31:
357:
this context, is established by showing the defendant spoke dishonestly, or in knowing or reckless disregard for the truth.) Qualified privilege may also be defeated when the limits of the duty or interest have been exceeded. The fact that an occasion is privileged does not necessarily protect all that is said or written on that occasion. The information communicated must be reasonably appropriate in the context of the circumstances existing on the occasion when that information was given.
413:"Freedom of speech, like the other fundamental freedoms, is freedom under the law, and over the years the law has maintained a balance between, on the one hand, the right of the individual… whether he is in public life or not, to his unsullied reputation if he deserves it, and on the other hand… the right of the public… to express their views honestly and fearlessly on matters of public interest, even though that involves strong criticism of the conduct of public people."
479:
Ontario. He had given advice to the
Ontario Provincial Police ("OPP") regarding a warrant obtained on March 1, 1983, which authorized a searched warrant on March 3 and 4, 1983, approximately 250,000 documents, comprising over 2 million pages of material, were seized. These documents were stored in some 900 boxes at an OPP building in Toronto.
349:
attaches to the occasion upon which the communication is made, and not to the communication itself. The legal effect of the defence of qualified privilege is to rebut the inference, which normally arises from the publication of defamatory words, that they were spoken with malice. Where the occasion
478:
As in all actions for libel, the factual background is extremely important and must be set out in some detail. At the time the defamatory statement were made, Casey Hill was employed as counsel with the Crown Law Office, Criminal
Division of the Ministry of the Attorney General for the Province of
356:
of the defendant is presumed and the defendant is free to publish, with impunity, remarks which may be defamatory and untrue about the plaintiff. The privilege is not absolute, however, and can be defeated if the dominant motive for publishing the statement is actual or express malice. (Malice, in
323:
The Church of
Scientology contended that the common law of defamation in Canada failed to evolve with Canadian society. Too much emphasis in the common law had been placed on the need to protect the reputation of plaintiffs at the expense of freedom of expression. This, they argued, was an
423:
First, however, in order to dispel any possible confusion regarding the applicability of the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the common law, I note that this issue can be easily summarized in the following two principles, both of which were first articulated by McIntyre J. in
372:, 2 S.C.R. 573, that the Charter cannot rewrite the common law, though the common law should be interpreted according to general Charter principles. This did not mean the Court had to adopt the "actual malice" standard of libel from American
365:
In two opinions (a majority opinion written by Cory J. per La Forest, Gonthier, Cory, McLachlin, Iacobucci and Major JJ., and a concurrence in result by L'Heureux-Dubé J.), the Court rejected those arguments while continuing to apply
1111:
270:
At the contempt proceeding where the appellants were seeking a fine or imprisonment against the defendant, the allegations against Hill were found to be completely untrue and without foundation. Thus Hill launched a lawsuit for
499:
300,000. Scientology alone was liable for aggravated damages of C$ 500,000 and punitive damages of $ 800,000, making
Scientology's total liability C$ 1,600,000. It was not until 2008 that this record was broken.
1153:
442:
Even though the
Charter does not directly apply to the common law absent government action, the common law must nonetheless be developed in accordance with Charter values. (To the same effect, see
1604:
495:
The jury award that was upheld in this appeal was the largest libel award in
Canadian history. Barrister Manning and the Church of Scientology were found jointly liable for general damages of
1729:
589:
340:. This, they argued, could be achieved only by the adoption of the "actual malice" standard of liability found in the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of
283:
300,000 and
Scientology alone was liable for aggravated damages of C$ 500,000 and punitive damages of C$ 800,000. The judgment was affirmed in a 1993 decision by the
1815:
396:, like any other freedom, is subject to the law and must be balanced against the essential need of the individuals to protect their reputation. The words of
1286:
547:
257:'s gown, read from and commented upon allegations in a notice of motion by Scientology, intending to commence criminal contempt proceedings against a
1544:
1820:
1118:
444:
1252:
1584:
1181:
1033:
754:
919:
645:
637:
487:
The
Supreme Court upholds the Ontario Court of Appeal decision and the underlying jury award of general, aggravated and punitive damages.
1524:
1291:
1687:
1619:
924:
261:, Casey Hill. The motion alleged Hill had misled a judge and had breached orders sealing certain documents belonging to Scientology in
1233:
379:
In refusing to change
Canadian law and bringing it more into line with "actual malice" standard applied in the US law (following the
232:
419:
In L'Heureux-Dubé's concurring reasons, her analysis of the Charter issue applying to common law is succinctly stated: (at ¶ 206):
959:
616:
450:
297:
217:
1830:
1174:
1083:
599:
1825:
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402:
324:
unwarranted restriction imposed in a manner that cannot be justified in "a free and democratic society" that could survive a
1167:
1624:
1160:
1125:
1097:
1044:
901:
509:
263:
1539:
1228:
1146:
844:
1835:
1715:
1512:
1316:
469:
In other words, the basic rule is that absent government action, the Charter applies only indirectly to the common law.
1645:
1399:
1192:
914:
714:
1750:
1404:
834:
1845:
1331:
1090:
886:
1634:
1374:
1276:
1240:
779:
426:
381:
368:
237:
1785:
557:
1447:
1442:
1339:
859:
249:
On 17 September 1984, Morris Manning, a lawyer working for the Church, and representatives of the Church of
1757:
1666:
1306:
969:
665:
310:, "Scientology paid Hill more than $ 4-million in 1996. The payment included interest and attorneys fees."
105:
Charter does not protect individuals from tort of defamation. The tort must be in line with Charter values.
1778:
1534:
1301:
799:
764:
739:
734:
439:
The Charter does not directly apply to the common law unless it is the basis of some governmental action.
284:
84:
533:
129:
1840:
1554:
1379:
1022:
1004:
871:
1764:
328:
challenge. The appellants added that if the element of government action was insufficient to attract
1452:
1296:
1104:
1016:
906:
690:
661:
1589:
1569:
1344:
1076:
809:
724:
1564:
1389:
1050:
949:
944:
784:
657:
224:
205:
36:
1701:
1369:
1349:
1197:
1038:
934:
854:
794:
729:
1216:
1722:
1599:
1594:
1414:
1394:
1384:
1364:
1354:
1264:
1223:
789:
201:
670:
1694:
1614:
1359:
984:
683:
552:
306:
8:
1609:
1559:
1529:
1112:
New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack
1060:
939:
929:
849:
839:
744:
514:
346:
279:
against the appellants. Both appellants were found jointly liable for general damages of
168:
Cory J. (paras. 1-204), joined by La Forest, Gonthier, McLachlin, Iacobucci and Major JJ.
1792:
125:
1679:
1673:
1028:
1010:
979:
974:
814:
804:
774:
325:
145:
1771:
1708:
1574:
1132:
989:
954:
393:
332:
scrutiny, the principles of the common law ought to be interpreted, even in a purely
313:
181:
Lamer C.J. and Sopinka J. took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
62:
30:
1652:
1457:
1437:
1427:
1311:
1211:
1069:
994:
876:
819:
137:
1432:
1245:
612:
496:
397:
280:
253:
held a press conference on the courthouse steps in Toronto. Manning, wearing his
149:
1497:
1477:
1472:
1422:
594:
258:
1809:
1736:
1467:
1257:
829:
373:
228:
193:
153:
118:
1502:
1487:
1462:
964:
866:
133:
1154:
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
1492:
706:
333:
250:
56:
Morris Manning and the Church of Scientology of Toronto v. S. Casey Hill
1482:
456:
352:
292:
288:
141:
1659:
1281:
1269:
1206:
749:
254:
642:
Néron Communication Marketing Inc. v. Chambre des notaires du Québec
1579:
1549:
314:
The Charter, interpreting the common law and freedom of expression
1321:
824:
769:
548:"Abroad: Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology"
272:
209:
881:
675:
999:
276:
213:
197:
579:
Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto (1995) 2.S.C.R 1130
570:
Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto (1995) 2.S.C.R 1130
891:
287:. The major issues raised in this appeal were: whether the
1730:
A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant
1161:
Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.
301:
and whether the jury's award of damages could stand.
406:, 1 W.L.R. 743, at pp. 745-46, are worth repeating:
1287:
Hubbard Association of Scientologists International
1133:Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz
1816:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law
1807:
1119:Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong
490:
389:, writing for the majority, stated (at ¶ 138):
1585:New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project
1545:Concerned Businessmen's Association of America
1182:Headley v. Church of Scientology International
691:
1525:Association for Better Living and Education
1292:International Association of Scientologists
1688:Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath
1620:World Institute of Scientology Enterprises
925:Church of Scientology editing on Knowledge
698:
684:
539:
1140:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
336:action, in a manner consistent with the
318:
227:determined that it would not follow the
1821:Canadian freedom of expression case law
460:, 2 S.C.R. 836, per L'Heureux-Dubé J.)
451:Dagenais v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp.
298:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
218:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
189:Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto
24:Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto
1808:
1175:Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia
1126:R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
1084:X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden
545:
360:
679:
590:"Ex-pilot wins $ 3M defamation award"
473:
403:Silkin v. Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd.
1625:Youth for Human Rights International
1098:Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology
1045:The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power
611:
510:R v Church of Scientology of Toronto
264:R v Church of Scientology of Toronto
1540:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
1229:Church of Scientology International
1147:Religious Technology Center v Lerma
534:SCC Case Information - Docket 24216
192:February 20, 1995 – July 20, 1995.
13:
1317:Scientology Missions International
1282:Golden Era Productions (Gold Base)
1258:Flag Building/Super Power Building
1168:Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany
627:
598:. 29 February 2008. Archived from
176:L'Heureux-Dubé J. (paras. 205-210)
14:
1857:
915:Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act
650:
231:standard set forth in the famous
835:Scientology and religious groups
671:Ontario Court of Appeal decision
233:United States Supreme Court case
29:
1615:The Way to Happiness Foundation
1091:Church of Scientology v. Sweden
705:
350:is shown to be privileged, the
342:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan.
1646:Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology
1277:Founding Church of Scientology
1241:Church of Spiritual Technology
582:
573:
564:
546:Morgan, Lucy (29 March 1999).
527:
427:RWDSU v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd.
382:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
369:RWDSU v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd.
238:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1:
1831:Supreme Court of Canada cases
920:Books critical of Scientology
636:, 4 S.C.R. 663, 2002 SCC 85
520:
491:Largest libel award in Canada
1826:Canadian defamation case law
1307:Rehabilitation Project Force
960:Guardian's Office operations
644:, 3 S.C.R. 95, 2004 SCC 53
7:
1302:Religious Technology Center
800:Keeping Scientology Working
503:
285:Court of Appeal for Ontario
244:
85:Court of Appeal for Ontario
45:Hearing: February 20, 1995
10:
1862:
1023:The Secrets of Scientology
295:was valid in light of the
1836:1995 in Canadian case law
1746:
1633:
1511:
1413:
1330:
1297:Office of Special Affairs
1253:Flag Service Organization
1191:
1105:Hernandez v. Commissioner
1059:
1017:Scientology as a business
900:
713:
482:
223:After consideration, the
180:
172:
164:
159:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
79:
71:
61:
51:
44:
28:
23:
1590:Oxford Capacity Analysis
1077:United States v. Hubbard
634:Prud’homme v. Prud’homme
83:judgment for plaintiff (
945:Death of Lisa McPherson
658:Supreme Court of Canada
617:"Scientology in Canada"
536:Supreme Court of Canada
241:, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).
225:Supreme Court of Canada
216:law in relation to the
206:Supreme Court of Canada
47:Judgment: July 20, 1995
37:Supreme Court of Canada
1846:Scientology litigation
1555:Cult Awareness Network
1723:A Token of My Extreme
1600:Second Chance Program
1595:Safe Environment Fund
1265:Flag Ship Service Org
1224:Church of Scientology
935:Death of Elli Perkins
454:, 3 S.C.R. 835, and
319:Appellant's arguments
202:Church of Scientology
130:Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
1695:My Scientology Movie
1034:Tax status in the US
985:Operation Snow White
602:on 17 November 2014.
553:St. Petersburg Times
307:St. Petersburg Times
1610:Volunteer Ministers
1560:The Delphian School
1530:Applied Scholastics
940:Death of Kaja Ballo
930:Clearwater Hearings
515:Scientology and law
361:The Court's reasons
347:Qualified privilege
1575:Moxon & Kobrin
1029:Suppressive person
1011:Scientology and Me
980:Operation Freakout
975:Operation Clambake
805:Marcab Confederacy
780:Ethics and justice
474:Factual background
326:limitations clause
146:Beverley McLachlin
1841:Canadian case law
1803:
1802:
1759:Wikimedia Commons
1340:Status by country
1234:Guaranty Building
990:Project Chanology
955:Fishman Affidavit
887:Training routines
448:, 3 S.C.R. 654,
394:Freedom of speech
304:According to the
200:case against the
185:
184:
1853:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1653:Being Tom Cruise
1458:Jessica Feshbach
1438:Shelly Miscavige
1428:Mary Sue Hubbard
1312:Saint Hill Manor
1212:Celebrity Centre
1070:Hubbard v Vosper
995:Project Normandy
877:Study Technology
820:Operating Thetan
700:
693:
686:
677:
676:
623:
622:. p. 25–31.
621:
613:Kent, Stephen A.
604:
603:
586:
580:
577:
571:
568:
562:
561:
556:. Archived from
543:
537:
531:
430:, 2 S.C.R. 573:
138:Charles Gonthier
126:GĂ©rard La Forest
123:Puisne Justices:
110:Court membership
95:Appeal dismissed
33:
21:
20:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1742:
1636:
1629:
1517:and recruitment
1516:
1514:
1507:
1448:John Carmichael
1433:David Miscavige
1409:
1326:
1246:Trementina Base
1195:
1187:
1055:
905:
896:
716:
709:
704:
653:
630:
628:Further reading
619:
608:
607:
588:
587:
583:
578:
574:
569:
565:
560:on 22 May 2011.
544:
540:
532:
528:
523:
506:
493:
485:
476:
363:
321:
316:
247:
204:, in which the
150:Frank Iacobucci
121:
46:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1509:
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1498:Michelle Stith
1495:
1490:
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1478:Kendrick Moxon
1475:
1473:Heber Jentzsch
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:L. Ron Hubbard
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:United Kingdom
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1217:Château Élysée
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652:
651:External links
649:
648:
647:
639:
629:
626:
625:
624:
615:(April 1998).
606:
605:
595:Ottawa Citizen
581:
572:
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445:R. v. Salituro
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116:Chief Justice:
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52:Full case name
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1737:We Stand Tall
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1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1515:organizations
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Leisa Goodman
1466:
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1406:
1405:United States
1403:
1401:
1398:
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1391:
1388:
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1674:Going Clear
1535:Celebrities
1513:Affiliated
1493:Mike Rinder
1453:Tommy Davis
1380:New Zealand
1375:Netherlands
872:Space opera
715:Beliefs and
707:Scientology
334:private law
251:Scientology
173:Concurrence
1810:Categories
1794:Wiktionary
1780:Wikisource
1716:South Park
1709:The Profit
1702:The Master
1667:The Bridge
1605:Trademarks
1483:Karin Pouw
1198:properties
1061:Litigation
1005:Psychiatry
664: and
521:References
457:R. v. Park
398:Diplock J.
353:bona fides
293:defamation
289:common law
142:Peter Cory
72:Docket No.
16:Libel case
1773:Wikiquote
1752:Wikibooks
1660:Bowfinger
1565:Free Zone
1443:Bob Adams
1415:Officials
1345:Australia
1332:Countries
1270:Freewinds
1207:Cadet Org
950:Fair game
845:Sec Check
756:Dianetics
750:Dianetics
717:practices
255:barrister
63:Citations
1766:Wikinews
1635:Popular
1580:Narconon
1550:Criminon
1390:Pakistan
1051:Timeline
1039:The Hole
810:Marriage
795:Incident
785:Glossary
730:Auditing
725:Abortion
504:See also
245:Overview
165:Majority
1637:culture
1370:Germany
1350:Belgium
1322:Sea Org
902:History
825:OT VIII
790:Implant
770:E-meter
387:Cory J.
338:Charter
330:Charter
273:damages
210:Ontario
100:Holding
1395:Russia
1385:Norway
1365:France
1355:Canada
882:Thetan
855:Gender
775:Engram
758:(book)
740:Bridge
666:CanLII
483:Result
385:case)
196:was a
92:Ruling
75:24216
1360:Egypt
1196:(and
1000:R2-45
745:Clear
735:Books
662:LexUM
620:(PDF)
277:libel
214:libel
198:libel
1680:film
892:Xenu
815:MEST
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