912:: "Note finally that the letter H/η was originally used to mark word-initial aspiration... Since such aspiration was lost very early in the eastern Ionic-speaking area, the letter was recycled, being used first to denote the new, very open, long e-vowel ... and then to represent the inherited long e-vowel too, once these two sounds had merged. The use of H to represent open long e-vowels spread quite early to the central Ionic-speaking area and also to the Doric-speaking islands of the southern Aegean, where it doubled up both as the marker of aspiration and as a symbol for open long e-vowels."
82:
1581:
658:
639:
66:
674:
304:
941:: "The early loss of aspiration is mainly a characteristic of Asia Minor (and also of the Aeolic and Doric of Asia Minor)...In Attica, however (and in some cases in Euboea, its colonies, and in the Ionic-speaking islands of the Aegean), the aspiration survived until later... During the second half of the fifth century BC, however, orthographic variation perhaps indicates that 'a change in the phonetic quality of was taking place' too."
383:
317:
1159:"A Sindhu contingent formed a part of his army which invaded Greece and stormed the defile at Thermopylae in 480 BC, thus becoming the first ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe. It, apparently, distinguished itself in battle because it was followed by another contingent which formed a part of the Persian army under Mardonius which lost the battle of Platea"
738:
Representatives of
Hindush are depicted as delegates bringing gifts to the king on the Apadana staircases, and as throne/ dais bearers on the Tripylon and Hall of One Hundred Columns reliefs at Persepolis The representatives of Hindush (as well as Gandara and Thatagus) in each in- stance are
718:(479 BCE), they formed one of the main corps of Achaemenid troops (one of "the greatest of the nations"). Indians were still supplying troops and elephants for the Achaemenid army at the
580:. Herodotus also generalised the term "Indian" from the people of Hindush to all the people living to the east of Persia, even though he had no knowledge of the geography of the land.
739:
characterized by their loincloths, sandals, and exposed upper body, which distinguish them from the representatives of other eastern provinces such as
Bactria and Arachosia.
282:
257:
799:"Arachosia, Sattagydia, and India are represented and named among the subject nations sculptured on the base of the Egyptian statue of Darius I from Susa."
1274:
553:, who were also part of the Achaemenid empire, called the province 'India'. More precisely, they called the people of the province as 'Indians' (
1296:
882:
1591:
1580:
366:
in the 6th century BCE, it is believed to have continued as a province for approximately two centuries, ending when it fell to the
682:
435:
341:
1035:
Olmstead's
Hindush is the Punjāb east of the Indus - as his first Map, "Satrapies of the Persian Empire ", makes perfectly clear.
363:
189:
609:
371:
207:
1028:
997:
964:
935:
906:
1304:
1232:
1289:
1051:
1172:
1100:
812:
711:
1134:
Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia
Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings
1431:
1073:
1617:
1435:
1282:
974:
as a collective name for all the peoples living east of Persia. This was also a significant development over
850:
1132:
571:
367:
275:
1188:
1148:
569:
1570:
1327:
1065:
The
Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys.
773:
because the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old
Persian script, and simplified as
975:
482:
452:
since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old
Persian script, and simplified as
1090:
867:
1537:
1063:
686:
429:
81:
828:
1527:
1391:
1315:
838:
835:
831:
336:
827:
Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old
Persian, and are shown with a raised letter.
588:
The territory of
Hindush may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central
8:
1406:
834:. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants
719:
566:
1467:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1260:
1252:
1213:
608:
by the
Achaememids) to the north. These areas remained under Persian control until the
359:
1231:
Magee, Peter; Petrie, Cameron; Knox, Robert; Khan, Farid; Thomas, Ken (October 2005).
1116:
1411:
1401:
1386:
1356:
1309:
1168:
1096:
1069:
1047:
1024:
993:
960:
931:
902:
808:
748:
657:
351:
176:
38:
1264:
262:
1244:
1046:
M. A. Dandamaev. "A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire" p 147. BRILL, 1989
1004:... that he annexed parts of India as Hindush, the twentieth satrapy of his empire.
715:
694:
144:
1233:"The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Northwest Pakistan"
978:, who had used this term in a strict sense for the groups dwelling in Sindh only."
1492:
1487:
1477:
1162:
952:
923:
896:
802:
690:
648:
638:
1507:
1497:
1455:
1323:
723:
72:
65:
1611:
1366:
597:
125:
99:
774:
768:
530:
520:
502:
462:
453:
447:
441:
422:
406:
345:
494:
87:
1248:
673:
589:
478:
1256:
1217:
382:
1555:
1512:
1319:
727:
577:
550:
501:
suffix is common among the names of many Achaemenid provinces, such as
157:
1461:
601:
1596:
1440:
1426:
1361:
971:
707:
560:
516:
355:
433:
1502:
1472:
1347:
663:
644:
474:
309:
118:
1532:
1517:
1416:
928:
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
526:
392:
94:
34:
1565:
1560:
1522:
1444:
617:
400:
86:
Approximate territorial extent of the Achaemenid realm in the
1421:
1396:
1331:
722:(331 BCE). They are also depicted on the Achaemenid tombs of
593:
554:
322:
1204:
Tola, Fernando (1986). "India and Greece before Alexander".
1088:
could be the areas of Sindh, or Taxila and West Punjab." in
1547:
1450:
901:(Second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, pp. 27–28,
666:
tomb, Hindush soldier circa 480 BCE (enhanced detail).
536:
468:
1206:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
701:
576:
was probably due to the dialects of Greek spoken in
481:
as well as the region at the lower Indus basin. The
358:, it was the "easternmost province" governed by the
1230:
1190:LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book IX: Chapters 1‑89
1095:. Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 204.
898:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
1609:
959:, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 47,
420:Hindush was written in Persian inscriptions as
1290:
1014:
1012:
733:
953:"Ideas of India in Ancient Greek Literature"
612:. Alternatively, some authors consider that
1592:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
930:, Cambridge University Press, p. 410,
493:occurred between 850–600 BCE, according to
1297:
1283:
1009:
981:
821:
807:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 10.
800:
80:
957:India — Studies in the History of an Idea
921:
885:, Greek Word Study Tool, Tufts University
894:
672:
381:
350:) was an administrative division of the
865:
1610:
1160:
1019:Sethna, Kaikhushru Dhunjibhoy (2000).
1018:
987:
631:Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army
600:region of Pakistan). Hindush bordered
372:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
208:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
1278:
1197:
1181:
1118:Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica
950:
872:. Oxford University Press. Chapter 9.
1203:
710:, the 'Indians' participated to the
689:) as an Achaemenid territory in the
461:It is widely accepted that the name
364:Persian conquest of the Indus Valley
190:Persian conquest of the Indus Valley
1164:A military history of ancient India
992:. Angus and Robertson. p. 24.
415:
354:. According to the Greek historian
13:
1153:
970:: "The term 'Indians' was used by
14:
1629:
1243:(4). University of Chicago: 713.
1023:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 127.
990:The Civilizations of Monsoon Asia
988:Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1974).
793:
712:Second Persian invasion of Greece
702:Second Persian invasion of Greece
16:Province of the Achaemenid Empire
1579:
656:
637:
446:). It is also transliterated as
315:
302:
280:
255:
64:
1237:American Journal of Archaeology
1224:
1161:Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2000).
1141:
1125:
1109:
1078:
1068:Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 33
1056:
1040:
944:
915:
888:
876:
859:
843:
761:
623:
1:
1167:. Vision Books. p. 179.
926:, in A.-F. Christidis (ed.),
786:
647:tomb, Hindush soldier of the
616:may have been located in the
213:
195:
52:
45:
951:Arora, Udai Prakash (2005),
775:
769:
714:circa 480 BCE. At the final
583:
561:
531:
521:
503:
463:
454:
448:
442:
423:
407:
401:
377:
346:
7:
895:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2009),
742:
537:
469:
73:Standard of Cyrus the Great
10:
1634:
801:Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982).
734:Demographic representation
555:
434:
362:. Established through the
340:
1588:
1577:
1342:
1092:Cambridge Ancient History
1021:Problems of Ancient India
544:
296:
234:
230:
226:
222:
204:
186:
182:
172:
168:
164:
151:
138:
134:
124:
112:
105:
93:
79:
61:
44:
33:
21:
955:, in Irfan Habib (ed.),
754:
535:would mean the land of
922:Panayotou, A. (2007),
866:Parpola, Asko (2015).
698:
412:
1538:Hellespontine Phrygia
1249:10.3764/aja.109.4.711
869:The Roots of Hinduism
804:Encyclopaedia Iranica
687:Old Persian cuneiform
676:
610:invasion by Alexander
430:Old Persian cuneiform
385:
1618:Achaemenid satrapies
720:Battle of Gaugamela
592:basin (present day
153:• 336–330 BCE
140:• 513–499 BCE
1552:Samaritan Province
699:
565:) The loss of the
413:
360:Achaemenid dynasty
1605:
1604:
1310:Achaemenid Empire
1308:Provinces of the
1193:. pp. IX-32.
1030:978-81-7742-026-5
999:978-0-207-12687-1
966:978-81-215-1152-0
937:978-0-521-83307-3
924:"Ionic and Attic"
908:978-1-4443-1892-0
829:Old Persian p.164
749:India (Herodotus)
596:and the southern
368:Macedonian Empire
352:Achaemenid Empire
328:
327:
292:
291:
288:
287:
276:Macedonian Empire
268:
267:
114: • Type
39:Achaemenid Empire
1625:
1600:
1583:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1016:
1007:
1006:
985:
979:
969:
948:
942:
940:
919:
913:
911:
892:
886:
880:
874:
873:
863:
857:
856:
847:
841:
839:Old Persian p.25
836:Old Persian p.17
832:Old Persian p.13
825:
819:
818:
797:
780:
778:
772:
765:
716:Battle of Platea
695:Darius the Great
660:
651:, circa 480 BCE.
641:
575:
564:
558:
557:
540:
534:
529:). Accordingly,
524:
506:
472:
466:
457:
451:
445:
439:
438:
426:
416:Persia and India
410:
404:
397:
396:
395:
349:
344:
321:
319:
318:
312:
308:
306:
305:
284:
283:
272:
271:
259:
258:
252:
251:
236:
235:
218:
215:
200:
197:
115:
84:
68:
57:
54:
50:
47:
28:
27:
19:
18:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1584:
1575:
1561:Skudra (Thrace)
1542:Greater Phrygia
1338:
1337:
1303:
1273:
1272:
1229:
1225:
1202:
1198:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1062:Rafi U. Samad,
1061:
1057:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1017:
1010:
1000:
986:
982:
967:
949:
945:
938:
920:
916:
909:
893:
889:
881:
877:
864:
860:
849:
848:
844:
826:
822:
815:
798:
794:
789:
784:
783:
767:Transcribed as
766:
762:
757:
745:
736:
704:
691:DNa inscription
671:
670:
669:
668:
667:
661:
653:
652:
649:Achaemenid army
642:
633:
632:
626:
586:
547:
418:
411:
405:
399:
390:
389:
388:
380:
316:
314:
313:
303:
301:
300:
281:
256:
216:
210:
198:
192:
154:
141:
113:
85:
75:
70:
69:
55:
48:
29:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1603:
1602:
1595:(according to
1589:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1324:Naqsh-e Rustam
1312:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1223:
1196:
1180:
1173:
1152:
1140:
1124:
1108:
1101:
1077:
1055:
1052:978-9004091726
1039:
1029:
1008:
998:
980:
965:
943:
936:
914:
907:
887:
875:
858:
842:
820:
813:
791:
790:
788:
785:
782:
781:
759:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
744:
741:
735:
732:
724:Naqsh-e Rostam
703:
700:
662:
655:
654:
643:
636:
635:
634:
630:
629:
628:
627:
625:
622:
585:
582:
549:The Greeks of
546:
543:
417:
414:
386:
379:
376:
326:
325:
298:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
278:
269:
266:
265:
263:Sindhu-Sauvīra
260:
248:
247:
242:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
217: 325 BCE
211:
205:
202:
201:
199: 513 BCE
193:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
173:Historical era
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
155:
152:
149:
148:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
107:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
77:
76:
71:
63:
62:
59:
58:
56: 325 BCE
49: 513 BCE
42:
41:
31:
30:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1630:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1334:inscriptions)
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1174:9788170943754
1170:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1102:9780521228046
1098:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
984:
977:
973:
968:
962:
958:
954:
947:
939:
933:
929:
925:
918:
910:
904:
900:
899:
891:
884:
879:
871:
870:
862:
854:
853:
846:
840:
837:
833:
830:
824:
816:
814:9780933273955
810:
806:
805:
796:
792:
777:
771:
764:
760:
750:
747:
746:
740:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:According to
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
665:
659:
650:
646:
640:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
581:
579:
573:
568:
563:
552:
542:
539:
533:
528:
523:
518:
514:
510:
507:(the land of
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:sound change
484:
483:Proto-Iranian
480:
476:
471:
467:derives from
465:
459:
456:
450:
444:
437:
431:
427:
425:
409:
403:
398:
394:
384:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
343:
338:
334:
330:
324:
311:
299:
297:Today part of
295:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
264:
261:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
212:
209:
203:
194:
191:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
167:
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159:
156:
150:
146:
143:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
83:
78:
74:
67:
60:
43:
40:
36:
32:
20:
1482:
1330: /
1326: /
1322: /
1318: /
1240:
1236:
1226:
1212:(1/4): 165.
1209:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1163:
1155:
1143:
1133:
1127:
1117:
1111:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1064:
1058:
1042:
1034:
1020:
1003:
989:
983:
956:
946:
927:
917:
897:
890:
878:
868:
861:
852:DNa - Livius
851:
845:
823:
803:
795:
763:
737:
705:
697:(c. 490 BC).
678:
613:
605:
587:
548:
512:
508:
498:
495:Asko Parpola
490:
486:
477:name of the
460:
421:
419:
387:
332:
331:
329:
245:Succeeded by
244:
239:
88:Indus Valley
624:Integration
504:Harauvatish
479:Indus river
370:during the
337:Old Persian
240:Preceded by
1556:Sattagydia
1513:Massagetae
1464:(Gandhara)
1392:Cappadocia
1346:Akaufaka (
1320:Persepolis
1147:Herodotus
1074:0875868592
787:References
728:Persepolis
683:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁
604:(spelt as
578:Asia Minor
551:Asia Minor
513:Haraxvaiti
443:H-i-du-u-š
436:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁
402:h-n-d-wꜣ-y
391:𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌
342:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁
158:Darius III
106:Government
26:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁
1597:Herodotus
1590:See also
1528:Phoenicia
1441:Eber-Nari
1436:2nd Egypt
1432:1st Egypt
1427:Drangiana
1407:Chorasmia
1382:Babylonia
1362:Arachosia
1149:VII 64-66
976:Hekataios
972:Herodotus
708:Herodotus
677:The name
584:Geography
522:Bakhtrish
517:Arachosia
509:Harauvati
378:Etymology
356:Herodotus
1612:Category
1503:Margiana
1473:Hyrcania
1468:Gedrosia
1402:Carmania
1348:Quhistan
1316:Behistun
1265:54089753
1257:40025695
1218:41693244
743:See also
664:Xerxes I
645:Xerxes I
620:region.
567:aspirate
515:, i.e.,
475:Sanskrit
310:Pakistan
177:Iron Age
145:Darius I
126:Monarchs
119:Monarchy
1533:Phrygia
1518:Parthia
1483:Hindush
1462:Gandāra
1458:(Nubia)
1417:Colchis
1412:Cilicia
1387:Bactria
1377:Assyria
1372:Armenia
1353:Amyrgoi
614:Hindush
606:Gaⁿdāra
602:Gandāra
532:Hindush
527:Bactria
464:Hindush
455:Hindush
333:Hindush
206:•
188:•
147:(first)
95:Demonym
37:of the
35:Satrapy
22:Hindush
1566:Sogdia
1523:Persis
1445:Levant
1357:Arabia
1263:
1255:
1216:
1171:
1099:
1072:
1050:
1027:
996:
963:
934:
905:
883:'Ινδοι
811:
776:Hindūš
770:Hiⁿdūš
618:Punjab
598:Punjab
556:'Ινδοι
545:Greece
538:Sindhu
497:. The
473:, the
470:Sindhu
449:Hiⁿdūš
424:Hidūsh
408:Hiⁿdūš
320:
307:
160:(last)
130:
100:Indian
1571:Yehud
1508:Media
1493:Lydia
1488:Libya
1478:Ionia
1422:Dahae
1397:Caria
1332:Daeva
1261:S2CID
1253:JSTOR
1214:JSTOR
1086:Hidus
755:Notes
679:Hidūš
594:Sindh
590:Indus
562:Indoi
519:) or
489:>
347:Hidūš
323:India
1548:Saka
1498:Maka
1456:Kush
1451:Elam
1367:Aria
1328:Susa
1169:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1025:ISBN
994:ISBN
961:ISBN
932:ISBN
903:ISBN
809:ISBN
726:and
1245:doi
1241:109
693:of
685:in
511:or
499:-sh
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1251:.
1239:.
1235:.
1210:67
1208:.
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1011:^
1002:.
730:.
559:,
541:.
487:*s
458:.
440:,
432::
393:𓈉
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214:c.
196:c.
53:c.
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1443:(
1314:(
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1291:t
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1267:.
1247::
1220:.
1177:.
1137:.
1121:.
1105:.
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855:.
817:.
779:.
681:(
574:/
572:h
570:/
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491:h
428:(
335:(
51:–
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