2506:
1647:, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112-13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in Urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.
22:
2524:
1606:, as is evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languages ... is that is draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as
2515:
772:. They submitted 118 memorials signed by 67,000 people to the Education Commission in several cities. The proponents of Hindi argued that the majority of people spoke Hindi and therefore introduction of Nagari script would provide better education and improve prospects for holding Government positions. They also argued that Urdu script made court documents illegible, encouraged forgery and promoted the use of complex Arabic and Persian words.
38:
2043:
1701:
Indo-European family of languages. According to Dr Gian Chand Jain, Indo-Aryan languages had three phases of evolution beginning around 1,500 BC and passing through the stages of Vedic
Sanskrit, classical Sanskrit and Pali. They developed into Prakrit and Apbhransh, which served as the basis for the formation of later local dialects.
1210:
The basis of that shift was the decision made by the government in 1837 to replace
Persian as court language by the various vernaculars of the country. Urdu was identified as the regional vernacular in Bihar, Oudh, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab, and hence was made the language of government
779:
were formed in defence of the official status given to Urdu. Advocates of Urdu argued that Hindi scripts could not be written faster, and lacked standardisation and vocabulary. They also argued that the Urdu language originated in India, asserted that Urdu could also be spoken fluently by most of the
667:
The Hindi-Urdu controversy by its very bitterness demonstrates how little the objective similarities between language groups matter when people attach subjective significance to their languages. Willingness to communicate through the same language is quite a different thing from the mere ability to
1471:
Whilst the
Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new
847:
Because of linguistic purism and its orientation towards the pre-Islamic past, advocates for pure Hindi have sought to remove many
Persian, Arabic, and Turkic loanwords and replaced them with borrowings from Sanskrit. Conversely, formal Urdu employs far more Perso-Arabic words than does vernacular
1700:
Urdu nouns and adjective can have a variety of origins, such as Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Pushtu and even
Portuguese, but ninety-nine per cent of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit/Prakrit. So it is an Indo-Aryan language which is a branch of Indo-Iranian family, which in turn is a branch of
647:
notes that in the 18th and the bulk of the 19th century, "Urdu had been the language of polite culture over a big part of north India, for Hindus quite as much as
Muslims". For the decade of 1881-90, Sarkar gives figures which showed that the circulation of Urdu newspapers was twice that of Hindi
701:
script. The most immediate reason for the controversy is believed to be the contradictory language policy in North India in the 1860s. Although the then government encouraged both Hindi and Urdu as a medium of education in school, it discouraged Hindi or Nagari script for official purposes. This
787:
had once stated, "I look to both Hindus and
Muslims with the same eyes & consider them as two eyes of a bride. By the word nation I only mean Hindus and Muslims and nothing else. We Hindus and Muslims live together under the same soil under the same government. Our interest and problems are
856:
In April 1900, the colonial
Government of the North-Western Provinces issued an order granting equal official status to both Nagari and Perso-Arabic scripts. This decree evoked protests from Urdu supporters and joy from Hindi supporters. However, the order was more symbolic in that it did not
642:
with an increasing body of literature written in the 18th and 19th century. A division developed gradually between Hindus, who chose to write
Hindustani in Devanagari script, and Muslims and some Hindus who chose to write the same in Urdu script. The development of Hindi movements in the late
1550:
The linguistic and cultural ties between
Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's
403:
was the dominant literary language in the Devanagari script up until and through the nineteenth century. Efforts by Hindi movements to promote a Devanagari version of the Delhi dialect under the name of Hindi gained pace around 1880 as an effort to displace Urdu's official position.
637:
The conflict over language reflected the larger politicization of culture and religion in nineteenth century colonial India, when religious identities were utilized by the British administration in unprecedented ways. In time, Hindustani written in Perso-Arabic script also became a
1601:
is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It was compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with
895:. Hindi was supported by religious and political leaders, social reformers, writers and intellectuals during independence movement securing that status. Hindi, along with English, was recognised as the official language of India during the institution of the
688:
In 1837, the British East India company replaced Persian with local vernacular in various provinces as the official language of government offices and of the lower courts. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, Urdu in
767:
in 1910, Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha in 1918 and Rashtra Bhasha Prachar Samiti in 1926. The movement was encouraged in 1881 when Hindi in Devanagari script replaced Urdu in Persian script as the official language in neighboring
1114:
1642:
On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with
603:, the earliest form of Hindi-Urdu. The language continued to be called "Hindi", "Hindustani", as well as "Urdu". While Urdu retained the grammar and core Sanskritic and Prakritic vocabulary of Khariboli, it adopted the
1520:
In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table
366:
The Perso-Arabic script form of this language underwent a standardization process and further Persianization in the late Mughal period (18th century) and came to be known as Urdu, a name derived from the
1440:
But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.
792:, after the language controversy heated up, he said "I am now convinced that the Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from one another."
443:
was one of its noted advocates. In 1900, the government issued a decree granting symbolic equal status to both Hindi and Urdu. Hindi and Urdu started to diverge linguistically, with Hindi drawing on
1098:
2505:
2249:
1155:
252:
823:
and Persian scripts. Though he failed in his attempt to bring together Hindi and Urdu under the Hindustani banner, he popularised Hindustani in other non-Hindustani speaking areas.
447:
as the primary source for formal and academic vocabulary, often with a conscious attempt to purge the language of Persian-derived equivalents. Deploring this Hindu-Muslim divide,
803:. The Hunter commission, appointed by the Government of India to review the progress of education, was used by the advocates of both Hindi and Urdu for their respective causes.
1028:
1472:
language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.
1315:
811:
Hindi and Urdu continued to diverge both linguistically and culturally. Linguistically, Hindi continued drawing words from Sanskrit, and Urdu from Persian, Arabic and
634:, and approximately 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit. The remaining 25% of Urdu's vocabulary consists of loanwords from Persian and Arabic.
1533:
2181:
1852:
2072:
1372:
1301:
879:) introduced Hindi as a compulsory language in secondary school education though he later relented and opposed the introduction of Hindi during the Madras
595:
language class of Central Indo-Aryan languages. Mughal rulers brought with them to India the Persian language. In cities such as Delhi, the local language
702:
policy gave rise to conflict between students educated in Hindi or Urdu for the competition of government jobs, which eventually took on a communal form.
451:
proposed re-merging the standards, using either Devanagari or Urdu script, under the traditional generic term Hindustani. Bolstered by the support of the
1957:
3212:
2314:
1687:
323:, each of which is completely unintelligible to readers literate only in the other. Both Modern Standard Hindi and Urdu are literary forms of the
1667:
All verbs in Urdu are of Sanskrit origin. According to lexicographers, only about 25 percent words in Urdu diction have Persian or Arabic origin.
1002:
387:". As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. Along with English, it became the official language of northern parts of
2067:
1140:
439:
were notable early proponents of this movement. This, consequently, led to the development of Urdu movements defending Urdu's official status;
37:
1275:
2223:
459:, Hindi, in the Devanagari script, along with English, replaced Urdu as one of the official languages of India during the institution of the
259:
4046:
2155:
2292:
2017:
1398:
1197:
1888:
2057:
1795:
1784:
1359:
431:
script, respectively. Hindi movements advocating the growth of and official status for Devanagari were established in Northern India.
4122:
2843:
2622:
2495:
2259:
2103:
2093:
2062:
1913:
2254:
1323:
2140:
1950:
3447:
3177:
2135:
1039:
815:. Culturally Urdu came to be identified with Muslims and Hindi with Hindus. This wide divergence in the 1920s was deplored by
4092:
3829:
1739:
1433:
1244:
1191:
1081:
1745:
1492:
966:
3686:
3184:
3151:
2854:
2563:
1974:
626:
that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Around 75% of Urdu words have their etymological roots in
4107:
3681:
938:
880:
780:
people and disputed the assertion that official status of language and script is essential for the spread of education.
4127:
4087:
3676:
1943:
1376:
233:
4117:
4112:
2573:
1987:
1846:
1635:
1590:
1464:
1356:
1108:
717:
408:
295:
Hindi and Urdu are mutually intelligible as spoken languages, to the extent that they are sometimes considered to be
1831:
423:"). The controversy comprised "Hindi" and "Urdu" proponents each advocating the official use of Hindustani with the
4097:
4041:
2425:
887:
supported Devanagari script as the essential part of nationalist movement. The language policy of Congress and the
998:
3724:
3701:
2551:
2410:
2285:
1715:"Religious Identity and the Indian Census," in The Census in British India: New Perspectives, ed. by N.G. Barrier
1402:
3791:
3034:
2583:
683:
148:
26:
788:
common and therefore I consider the two factions as one nation." Speaking to Mr. Shakespeare, the governor of
3162:
3145:
3039:
2657:
2430:
2145:
2022:
1992:
2523:
4072:
3796:
3274:
3231:
3191:
2932:
2490:
2480:
2435:
888:
456:
407:
The last few decades of the nineteenth century witnessed the eruption of the Hindi–Urdu controversy in the
245:
74:
46:
3349:
3321:
3299:
2993:
2460:
2098:
892:
832:
744:
written in 1868, he accused the early Muslim rulers of India for forcing them to learn Persian. In 1897,
623:
587:
Hindustani was the native language spoken in northern India (what is historically known as the region of
392:
300:
1610:, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Persian.
857:
provision exclusive use of Nagari script. Perso-Arabic remained dominant in North-Western provinces and
4067:
3953:
3786:
3440:
3130:
3095:
3090:
2978:
2822:
2777:
2360:
2278:
2002:
1679:
933:
4026:
3822:
3125:
3075:
2782:
2385:
2027:
1966:
1456:
1239:
Language, Religion and Politics in North India by Paul R. Brass, Publisher: iUniverse, Incorporated,
755:
Several Hindi movements were formed in the late 19th and early 20th century; notable among them were
3504:
2812:
2807:
2717:
2485:
2335:
452:
228:
4001:
3740:
3115:
3023:
2892:
2541:
2470:
796:
756:
648:
newspapers and there were 55% more Urdu books as Hindi books. He gives the example of the author
416:
21:
4102:
3985:
3745:
3612:
3589:
3541:
3264:
3135:
3070:
3003:
2732:
2558:
776:
177:
1551:
vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.
1181:
1073:
3771:
3708:
3433:
3008:
2973:
2957:
2927:
2687:
2455:
2218:
2171:
1878:
923:
582:
281:
223:
200:
3766:
2514:
1781:
1065:
819:, who exhorted the re-merging of both Hindi and Urdu, naming it Hindustani, written in both
652:
who wrote mainly in Urdu till 1915, until he found it difficult to publish in the language.
355:
across much of India and was written in several scripts including Perso-Arabic, Devanagari,
4031:
3874:
3869:
3815:
3639:
3607:
3519:
3489:
3065:
2832:
2787:
2737:
2610:
2578:
2546:
2395:
2119:
745:
436:
214:
81:
8:
3849:
3564:
3524:
3499:
3472:
3198:
3110:
2983:
2937:
2887:
2767:
2692:
2672:
2652:
2322:
2310:
1927:
1035:
1029:"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India"
896:
884:
876:
795:
In the last three decades of the 19th century the controversy flared up several times in
619:
611:
503:
477:
460:
304:
195:
54:
1567:. Punjab University Department of Press and Publications, Lahore, Pakistan. p. 223.
1263:. Punjab University Department of Press and Publications, Lahore, Pakistan. p. 223.
4036:
3948:
3864:
3467:
3120:
3080:
3060:
2988:
2963:
2942:
2922:
2897:
2797:
2757:
2465:
2440:
2330:
2150:
1537:
958:
864:
820:
186:
3972:
3668:
3569:
3559:
3279:
3249:
3105:
3055:
2827:
2817:
2762:
2727:
2722:
2697:
2641:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2390:
2370:
2301:
2176:
2032:
2012:
1842:
1735:
1631:
1586:
1460:
1429:
1352:
1295:
1240:
1187:
1104:
1077:
1066:
918:
913:
868:
812:
639:
569:
granted separate status and official precedence over Urdu and other languages in the
289:
615:
4016:
4011:
3761:
3691:
3602:
3554:
3514:
3482:
3377:
3259:
3239:
3170:
3100:
3085:
2907:
2902:
2742:
2712:
2682:
2662:
2588:
2475:
2375:
2350:
2007:
1922:
1644:
1607:
1603:
928:
493:
485:
368:
340:
205:
167:
162:
97:
327:
of Hindustani. A Persianized variant of Hindustani began to take shape during the
4006:
3922:
3854:
3631:
3597:
3574:
3289:
3219:
3140:
3044:
2867:
2747:
2631:
2233:
1982:
1799:
1788:
1729:
1484:
784:
737:
596:
440:
432:
328:
324:
172:
113:
29:
in Northern India in Hindi (top), Urdu (bottom-right) and English (bottom-left).
4077:
3776:
3477:
3244:
3050:
2952:
2877:
2837:
2792:
2707:
2667:
2647:
2445:
872:
428:
277:
4082:
4061:
3980:
3917:
3907:
3859:
3649:
3509:
3335:
3269:
3254:
3205:
2947:
2917:
2912:
2802:
2772:
2702:
2677:
2355:
908:
711:
656:
592:
515:
481:
412:
396:
388:
352:
332:
320:
316:
285:
102:
1935:
3884:
3781:
3644:
3307:
3284:
3013:
2998:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2636:
2400:
2380:
2365:
2228:
2088:
1997:
1136:
644:
91:
86:
1918:
4021:
3549:
3363:
2450:
1883:
1597:
On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population.
1583:
Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia
750:
Court character and primary education in North Western Provinces and Oudh
721:
523:
489:
400:
348:
344:
1254:
1252:
1100:
Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History
3958:
3617:
3494:
3028:
2968:
2752:
2595:
2202:
1627:
1428:. Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies.
836:
831:
It has been argued that the Hindi–Urdu controversy sowed the seeds for
698:
537:
511:
424:
336:
312:
303:
of a single spoken language together referred to as Hindi–Urdu, or the
118:
1394:
1006:
839:
had expressed separatist views long before the controversy developed.
740:
of Banares was one of the early proponents of the Nagari script. In a
307:. The respective writing systems used to write the language, however,
3579:
3391:
3018:
2603:
1249:
783:
Communal violence broke out as the issue was taken up by firebrands.
764:
649:
604:
600:
588:
308:
2270:
3879:
3654:
3405:
2568:
2509:
The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.
2340:
2186:
789:
690:
627:
556:
444:
360:
107:
1792:
1351:
Religious Controversy in British India by Kenneth W. Jones, p124,
3912:
2345:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
760:
631:
296:
124:
1771:. Prentice-Hall. Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. p. 105.
1516:
Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning
3932:
3927:
3627:
816:
507:
448:
356:
134:
129:
2042:
1805:
1665:. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. 1995. p. 23.
379:
and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "
3456:
1562:
1424:
Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985).
1258:
959:"Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica"
769:
729:
725:
694:
570:
566:
533:
519:
63:
1820:
Status Change of Languages by Ulrich Ammon, Marlis Hellinger
3838:
1068:
Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan
858:
800:
733:
643:
nineteenth century further contributed to this divergence.
552:
541:
420:
68:
1316:"Kaithi: This 200-year-old script is fading into oblivion"
748:
published a collection of documents and statements titled
1534:"Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar"
1417:
347:, and by names such as Hindi, Hindavi, and Hindustani in
3425:
1514:
Yoon, Bogum; Pratt, Kristen L., eds. (15 January 2023).
599:
began to acquire some Persian loanwords, giving rise to
3807:
1919:
A century of dedicated service: Anjuman Tarraqqi-i-Urdu
693:
was chosen as the replacement for Persian, rather than
871:(where a majority of the population would have spoken
1423:
614:. It evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century)
1183:
Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900
1141:"Urdu as the Language of Education in British India"
861:
as the preferred writing system until independence.
1829:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
610:Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of the same language,
1914:South Asia Analysis Group: Hindi-Urdu controversy
1876:
1103:. United States: Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 159.
4059:
1338:
1300:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
752:, in which he made a compelling case for Hindi.
3214:Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?
1928:The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1003:The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1766:
1282:. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022
806:
661:Language, Religion and Politics in North India
3823:
3441:
2286:
2224:Aligarh Muslim University: Murshidabad Centre
1965:
1951:
1877:Venkatachalapathy, A. R. (20 December 2007).
1186:. Princeton University Press. pp. 207–.
1090:
488:made official languages in northern parts of
253:
1727:
1576:
1574:
1216:
1135:
1063:
2018:All India Muhammadan Educational Conference
1680:"Urdu's origin: it's not a "camp language""
1399:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1276:"Yes, Hindi and Urdu are the same language"
705:
3830:
3816:
3448:
3434:
2293:
2279:
1958:
1944:
1870:
1721:
1657:
1655:
1615:
1388:
1386:
1173:
1096:
677:
391:in 1837. Hindi as a standardized literary
260:
246:
2156:Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union
2094:Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged
1571:
1526:
1513:
1373:"What is the national language of India?"
732:be made an official language in place of
1841:. Oxford University Press. p. 155.
1057:
20:
1652:
1624:Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories
1453:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
1383:
1179:
1148:Pakistan Journal of History and Culture
1072:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
4060:
3179:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
2136:Law Society, Aligarh Muslim University
1832:"Chapter V: The Hindi-Nagari movement"
1717:. New Delhi: Manohar. pp. 73–101.
1690:from the original on 24 September 2015
1621:
1563:Maria Isabel Maldonado Garcia (2015).
1370:
1259:Maria Isabel Maldonado Garcia (2015).
1200:from the original on 22 September 2023
893:official language of independent India
3811:
3429:
2300:
2274:
1939:
1712:
1580:
1273:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
826:
3687:Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal
3186:Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan
1891:from the original on 6 February 2016
1405:from the original on 7 November 2017
842:
455:and various leaders involved in the
3682:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
1392:
1117:from the original on 18 August 2017
996:
939:Hindutva boycott of Bollywood films
891:paved its status as an alternative
763:in 1893, Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in
555:declared sole national language in
13:
3677:Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka
2522:
2513:
2504:
1775:
1748:from the original on 1 August 2023
1161:from the original on 23 March 2014
981:
14:
4139:
1988:Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
1907:
1858:from the original on 27 June 2010
1495:from the original on 4 April 2022
969:from the original on 1 April 2022
718:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
4123:Urdu-language literary movements
2426:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
2250:Chancellors and Vice-chancellors
2104:Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
2041:
1769:The political awakening in India
1622:Dalmia, Vasudha (31 July 2017).
1518:. Lexington Books. p. 198.
1274:Ahuja, Sparsh (7 January 2020).
851:
315:, whereas Urdu is written using
36:
3725:Department of Official Language
3702:Hindutva boycott of Hindi films
3221:Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857
1823:
1760:
1706:
1672:
1556:
1507:
1477:
1445:
1364:
1308:
1267:
399:arose in the 19th century; the
351:and elsewhere, it emerged as a
280:out of the debate over whether
4047:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
3035:Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
1129:
1021:
951:
742:Memorandum on court characters
684:Persian language in South Asia
672:
75:Regional or dialectal variants
27:Hapur Junction railway station
1:
4042:Progressive Writers' Movement
3146:Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti
3040:Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari
2023:Scientific Society of Aligarh
1993:Aligarh Muslim University Act
1734:. Macmillan. pp. 85–86.
1371:JAVAID, ARFA (1 April 2022).
1064:Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009).
944:
466:
3193:Pakistan: A Personal History
2933:Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot
2718:Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq
1830:Christopher R. King (1994).
1663:India Perspectives, Volume 8
1322:. 1 May 2022. Archived from
1180:Metcalf, Barbara D. (2014).
716:In 1867, some Hindus in the
470:
457:Indian Independence Movement
7:
2182:Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery
902:
833:Muslim nationalism in India
807:Gandhi's idea of Hindustani
472:Status change of languages
10:
4144:
4108:Language conflict in India
3131:Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni
3096:Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi
2979:Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
2778:Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan
2703:Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh
2073:Faculty of Social Sciences
2003:Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan
1565:Urdu Evolution and Reforms
1261:Urdu Evolution and Reforms
934:Sanskritisation (language)
709:
681:
624:Middle Indo-Aryan language
618:register of the preceding
580:
4128:History of Islam in India
4088:Politics of British India
3994:
3971:
3941:
3900:
3893:
3845:
3754:
3733:
3717:
3667:
3626:
3588:
3540:
3533:
3463:
3455:
3298:
3230:
3161:
3126:Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri
2853:
2783:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
2621:
2534:
2502:
2386:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
2321:
2308:
2242:
2211:
2195:
2164:
2128:
2112:
2081:
2051:Faculty & departments
2050:
2039:
2028:Aligarh Institute Gazette
1973:
1967:Aligarh Muslim University
1839:One language, two scripts
1457:Brill Academic Publishers
1097:Coatsworth, John (2015).
591:), and it belongs to the
311:: Hindi is written using
4118:Muslim politics in India
4113:Linguistic controversies
4093:India–Pakistan relations
3837:
3207:Pakistan: A Hard Country
3200:The Myth of Independence
2813:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
2808:Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan
2527:State emblem of Pakistan
2486:Constitution of Pakistan
2336:Indian Rebellion of 1857
835:. Some also argued that
706:Hindi and Urdu movements
544:in the United Provinces
540:granted equal status to
453:Indian National Congress
4098:Political controversies
3741:World Hindi Secretariat
3116:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
3024:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi
2893:Muhammad Shafi Deobandi
2823:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
2758:Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
2436:Indian Independence Act
2411:Round Table Conferences
2315:timeline: 1947–present)
1767:John R. McLane (1970).
1731:Modern India, 1885-1947
1713:Jones, Kenneth (1981).
797:North-Western provinces
757:Nagari Pracharini Sabha
678:British language policy
417:North-Western Provinces
3986:Hindi-Urdu controversy
3746:World Hindi Conference
3718:National organizations
3697:Hindi–Urdu controversy
3136:Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan
3071:Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh
3004:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
2994:Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir
2733:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
2579:Philosophical Congress
2528:
2519:
2510:
2082:Colleges & schools
1782:Urdu-Hindi Controversy
1585:. Verso. p. 113.
1459:. 1993. p. 1024.
777:Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu
775:Organisations such as
670:
288:should be chosen as a
276:arose in 19th century
274:Hindi–Urdu controversy
178:Hindustani orthography
158:Hindi–Urdu controversy
30:
3772:Sahitya Akademi Award
3709:Punjabi Suba movement
3047:(Pir of Manki Sharif)
3009:Jalaludin Abdur Rahim
2974:Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
2969:Hakeem Mohammad Saeed
2958:Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem
2928:Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
2688:Sadeq Mohammad Khan V
2526:
2517:
2508:
2456:Objectives Resolution
2396:Now or Never pamphlet
2219:AMU Malappuram Campus
2172:AMU Literary Festival
2129:Clubs & societies
1798:19 March 2012 at the
1787:27 April 2006 at the
1728:Sumit Sarkar (1983).
1581:Ahmad, Aijaz (2002).
924:History of Hindustani
889:independence movement
728:began to demand that
682:Further information:
665:
583:History of Hindustani
581:Further information:
415:, then known as "the
282:Modern Standard Hindi
25:The station board of
24:
3734:Global organizations
3640:Andaman Creole Hindi
3608:Caribbean Hindustani
3066:Lady Abdullah Haroon
2833:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
2788:Jogendra Nath Mandal
2738:Choudhary Rahmat Ali
2120:Maulana Azad Library
1686:. 17 December 2011.
881:anti-Hindi agitation
867:, chief minister of
746:Madan Mohan Malaviya
437:Madan Mohan Malaviya
383:", or in the local "
234:Phonological history
4073:Hindustani language
3111:Fatima Sughra Begum
2984:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
2938:Sikandar Hayat Khan
2888:Adamjee Haji Dawood
2768:Ghulam Bhik Nairang
2693:Mian Muhammad Shafi
2673:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2658:Maulana Shaukat Ali
2653:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
2574:Renaissance Society
2564:Student Federations
2361:Partition of Bengal
2311:History of Pakistan
2068:Faculty of Theology
1393:Taj, Afroz (1997).
1211:across upper India.
1036:Columbia University
997:Taj, Afroz (1997).
897:Indian constitution
885:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
877:Dravidian languages
785:Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
659:notes in his book,
620:Shauraseni language
473:
461:Indian constitution
441:Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
427:script or with the
331:(1206–1526 AD) and
305:Hindustani language
55:Hindustani language
3121:Viqar-un-Nisa Noon
3081:Naseer Ahmad Malhi
3061:Jahanara Shahnawaz
2989:Fida Mohammad Khan
2964:Ghulam Rasool Mehr
2943:Shaukat Hayat Khan
2923:Mian Iftikharuddin
2898:Zafar Ahmad Usmani
2798:Khawaja Nazimuddin
2644:(Nawab Salimullah)
2529:
2520:
2511:
2466:Pakistani monarchy
2441:Partition of India
2331:East India Company
2165:Arts & culture
2151:Siddons Union Club
1538:The Times of India
1489:www.britannica.com
1395:"About Hindi-Urdu"
1154:(2). NIHCR: 1–42.
999:"About Hindi-Urdu"
963:www.britannica.com
865:C. Rajagopalachari
827:Muslim nationalism
471:
335:(1526–1858 AD) in
317:a modified version
215:Linguistic history
31:
16:Linguistic Dispute
4068:Pakistan Movement
4055:
4054:
3967:
3966:
3805:
3804:
3669:Language politics
3663:
3662:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3401:
3387:
3373:
3359:
3345:
3331:
3317:
3280:Deena Public Hall
3250:Pakistan Monument
3106:Sharif al Mujahid
3056:Hafeez Jalandhari
2828:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
2818:Qazi Mohammad Isa
2763:Jafar Khan Jamali
2728:Abdur Rab Nishtar
2723:Abdul Qayyum Khan
2698:Mian Abdul Rashid
2642:Khwaja Salimullah
2421:Direct Action Day
2416:Lahore Resolution
2406:Two nation theory
2391:Allahabad Address
2371:Khilafat Movement
2341:Deobandi Movement
2302:Pakistan Movement
2268:
2267:
2177:Musa Dakri Museum
2146:Horse Riding Club
2033:Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq
2013:Pakistan Movement
1793:Story of Pakistan
1741:978-0-333-90425-1
1599:Farhang-e-Asafiya
1435:978-0-907962-30-4
1379:on 31 March 2022.
1245:978-0-595-34394-2
1193:978-1-4008-5610-7
1083:978-0-521-51931-1
919:Linguistic purism
914:Hindi in Pakistan
869:Madras Presidency
843:Linguistic purism
738:Babu Shiva Prasad
640:literary language
579:
578:
571:Republic of India
514:scripts replaced
433:Babu Shiva Prasad
290:national language
270:
269:
4135:
3898:
3897:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3692:Hindi imposition
3538:
3537:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3409:
3395:
3381:
3367:
3353:
3339:
3325:
3311:
3275:National Library
3260:Ziarat Residency
3240:Minar-e-Pakistan
3172:Idea of Pakistan
3101:Habib Rahimtoola
3086:Ahmed Saeed Nagi
2908:Malik Barkat Ali
2903:Ahmed Ali Lahori
2743:A. K. Fazlul Huq
2713:Bahadur Yar Jung
2683:Liaquat Ali Khan
2663:Hakim Ajmal Khan
2518:Flag of Pakistan
2496:Protestant Islam
2491:British heritage
2481:National symbols
2476:Kashmir conflict
2376:Shuddhi movement
2351:Aligarh Movement
2346:Barelvi Movement
2295:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2045:
2008:Aligarh Movement
1960:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1803:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1375:. Archived from
1368:
1362:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1247:
1237:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1145:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1045:on 28 March 2016
1044:
1038:. Archived from
1033:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:on 19 April 2010
1005:. Archived from
994:
979:
978:
976:
974:
955:
929:Persian and Urdu
607:writing system.
474:
409:United Provinces
262:
255:
248:
168:Hindi literature
163:Persian and Urdu
40:
33:
32:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4051:
3990:
3963:
3949:Aurangabad Urdu
3937:
3889:
3841:
3836:
3806:
3801:
3750:
3729:
3713:
3659:
3622:
3584:
3529:
3459:
3454:
3424:
3419:
3309:Youm-e-Pakistan
3294:
3290:Jinnah Terminal
3226:
3157:
3141:Abdullah Ropari
3045:Amin ul-Hasanat
2868:Abdullah Haroon
2849:
2748:Jamaat Ali Shah
2632:Syed Ahmad Khan
2617:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2500:
2431:Cabinet Mission
2317:
2304:
2299:
2269:
2264:
2260:Notable faculty
2238:
2234:Sir Syed Masjid
2207:
2191:
2160:
2124:
2108:
2099:Women's College
2077:
2058:Faculty of Arts
2046:
2037:
1983:Syed Ahmad Khan
1969:
1964:
1923:Dawn Newspaper
1910:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1806:
1800:Wayback Machine
1789:Wayback Machine
1780:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1638:
1630:. p. 310.
1620:
1616:
1593:
1579:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1541:
1540:. 12 March 2024
1532:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1485:"Urdu language"
1483:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1426:Urdu literature
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1350:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1250:
1238:
1217:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
995:
982:
972:
970:
957:
956:
952:
947:
905:
854:
845:
829:
809:
714:
708:
686:
680:
675:
585:
469:
329:Delhi Sultanate
325:Dehlavi dialect
266:
173:Urdu literature
141:
140:
123:
112:
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Jnanpith Award
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3407:Youm-e-Viladat
3403:
3389:
3375:
3361:
3347:
3333:
3319:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3245:Bab-e-Pakistan
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Syed Wajid Ali
3048:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2953:Ziauddin Ahmad
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Mahmoud Haroon
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2838:Zafar Ali Khan
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:K. H. Khurshid
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Mohsin-ul-Mulk
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Muhammad Iqbal
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:Syed Ameer Ali
2645:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:Radcliffe Line
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2255:Notable alumni
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Faculty of Law
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
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1879:"Tongue tied"
1873:
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1848:0-19-563565-5
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1357:0-7914-0827-2
1354:
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1326:on 1 May 2022
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890:
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852:Urdu to Hindi
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712:Urdu movement
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490:British India
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434:
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418:
414:
413:Uttar Pradesh
411:(present-day
410:
405:
402:
398:
397:Delhi dialect
394:
390:
389:British India
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353:lingua franca
350:
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333:Mughal Empire
330:
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322:
321:Arabic script
318:
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310:
309:are different
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286:Standard Urdu
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263:
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229:Kinship terms
227:
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221:
220:
219:
216:
213:
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207:
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44:
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39:
35:
34:
28:
23:
19:
3954:British Urdu
3782:Hindi cinema
3696:
3645:Bombay Hindi
3411:
3406:
3397:
3393:Youm-e-Iqbal
3392:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3365:Youm-e-Difah
3364:
3355:
3351:Youm-e-Azadi
3350:
3341:
3336:
3327:
3322:
3313:
3308:
3285:Bab-e-Khyber
3265:Iqbal's Tom'
3232:Architecture
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3150:
3076:Fatima Begum
3014:Z. A. Suleri
2999:M. M. Sharif
2883:Altaf Husain
2873:Yusuf Haroon
2863:Hamid Nizami
2842:
2637:Aga Khan III
2611:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2471:Republic Day
2461:Independence
2401:World War II
2381:Nehru Report
2366:Lucknow Pact
2229:Aligarh Fort
2141:Cricket Club
2089:Minto Circle
1998:Aga Khan III
1930:
1893:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1838:
1825:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1730:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1692:. Retrieved
1683:
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1641:
1623:
1617:
1598:
1596:
1582:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1542:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1488:
1479:
1470:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1366:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1319:
1310:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1269:
1260:
1209:
1202:. Retrieved
1182:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1151:
1147:
1137:Tariq Rahman
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1099:
1092:
1067:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1040:the original
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:the original
971:. Retrieved
962:
953:
863:
855:
848:Hindustani.
846:
830:
810:
794:
782:
774:
754:
749:
741:
715:
687:
668:communicate.
666:
660:
654:
645:Sumit Sarkar
636:
609:
586:
516:Perso-Arabic
492:, replacing
482:Perso-Arabic
406:
401:Braj dialect
384:
381:Zaban-i-Ordu
380:
376:
372:
365:
294:
273:
271:
157:
18:
4012:Informatics
3412:25 December
3370:6 September
2605:Nawa-i-Waqt
2584:Print media
2451:Durand Line
1884:India Today
1862:28 February
1752:13 February
1360:Google book
722:British Raj
720:during the
673:Controversy
524:British Raj
484:script and
339:. Known as
4062:Categories
4007:Literature
3959:Roman Urdu
3923:Hyderabadi
3875:Vocabulary
3850:Hindustani
3762:Literature
3618:Fiji Hindi
3580:Sansi Boli
3565:Hindustani
3525:Hindustani
3495:Devanagari
3473:Declension
3398:9 November
3384:24 October
3163:Literature
3029:Jalal Baba
2753:G. M. Syed
2612:Contractor
2203:Aftab Hall
1628:SUNY Press
1320:archive.ph
1280:archive.ph
945:References
837:Syed Ahmad
759:formed in
710:See also:
699:Devanagari
655:Professor
616:Apabhraṃśa
612:Hindustani
538:Devanagari
518:script in
512:Devanagari
504:Hindustani
478:Hindustani
467:Background
425:Devanagari
375:(army) or
337:South Asia
313:Devanagari
224:Vocabulary
201:Declension
119:Judeo-Urdu
114:Hyderabadi
3894:Varieties
3870:Phonology
3534:Varieties
3520:Etymology
3490:Phonology
3356:14 August
3300:In Memory
3019:G. Allana
2855:Activists
2113:Libraries
1895:1 January
1286:2 October
899:in 1950.
883:of 1965.
875:or other
765:Allahabad
650:Premchand
605:Nastaleeq
601:Old Hindi
597:Khariboli
589:Hindustan
463:in 1950.
429:Nastaʿlīq
301:registers
3973:Politics
3918:Dhakaiya
3901:Dialects
3880:Nastaliq
3860:Alphabet
3655:Hinglish
3570:Kannauji
3560:Haryanvi
3500:Numerals
3478:Pronouns
3328:10 April
3314:23 March
2962:Maulana
2569:Khaksars
2559:Unionist
2212:Campuses
2187:Filmsaaz
1889:Archived
1853:Archived
1796:Archived
1785:Archived
1746:Archived
1688:Archived
1684:dawn.com
1499:31 March
1493:Archived
1409:27 March
1403:Archived
1296:cite web
1204:15 April
1198:Archived
1156:Archived
1139:(2011).
1115:Archived
1049:23 April
973:31 March
967:Archived
903:See also
813:Chagatai
691:Nastaliq
628:Sanskrit
557:Pakistan
445:Sanskrit
393:register
361:Gurmukhi
297:dialects
196:Numerals
108:Hinglish
103:Dhakaiya
47:a series
45:Part of
4032:Writers
3913:Dakhini
3885:Braille
3865:Grammar
3855:History
3792:Writers
3632:Creoles
3628:Pidgins
3603:Bagheli
3590:Eastern
3575:Kauravi
3555:Bundeli
3542:Western
3515:History
3510:Braille
3468:Grammar
3031:of NWFP
2623:Leaders
2323:History
1975:History
1921:, from
1791:, from
1645:Persian
1608:Persian
1604:Persian
1121:23 June
1013:30 June
790:Banaras
761:Banaras
697:in the
632:Prakrit
494:Persian
486:English
395:of the
341:Deccani
319:of the
187:Grammar
149:History
125:Kauravi
98:Deccani
82:Andaman
4022:Poetry
4017:Cinema
4002:Awards
3933:Urdish
3928:Rekhta
3767:Awards
3598:Awadhi
3342:28 May
2596:Daily
2243:People
1845:
1738:
1694:5 July
1634:
1589:
1463:
1432:
1355:
1243:
1190:
1165:1 July
1107:
1080:
821:Nagari
817:Gandhi
508:Kaithi
449:Gandhi
369:Turkic
359:, and
357:Kaithi
135:Urdish
130:Rekhta
92:Bombay
87:Bihari
49:on the
4078:Hindi
4037:Poets
4027:Music
3942:Forms
3797:Poets
3787:Music
3483:Verbs
3457:Hindi
2196:Halls
1856:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1544:8 May
1521:12.1.
1330:1 May
1159:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1043:(PDF)
1032:(PDF)
873:Tamil
770:Bihar
730:Hindi
726:India
695:Hindi
575:1950
567:Hindi
561:1948
547:1900
534:Hindi
528:1881
520:Bihar
498:1837
371:word
206:Verbs
64:Hindi
4083:Urdu
3995:Arts
3839:Urdu
3755:Arts
3630:and
3550:Braj
3152:more
2844:more
2630:Sir
2598:Jang
2590:Dawn
1897:2016
1864:2015
1843:ISBN
1754:2016
1736:ISBN
1696:2015
1632:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1546:2024
1501:2022
1461:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1411:2018
1353:ISBN
1332:2022
1302:link
1288:2022
1241:ISBN
1206:2021
1188:ISBN
1167:2016
1123:2016
1105:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1051:2018
1015:2019
975:2022
859:Oudh
801:Oudh
799:and
734:Urdu
630:and
622:, a
553:Urdu
542:Urdu
510:and
435:and
421:Oudh
419:and
377:orda
373:ordu
272:The
69:Urdu
1076:–.
724:in
536:in
522:by
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299:or
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