 114: 100: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 74: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9479: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9425: 9416: 9409: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9298:Meteor-3 No.4 9296: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8978:Okean-O1 No.4 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8595: 8584: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8564: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8541: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8489: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8316: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8250:demonstrators 8245: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7736:Astronomy and 7733: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7672: 7671:Venus Express 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7612:Solar Orbiter 7610: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581:Solar physics 7579: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7479:Cosmic Vision 7477: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7208: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7001: 6998: 6993: 6990: 6985: 6982: 6977: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6942: 6937: 6934: 6929: 6926: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6902: 6899: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6871: 6868: 6863: 6860: 6855: 6852: 6847: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6831: 6830:Taiyo (SRATS) 6828: 6823: 6820: 6815: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6791: 6788: 6783: 6780: 6775: 6772: 6767: 6764: 6759: 6756: 6751: 6748: 6743: 6740: 6735: 6732: 6727: 6724: 6719: 6716: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6648: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6632: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6616: 6613: 6608: 6605: 6600: 6597: 6592: 6589: 6584: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6568: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6552: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6536: 6533: 6528: 6525: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6509: 6504: 6501: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6456: 6453: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6437: 6432: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6416: 6413: 6408: 6405: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6376: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6360: 6357: 6352: 6349: 6344: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6328: 6325: 6320: 6317: 6312: 6309: 6304: 6301: 6296: 6293: 6288: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6191: 6188: 6183: 6180: 6175: 6172: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6148: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5976: 5973: 5968: 5965: 5960: 5957: 5952: 5949: 5944: 5941: 5936: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5917: 5912: 5911:Solar-C EUVST 5909: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5853: 5848: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5817: 5814: 5809: 5808:Solar Orbiter 5806: 5801: 5798: 5793: 5790: 5785: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5724: 5721: 5716: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5692: 5689: 5684: 5681: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5652: 5649: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5617: 5612: 5609: 5604: 5601: 5596: 5593: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5577: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5539: 5536: 5531: 5528: 5523: 5522:Solar Orbiter 5520: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5427: 5422: 5419: 5414: 5411: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5374: 5371: 5366: 5363: 5358: 5355: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5339: 5334: 5331: 5326: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5290: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5253: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5219: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5192: 5187: 5186:Solar Orbiter 5184: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3920:10.1038/46980 3917: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636:10.1038/33096 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2772:9783642116018 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2737: 2720: 2714: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2649: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2559: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2525:This section 2523: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486:proper motion 2483: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2450:, which gave 2449: 2437: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2375:Galactic halo 2372: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313:refining the 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282:runaway stars 2279: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2164:runaway stars 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2075: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2003: 1993: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1811:±0.25 mas/yr 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1729:proper motion 1725: 1724:Doppler shift 1721: 1710: 1707: 1699: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1665:This section 1663: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1599: 1595: 1584: 1581: 1573: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1539:This section 1537: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1420:This section 1418: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1290: 1288: 1287:PPN formalism 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1256: 1253: 1245: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1211:This section 1209: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:Carl Zeiss AG 1003: 998: 996: 992: 991:Alenia Spazio 988: 984: 980: 976: 965: 962: 954: 944: 940: 936: 930: 929: 925: 920:This section 918: 914: 909: 908: 895: 887: 884: 880: 875: 872: 868: 864: 863:least squares 860: 859:proper motion 856: 852: 848: 847: 841: 834: 830: 827: 822: 819: 816: 812: 808: 807: 806: 798: 796: 792: 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 711: 703: 698: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660:, and annual 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 635:gravitational 632: 628: 623: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 587: 579: 575: 571: 567: 566: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 520: 510: 504: 499: 495: 492: 488: 484: 481: 478: 474: 469: 465: 461: 458: 457:visible light 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 432: 429: 425: 420: 416: 412: 408: 399: 396:636.9 minutes 395: 393: 389: 385: 383: 379: 375: 373: 369: 365: 363: 359: 354: 349: 346: 342: 339: 336: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 279: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 240: 236: 232: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 176:Alenia Spazio 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 153: 149: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 125: 123: 116: 111: 105: 101: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 52: 47: 44: 37: 33: 19: 9424: 9414: 9392:Progress M-2 9387:Gran' No.36L 9328: 9280: 9178: 9144:Marco Polo 1 9139:Progress M-1 9098: 9004:Globus No.11 8976: 8883: 8858:Gran' No.33L 8766: 8527: 8516: 8503: 8493: 8402:Lunar Lander 8320:and proposed 8305: 8092: 8084: 8076: 8068: 8060: 8052: 8044: 8038: 8030: 8022: 7873: 7865: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7763: 7722: 7714: 7706: 7697: 7678: 7655:Mars Express 7617: 7495:Predecessors 7474:Horizon 2000 7055: 7038: 6882:Hibernating 6634:(2016–2019?) 6518: 6177:(1962, 1964) 6071:Nano-JASMINE 5895:NEO Surveyor 5819:(since 2006) 5811:(since 2020) 5803:(since 1995) 5795:(since 2019) 5787:(since 2017) 5779:(since 2008) 5771:(since 2015) 5763:(since 2015) 5755:(since 2011) 5747:(since 1997) 5726:(since 1999) 5718:(since 2024) 5710:(since 2023) 5702:(since 2022) 5694:(since 2012) 5686:(since 2017) 5678:(since 2018) 5670:(since 2009) 5662:(since 2017) 5654:(since 2004) 5646:(since 2024) 5638:(since 2019) 5630:(since 2021) 5622:(since 2020) 5614:(since 2008) 5606:(since 2002) 5598:(since 2017) 5590:(since 2024) 5582:(since 2015) 5574:(since 1999) 5566:(since 2015) 5541:(since 2004) 5533:(since 2006) 5525:(since 2020) 5517:(since 2008) 5509:(since 1995) 5501:(since 2010) 5493:(since 2013) 5485:(since 2006) 5477:(since 2021) 5469:(since 2015) 5461:(since 2022) 5453:(since 2023) 5432:(since 2018) 5424:(since 2004) 5416:(since 2008) 5408:(since 1995) 5400:(since 2010) 5392:(since 2001) 5384:(since 2013) 5376:(since 2006) 5368:(since 1990) 5360:(since 2005) 5352:(since 2013) 5344:(since 2021) 5336:(since 2023) 5328:(since 2015) 5320:(since 2019) 5312:(since 2021) 5304:(since 2013) 5295:(since 2015) 5287:(since 2018) 5266:(since 2009) 5258:(since 2008) 5250:(since 2001) 5242:(since 2022) 5221:(since 2024) 5213:(since 1994) 5205:(since 2018) 5197:(since 2006) 5189:(since 2020) 5181:(since 2018) 5051: 5047: 5037: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4406:the original 4396: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3227: 3220: 3201: 3173: 3167: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3121: 3115: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3017: 3013: 3007: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2883:. Retrieved 2874: 2850:. Retrieved 2838: 2834: 2824: 2812:. Retrieved 2790:. XIIIB: 63. 2787: 2781: 2745: 2723:. Retrieved 2713: 2701:. Retrieved 2694:the original 2681: 2562: 2553: 2538:Please help 2526: 2479: 2471: 2435: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2353:Solar System 2261:testing the 2234: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2192:brown dwarfs 2188:white dwarfs 2175: 2173: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1747: 1738: 1733: 1717: 1702: 1693: 1678:Please help 1666: 1597: 1591: 1576: 1567: 1552:Please help 1540: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1475:double stars 1472: 1457: 1448: 1433:Please help 1421: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1346:stars using 1343: 1342:relative to 1325: 1319: 1307: 1296: 1267: 1263: 1248: 1239: 1224:Please help 1212: 1188: 1183: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1100: 1098: 999: 987:EADS Astrium 974: 972: 957: 948: 933:Please help 921: 804: 777: 762: 753: 739: 734: 707: 682:trigonometry 673: 639: 619: 606:trigonometry 597: 591: 584: 577: 569: 564: 563: 560:spectroscopy 518: 517: 516: 508: 471:Transponders 445:Focal length 202:Payload mass 172:Manufacturer 73:Mission type 42: 9402:Kosmos 2054 9397:Kosmos 2053 9361:Kosmos 2052 9346:Kosmos 2051 9341:Kosmos 2050 9319:Kosmos 2049 9276:Kosmos 2048 9271:Kosmos 2047 9241:Kosmos 2046 9226:Kosmos 2045 9221:Kosmos 2044 9216:Kosmos 2043 9212:Kosmos 2042 9208:Kosmos 2041 9204:Kosmos 2040 9200:Kosmos 2039 9196:Kosmos 2038 9149:Kosmos 2037 9134:Kosmos 2036 9094:Kosmos 2035 9078:Kosmos 2034 9073:Kosmos 2033 9068:Kosmos 2032 9063:Kosmos 2031 9045:Kosmos 2030 9030:Kosmos 2029 8999:Kosmos 2028 8989:Kosmos 2027 8967:Kosmos 2026 8958:Superbird-A 8953:Kosmos 2025 8937:Kosmos 2024 8933:Kosmos 2023 8929:Kosmos 2022 8911:Kosmos 2021 8906:Kosmos 2020 8896:Kosmos 2019 8868:Foton No.5L 8863:Kosmos 2018 8853:Kosmos 2017 8848:Kosmos 2016 8822:Kosmos 2015 8818:Kosmos 2014 8814:Kosmos 2013 8810:Kosmos 2012 8806:Kosmos 2011 8802:Kosmos 2010 8798:Kosmos 2009 8794:Kosmos 2008 8789:Kosmos 2007 8784:Progress 41 8779:Kosmos 2006 8753:Kosmos 2005 8732:Kosmos 2004 8722:Kosmos 2003 8707:Kosmos 2002 8702:Kosmos 2001 8697:Kosmos 2000 8692:Kosmos 1999 8688:Kosmos 1998 8684:Kosmos 1997 8680:Kosmos 1996 8676:Kosmos 1995 8672:Kosmos 1994 8667:Progress 40 8651:Kosmos 1993 8641:Kosmos 1992 8631:Kosmos 1991 8626:Kosmos 1990 8621:Kosmos 1989 8617:Kosmos 1988 8613:Kosmos 1987 8540:WikiProject 8412:MarcoPolo-R 8362:Don Quijote 8332:Ariane 5 ME 8296:(2015–2017) 8226:Galileo FOC 8220:Galileo IOV 8192:(1989–1993) 8131:Jules Verne 8112:spaceflight 7943:(2009–2013) 7931:(2003–2007) 7929:Double Star 7925:(2002–2012) 7913:(1995–2011) 7907:(1991–2000) 7901:(1977–1997) 7814:(2009–2013) 7808:(2009–2013) 7784:(1995–1998) 7766:(1989–1993) 7760:(1983–1986) 7754:(1978–1996) 7748:(1975–1982) 7686:BepiColombo 7673:(2005–2014) 7667:(2004–2016) 7651:(2003–2006) 7645:(1997–2005) 7639:(1985–1992) 7608:(2000–2024) 7596:(1990–2009) 7590:(1977–1987) 7523:Arianespace 6995:(2014–2015) 6947:(2012–2013) 6913:Lost/Failed 6904:(1998–2010) 6896:(1998–2005) 6873:(1991–2001) 6865:(2001–2010) 6849:(1970–1973) 6841:(1983–1985) 6833:(1975–1980) 6825:(2005–2015) 6817:(2003–2020) 6809:(2011–2019) 6801:(1979–1985) 6793:(1975–1979) 6785:(1972–1973) 6777:(1992–2004) 6769:(1995–2012) 6761:(1990–1999) 6753:(2002–2018) 6745:(1983–1984) 6737:(2009–2013) 6721:(2006–2016) 6650:(1972–1981) 6642:(1968–1973) 6626:(1996–1997) 6618:(2003–2019) 6610:(2015–2017) 6602:(2015–2017) 6594:(1997–2002) 6586:(1990–2001) 6578:(2009–2018) 6570:(1996–2004) 6562:(1978–1996) 6554:(1996–1998) 6546:(1995–1996) 6522:(1989–1993) 6514:(2000–2008) 6506:(1979–1981) 6498:(1978–1982) 6490:(2013–2023) 6482:(1981–1991) 6474:(2009–2013) 6466:(1977–1979) 6458:(1997–2005) 6450:(1979–1985) 6442:(1989–1998) 6434:(1987–1991) 6426:(1990–1992) 6418:(2003–2013) 6410:(1987–2001) 6402:(1999–2007) 6394:(1992–2001) 6386:(1983–1986) 6375:Explorer 11 6346:(2017–2019) 6338:(1989–1993) 6330:(1975–1982) 6322:(2006–2013) 6314:(1991–2000) 6306:(2003–2008) 6298:(1996–2003) 6290:(1974–1976) 6282:(1983–1991) 6241:(1993–2000) 6233:(1973–1974) 6225:(2017–2019) 6217:(1979–1982) 6209:(1974–1980) 6201:(1971–1972) 6193:(1967–1969) 6169:(1962–1972) 6161:(1993–2005) 6153:(2006–2011) 6145:(2007–2024) 5442:Ultraviolet 4435:: L71–L74. 4070:: 295–298. 4043:: 121–140. 3816:: 506–518. 3495:: 949–958. 3319:: 827–830. 3153:: L27–L30. 3101:: L57–L60. 3074:: L61–L64. 3047:: L53–L56. 3020:: L49–L52. 2950:: 620–633. 2456:1.2 pc 2444:1.2 pc 2359:binary star 2357:studies of 2339:strategies 2331:the use of 2280:and O-type 2263:white dwarf 2156:spiral arms 1985:V≈11.0 mag 1977:V≈11.5 mag 1925:V≈10.0 mag 1917:V≈10.5 mag 1909:V≈11.5 mag 1856:V≈12.4 mag 889:undertaken. 851:barycentric 813:due to the 746:astrometric 714:unvignetted 702:micrometres 453:Wavelengths 402:Revolution 382:Inclination 313:Deactivated 287:August 1989 278:Arianespace 256:Launch site 234:Launch date 186:Launch mass 81:observatory 77:Astrometric 9431:Categories 9180:Soyuz TM-8 9174:Himawari 4 9040:Olympus F1 8762:Meteosat 4 8427:Phootprint 8407:Marco Polo 8248:Technology 8078:MetOp-SG-B 8070:MetOp-SG-A 8046:Sentinel-4 8017:ADM-Aeolus 7997:Sentinel-3 7979:Sentinel-2 7965:Sentinel-1 7893:Copernicus 7788:XMM-Newton 7606:Cluster II 7412:Copernicus 7383:Programmes 7311:Facilities 7261:Spaceports 6854:Vanguard 3 6166:Alouette 1 6006:AstroSat-2 5723:XMM-Newton 5239:James Webb 5061:2111.03676 4996:1808.06257 4929:1811.07285 4922:(4): 140. 4862:2105.11662 4797:1811.08902 3458:: 81–120. 2674:References 2500:, such as 2498:exoplanets 2490:substellar 2384:Oort limit 2325:Gould Belt 2012:The final 2000:The final 1938:2,539,913 1885:1,052,031 1877:1,058,332 1628:, and 917 1330:networks, 1078:Gothenburg 1010:Oberkochen 815:atmosphere 801:Principles 795:gyroscopes 678:Hipparchus 666:arcseconds 658:parallaxes 631:atmosphere 616:Background 602:Hipparchus 548:parallaxes 532:astrometry 489:2-23 316:March 1999 274:Contractor 164:Spacecraft 32:Hipparchus 9437:Hipparcos 9158:September 9119:Hipparcos 8468:CryoSat-1 8442:STE-QUEST 8377:Eddington 8367:e.Deorbit 8318:Cancelled 8190:Olympus-1 8032:EarthCARE 7953:CryoSat-2 7802:(2006–13) 7778:(1992–93) 7764:Hipparcos 7738:cosmology 7057:Eddington 7012:Cancelled 6519:Hipparcos 5927:Spektr-UV 5792:Mini-EUSO 5784:ISS-CREAM 5635:Spektr-RG 5555:Gamma-ray 5450:Aditya-L1 5341:Hayabusa2 5218:Queqiao 2 5162:Operating 5088:0035-8711 5029:256718410 5021:2397-3366 4964:119437089 4956:0004-6256 4897:235187424 4889:0067-0049 4855:(2): 42. 4830:119491061 4822:0004-6361 4732:1408.6544 4704:119285733 4679:1203.4945 4412:17 August 4363:0705.3267 3437:122724497 3415:CiteSeerX 2999:121605844 2908:: 82–93. 2527:does not 2502:HR 5183 b 2436:Hipparcos 2368:HD 209458 2296:red giant 2235:Hipparcos 2227:Hipparcos 2216:Hipparcos 2176:Hipparcos 2100:Hipparcos 2092:Hipparcos 2088:Milky Way 2041:Hipparcos 2014:Hipparcos 1803:±0.6 mas 1787:J1991.25 1734:Hipparcos 1667:does not 1610:magnitude 1598:Hipparcos 1541:does not 1515:Hipparcos 1511:Hipparcos 1422:does not 1377:Hipparcos 1372:Hipparcos 1364:Hipparcos 1344:Hipparcos 1320:Hipparcos 1308:Hipparcos 1213:does not 1143:Hipparcos 1101:Hipparcos 1086:Marseille 1022:Neuchâtel 975:Hipparcos 922:does not 791:hydrazine 578:Hipparcos 524:satellite 519:Hipparcos 509:Hipparcos 486:Bandwidth 355:(planned) 167:HIPPARCOS 104:1989-062B 98:COSPAR ID 64:HIPPARCOS 43:Hipparcos 9447:Parallax 9370:December 9312:November 9250:Magion 2 9115:TV-SAT 2 8890:Magellan 8660:February 8529:Wikinews 8505:Category 8125:Columbus 8049:) (2024) 7859:ARRAKIHS 7812:Herschel 7794:INTEGRAL 7724:EnVision 7677:ExoMars 7533:EUMETSAT 7424:Columbus 7417:Sentinel 7297:Ariane 6 7292:Ariane 5 7108:Sentinel 6806:Spektr-R 6742:RELIKT-1 6583:Kristall 6471:Herschel 6295:BeppoSAX 6051:JEM-EUSO 6046:iWF-MAXI 5988:Proposed 5951:LiteBIRD 5943:Spektr-M 5675:MinXSS-2 5603:INTEGRAL 5466:Astrosat 5292:Astrosat 5231:Infrared 4765:34750246 4757:25170147 4651:15354711 4598:14842664 4537:14737161 4494:14224434 4388:14934757 4294:17804304 4241:14341982 4188:16868380 4129:16620828 3981:16098861 3601:14940616 3384:15936627 3298:17704884 2645:See also 2416:Pleiades 2289:subdwarf 1996:ecliptic 1840:118,204 1832:117,955 1824:118,218 1771:Common: 1763:Property 1594:passband 1109:Ariane 4 1105:TV-Sat 2 855:parallax 833:ecliptic 826:parallax 654:galactic 650:lobbying 511:mission 437:Diameter 305:Disposal 194:Dry mass 87:Operator 9351:Kvant 2 9287:Galileo 9264:October 8758:JCSAT-1 8727:Akebono 8606:January 8517:Commons 8494:italics 8463:Cluster 8447:THESEUS 8432:SOLARIS 8307:PROBA-3 8300:OPS-SAT 8282:PROBA-V 8276:PROBA-2 8264:PROBA-1 8214:HYLAS-1 8208:GIOVE-B 8202:GIOVE-A 8196:Artemis 8024:Biomass 7923:Envisat 7862:(2030s) 7661:Rosetta 7649:SMART-1 7643:Huygens 7594:Ulysses 7574:Science 7449:ExoMars 7439:GALILEO 7429:CryoSat 7390:Artemis 7369:ESTRACK 7274:Esrange 7157:Related 7068:FINESSE 7046:Destiny 7029:Astro-G 6992:Tsubame 6984:Astro-E 6960:ABRIXAS 6814:Spitzer 6798:Solwind 6750:R/HESSI 6710:Orion 2 6702:Orion 1 6407:Kvant-1 6303:CHIPSat 6266:Astro-2 6246:Astro-1 6222:ASTERIA 6214:Ariel 6 6206:Ariel 5 6198:Ariel 4 6190:Ariel 3 6182:Ariel 2 6174:Ariel 1 6135:Retired 6126:THESEUS 6111:Solar-D 6106:PhoENiX 5946:(2030+) 5903:JASMINE 5871:Xuntian 5839:SPHEREx 5832:Planned 5381:NEOSSat 5276:Optical 5202:Queqiao 5066:Bibcode 5001:Bibcode 4934:Bibcode 4867:Bibcode 4802:Bibcode 4790:: A72. 4737:Bibcode 4719:Science 4684:Bibcode 4631:Bibcode 4578:Bibcode 4545:4383850 4517:Bibcode 4474:Bibcode 4437:Bibcode 4368:Bibcode 4321:Bibcode 4274:Bibcode 4221:Bibcode 4166:Bibcode 4109:Bibcode 4072:Bibcode 4045:Bibcode 4008:Bibcode 3961:Bibcode 3928:2945433 3908:Bibcode 3875:8349408 3855:Bibcode 3818:Bibcode 3781:Bibcode 3732:Bibcode 3681:Bibcode 3644:4338652 3624:Bibcode 3579:Bibcode 3528:Bibcode 3497:Bibcode 3470:Bibcode 3407:Bibcode 3362:Bibcode 3321:Bibcode 3276:Bibcode 3155:Bibcode 3103:Bibcode 3076:Bibcode 3049:Bibcode 3022:Bibcode 2979:Bibcode 2952:Bibcode 2910:Bibcode 2843:Bibcode 2751:Bibcode 2725:16 June 2703:16 June 2548:removed 2533:sources 2468:Polaris 2462:Polaris 2389:ice age 1688:removed 1673:sources 1562:removed 1547:sources 1443:removed 1428:sources 1340:quasars 1234:removed 1219:sources 1062:Bristol 943:removed 928:sources 670:acronym 594:acronym 526:of the 131:Website 119:SATCAT 9382:USA-49 9377:Granat 9335:USA-48 9330:STS-33 9293:USA-47 9282:STS-34 9231:USA-46 9186:USA-45 9169:USA-44 9165:USA-43 9129:USA-42 9109:USA-41 9105:USA-40 9100:STS-28 9087:August 9058:Pion 4 9054:Pion 3 8994:USA-39 8984:USA-38 8924:Pion 2 8920:Pion 1 8901:USA-37 8885:STS-30 8843:Tele-X 8827:USA-36 8773:TDRS-4 8768:STS-29 8712:USA-35 8598:1990 → 8583:← 1988 8473:GEOS 1 8456:Failed 8422:ODINUS 8392:Hopper 8387:Hermes 8382:EXPERT 8310:(2024) 8290:(2015) 8272:(2007) 8260:(1998) 8186:(1978) 8184:GEOS 2 8169:(2021) 8163:(2014) 8157:(2013) 8151:(2012) 8145:(2011) 8137:Cupola 8133:(2008) 8097:(2027) 8089:(2025) 8081:(2025) 8073:(2025) 8065:(2025) 8057:(2025) 8054:ALTIUS 8035:(2024) 8027:(2024) 7878:(2035) 7870:(2035) 7867:Athena 7854:(2029) 7846:(2026) 7836:Euclid 7824:CHEOPS 7806:Planck 7776:Eureca 7758:EXOSAT 7727:(2031) 7719:(2029) 7711:(2028) 7702:(2024) 7694:(2023) 7665:Philae 7637:Giotto 7622:(2031) 7588:ISEE-2 7402:Aurora 7133:TAUVEX 7040:Darwin 7019:Aelita 7003:(2016) 6987:(2000) 6979:(1999) 6971:(1996) 6968:HETE-1 6963:(1999) 6955:(1965) 6939:(1976) 6931:(1970) 6923:(1966) 6857:(1959) 6774:SAMPEX 6734:Planck 6729:(2018) 6726:PicSat 6718:PAMELA 6713:(1973) 6705:(1971) 6607:MinXSS 6575:Kepler 6538:(1983) 6530:(2024) 6511:HETE-2 6503:HEAO-3 6463:HEAO-1 6439:Granat 6383:EXOSAT 6378:(1961) 6370:(2010) 6362:(2008) 6354:(1993) 6343:CXBN-2 6279:Astron 6274:(1995) 6249:(1990) 6185:(1964) 6158:ALEXIS 6101:PETREL 6061:LUVOIR 6011:EXCEDE 5978:(2035) 5970:(2035) 5967:Athena 5962:(2033) 5954:(2032) 5938:(2030) 5930:(2030) 5922:(2029) 5914:(2028) 5906:(2028) 5898:(2027) 5890:(2027) 5882:(2027) 5874:(2026) 5866:(2026) 5858:(2026) 5850:(2026) 5847:K-EUSO 5842:(2025) 5816:STEREO 5752:AMS-02 5715:XPoSat 5691:NuSTAR 5530:STEREO 5474:Hibari 5365:Hubble 5357:HiRISE 5333:Euclid 5325:DSCOVR 5317:CHEOPS 5194:STEREO 5086: 5027: 5019: 4962: 4954: 4895: 4887: 4828: 4820: 4763: 4755: 4702: 4649: 4596: 4543: 4535: 4509:Nature 4492: 4386: 4292: 4239: 4186: 4127: 3979: 3926: 3890:Nature 3873: 3754:196448 3752: 3642: 3616:Nature 3599: 3435: 3417: 3382: 3296: 3235: 3208: 3180: 3128: 2997: 2885:14 May 2852:14 May 2814:13 May 2769: 2508:People 1766:Value 1624:, 108 1620:, 186 1332:MERLIN 1300:3C 273 1120:Kourou 1094:London 1090:Dublin 1070:Leiden 1066:Bremen 1046:Zürich 1038:Vélizy 1018:Madrid 989:) and 788:newton 784:kbit/s 780:S-band 769:Z-axis 727:photon 721:tube ( 546:, and 491:kbit/s 480:S-Band 392:Period 344:Regime 264:Kourou 245:Rocket 8836:April 8746:March 8437:SPICA 8232:EGNOS 8094:FORUM 8086:SMILE 7959:Swarm 7935:MetOp 7911:ERS-2 7905:ERS-1 7851:ARIEL 7843:PLATO 7800:CoRoT 7746:Cos-B 7709:rover 7619:Vigil 7543:GEWEX 7486:Pride 7444:ELIPS 7434:EGNOS 7128:SPOrt 7123:SPICA 7103:OSO K 7098:OSO J 6952:OSO C 6936:CORSA 6928:OAO-B 6920:OAO-1 6901:TRACE 6846:Uhuru 6790:SAS-C 6782:SAS-B 6758:ROSAT 6695:OSO 8 6690:OSO 7 6685:OSO 6 6680:OSO 5 6675:OSO 4 6670:OSO 3 6665:OSO B 6660:OSO 1 6639:OAO-2 6591:LEGRI 6527:ILO-X 6423:Gamma 6415:GALEX 6367:EPOXI 6359:EPOCh 6327:Cos-B 6319:CoRoT 6254:BBXRT 6142:AGILE 6121:THEIA 6091:ORBIS 6041:ILO-1 6026:HabEx 6021:FOCAL 5996:Arcus 5959:Taiji 5919:ARIEL 5863:PLATO 5768:DAMPE 5760:CALET 5707:XRISM 5683:NICER 5651:Swift 5619:GECAM 5611:Fermi 5579:DAMPE 5563:CALET 5551:X-ray 5538:Swift 5514:SOLAR 5458:ASO-S 5421:Swift 5413:SOLAR 5309:CHASE 5300:BRITE 5255:SOLAR 5056:arXiv 5025:S2CID 4991:arXiv 4960:S2CID 4924:arXiv 4893:S2CID 4857:arXiv 4826:S2CID 4792:arXiv 4761:S2CID 4727:arXiv 4700:S2CID 4674:arXiv 4647:S2CID 4621:arXiv 4594:S2CID 4568:arXiv 4541:S2CID 4490:S2CID 4464:arXiv 4384:S2CID 4358:arXiv 4290:S2CID 4264:arXiv 4237:S2CID 4211:arXiv 4184:S2CID 4156:arXiv 4125:S2CID 4099:arXiv 3977:S2CID 3951:arXiv 3924:S2CID 3898:arXiv 3871:S2CID 3845:arXiv 3750:S2CID 3722:arXiv 3671:arXiv 3640:S2CID 3597:S2CID 3569:arXiv 3460:arXiv 3433:S2CID 3380:S2CID 3352:arXiv 3294:S2CID 3266:arXiv 2995:S2CID 2879:(PDF) 2810:. ESA 2808:(PDF) 2697:(PDF) 2690:(PDF) 2452:136.2 2440:133.5 2428:120.2 2231:Tycho 2220:Tycho 2125:2MASS 1893:6301 1795:ICRS 1393:J2000 1271:Earth 1082:Liège 1054:Delft 993:(now 985:(now 627:Earth 581:' 409:17830 386:6.84° 268:ELA-2 251:(V33) 215:watts 210:Power 126:20169 61:Names 9324:COBE 9018:July 8946:June 8591:1989 8397:LOFT 8372:EChO 8352:CSTS 8327:AIDA 8270:YES2 8062:FLEX 7947:SMOS 7941:GOCE 7875:LISA 7818:Gaia 7699:Hera 7600:SOHO 7454:FLPP 7302:Vega 7148:XIPE 7143:XEUS 7118:SNAP 7093:LOFT 7088:JDEM 7073:GEMS 7063:FAME 7051:EChO 7024:AOSO 6976:WIRE 6944:CXBN 6893:SWAS 6862:WMAP 6766:RXTE 6615:MOST 6567:IXAE 6543:IRTS 6535:IRAS 6399:FUSE 6391:EUVE 6335:COBE 6066:Lynx 6056:LUCI 5975:LISA 5935:UVEX 5887:LORD 5879:COSI 5800:SOHO 5776:IBEX 5699:LEIA 5667:MAXI 5643:SVOM 5627:IXPE 5553:and 5506:SOHO 5490:IRIS 5429:TESS 5405:SOHO 5389:Odin 5349:Gaia 5263:WISE 5247:Odin 5210:Wind 5178:NCLE 5084:ISSN 5017:ISSN 4952:ISSN 4885:ISSN 4818:ISSN 4753:PMID 4533:PMID 4414:2012 3233:ISBN 3206:ISBN 3178:ISBN 3126:ISBN 2887:2023 2854:2023 2816:2023 2767:ISBN 2727:2015 2705:2014 2667:Gaia 2531:any 2529:cite 2482:Gaia 2448:VLBI 2366:the 2337:SETI 2315:Oort 2229:and 2218:and 2206:and 2182:and 2138:and 2123:and 2098:The 2043:and 2039:The 2016:and 1671:any 1669:cite 1640:and 1545:any 1543:cite 1477:and 1426:any 1424:cite 1370:The 1334:and 1328:VLBI 1217:any 1215:cite 1099:The 1050:SRON 1014:CASA 973:The 926:any 924:cite 869:and 672:for 642:CNES 622:star 596:for 586:Gaia 476:Band 427:Type 213:295 8877:May 8288:IXV 8258:ARD 8110:ISS 7782:ISO 7752:IUE 7407:ATV 7395:ESM 7138:TPF 7083:IXO 7078:HOP 6623:MSX 6559:IUE 6551:ISO 6351:DXS 6287:ANS 6270:HUT 6259:HUT 6230:ATM 6096:OST 6031:HWO 5744:ACE 5498:SDO 5397:SDO 5284:Aoi 5074:doi 5052:516 5009:doi 4942:doi 4920:158 4875:doi 4853:254 4810:doi 4788:623 4745:doi 4723:345 4692:doi 4639:doi 4617:129 4586:doi 4564:429 4525:doi 4513:427 4482:doi 4460:504 4433:341 4376:doi 4354:134 4329:doi 4317:463 4282:doi 4260:430 4229:doi 4207:626 4174:doi 4152:313 4117:doi 4095:119 4068:355 4041:341 4016:doi 4004:117 3969:doi 3947:117 3916:doi 3894:402 3863:doi 3841:111 3814:351 3789:doi 3777:300 3740:doi 3718:297 3689:doi 3667:294 3632:doi 3620:392 3587:doi 3565:301 3536:doi 3524:115 3493:331 3456:331 3425:doi 3403:494 3370:doi 3348:298 3317:323 3284:doi 3262:291 3151:355 3099:323 3072:323 3045:323 3018:323 2987:doi 2975:112 2948:323 2906:304 2759:doi 2542:by 1682:by 1556:by 1437:by 1397:FK5 1228:by 1076:in 1060:in 1044:in 1036:in 1028:in 1016:in 1008:in 997:). 937:by 773:Sun 629:'s 542:), 404:no. 239:UTC 121:no. 91:ESA 9433:: 9248:, 9214:, 9210:, 9206:, 9202:, 9198:, 9167:, 9117:, 9107:, 9056:, 9052:, 8960:, 8935:, 8931:, 8922:, 8918:, 8820:, 8816:, 8812:, 8808:, 8804:, 8800:, 8796:, 8760:, 8690:, 8686:, 8682:, 8678:, 8674:, 8619:, 8615:, 8005:3B 8003:/ 8001:3A 7999:/ 7991:2C 7989:/ 7987:2B 7985:/ 7983:2A 7981:/ 7973:1B 7971:/ 7969:1A 7967:/ 6272:) 5082:. 5072:. 5064:. 5050:. 5046:. 5023:. 5015:. 5007:. 4999:. 4985:. 4981:. 4958:. 4950:. 4940:. 4932:. 4918:. 4914:. 4891:. 4883:. 4873:. 4865:. 4851:. 4847:. 4824:. 4816:. 4808:. 4800:. 4786:. 4782:. 4759:. 4751:. 4743:. 4735:. 4721:. 4698:. 4690:. 4682:. 4670:38 4668:. 4645:. 4637:. 4629:. 4615:. 4592:. 4584:. 4576:. 4562:. 4539:. 4531:. 4523:. 4511:. 4488:. 4480:. 4472:. 4458:. 4431:. 4382:. 4374:. 4366:. 4352:. 4327:. 4315:. 4311:. 4288:. 4280:. 4272:. 4258:. 4235:. 4227:. 4219:. 4205:. 4182:. 4172:. 4164:. 4150:. 4146:. 4123:. 4115:. 4107:. 4093:. 4066:. 4039:. 4014:. 4002:. 3998:. 3975:. 3967:. 3959:. 3945:. 3922:. 3914:. 3906:. 3892:. 3869:. 3861:. 3853:. 3839:. 3812:. 3787:. 3775:. 3771:. 3748:. 3738:. 3730:. 3716:. 3712:. 3687:. 3679:. 3665:. 3661:. 3638:. 3630:. 3618:. 3595:. 3585:. 3577:. 3563:. 3559:. 3534:. 3522:. 3518:. 3491:. 3468:. 3454:. 3431:. 3423:. 3413:. 3401:. 3378:. 3368:. 3360:. 3346:. 3342:. 3315:. 3292:. 3282:. 3274:. 3260:. 3256:. 3192:^ 3149:. 3097:. 3070:. 3043:. 3016:. 2993:. 2985:. 2973:. 2946:. 2904:. 2862:^ 2839:14 2837:. 2833:. 2796:^ 2765:. 2757:. 2735:^ 2504:. 2166:, 2074:. 1745:. 1186:. 1170:. 1118:, 731:Hz 612:. 266:, 262:, 9337:) 9333:( 9289:) 9285:( 9111:) 9103:( 8892:) 8888:( 8775:) 8771:( 8574:e 8567:t 8560:v 8043:( 7663:/ 7241:e 7234:t 7227:v 6268:( 5147:e 5140:t 5133:v 5090:. 5076:: 5068:: 5058:: 5031:. 5011:: 5003:: 4993:: 4987:2 4966:. 4944:: 4936:: 4926:: 4899:. 4877:: 4869:: 4859:: 4832:. 4812:: 4804:: 4794:: 4767:. 4747:: 4739:: 4729:: 4706:. 4694:: 4686:: 4676:: 4653:. 4641:: 4633:: 4623:: 4600:. 4588:: 4580:: 4570:: 4547:. 4527:: 4519:: 4496:. 4484:: 4476:: 4466:: 4443:. 4439:: 4416:. 4390:. 4378:: 4370:: 4360:: 4337:. 4331:: 4323:: 4296:. 4284:: 4276:: 4266:: 4243:. 4231:: 4223:: 4213:: 4190:. 4176:: 4168:: 4158:: 4131:. 4119:: 4111:: 4101:: 4078:. 4074:: 4051:. 4047:: 4024:. 4018:: 4010:: 3983:. 3971:: 3963:: 3953:: 3930:. 3918:: 3910:: 3900:: 3877:. 3865:: 3857:: 3847:: 3824:. 3820:: 3797:. 3791:: 3783:: 3756:. 3742:: 3734:: 3724:: 3697:. 3691:: 3683:: 3673:: 3646:. 3634:: 3626:: 3603:. 3589:: 3581:: 3571:: 3544:. 3538:: 3530:: 3503:. 3499:: 3476:. 3472:: 3462:: 3439:. 3427:: 3409:: 3386:. 3372:: 3364:: 3354:: 3327:. 3323:: 3300:. 3286:: 3278:: 3268:: 3241:. 3214:. 3186:. 3161:. 3157:: 3134:. 3109:. 3105:: 3082:. 3078:: 3055:. 3051:: 3028:. 3024:: 3001:. 2989:: 2981:: 2958:. 2954:: 2916:. 2912:: 2889:. 2856:. 2845:: 2818:. 2775:. 2761:: 2753:: 2729:. 2707:. 2604:( 2582:( 2569:) 2563:( 2558:) 2554:( 2550:. 2536:. 2454:± 2442:± 2430:± 1709:) 1703:( 1698:) 1694:( 1690:. 1676:. 1606:p 1602:p 1583:) 1577:( 1572:) 1568:( 1564:. 1550:. 1464:) 1458:( 1453:) 1449:( 1445:. 1431:. 1395:( 1277:( 1255:) 1249:( 1244:) 1240:( 1236:. 1222:. 964:) 958:( 953:) 949:( 945:. 931:. 885:; 704:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index