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of Russia). As of 2022, many space observatories have already completed their missions, while others continue operating on extended time. However, the future availability of space telescopes and observatories depends on timely and sufficient funding. While future space observatories are planned by
251:(STS-31). This was launched due to many efforts by Nancy Grace Roman, "mother of Hubble", who was the first Chief of Astronomy and first female executive at NASA. She was a program scientist that worked to convince NASA, Congress, and others that Hubble was "very well worth doing".
240:, "father of Hubble" proposed to put a telescope in space. Spitzer's proposal called for a large telescope that would not be hindered by Earth's atmosphere. After lobbying in the 1960s and 70s for such a system to be built, Spitzer's vision ultimately materialized into the
187:
in 1971. Space telescopes avoid several problems caused by the atmosphere, including the absorption or scattering of certain wavelengths of light, obstruction by clouds, and distortions due to atmospheric refraction such as
371:
Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space
Telescope was serviced by the
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1262:
1729:
690:"JWST Heralds a New Dawn for Exoplanet Science - The James Webb Space Telescope is opening an exciting new chapter in the study of exoplanets and the search for life beyond Earth"
469:
420:
On 16 January 2023, NASA announced preliminary considerations of several future space telescope programs, including the Great
Observatory Technology Maturation Program,
417:, scientists fear that there would be gaps in coverage that would not be covered immediately by future projects and this would affect research in fundamental science.
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is nearly impossible when done from Earth, and has reached its current importance in astronomy only due to orbiting X-ray telescopes such as the
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312:. A telescope orbiting Earth outside the atmosphere is subject neither to twinkling nor to
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of space telescopes is often much higher than a ground-based telescope with a similar
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192:. Space telescopes can also observe dim objects during the daytime, and they avoid
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Space-based astronomy is more important for frequency ranges that are outside the
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encounter. They are divided into two types: Satellites which map the entire sky (
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324:. Many larger terrestrial telescopes, however, reduce atmospheric effects with
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Wavelength sensitivity of Hubble, Webb, Roman, and other major observatories
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636:"As NASA's Telescopes Falter, Astronomers Fear Losing Their Eyes In Space"
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4032:
3188:
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3030:
2018:
1157:
1056:
898:
662:"NASA prepares next steps in development of future large space telescope"
360:
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729:
Space
Telescopes – Capturing the Rays of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
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35:
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321:
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or parts of the sky and beyond. Space telescopes are distinct from
184:
167:
in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Suggested by
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2090:
2050:
1946:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1514:
1482:
343:
that are not severely attenuated by the atmosphere. For example,
285:
observed in visible light, infrared, and X-rays by NASA's three
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1986:
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470:
Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology
4171:
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2401:
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2323:
2318:
2313:
2303:
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2098:
2058:
2010:
1970:
1962:
1562:
943:
721:"Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-terrestrial Observatory"
259:
176:
3393:
171:
in 1946, the first operational telescopes were the
American
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2736:
2694:
2667:
2587:
2178:
1578:
1270:
401:
385:
140:
5032:
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from artificial light sources on Earth. As a result, the
254:
The first operational space telescopes were the
American
376:, but most space telescopes cannot be serviced at all.
300:
on Earth is limited by the filtering and distortion of
5009:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
583:"Dr. Nancy Grace Roman (1925-2018) - NASA Science"
465:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
27:Instrument in space to study astronomical objects
5057:
379:
687:
244:, which was launched on April 24, 1990, by the
384:Satellites have been launched and operated by
4187:
3409:
2877:
783:
236:In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist
525:"Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr"
763:Space telescopes with frequencies, at GSFC.
427:
4194:
4180:
3416:
3402:
2884:
2870:
790:
776:
681:
653:
610:"Why a Telescope in Space? - NASA Science"
204:), and satellites which focus on selected
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
688:O'Callaghan, Jonthan (23 January 2023).
339:, the only two wavelength ranges of the
277:
139:
131:
4679:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
14:
5058:
4701:Psychological and sociological effects
2946:Psychological and sociological effects
633:
604:
602:
4175:
3397:
2865:
771:
659:
4155:
797:
226:other types of information gathering
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
627:
599:
24:
4410:Weather and environment monitoring
713:
25:
5097:
2818:List of proposed space telescopes
1499:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
744:
634:Kaplan, Sarah (18 October 2018).
555:Space Telescope Science Institute
533:Space Telescope Science Institute
262:launched in 1968, and the Soviet
256:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
179:launched in 1968, and the Soviet
173:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
5043:
5031:
5019:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4154:
4143:
4142:
3913:Southern African Large Telescope
3377:
3045:
2891:
2846:
2845:
750:
547:"Hubble Essentials: Quick Facts"
366:
34:
4454:Space launch market competition
4201:
1720:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
660:Foust, Jeff (16 January 2023).
424:, and New Great Observatories.
212:, which point toward Earth for
45:needs additional citations for
4691:Health threat from cosmic rays
575:
561:
539:
517:
500:"Lyman Spitzer - NASA Science"
492:
13:
1:
3423:
2828:List of heliophysics missions
485:
380:Future of space observatories
273:
264:Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope
181:Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope
422:Habitable Worlds Observatory
7:
4807:Self-replicating spacecraft
4643:International Space Station
2808:Great Observatories program
455:Earth observation satellite
438:
10:
5104:
5071:Astronomical observatories
4321:Space Liability Convention
2299:Orbiting Solar Observatory
431:
363:are also largely blocked.
298:ground-based observatories
231:
198:ground-based observatories
4977:
4944:
4897:
4849:
4735:
4684:Space adaptation syndrome
4671:
4576:
4496:
4487:
4375:
4209:
4137:
3929:
3906:Large Binocular Telescope
3871:Extremely Large Telescope
3864:Extremely large telescope
3837:
3720:
3660:
3581:
3543:
3504:
3497:
3431:
3373:
3298:
3248:
3239:
3104:
3054:
3043:
2966:
2906:
2899:
2851:Category:Space telescopes
2841:
2800:
2655:
2556:
2525:
1778:
1630:
1475:
1378:
1193:
1084:
918:
873:
812:
805:
349:Chandra X-ray Observatory
308:or twinkling) due to the
302:electromagnetic radiation
4417:Communications satellite
3878:Gran Telescopio Canarias
2813:List of space telescopes
434:List of space telescopes
428:List of space telescopes
341:electromagnetic spectrum
210:Earth imaging satellites
4921:reusable launch systems
4538:Extravehicular activity
4449:Commercial use of space
4353:Militarisation of space
4326:Registration Convention
4242:Accidents and incidents
3973:Astrology and astronomy
3683:Gravitational radiation
732:. Springer, Cham 2017,
460:List of telescope types
450:Balloon-borne telescope
4969:Mission control center
4931:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4365:Billionaire space race
3892:Hubble Space Telescope
3384:Outer space portal
2139:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
569:"The mother of hubble"
353:XMM-Newton observatory
289:
242:Hubble Space Telescope
152:
146:Hubble Space Telescope
137:
4819:Spacecraft propulsion
4269:European Space Agency
3996:Astroparticle physics
3731:Australian Aboriginal
3016:Extraterrestrial life
1760:Space Solar Telescope
759:at Wikimedia Commons·
475:Ultraviolet astronomy
281:
266:aboard space station
183:aboard space station
143:
135:
4444:Satellite navigation
3988:Astronomers Monument
3920:Very Large Telescope
3467:Astronomical symbols
2833:List of planetariums
1730:NRO donation to NASA
445:Airborne observatory
408:(later succeeded by
406:Soviet space program
206:astronomical objects
54:improve this article
5086:Uncrewed spacecraft
5066:American inventions
4829:Electric propulsion
4516:Life-support system
4400:Imagery and mapping
4360:Private spaceflight
4061:List of astronomers
3474:Astronomical object
2529:(Mission completed)
814:Radio and Microwave
695:Scientific American
413:NASA, JAXA and the
287:Great Observatories
202:astronomical survey
150:Great Observatories
4782:Robotic spacecraft
4708:Space and survival
4563:Space colonization
4459:Space architecture
4311:Outer Space Treaty
4047:Physical cosmology
3299:Other technologies
2466:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
2291:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
2275:Mikhailo Lomonosov
2123:Hinotori (Astro-A)
1725:New Worlds Mission
318:angular resolution
290:
283:Kepler's Supernova
153:
138:
5007:
5006:
4954:Flight controller
4731:
4730:
4489:Human spaceflight
4464:Space exploration
4390:Earth observation
4169:
4168:
4054:Quantum cosmology
4040:Planetary geology
3833:
3832:
3544:Celestial subject
3391:
3390:
3369:
3368:
3278:Carbonated drinks
3250:Human spaceflight
3130:of items in space
3041:
3040:
2859:
2858:
2757:SIM & SIMlite
2131:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
2091:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
1645:Astro-1 Telescope
1471:
1470:
755:Media related to
738:978-3-319-27812-4
214:satellite imaging
161:space observatory
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Space telescope"
18:Space observatory
16:(Redirected from
5093:
5076:Space telescopes
5048:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5035:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5015:
4997:
4986:
4985:
4696:Space psychology
4521:Animals in space
4494:
4493:
4474:Space technology
4316:Rescue Agreement
4196:
4189:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4162:
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4157:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4130:
4121:
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4100:
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4084:
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4075:Medieval Islamic
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3959:Astroinformatics
3954:
3947:
3940:
3938:Archaeoastronomy
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3899:Keck Observatory
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3826:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3794:Medieval Islamic
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
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3049:
2904:
2903:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2862:
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2848:
2648:
2644:Hitomi (Astro-H)
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
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2584:
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2549:
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2183:
2175:
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2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
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2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
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1487:
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1424:
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1408:
1400:
1392:
1381:or unclassified)
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1347:
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1126:Hinode (Solar-B)
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1114:
1106:
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1069:
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1029:
1021:
1017:Hinode (Solar-B)
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799:Space telescopes
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785:
778:
769:
768:
757:Space telescopes
754:
707:
706:
704:
702:
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
657:
651:
650:
648:
646:
631:
625:
624:
622:
620:
614:science.nasa.gov
606:
597:
596:
594:
593:
587:science.nasa.gov
579:
573:
572:
565:
559:
558:
543:
537:
536:
521:
515:
514:
512:
510:
504:science.nasa.gov
496:
218:weather analysis
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5081:Telescope types
5056:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5008:
5003:
4973:
4940:
4912:Escape velocity
4893:
4845:
4812:Space telescope
4765:Reentry capsule
4727:
4667:
4572:
4543:Overview effect
4526:Bioastronautics
4483:
4371:
4205:
4200:
4170:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4133:
4126:
4117:
4110:
4105:X-ray telescope
4103:
4096:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3829:
3822:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3716:
3711:Multi-messenger
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3656:
3649:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3577:
3568:
3561:
3550:
3539:
3534:Space telescope
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3392:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3365:
3294:
3235:
3100:
3050:
3037:
2962:
2895:
2890:
2860:
2855:
2837:
2823:X-ray telescope
2796:
2678:Constellation-X
2651:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2516:
2514:Yokoh (Solar-A)
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2482:Tenma (Astro-B)
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2243:LISA Pathfinder
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2099:HALCA (MUSES-B)
2093:
2085:
2077:
2075:Ginga (Astro-C)
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1794:Akari (Astro-F)
1788:
1774:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1380:
1379:Other (particle
1374:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
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1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
938:
930:
914:
909:
901:
893:
885:
869:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
801:
796:
747:
719:Lyman Spitzer,
716:
714:Further reading
711:
710:
700:
698:
686:
682:
672:
670:
658:
654:
644:
642:
632:
628:
618:
616:
608:
607:
600:
591:
589:
581:
580:
576:
571:. June 4, 2024.
567:
566:
562:
545:
544:
540:
523:
522:
518:
508:
506:
498:
497:
493:
488:
480:X-ray telescope
441:
436:
430:
382:
369:
345:X-ray astronomy
326:adaptive optics
314:light pollution
276:
234:
194:light pollution
159:(also known as
157:space telescope
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5101:
5100:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5053:
5052:
5040:
5028:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4990:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4959:Ground station
4956:
4950:
4948:
4946:Ground segment
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4879:Interplanetary
4876:
4875:
4874:
4872:Geosynchronous
4869:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4839:Gravity assist
4836:
4831:
4826:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4770:Service module
4767:
4762:
4760:Orbital module
4752:
4747:
4745:Launch vehicle
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4723:Space sexology
4720:
4715:
4713:Space medicine
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4548:Weightlessness
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4500:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4469:Space research
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4405:Reconnaissance
4402:
4397:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:European Union
4271:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3952:Astrochemistry
3948:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3885:Hale Telescope
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3631:
3624:
3618:Visible-light
3614:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3559:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3342:for spacecraft
3339:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3021:Microorganisms
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:The human body
2912:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1955:Compton (CGRO)
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1887:
1882:ASCA (Astro-D)
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Hypertelescope
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Fresnel Imager
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1303:Max Valier Sat
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1239:HXMT (Insight)
1236:
1231:Einstein Probe
1228:
1220:
1215:Chandra (AXAF)
1212:
1203:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
946:constellation
941:
933:
924:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
904:
896:
888:
879:
877:
871:
870:
868:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
818:
816:
807:
803:
802:
795:
794:
787:
780:
772:
766:
765:
760:
746:
745:External links
743:
742:
741:
726:Neil English:
724:
715:
712:
709:
708:
680:
652:
626:
598:
574:
560:
538:
516:
490:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
440:
437:
432:Main article:
429:
426:
381:
378:
368:
365:
333:optical window
275:
272:
246:Space Shuttle
233:
230:
216:, applied for
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5099:
5098:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4907:Direct ascent
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4889:Intergalactic
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:Rocket engine
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:Space capsule
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:Space nursing
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:Health issues
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Space Shuttle
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Space tourism
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
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4479:Space weather
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4343:Space command
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4338:Space warfare
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4299:United States
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4217:Astrodynamics
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4010:Constellation
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3661:Other methods
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3597:Submillimetre
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3556:Extragalactic
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3520:Observational
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3311:Manufacturing
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3084:Magnetosphere
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2474:Taiyo (SRATS)
2472:
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2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
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1956:
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1561:
1556:
1555:Solar-C EUVST
1553:
1548:
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1497:
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1474:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:Solar Orbiter
1450:
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1429:
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1421:
1418:
1413:
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1208:
1205:
1204:
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1200:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1166:Solar Orbiter
1164:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1111:
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1103:
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1023:
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1007:
1002:
999:
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991:
986:
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962:
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923:
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905:
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884:
881:
880:
878:
876:
872:
863:
860:
855:
852:
847:
844:
839:
836:
831:
830:Solar Orbiter
828:
823:
820:
819:
817:
815:
811:
808:
804:
800:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
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764:
761:
758:
753:
749:
748:
739:
735:
731:
730:
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722:
718:
717:
697:
696:
691:
684:
669:
668:
663:
656:
641:
637:
630:
615:
611:
605:
603:
588:
584:
578:
570:
564:
556:
552:
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520:
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442:
435:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
375:
374:Space Shuttle
367:Disadvantages
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:scintillation
303:
299:
295:
288:
284:
280:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
249:
243:
239:
238:Lyman Spitzer
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:Lyman Spitzer
166:
162:
158:
151:
148:, one of the
147:
142:
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2023
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5050:Solar System
4899:Space launch
4884:Interstellar
4850:Destinations
4811:
4619:Apollo–Soyuz
4568:Space diving
4553:Space toilet
4377:Applications
4294:Soviet Union
4254:Space policy
4249:Space launch
3986:
3966:Astrophysics
3945:Astrobiology
3609:Far-infrared
3563:Local system
3533:
3498:Astronomy by
3488:... in space
3375:
3355:
3263:Architecture
3147:Colonization
3121:Archaeology
2936:Neuroscience
2893:... in space
2699:
2682:
2526:Hibernating
2278:(2016–2019?)
1821:(1962, 1964)
1715:Nano-JASMINE
1539:NEO Surveyor
1463:(since 2006)
1455:(since 2020)
1447:(since 1995)
1439:(since 2019)
1431:(since 2017)
1423:(since 2008)
1415:(since 2015)
1407:(since 2015)
1399:(since 2011)
1391:(since 1997)
1370:(since 1999)
1362:(since 2024)
1354:(since 2023)
1346:(since 2022)
1338:(since 2012)
1330:(since 2017)
1322:(since 2018)
1314:(since 2009)
1306:(since 2017)
1298:(since 2004)
1290:(since 2024)
1282:(since 2019)
1274:(since 2021)
1266:(since 2020)
1258:(since 2008)
1250:(since 2002)
1242:(since 2017)
1234:(since 2024)
1226:(since 2015)
1218:(since 1999)
1210:(since 2015)
1185:(since 2004)
1177:(since 2006)
1169:(since 2020)
1161:(since 2008)
1153:(since 1995)
1145:(since 2010)
1137:(since 2013)
1129:(since 2006)
1121:(since 2021)
1113:(since 2015)
1105:(since 2022)
1097:(since 2023)
1076:(since 2018)
1068:(since 2004)
1060:(since 2008)
1052:(since 1995)
1044:(since 2010)
1036:(since 2001)
1028:(since 2013)
1020:(since 2006)
1012:(since 1990)
1004:(since 2005)
996:(since 2013)
988:(since 2021)
980:(since 2023)
972:(since 2015)
964:(since 2019)
956:(since 2021)
948:(since 2013)
939:(since 2015)
931:(since 2018)
910:(since 2009)
902:(since 2008)
894:(since 2001)
886:(since 2022)
865:(since 2024)
857:(since 1994)
849:(since 2018)
841:(since 2006)
833:(since 2020)
825:(since 2018)
798:
727:
699:. Retrieved
693:
683:
671:. Retrieved
665:
655:
643:. Retrieved
639:
629:
617:. Retrieved
613:
590:. Retrieved
586:
577:
563:
550:
541:
528:
519:
507:. Retrieved
503:
494:
419:
383:
370:
337:radio window
330:
291:
253:
247:
235:
160:
156:
154:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4857:Sub-orbital
4792:Space probe
4658:New Shepard
4636:Shuttle–Mir
4395:Archaeology
4348:Space force
4331:Moon Treaty
4203:Spaceflight
4033:Planetarium
3690:High-energy
3676:Cosmic rays
3628:Ultraviolet
3174:Exploration
3112:Advertising
3056:Environment
3031:Astrobotany
2994:Fruit flies
2639:(2014–2015)
2591:(2012–2013)
2557:Lost/Failed
2548:(1998–2010)
2540:(1998–2005)
2517:(1991–2001)
2509:(2001–2010)
2493:(1970–1973)
2485:(1983–1985)
2477:(1975–1980)
2469:(2005–2015)
2461:(2003–2020)
2453:(2011–2019)
2445:(1979–1985)
2437:(1975–1979)
2429:(1972–1973)
2421:(1992–2004)
2413:(1995–2012)
2405:(1990–1999)
2397:(2002–2018)
2389:(1983–1984)
2381:(2009–2013)
2365:(2006–2016)
2294:(1972–1981)
2286:(1968–1973)
2270:(1996–1997)
2262:(2003–2019)
2254:(2015–2017)
2246:(2015–2017)
2238:(1997–2002)
2230:(1990–2001)
2222:(2009–2018)
2214:(1996–2004)
2206:(1978–1996)
2198:(1996–1998)
2190:(1995–1996)
2166:(1989–1993)
2158:(2000–2008)
2150:(1979–1981)
2142:(1978–1982)
2134:(2013–2023)
2126:(1981–1991)
2118:(2009–2013)
2110:(1977–1979)
2102:(1997–2005)
2094:(1979–1985)
2086:(1989–1998)
2078:(1987–1991)
2070:(1990–1992)
2062:(2003–2013)
2054:(1987–2001)
2046:(1999–2007)
2038:(1992–2001)
2030:(1983–1986)
2019:Explorer 11
1990:(2017–2019)
1982:(1989–1993)
1974:(1975–1982)
1966:(2006–2013)
1958:(1991–2000)
1950:(2003–2008)
1942:(1996–2003)
1934:(1974–1976)
1926:(1983–1991)
1885:(1993–2000)
1877:(1973–1974)
1869:(2017–2019)
1861:(1979–1982)
1853:(1974–1980)
1845:(1971–1972)
1837:(1967–1969)
1813:(1962–1972)
1805:(1993–2005)
1797:(2006–2011)
1789:(2007–2024)
1086:Ultraviolet
551:Hubble Site
529:Hubble Site
361:ultraviolet
292:Performing
5060:Categories
4926:Launch pad
4917:Expendable
4867:Geocentric
4834:Solar sail
4777:Spaceplane
4737:Spacecraft
4531:Space suit
4509:commercial
4437:Television
4232:Space Race
4026:Photometry
4003:Binoculars
3980:Astrometry
3841:telescopes
3738:Babylonian
3582:EM methods
3460:Astronomer
3356:Telescopes
3241:Technology
3094:Weathering
2941:Psychology
2926:Locomotion
2498:Vanguard 3
1810:Alouette 1
1650:AstroSat-2
1367:XMM-Newton
883:James Webb
701:24 January
673:24 January
645:19 October
592:2024-06-05
486:References
310:atmosphere
274:Advantages
80:newspapers
5026:Astronomy
4936:Spaceport
4787:Satellite
4504:Astronaut
4432:Telephone
4385:Astronomy
4306:Space law
4259:Australia
4098:Telescope
3704:Spherical
3651:Gamma-ray
3620:(optical)
3425:Astronomy
3337:for Earth
3324:Batteries
3306:Logistics
3258:Accidents
3204:Christmas
3069:Corrosion
3009:Tortoises
2967:Non-human
2701:Eddington
2656:Cancelled
2163:Hipparcos
1571:Spektr-UV
1436:Mini-EUSO
1428:ISS-CREAM
1279:Spektr-RG
1199:Gamma-ray
1094:Aditya-L1
985:Hayabusa2
862:Queqiao 2
806:Operating
667:SpaceNews
619:7 January
509:7 January
410:Roscosmos
294:astronomy
270:in 1971.
248:Discovery
222:espionage
190:twinkling
165:telescope
4988:Category
4653:Tiangong
4648:Shenzhou
4577:Programs
4422:Internet
4227:Timeline
4148:Category
3857:Category
3752:Egyptian
3669:Neutrino
3604:Infrared
3552:Galactic
3527:Sidewalk
3481:Glossary
3451:Timeline
3199:Religion
3189:Military
3125:of Earth
3004:Primates
2931:Medicine
2752:Sentinel
2450:Spektr-R
2386:RELIKT-1
2227:Kristall
2115:Herschel
1939:BeppoSAX
1695:JEM-EUSO
1690:iWF-MAXI
1632:Proposed
1595:LiteBIRD
1587:Spektr-M
1319:MinXSS-2
1247:INTEGRAL
1110:Astrosat
936:Astrosat
875:Infrared
640:NDTV.com
439:See also
404:and the
357:Infrared
351:and the
335:and the
322:aperture
268:Salyut 1
185:Salyut 1
5012:Portals
4862:Orbital
4663:Artemis
4594:Voskhod
4589:Mercury
4497:General
4237:Records
4222:History
4210:General
4160:Commons
4112:history
4082:Russian
3930:Related
3839:Optical
3824:Tibetan
3808:Serbian
3801:Persian
3745:Chinese
3722:Culture
3642:History
3513:Amateur
3444:History
3437:Outline
3361:Weapons
3329:Nuclear
3290:Writing
3285:Toilets
3268:Farming
3216:Tourism
3211:Selfies
3152:Economy
3117:Alcohol
3105:Society
3089:Weather
3064:Climate
2974:Animals
2921:Hygiene
2900:Biology
2801:Related
2712:FINESSE
2690:Destiny
2673:Astro-G
2636:Tsubame
2628:Astro-E
2604:ABRIXAS
2458:Spitzer
2442:Solwind
2394:R/HESSI
2354:Orion 2
2346:Orion 1
2051:Kvant-1
1947:CHIPSat
1910:Astro-2
1890:Astro-1
1866:ASTERIA
1858:Ariel 6
1850:Ariel 5
1842:Ariel 4
1834:Ariel 3
1826:Ariel 2
1818:Ariel 1
1779:Retired
1770:THESEUS
1755:Solar-D
1750:PhoENiX
1590:(2030+)
1547:JASMINE
1515:Xuntian
1483:SPHEREx
1476:Planned
1025:NEOSSat
920:Optical
846:Queqiao
232:History
163:) is a
94:scholar
4999:Portal
4992:
4981:
4797:Lander
4750:Rocket
4614:Skylab
4609:Apollo
4599:Gemini
4584:Vostok
4289:Russia
4128:Zodiac
4068:French
3773:Indian
3766:Hebrew
3505:Manner
3333:Solar
3320:Power
3316:Mining
3221:Voting
3169:Ethics
3157:Mining
3142:Burial
3074:Debris
3026:Plants
2777:TAUVEX
2684:Darwin
2663:Aelita
2647:(2016)
2631:(2000)
2623:(1999)
2615:(1996)
2612:HETE-1
2607:(1999)
2599:(1965)
2583:(1976)
2575:(1970)
2567:(1966)
2501:(1959)
2418:SAMPEX
2378:Planck
2373:(2018)
2370:PicSat
2362:PAMELA
2357:(1973)
2349:(1971)
2251:MinXSS
2219:Kepler
2182:(1983)
2174:(2024)
2155:HETE-2
2147:HEAO-3
2107:HEAO-1
2083:Granat
2027:EXOSAT
2022:(1961)
2014:(2010)
2006:(2008)
1998:(1993)
1987:CXBN-2
1923:Astron
1918:(1995)
1893:(1990)
1829:(1964)
1802:ALEXIS
1745:PETREL
1705:LUVOIR
1655:EXCEDE
1622:(2035)
1614:(2035)
1611:Athena
1606:(2033)
1598:(2032)
1582:(2030)
1574:(2030)
1566:(2029)
1558:(2028)
1550:(2028)
1542:(2027)
1534:(2027)
1526:(2027)
1518:(2026)
1510:(2026)
1502:(2026)
1494:(2026)
1491:K-EUSO
1486:(2025)
1460:STEREO
1396:AMS-02
1359:XPoSat
1335:NuSTAR
1174:STEREO
1118:Hibari
1009:Hubble
1001:HiRISE
977:Euclid
969:DSCOVR
961:CHEOPS
838:STEREO
736:
723:, 1946
224:, and
196:which
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5038:Stars
4802:Rover
4604:Soyuz
4427:Radio
4284:Japan
4279:India
4264:China
4119:lists
4089:Women
3780:Inuit
3759:Greek
3697:Radar
3635:X-ray
3590:Radio
3570:Solar
3351:Radar
3231:Women
3194:Music
3162:Trade
2989:Frogs
2958:Sleep
2908:Human
2772:SPOrt
2767:SPICA
2747:OSO K
2742:OSO J
2596:OSO C
2580:CORSA
2572:OAO-B
2564:OAO-1
2545:TRACE
2490:Uhuru
2434:SAS-C
2426:SAS-B
2402:ROSAT
2339:OSO 8
2334:OSO 7
2329:OSO 6
2324:OSO 5
2319:OSO 4
2314:OSO 3
2309:OSO B
2304:OSO 1
2283:OAO-2
2235:LEGRI
2171:ILO-X
2067:Gamma
2059:GALEX
2011:EPOXI
2003:EPOCh
1971:Cos-B
1963:CoRoT
1898:BBXRT
1786:AGILE
1765:THEIA
1735:ORBIS
1685:ILO-1
1670:HabEx
1665:FOCAL
1640:Arcus
1603:Taiji
1563:ARIEL
1507:PLATO
1412:DAMPE
1404:CALET
1351:XRISM
1327:NICER
1295:Swift
1263:GECAM
1255:Fermi
1223:DAMPE
1207:CALET
1195:X-ray
1182:Swift
1158:SOLAR
1102:ASO-S
1065:Swift
1057:SOLAR
953:CHASE
944:BRITE
899:SOLAR
296:from
260:OAO-2
177:OAO-2
101:JSTOR
87:books
4964:Pass
4919:and
3850:List
3815:folk
3787:Maya
3273:Food
3179:Food
3079:Dust
2999:Mice
2984:Dogs
2979:Cats
2792:XIPE
2787:XEUS
2762:SNAP
2737:LOFT
2732:JDEM
2717:GEMS
2707:FAME
2695:EChO
2668:AOSO
2620:WIRE
2588:CXBN
2537:SWAS
2506:WMAP
2410:RXTE
2259:MOST
2211:IXAE
2187:IRTS
2179:IRAS
2043:FUSE
2035:EUVE
1979:COBE
1710:Lynx
1700:LUCI
1619:LISA
1579:UVEX
1531:LORD
1523:COSI
1444:SOHO
1420:IBEX
1343:LEIA
1311:MAXI
1287:SVOM
1271:IXPE
1197:and
1150:SOHO
1134:IRIS
1073:TESS
1049:SOHO
1033:Odin
993:Gaia
907:WISE
891:Odin
854:Wind
822:NCLE
734:ISBN
703:2023
675:2023
647:2018
621:2024
511:2024
415:CNSA
402:JAXA
398:CNSA
390:ISRO
386:NASA
359:and
144:The
73:news
4631:Mir
4017:IAU
3226:War
3184:Law
3137:Art
2953:Sex
2782:TPF
2727:IXO
2722:HOP
2267:MSX
2203:IUE
2195:ISO
1995:DXS
1931:ANS
1914:HUT
1903:HUT
1874:ATM
1740:OST
1675:HWO
1388:ACE
1142:SDO
1041:SDO
928:Aoi
394:ESA
56:by
5062::
3554:/
1916:)
692:.
664:.
638:.
612:.
601:^
585:.
553:.
549:.
531:.
527:.
502:.
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
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220:,
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