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acetabulum), the joint is normal, but absence of the "clunk" sound indicates that the acetabulum is not fully developed. The next method that can be used is called the Barlow maneuver. It is done by adducting the hip while pushing the thigh posteriorly. If the hip goes out of the socket it means it is dislocated, and the newborn has a congenital hip dislocation. The baby is laid on its back for examination by separation of its legs. If a clicking sound can be heard, it indicates that the baby may have a dislocated hip. It is highly recommended that these maneuvers be done when the baby is not fussing, because the baby may inhibit hip movement.. Overall, the latest evidence suggests that clinical screening tests are not sufficiently reliable for diagnosing
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developing early arthritis, sometimes even during teenage years. All treatment aims to delay the onset of arthritis, but no treatment is fully successful in avoiding it; and, all available treatments bear the risk of inflicting equivalent damage. Most unfortunately, studies have as yet been unable to find a method of predicting outcomes in either the surgical/orthopedic treatment of the condition in infants and young children, or the surgical treatment of these early treatments' negative outcomes later in life (such as arthritis, avascular necrosis, trochanteric bursitis, and
399:
391:
240:
49:
789:). Braces and splints are often used following either of these methods to continue treatment. Although some children "outgrow" untreated mild hip dysplasia and some forms of untreated dysplasia cause little or no impairment of quality of life, studies have as yet been unable to find a method of predicting outcomes. On the other hand, it has often been documented that starting treatment late leads to complications and ends in poor results.
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of the femoral head up until then, and is the most accurate method for imaging of the hip during the first few months after birth. However, in most instances, ultrasound screening should not be performed before 3 to 4 weeks of age because of the normal physiologic laxity. When universal with targeted
310:
The cause of the condition is unknown; however, some factors of congenital hip dislocation are through heredity and racial background. It is also thought that the higher rates in some ethnic groups (such as some Native
American groups) is due to the practice of swaddling of infants, which is known to
378:
which locks the hip joint in an "adducted" position (pulling the knees together tends to pull the heads of the femur bone out of the sockets or acetabulae) for extended periods. Modern swaddling techniques, such as the 'hip healthy swaddle' have been developed to relieve stress on hip joints caused
451:
In order to do the
Ortolani maneuver it is recommended that the examiner put the newborn baby in a position in which the opposite hip is held still while the thigh of the hip being tested is abducted and gently pulled anteriorly. If a "clunk" is heard (the sound of the femoral head moving over the
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of the hip at a comparatively young age. Dislocated load bearing surfaces lead to increased and unusual wear, although there are studies that contradict these findings (see). Peri-acetabular osteotomy (PAO) surgery can be used to realign the hip joint in some adolescents and adults. Subsequent
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Hip dysplasia presents a nearly perfect equilibrium between the arthritis, movement/mobility problems and pain associated with the developmental malformation, and the arthritis, movement/mobility problems and pain that are, as often as not in moderate to severe cases, inflicted by the treatment
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Sometimes during an exam a "click" or more precisely "clunk" in the hip may be detected (although not all clicks indicate hip dysplasia). When a hip click (also known as "clicky hips" in the UK) is detected, the child's hips are tracked with additional screenings to determine if developmental
672:
However, given the very real possibility of a limp, constant and/or debilitating pain, complicated treatment and impaired mobility later in life, careful developmental monitoring is indicated and early intervention is often the best result. The worst possible consequence of non treatment is
477:
Hip dysplasia can develop in older age. Adolescents and adults with hip dysplasia may present with a waddling gait, Trendelenburg's sign, decreased hip abduction, hip pain and in some cases hip labral tears. X-rays are used to confirm a diagnosis of hip dysplasia. CT scans and MRI scans are
180:. Hip dysplasia may occur at birth or develop in early life. Regardless, it does not typically produce symptoms in babies less than a year old. Occasionally one leg may be shorter than the other. The left hip is more often affected than the right. Complications without treatment can include
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are more likely to have congenital hip dislocation than any of the other races. The risk for Native
Americans is about 25â50 in 1000. The overall frequency of developmental dysplasia of the hip is approximately 1 case per 1000 individuals; however, Barlow believed that the incidence of hip
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of the femoral head have been reported with the use of the Pavlik harness, but whether these cases were due to improper application of the device or a complication encountered in the course of the disorder remains unresolved. Complications arise mainly because the sheet of the
832:
Determining the incidence can be difficult. In addition there is a wide margin in diagnostic results. A German study comparing two methods resulted in twice the usual rate for one method. The condition is eight times more frequent in females than in males.
556:
ultrasound screening was compared, the former results in an insignificant reduction in the late diagnosis of hip dysplasia, which is why universal ultrasonographic screening of newborn infants is not recommended by the
American Academy of Pediatrics.
466:, on the other hand severely malformed joints can appear stable. That is one reason why follow-up exams and developmental monitoring are important. Physical examination of newborns followed by appropriate use of hip ultrasound is widely accepted.
226:
About 1 in 1,000 babies have hip dysplasia. Hip instability of meaningful importance occurs in one to two percent of babies born at term. Females are affected more often than males. Hip dysplasia was described at least as early as the 300s BC by
469:
The Harris hip score (developed by
William H. Harris MD, an orthopedist from Massachusetts) is one way to evaluate hip function following surgery. Other scoring methods are based on patients' evaluation like e.g. the Oxford hip score, HOOS and
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Czubak J, Piontek T, Niciejewski K, Magnowski P, Majek M, PĹoĹczak M (2004). "Retrospective analysis of the non-surgical treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip using Pavlik harness and
Fredjka pillow: comparison of both methods".
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The term is not used consistently. In pediatric/neonatal orthopedics it is used to describe unstable/dislocatable hips and poorly developed acetabula. For adults it describes hips showing abnormal femur head or acetabular x-rays.
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Aguilar CM, Neumayr LD, Eggleston BE, et al. (2005). "Clinical evaluation of avascular necrosis in patients with sickle cell disease: Children's
Hospital Oakland Hip Evaluation Scale--a modification of the Harris Hip Score".
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Early hip dysplasia can often be treated using a Pavlik harness (see photograph) or the Frejka pillow/splint in the first year of life with usually normal results. Complications can occur when using the Pavlik harness. Cases of
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Some sources prefer "developmental dysplasia of the hip" (DDH) to "congenital dislocation of the hip" (CDH), finding the latter term insufficiently flexible in describing the diversity of potential complications.
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pushes the circumflex artery against the neck of the femur and decreases blood flow to the femoral head, so the Frejka pillow is not indicated in all the forms of the developmental dysplasia of the hip.
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Female sex, alone without other known risk factors, accounts for 75%. A genetic factor is indicated since the trait runs in families and there is an increased occurrence in some ethnic populations (e.g.,
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1236:"Clinical Practice Guideline: Early Detection of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip -- Committee on Quality Improvement and Subcommittee on Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip 105 (4): 896 -- AAP Policy"
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The Frejka pillow splint was named after Dr. Bedrich Frejka (1890-1972), a Czech orthopedic surgeon. The Pavlik harness was named after Dr. Arnold Pavlik (1902-1962), also a Czech orthopedic surgeon.
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the femoral head tends to get pushed out of the socket and the breech position is probably the most important single risk factor, whether an infant is delivered vaginally or by cesarean section.
1975:
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Hip dysplasia is one of the most studied veterinary conditions in dogs, and the most common single cause of arthritis of the hips. Cats are also known to have this condition, especially
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Ruiz
Santiago, Fernando; Santiago Chinchilla, Alicia; Ansari, Afshin; GuzmĂĄn Ălvarez, Luis; Castellano GarcĂa, Maria del Mar; MartĂnez MartĂnez, Alberto; Tercedor SĂĄnchez, Juan (2016).
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Singh, Abhinav; Wade, Ryckie George; Metcalfe, David; Perry, Daniel C. (14 May 2024). "Does This Infant Have a
Dislocated Hip?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review".
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Despite the widespread use of ultrasound, pelvis X-ray is still frequently used to diagnose or monitor hip dysplasia or for assessing other congenital conditions or bone tumors.
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The use of the word congenital can also imply that the condition already exists at birth. This terminology introduces challenges, because the joint in a newborn is formed from
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There is some evidence suggesting that hip examinations in newborns are painful and pain relief in the form of oral glucose has been suggested but is not yet widely accepted.
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If both hip joints are affected, one speaks of "bilateral" dysplasia. In this case, some diagnostic indicators like asymmetric folds and leg-length inequality do not apply.
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Some sources prefer the term "hip dysplasia" over DDH, considering it to be "simpler and more accurate", partly because of the redundancy created by the use of the terms
265:
In unilateral dysplasia only one joint shows deformity, the opposite side may show resulting effects. In the majority of unilateral cases, the left hip has the dysplasia.
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Wiberg G. Studies of acetabular and congenital subluxation of the hip joint with special reference to complication of osteoarthritis Acta Chir Scand 1939, 83(Suppl. 58)
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is another option for correcting hip dysplasia in adults. It is a type of hip replacement that preserves more bone, and may work for younger hip dysplasia patients.
529:. Types of DDH include subluxation, dysplasia, and dislocation. The main types are the result of either laxity of the supporting capsule or an abnormal acetabulum.
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is sometimes used in the weeks leading up to a surgery to help stretch ligaments in the hip joint, although its use is controversial and varies amongst physicians.
810:) is complicated by a need for revision surgery (replacing the artificial joint) owing to skeletal changes as the body matures, loosening/wear or bone resorption.
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uses a crutch owing to congenital hip dysplasia. In season 12, she undergoes a hip replacement to cure her dysplasia when her previously untreated joint worsens.
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The most useful lines and angles that can be drawn in the pediatric pelvis assessing hip dysplasia are as follows: Different measurements are used in adults.
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of the joints. It is a genetic (polygenic) trait that is affected by environmental factors. It is common in many dog breeds, particularly the larger breeds.
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In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful
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1300:
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If the joint is fully dislocated a false acetabulum often forms (often higher up on the pelvis) opposite the dislocated femoral head position.
1358:"Developmental dysplasia of the hip: natural history, results of treatment, and controversies. In: Bourne R, ed. Controversies in Hip Surgery"
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Ultrasonography is the imaging method of choice up to 6 months for the nonoperative surveillance imaging in harness of known diagnosis of DDH.
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score. Children's
Hospital Oakland Hip Evaluation Scale (CHOHES) is a modification of the Harris hip score that is currently being evaluated.
1395:
1789:
2605:
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1473:"AJHG - Autosomal Dominant (Beukes) Premature Degenerative Osteoarthropathy of the Hip Joint Maps to an 11-cM Region on Chromosome 4q35"
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1763:
1652:
1472:
1380:
1357:
2631:
2342:
1253:
Forst J, Forst C, Forst R, Heller KD (1997). "Pathogenetic relevance of the pregnancy hormone relaxin to inborn hip instability".
276:(socket) is too shallow or deformed. The center-edge angle is measured as described by Wiberg. Two forms of femoral dysplasia are
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of up to 3.5 cm just medial of the gluteus maximus insertion point on the greater trochanter due to excessive friction).
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that are members of the Beukes family. The femur head is flat and irregular. People develop osteoarthritis at an early age.
56:
Congenital dislocation of the left hip in an elderly person. Closed arrow marks the acetabulum, open arrow the femoral head.
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188:. Females are affected more often than males. Risk factors for hip dysplasia include female sex, family history, certain
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Many of those with mild instability resolve without specific treatment. In more significant cases, if detected early,
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Types of misalignments of femur head to socket in hip dysplasia. A: Normal. B: Dysplasia. C: Subluxation. D: Luxation
42:
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), developmental dislocation of the hip, congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH)
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limb length discrepancy (evaluated by placing the child in a supine position with the hips and knees flexed ), and
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infants, use of overly restrictive baby seats, carriers and other methods of transporting babies, or use of a
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is affected, there is a 40% risk the other will also be affected. Screening all babies for the condition by
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in newborns can be as high as 1 case for every 60 newborns, with the rate dropping to 1:240 at one week.
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carriers not affected. Further risk factors include, gender, genetics (family history), and firstborns.
3616:
1383:, Per Holck, Anthropological Department, Anatomical Institute, Box 1105 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo 3, Norway
304:
1424:"Familial osteoarthritis of the hip joint associated with acetabular dysplasia maps to chromosome 13q"
3670:
3590:
2025:
1136:
2587:
2298:
1871:"Oral sweet solution to prevent pain during neonatal hip examination: a randomised controlled trial"
1688:
Kamath S, Bramley D (2005). "Is 'clicky hip' a risk factor in developmental dysplasia of the hip?".
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3020:
2001:
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where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for
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3196:
3173:
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Kokavec M, Bialik V (2007). "Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Prevention and real incidence".
87:
2339:"X-Ray Screening for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
1187:
Cilliers HJ, Beighton P (1990). "Beukes familial hip dysplasia: an autosomal dominant entity".
909:
770:
538:
3060:
2558:"Treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip using the Pavlik harness: long-term results"
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condition. That means that several factors are involved in causing the condition to manifest.
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2278:"eMedicine - Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip : Article by James McCarthy, MD, FAAOS"
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A narrow uterus also facilitates hip joint dislocation during fetal development and birth.
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20:
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8:
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1492:"Genetics of developmental dysplasia of the hip: Recent progress and future perspectives"
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Hip dysplasia can range from barely detectable to severely malformed or dislocated. The
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Shaw, Brian A.; Segal, Lee S.; SECTION ON ORTHOPAEDICS; et al. (1 December 2016).
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may have to be treated surgically because they adapt to the dislocated joint position (
691:
463:
216:
139:
77:
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1532:"Causes of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
551:("X-ray"). Ultrasound imaging is generally preferred at up to 4 months due to limited
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1609:"Baby Carriers, Seats, & Other Equipment - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
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European Instructional Lectures: Volume 9, 2009; 10th EFORT Congress, Vienna, Austria
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507:
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312:
177:
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61:
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1976:"Physician Newborn Screening and Prevention - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
1920:"Neurophysiological and behavioral measures of pain during neonatal hip examination"
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1342:
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1164:
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Jacobsen S, Rømer L, Søballe K (2006). "The other hip in unilateral hip dysplasia".
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examination techniques to detect hip dysplasia in newborns include observation for
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1947:
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Pettersson, Miriam; Olsson, Emma; Ohlin, Andreas; Eriksson, Mats (September 2019).
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1675:"HipDysplasia - Newborn Nursery at LPCH - Stanford University School of Medicine"
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205:
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2368:"ACR Appropriateness Criteria - Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)âChild"
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Olsson, Emma; Pettersson, Miriam; Eriksson, Mats; Ohlin, Andreas (April 2019).
1703:
949:"ACR Appropriateness Criteria - Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)âChild"
862:
798:
498:, making the onset difficult to ascertain. The newer term DDH also encompasses
316:
311:
be a potential risk factor for developing dysplasia. It also has a low risk in
197:
3036:
3781:
3631:
3575:
3542:
3425:
2425:
2400:"Imaging of Hip Pain: From Radiography to Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques"
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1943:
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The occurrence of hip joint dislocation in early Lappic populations of Norway
1326:
883:
687:
522:
344:
185:
121:
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2721:
2705:"Influence of hip dysplasia on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip"
2518:
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1508:
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1201:
1016:"Definition: congenital dysplasia of the hip from Online Medical Dictionary"
239:
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2039:
1961:
1904:
1855:
1828:
1711:
1586:
1578:
1546:"Developmental Dislocation of the Hip - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics"
1458:
1408:
1334:
1317:
1301:"Evaluation and Referral for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants"
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1068:"Evaluation and Referral for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants"
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may be all that is required. In cases that are detected later, surgery and
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109:
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Lievense AM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Verhagen AP, Verhaar JA, Koes BW (2004).
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2510:
1968:
1734:"Newborn Screening and Prevention - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
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1209:
48:
19:
This article is about the disease in humans. For the disease in dogs, see
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3394:
3279:
3211:
3055:
2517:
Fleischman, Andrew N.; Rothman, Richard H.; Parvizi, Javad (April 2018).
1786:"Physical Examination of Infants - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
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782:
340:
228:
99:
70:
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Two maneuvers commonly employed for diagnosis in neonatal exams are the
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or non-reducible dislocation occurs as part of more complex conditions.
196:
whether an infant is delivered vaginally or by cesarean section. If one
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Nakamura J, Kamegaya M, Saisu T, Someya M, Koizumi W, Moriya H (2007).
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1935:
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to assist in firmly anchoring the artificial material in the bone bed.
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281:
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125:
66:
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1760:"Hip Clicks and Hip Dysplasia - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
1298:
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3348:
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2313:"Ultrasound Detection of DDH - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
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Bialik V, Bialik GM, Blazer S, Sujov P, Wiener F, Berant M (1999).
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All newborns should be screened for congenital hip dysplasia. The
3728:
3386:
2782:"Developmental dysplasia of the hip: a new approach to incidence"
2486:
2202:"Dr. Rose's Peripheral Brain--DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP"
998:"Your Orthopaedic Connection: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip"
406:
328:
223:
are done to treat problems which have arisen from hip dysplasia.
143:
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2454:
1726:
1066:
Shaw, BA; Segal, LS; SECTION ON, ORTHOPAEDICS. (December 2016).
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Some studies suggest a hormonal link. Specifically, the hormone
291:
A rare type, the "Beukes familial hip dysplasia" is found among
2983:
1778:
1635:"Hip-Healthy Swaddling - International Hip Dysplasia Institute"
511:
499:
1561:"Does swaddling influence developmental dysplasia of the hip?"
1490:
Hashmi, Jamil; Basit, Sulman; Khoshhal, Khalid (August 2019).
1421:
1917:
1868:
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471:
370:
As an acquired condition it has been linked to traditions of
347:. Beukes familial dysplasia, on the other hand, was found to
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1641:
1222:
Lynn T Staheli, Fundamentals of Pediatric Orthopedics, p 13
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1601:
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3234:
3147:
2876:"UNSW Embryology- Musculoskeletal System - Abnormalities"
2516:
2158:
Skaggs, David L.; Storer, Stephen K. (15 October 2006).
2109:
Betsy Miller, The Parents' Guide to Hip Dysplasia, p 19.
1810:
2779:
2602:"Hip Spica Cast for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip"
2071:
2018:
1841:
564:
American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria
1627:
1422:
Mabuchi A, Nakamura S, Takatori Y, Ikegawa S (2006).
1252:
1113:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 40.
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1133:
886:) or by seeding porous arthroplasty prosthesis with
1489:
1065:
2594:
2236:"Screening for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip"
1813:"Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip"
2928:Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995).
2655:"Hip osteoarthritis and dysplasia in Chinese men"
2234:Dietz, Frederick R.; Speer, Linda (1 July 1999).
2229:
2227:
2021:"The Oxford hip score: the patient's perspective"
680:
3779:
2653:Lau EM, Lin F, Lam D, Silman A, Croft P (1995).
1230:
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1186:
792:
462:Most vexingly, many newborn hips show a certain
2652:
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1496:Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research
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938:
284:grows at too narrow an angle to the shaft, and
3788:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
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604:Equivocal physical examination or risk factors
585:Equivocal physical examination or risk factors
258:The condition can be bilateral or unilateral:
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2019:Wylde V, Learmonth ID, Cavendish VJ (2005).
2012:
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351:to an 11-cM region on chromosome 4q35, with
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410:X-Ray Image showing hip dysplasia in a baby
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824:or by themselves to correct misalignment.
618:X-ray. Ultrasonography may be appropriate
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47:
2753:Sutherland, Denise; West, Sophie (2011).
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2449:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
2433:
2415:
2119:Sutherland, Denise; West, Sophie (2011).
2048:
2038:
1951:
1894:
1507:
1448:
1363:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1356:Morcuende, Jose A.; Weinstein, Stuart L.
1316:
1083:
1008:
82:None, hip aches, one leg shorter, limping
2932:(4th ed.). W. B. Saunders Company.
2930:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine
1811:French LM, Dietz FR; Dietz (July 1999).
1002:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
797:Hip dysplasia is often cited as causing
510:and a dislocation developing after the "
405:
397:
389:
238:
2002:"Harris Hip Score - Orthopaedic Scores"
1106:
1022:
3780:
2362:
2360:
1294:
1292:
855:
3087:
2756:A Guide for Adults with Hip Dysplasia
2122:A Guide for Adults with Hip Dysplasia
973:
394:ι and β angles used in hip ultrasound
234:
3627:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
2160:"Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip"
820:are either used in conjunction with
781:In older children the adductor and
303:Hip dysplasia is considered to be a
2357:
1289:
753:Other devices employed include the
422:asymmetry of legs and asymmetrical
13:
3117:malformations and deformations of
2859:Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
1149:10.1097/01.blo.0000201151.91206.50
757:, particularly following surgical
577:Usual appropriate initial imaging
543:Hip dysplasia can be diagnosed by
502:dysplasia (e.g. an underdeveloped
454:developmental dysplasia of the hip
379:by traditional swaddling methods.
288:, in which the angle is too wide.
14:
3799:
2950:
1238:. 29 January 2005. Archived from
882:. They are applied in grafting (
343:). A locus has been described on
903:
878:One avenue of research is using
741:
729:
717:
705:
651:
639:
437:dysplasia of the hip is caused.
3300:Congenital patellar dislocation
3179:WallisâZieffâGoldblatt syndrome
2851:
2746:
2404:Radiology Research and Practice
2396:Initially largely copied from:
2194:
2125:. Lulu.com. pp. 7, 21â23.
2112:
2103:
1994:
1911:
1862:
1835:
1804:
1483:
1465:
1374:
1349:
827:
769:in babies and young children.
1216:
1171:
1100:
681:Harnesses, casts, and traction
481:
1:
2628:"Traction with DDH Treatment"
2373:American College of Radiology
966:
954:American College of Radiology
793:Hip replacement and osteotomy
712:Baby wearing a Pavlik harness
561:
322:
272:In acetabular dysplasia, the
219:may be needed. About 7.5% of
2759:. Lulu.com. pp. 56â59.
2576:10.1302/0301-620X.89B2.18057
1924:Paediatric and Neonatal Pain
1559:Mahan ST, Kasser JR (2008).
1475:. 6 May 2008. Archived from
663:
7:
3586:Oto-palato-digital syndrome
3581:HallermannâStreiff syndrome
3305:Congenital knee dislocation
3123:musculoskeletal abnormality
2902:"ER - Out on a Limb (2006)"
2523:The Journal of Arthroplasty
1649:"Asymmetry Symptoms of DDH"
873:
358:
10:
3804:
3617:Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
2957:Online orthopedic textbook
2535:10.1016/j.arth.2017.10.050
2089:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.01.008
1704:10.1177/003693300505000205
907:
860:In the television program
847:
776:
536:
532:
18:
3751:
3727:
3703:
3694:
3649:
3599:
3591:Treacher Collins syndrome
3561:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3481:
3442:reduction deficits / limb
3441:
3385:
3378:
3313:
3270:
3233:
3224:
3187:
3155:
3146:
3129:
3046:
2965:
2240:American Family Physician
2164:American Family Physician
2026:Health Qual Life Outcomes
1817:American Family Physician
1137:Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.
802:treatment with total hip
724:Diagram of Pavlik harness
581:
432:restricted hip abduction.
298:
172:is an abnormality of the
159:
149:
131:
115:
98:
86:
76:
60:
55:
46:
38:
33:
3416:CenaniâLenz syndactylism
3169:Cleidocranial dysostosis
2006:www.orthopaedicscore.com
1396:Tidsskr. Nor. Legeforen.
1107:Bentley, George (2009).
928:
736:Diagram of Frejka pillow
593:Physical findings of DDH
549:projectional radiography
163:1 in 1,000 (term babies)
155:Good (if detected early)
3563:Craniofacial dysostosis
2722:10.1136/ard.2003.009860
2491:Ortop Traumatol Rehabil
1509:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_46_19
1393:Forsdahl A (2000). "".
1255:Arch Orthop Trauma Surg
1202:10.1002/ajmg.1320360403
478:occasionally used too.
386:Screening and diagnosis
3119:musculoskeletal system
2293:Cite journal requires
2206:faculty.washington.edu
2040:10.1186/1477-7525-3-66
1856:10.1001/jama.2024.2404
1579:10.1542/peds.2007-1618
1318:10.1542/peds.2016-3107
1085:10.1542/peds.2016-3107
910:Hip dysplasia (canine)
539:X-ray of hip dysplasia
411:
403:
395:
244:
3671:KlippelâFeil syndrome
2800:10.1542/peds.103.1.93
2672:10.1136/ard.54.12.965
2519:"Femoral Nerve Palsy"
2076:Arch Phys Med Rehabil
409:
401:
393:
242:
3681:Spina bifida occulta
3197:Madelung's deformity
3174:Sprengel's deformity
2590:on 24 December 2012.
2563:J Bone Joint Surg Br
2417:10.1155/2016/6369237
2246:(1): 177â84, 187â8.
1823:(1): 177â84, 187â8.
331:has been indicated.
208:may also be useful.
202:physical examination
21:Canine hip dysplasia
3499:RAPADILINO syndrome
1982:on 12 November 2020
1740:on 12 November 2020
1615:on 18 November 2020
1242:on 29 January 2005.
856:Society and culture
601:4 weeks - 4 months
567:
194:breech presentation
3361:Rocker bottom foot
3047:External resources
2634:on 4 December 2020
2608:on 4 December 2020
2468:on 22 October 2020
2345:on 4 December 2020
2319:on 4 December 2020
2280:. 20 October 2019.
2182:on 16 October 2008
1936:10.1002/pne2.12006
1792:on 20 October 2020
1766:on 4 December 2020
1655:on 25 October 2020
1429:Am. J. Hum. Genet.
1267:10.1007/BF00393711
1190:Am. J. Med. Genet.
692:avascular necrosis
566:for hip dysplasia
562:
464:ligamentous laxity
412:
404:
396:
245:
235:Signs and symptoms
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3696:Thoracic skeleton
3676:Spondylolisthesis
3645:
3644:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3374:
3373:
3220:
3219:
3081:
3080:
2832:Bratisl Lek Listy
2766:978-0-9872152-0-8
2132:978-0-9872152-0-8
1887:10.1111/apa.14588
783:iliopsoas muscles
632:
631:
442:Ortolani maneuver
313:African Americans
178:joint dislocation
167:
166:
117:Diagnostic method
28:Medical condition
16:Joint abnormality
3795:
3743:Pectus carinatum
3738:Pectus excavatum
3701:
3700:
3659:Spinal curvature
3651:Vertebral column
3571:Crouzon syndrome
3535:Craniosynostosis
3531:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3387:fingers and toes
3383:
3382:
3295:Discoid meniscus
3252:Upington disease
3231:
3230:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3084:
2963:
2962:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2878:. Archived from
2872:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2710:Ann. Rheum. Dis.
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2660:Ann. Rheum. Dis.
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2630:. Archived from
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2604:. Archived from
2598:
2592:
2591:
2586:. Archived from
2553:
2547:
2546:
2529:(4): 1194â1199.
2514:
2508:
2507:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2464:. Archived from
2462:"Pavlik Harness"
2458:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2419:
2394:
2379:
2377:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2341:. Archived from
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2315:. Archived from
2309:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2254:. Archived from
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2208:. Archived from
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2178:. Archived from
2170:(8): 1310â1316.
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2139:on 10 April 2013
2135:. Archived from
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2042:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1978:. Archived from
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1875:Acta Paediatrica
1866:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1788:. Archived from
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1762:. Archived from
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1736:. Archived from
1730:
1724:
1723:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1651:. Archived from
1645:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1611:. Archived from
1605:
1599:
1598:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1534:. 13 April 2020.
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1399:(in Norwegian).
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1370:on 26 July 2011.
1369:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1320:
1311:(6): e20163107.
1296:
1287:
1286:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1078:(6): e20163107.
1063:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1005:
994:
960:
958:
942:
898:progenitor cells
837:Native Americans
759:closed reduction
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:iliopsoas muscle
655:
643:
607:Ultrasonography
596:Ultrasonography
568:
337:Native Americans
221:hip replacements
204:is recommended.
104:Family history,
51:
31:
30:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3763:
3759:Poland syndrome
3747:
3723:
3690:
3641:
3595:
3557:
3503:
3494:Larsen syndrome
3482:multiple joints
3477:
3437:
3370:
3309:
3290:Genu recurvatum
3266:
3243:Hip dislocation
3216:
3183:
3133:
3125:
3112:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3042:
3041:
2974:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2882:on 9 April 2008
2874:
2873:
2869:
2856:
2852:
2827:
2823:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2751:
2747:
2701:
2697:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2554:
2550:
2515:
2511:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2395:
2382:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2212:on 10 June 2017
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2070:
2066:
2017:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1916:
1912:
1867:
1863:
1840:
1836:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1557:
1553:
1548:. 22 July 2020.
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1488:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1420:
1416:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1297:
1290:
1251:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1101:
1064:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1004:. October 2013.
996:
995:
974:
969:
964:
963:
947:
945:
943:
936:
931:
912:
906:
876:
858:
850:
830:
812:Hip resurfacing
808:hip replacement
795:
779:
749:
746:
737:
734:
725:
722:
713:
710:
683:
666:
659:
656:
647:
644:
615:Concern for DDH
541:
535:
484:
446:Barlow maneuver
388:
365:breech position
361:
325:
301:
280:, in which the
237:
206:Ultrasonography
192:practices, and
184:, limping, and
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:Dolichocephaly
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3553:Trigonocephaly
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3526:Skull and face
3519:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Arthrogryposis
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Arachnodactyly
3408:
3407:
3406:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3319:
3317:
3315:foot deformity
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3189:hand deformity
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3150:
3141:
3127:
3126:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3017:
3006:
2991:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:Classification
2960:
2959:
2952:
2951:External links
2949:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2920:
2893:
2867:
2850:
2821:
2772:
2765:
2745:
2695:
2645:
2619:
2593:
2548:
2509:
2479:
2453:
2380:
2356:
2330:
2304:
2295:|journal=
2269:
2258:on 6 July 2008
2223:
2193:
2150:
2131:
2111:
2102:
2083:(7): 1369â75.
2064:
2011:
1993:
1967:
1910:
1881:(4): 626â629.
1861:
1834:
1803:
1777:
1751:
1725:
1680:
1677:. 5 July 2023.
1666:
1640:
1637:. 28 May 2020.
1626:
1600:
1551:
1537:
1523:
1482:
1479:on 6 May 2008.
1464:
1441:10.1086/505088
1414:
1403:(22): 2672â3.
1385:
1373:
1348:
1288:
1245:
1224:
1215:
1179:
1170:
1126:
1119:
1099:
1021:
1007:
971:
970:
968:
965:
962:
961:
933:
932:
930:
927:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
875:
872:
857:
854:
849:
846:
829:
826:
799:osteoarthritis
794:
791:
778:
775:
763:open reduction
751:
750:
747:
740:
738:
735:
728:
726:
723:
716:
714:
711:
704:
682:
679:
665:
662:
661:
660:
658:Hip dysplasia.
657:
650:
648:
645:
638:
630:
629:
626:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
534:
531:
483:
480:
434:
433:
430:
427:
402:Hip ultrasound
387:
384:
360:
357:
324:
321:
305:multifactorial
300:
297:
267:
266:
263:
236:
233:
198:identical twin
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
147:
146:
133:
129:
128:
119:
113:
112:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3800:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3686:Sacralization
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Plagiocephaly
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Hypertelorism
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Scaphocephaly
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:Brachydactyly
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:Either / both
3377:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Hip dysplasia
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2941:
2939:0-7216-6795-3
2935:
2931:
2924:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2854:
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2838:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:(12): 965â9.
2665:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2300:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:(4): 209â12.
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:(4): 386â90.
1195:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1120:9783642009662
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1011:
1003:
999:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
972:
956:
955:
950:
941:
939:
934:
926:
924:
919:
917:
911:
904:Other animals
901:
899:
896:
892:
889:
885:
884:bone grafting
881:
871:
869:
865:
864:
853:
845:
843:
838:
834:
825:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
800:
790:
788:
784:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
744:
739:
732:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
702:
701:
698:
693:
689:
688:femoral nerve
678:
676:
670:
654:
649:
642:
637:
636:
635:
627:
625:
623:>6 months
622:
621:
617:
614:
612:4 â 6 months
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
573:
570:
569:
565:
560:
557:
554:
550:
546:
540:
530:
528:
524:
523:developmental
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:and is still
493:
488:
479:
475:
473:
467:
465:
460:
457:
455:
449:
447:
443:
438:
431:
428:
425:
424:gluteal folds
421:
420:
419:
417:
408:
400:
392:
383:
380:
377:
373:
368:
366:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:chromosome 13
342:
338:
332:
330:
320:
318:
315:and southern
314:
308:
306:
296:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
254:
250:
241:
232:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:low back pain
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Hip dysplasia
162:
158:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
122:Physical exam
120:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
88:Complications
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
34:Hip dysplasia
32:
26:
22:
3607:Macrocephaly
3453:
3449:Acheiropodia
3421:Ectrodactyly
3341:
3322:
3246:
3207:Oligodactyly
3202:Clinodactyly
3131:Appendicular
3072:orthoped/456
3065:
3054:
3030:
3019:
3008:
2993:
2978:
2929:
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2905:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:the original
2870:
2857:
2853:
2839:(6): 251â4.
2836:
2830:
2824:
2791:
2785:
2775:
2755:
2748:
2716:(6): 621â6.
2713:
2708:
2698:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:the original
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2596:
2588:the original
2570:(2): 230â5.
2567:
2561:
2551:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2456:
2407:
2403:
2378:Revised 2018
2371:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2307:
2286:cite journal
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2243:
2239:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:the original
2205:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2180:the original
2167:
2163:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:the original
2121:
2114:
2105:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2030:
2024:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1970:
1930:(1): 15â20.
1927:
1923:
1913:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1850:(18): 1576.
1847:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1738:the original
1728:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1643:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1603:
1573:(1): 177â8.
1570:
1564:
1554:
1540:
1526:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1477:the original
1467:
1435:(1): 163â8.
1432:
1427:
1417:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1376:
1365:the original
1351:
1308:
1304:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1240:the original
1218:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1109:
1102:
1075:
1071:
1010:
1001:
959:Revised 2018
952:
920:
913:
877:
868:Kerry Weaver
861:
859:
851:
835:
831:
828:Epidemiology
822:arthroplasty
816:
804:arthroplasty
796:
780:
752:
684:
671:
667:
633:
582:<4 weeks
558:
553:ossification
542:
520:
516:
489:
485:
476:
468:
461:
458:
450:
439:
435:
413:
381:
376:cradle board
369:
362:
353:nonpenetrant
333:
326:
309:
302:
290:
271:
268:
257:
246:
225:
210:
169:
168:
110:breech birth
100:Risk factors
25:
3637:Saddle nose
3404:Webbed toes
3395:Polydactyly
3280:Genu valgum
3212:Polydactyly
3056:MedlinePlus
2794:(1): 93â9.
2498:(1): 9â13.
1698:(2): 56â8.
1691:Scott Med J
895:chondrocyte
891:fibroblasts
842:instability
818:Osteotomies
787:contracture
646:Normal hip.
588:No imaging
508:dislocation
482:Terminology
341:Sami people
253:teratologic
229:Hippocrates
71:orthopedics
39:Other names
3612:Platybasia
3548:Oxycephaly
3461:Phocomelia
3455:Ectromelia
3431:Stub thumb
3399:Syndactyly
3366:Hammer toe
3335:Pigeon toe
3285:Genu varum
3257:Coxa valga
3115:Congenital
3032:DiseasesDB
2787:Pediatrics
1566:Pediatrics
1502:(3): 245.
1305:Pediatrics
1143:: 239â46.
1072:Pediatrics
967:References
888:autologous
880:stem cells
755:spica cast
690:palsy and
675:bone spurs
545:ultrasound
537:See also:
506:) without
323:Congenital
293:Afrikaners
286:coxa valga
282:femur head
274:acetabulum
249:congenital
126:ultrasound
67:Pediatrics
3664:Scoliosis
3471:Hemimelia
3356:Pes cavus
3349:Flat feet
3330:Club foot
3262:Coxa vara
3067:eMedicine
2913:31 August
2864:eMedicine
2638:31 August
2612:31 August
2472:31 August
2426:2090-1941
2349:31 August
2323:31 August
1986:31 August
1944:2637-3807
1796:31 August
1770:31 August
1744:31 August
1659:31 August
1518:199547368
1327:0031-4005
916:arthritis
767:osteotomy
664:Treatment
527:dysplasia
514:" phase.
496:malleable
492:cartilage
416:screening
372:swaddling
278:coxa vara
190:swaddling
182:arthritis
174:hip joint
160:Frequency
151:Prognosis
132:Treatment
106:swaddling
93:Arthritis
62:Specialty
3782:Category
3714:Cervical
3161:shoulder
3157:clavicle
3139:dysmelia
2886:19 April
2845:17972535
2740:15140766
2584:17322441
2543:29239773
2504:17676003
2444:26885391
2410:: 1â15.
2262:14 April
2252:10414637
2216:22 April
2186:19 April
2176:17087424
2097:16003666
2059:16259627
1962:35546870
1905:30246505
1829:10414637
1720:23000620
1712:15977515
1595:37598276
1587:18166571
1459:16773577
1409:11077514
1343:32575088
1335:27940740
1283:32322656
1165:11709860
1157:16721954
1094:27940740
874:Research
771:Traction
748:Traction
669:itself.
574:Scenario
444:and the
359:Acquired
78:Symptoms
3729:sternum
3026:D006618
2816:1595498
2808:9917445
2731:1755018
2690:8546528
2681:1010061
2451:license
2435:4738697
2143:2 April
2050:1283979
1953:8974883
1896:6585692
1619:25 June
1450:1474113
1275:9128773
1210:2389793
923:Siamese
848:History
777:Surgery
533:Imaging
512:newborn
363:In the
329:relaxin
317:Chinese
217:casting
213:bracing
144:surgery
140:casting
136:Bracing
3752:other:
3466:Amelia
3343:valgus
3061:000971
3015:142700
2936:
2843:
2814:
2806:
2763:
2738:
2728:
2688:
2678:
2582:
2541:
2502:
2442:
2432:
2424:
2250:
2174:
2129:
2095:
2057:
2047:
2033:: 66.
1960:
1950:
1942:
1903:
1893:
1827:
1718:
1710:
1593:
1585:
1516:
1457:
1447:
1407:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1281:
1273:
1208:
1163:
1155:
1117:
1092:
628:X-ray
500:occult
299:Causes
251:form,
3719:Bifid
3600:other
3517:Axial
3324:varus
3004:754.3
2812:S2CID
1716:S2CID
1591:S2CID
1514:S2CID
1368:(PDF)
1361:(PDF)
1339:S2CID
1279:S2CID
1161:S2CID
929:Notes
765:, or
504:joint
472:WOMAC
3705:ribs
3272:knee
3148:Arms
3135:limb
3037:3056
3021:MeSH
3010:OMIM
2999:9-CM
2934:ISBN
2915:2012
2907:IMDb
2888:2008
2841:PMID
2804:PMID
2761:ISBN
2736:PMID
2686:PMID
2640:2012
2614:2012
2580:PMID
2539:PMID
2500:PMID
2474:2012
2440:PMID
2422:ISSN
2408:2016
2351:2012
2325:2012
2299:help
2264:2008
2248:PMID
2218:2008
2188:2008
2172:PMID
2145:2013
2127:ISBN
2093:PMID
2055:PMID
1988:2012
1958:PMID
1940:ISSN
1901:PMID
1844:JAMA
1825:PMID
1798:2012
1772:2012
1746:2012
1708:PMID
1661:2012
1621:2012
1583:PMID
1455:PMID
1405:PMID
1331:PMID
1323:ISSN
1271:PMID
1206:PMID
1153:PMID
1115:ISBN
1090:PMID
547:and
525:and
3235:hip
3226:Leg
2995:ICD
2989:Q65
2980:ICD
2862:at
2837:108
2796:doi
2792:103
2726:PMC
2718:doi
2676:PMC
2668:doi
2572:doi
2531:doi
2430:PMC
2412:doi
2085:doi
2045:PMC
2035:doi
1948:PMC
1932:doi
1891:PMC
1883:doi
1879:108
1852:doi
1848:331
1700:doi
1575:doi
1571:121
1504:doi
1445:PMC
1437:doi
1401:120
1313:doi
1309:138
1263:doi
1259:116
1198:doi
1145:doi
1141:446
1080:doi
1076:138
893:or
571:Age
349:map
3784::
3397:/
3245:/
3159:/
3137:/
3121:/
3070::
3059::
3035::
3024::
3013::
3002::
2987::
2984:10
2904:.
2835:.
2810:.
2802:.
2790:.
2784:.
2734:.
2724:.
2714:63
2707:.
2684:.
2674:.
2664:54
2657:.
2578:.
2568:89
2566:.
2560:.
2537:.
2527:33
2525:.
2521:.
2494:.
2438:.
2428:.
2420:.
2406:.
2402:.
2383:^
2370:.
2359:^
2290::
2288:}}
2284:{{
2244:60
2242:.
2238:.
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