1213:
has only one worth £50. Her damages are £450. Neal also induced Mary to enter into the contract through a misrepresentation (a tort). If Mary sues in tort, she is entitled to damages that put her back to the same financial position place she would have been in had the misrepresentation not been made. She would clearly not have entered into the contract knowing the watch was fake and is entitled to her £100 back. Thus her damages in tort are £100. (However, she would have to return the watch, or else her damages would be £50.)
1321:
798:
1825:
1417:
1157:
loss or injury. No recovery is not an option. The court must then assess the amount of compensation attributable to the harmful acts of the defendant. The amount of damages a plaintiff would recover is usually measured on a "loss of bargain" basis, also known as expectation loss, or "economic loss". This concept reflects the difference between "the value of what has been received and its value as represented".
1274:). The clause will be enforceable if it involves a genuine attempt to quantify a loss in advance and is a good faith estimate of economic loss. Courts have ruled as excessive and invalidated damages which the parties contracted as liquidated, but which the court nonetheless found to be penal. To determine whether a clause is a liquidated damages clause or a penalty clause, it is necessary to consider:
1540:
of Appeal have greater authority than the lower courts such as the High Court and the County Court. A compensation award can only be right or wrong with reference to that specific judgment. Solicitors must be careful when looking at older cases when quantifying a claim to ensure that the award is brought up to date and to take into account the court of appeal case in
1760:. Doyle and Wright define restitutionary damages as being a monetary remedy that is measured according to the defendant's gain rather than the plaintiff's loss. The plaintiff thereby gains damages which are not measured by reference to any loss sustained. In some areas of the law this heading of damages is uncontroversial; most particularly
1382:, disfigurement, loss of reputation, impairment of mental or physical capacity, hedonic damages or loss of enjoyment of life, etc. This is not easily quantifiable, and depends on the individual circumstances of the claimant. Judges in the United Kingdom base the award on damages awarded in similar previous cases. In 2012 the
1212:
As an example, Neal agrees to sell Mary an antique Rolex watch for £100. In fact the watch is a fake and worth only £50. If it had been a genuine antique Rolex, it would have been worth £500. Neal is in breach of contract and could be sued. In contract, Mary is entitled to an item worth £500, but she
1197:
compensate the claimant for the quantifiable monetary losses he has suffered. For example, extra costs, repair or replacement of damaged property, lost earnings (both historically and in the future), loss of irreplaceable items, additional domestic costs, and so on. They are seen in both personal and
1616:
Many times a party that has been wronged but is not able to prove significant damages will sue for nominal damages. This is particularly common in cases involving alleged violations of constitutional rights, such as freedom of speech. Until 2021, in the United States, there was a circuit split as to
1236:
Incidental losses include the costs needed to remedy problems and put things right. The largest element is likely to be the reinstatement of property damage. Take for example a factory which was burnt down by the negligence of a contractor. The claimant would be entitled to the direct costs required
1216:
If the transaction were a "bad bargain", tort gives a better result for the claimant. If in the above example, Mary had overpaid, paying £750 for the watch, her damages in the contract would still be £450 (giving her the item she contracted to buy), however, in tort damages are £700. This is because
1102:
Recovery of damages by a plaintiff in lawsuit is subject to the legal principle that damages must be proximately caused by the wrongful conduct of the defendant. This is known as the principle of proximate cause. This principle governs the recovery of all compensatory damages, whether the underlying
1635:
Contemptuous damages are a form of damage award available in some jurisdictions. They are similar to nominal damages awards, as they are given when the plaintiff's suit is trivial, used only to settle a point of honor or law. Awards are usually of the smallest amount, usually 1 cent or similar. The
1555:
When a personal injury claim is settled either in court or out of court, the most common way the compensation payment is made is by a lump sum award in full and final settlement of the claim. Once accepted there can be no further award for compensation at a later time unless the claim is settled by
1539:
Solicitors will consider "like for like" injuries with the case in hand and similar cases decided by the courts previously. These cases are known as precedents. Generally speaking decisions from the higher courts will bind the lower courts. Therefore, judgments from the House of Lords and the Court
1302:
In personal injury claims, damages for compensation are quantified by reference to the severity of the injuries sustained (see below general damages for more details). In non-personal injury claims, for instance, a claim for professional negligence against solicitors, the measure of damages will be
1665:
in the United
Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant and similar persons from pursuing a course of action such as that which damaged the plaintiff. Punitive damages are awarded only in special cases where conduct was egregiously
1156:
Liability for payment of an award of damages is established when the claimant proves, on the balance of probabilities, that a defendant's wrongful act caused a tangible, harm, loss or injury to the plaintiff. Once that threshold is met, the plaintiff is entitled to some amount of recovery for that
1550:
This heading is inextricably linked with the other points above. Where two clients are of the same age, experience and suffer the same injury, it does not necessarily mean that they will be affected the same. We are all different. Some people will recover more quickly than others. The courts will
1208:
Damages in tort are awarded generally to place the claimant in the position in which he would have been had the tort not taken place. Damages for breach of contract are generally awarded to place the claimant in the position in which he would have been had the contract not been breached. This can
1567:
are an amount stipulated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Mere violation of the law can entitle the victim to a
1532:
The age of the client is important especially when dealing with fatal accident claims or permanent injuries. The younger the injured victim with a permanent injury the longer that person has to live with the PSLA. As a consequence, the greater the compensation payment. In fatal accident claims,
1513:
The quantification of personal injury is not an exact science. In
English law solicitors treat personal injury claims as "general damages" for pain and suffering and loss of amenity (PSLA). Solicitors quantify personal injury claims by reference to previous awards made by the courts which are
1551:
assess each claim on its own particular facts and therefore if one claimant recovers more quickly than another, the damages will be reflected accordingly. It is important to note here that "psychological injuries" may also follow from an accident which may increase the quantum of damages.
1209:
often result in a different measure of damages. In cases where it is possible to frame a claim in either contract or tort, it is necessary to be aware of what gives the best outcome. If the transaction was a "good bargain", contract generally gives a better result for the claimant.
1307:. Financial losses are usually simple to quantify but in complex cases which involve loss of pension entitlements and future loss projections, the instructing solicitor will usually employ a specialist expert actuary or accountant to assist with the quantification of the loss.
1172:, which could only be redeemed if certain profit thresholds had been achieved in the relevant accounting years. As the thresholds were not met, the loan notes were not redeemable, but at the date of the advisors' breach of contract this could not be known, only the loan notes'
1747:
Some jurisdictions recognize a form of damages, called, aggravated damages, that are similar to punitive or exemplary damages. Aggravated damages are not often awarded; they apply where the injury has been aggravated by the wrongdoer's behaviour, for example, their cruelty.
857:
award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury. To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss. To be recognized at law, the loss must involve damage to property, or mental or physical injury;
1782:
The basis for restitutionary damages is much debated, but is usually seen as based on denying a wrongdoer any profit from his wrongdoing. The really difficult question, and one which is currently unanswered, relates to what wrongs should allow this remedy.
1254:" or "benefit-of-the-bargain" measure of damages). This rule, however, has attracted increasing scrutiny from Australian courts and legal commentators. A judge arrives compensatory number by considering both the type of contract, and the loss incurred.
1377:
are monetary compensation for the non-monetary aspects of the specific harm suffered. These damages are sometimes termed "pain, suffering and loss of amenity". Examples of this include physical or emotional pain and suffering, loss of companionship,
1103:
claim is based on contract, tort, or both. Damages are likely to be limited to those reasonably foreseeable by the defendant. If a defendant could not reasonably have foreseen that someone might be hurt by their actions, there may be no liability.
1257:
When it is either not possible or not desirable to award the victim in that way, a court may award money damages designed to restore the injured party to the economic position they occupied at the time the contract was entered (known as the
1394:
General damages in
England and Wales were increased by 10% for all cases where judgements were given after 1 April 2013, following changes to the options available to personal injury claimants wanting to cover the cost of their litigation.
1110:), and also has stunted applicability to the quantum in negligence where the maxim 'Intended consequences are never too remote' applies: 'never' is inaccurate here but resorts to unforeseeable direct and natural consequences of an act.
1779:, for the publication of his book, were awarded to the British Government for breach of contract. The case has been followed in English courts, but the situations in which restitutionary damages will be available remain unclear.
1576:
Nominal damages are very small damages awarded to show that the loss or harm suffered was technical rather than actual. Perhaps the most famous nominal damages award in modern times has been the $ 1 verdict against the
1398:
General damages are generally awarded only in claims brought by individuals, when they have suffered personal harm. Examples would be personal injury (following the tort of negligence by the defendant), or the tort of
1269:
to be paid upon a breach of the contract by one of the parties. Under common law, a liquidated damages clause will not be enforced if the purpose of the term is solely to punish a breach (in this case it is termed
1249:
On a breach of contract by a defendant, a court generally awards the sum that would restore the injured party to the economic position they expected from performance of the promise or promises (known as an
1240:
The claimant may also be entitled to any consequential losses. These may include the lost profits that the claimant could have been expected to make in the period whilst the factory was closed and rebuilt.
1178:
1809:
or for hardships undergone during trial unless the parties agreed in a contract that attorney's fees should be covered or a specific statute or law permits recovery of legal fees, such as
1142:
are used in contract law to put an injured party in the position it would have occupied but for the breach. Compensatory damages can be classified as special damages and general damages.
1217:
damages in tort put her in the position she would have been in had the tort not taken place, and are calculated as her money back (£750) less the value of what she actually got (£50).
1176:
could be known. The conclusion was that in this case valuation could not be done until after the profit performance became known. In his judgement
Pelling also referred to the case of
1939:
1636:
key distinction is that in jurisdictions that follow the loser-pays for attorney fees, the claimant in a contemptuous damages case may be required to pay their own attorney fees.
2487:
1303:
assessed by the loss suffered by the client due to the negligent act or omission by the solicitor giving rise to the loss. The loss must be reasonably foreseeable and not too
899:. If property was stolen or someone was injured or killed, the guilty person had to pay the weregild as restitution to the victim's family or to the owner of the property.
1390:
this court has not merely the power, but a positive duty, to monitor, and where appropriate to alter, the guideline rates for general damages in personal injury actions.
1731:
Punitive damages awarded in a US case would be difficult to get recognition for in a
European court, where punitive damages are most likely to be considered to violate
1674:. Great judicial restraint is expected to be exercised in their application. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the
1122:
or someone trained in the relevant field of economics to give evidence on the value of the loss. In this case, they may be called upon to give opinion evidence as an
1805:
that they spent during the case. This is the rule in most countries other than the United States. In the United States, a party generally is not entitled to its
1756:
In certain areas of the law another head of damages has long been available, whereby the defendant is made to give up the profits made through the civil wrong in
869:
and medical expenses, and general damages, which are non-economic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Rather than being compensatory, at
1683:
1639:
Traditionally, the court awarded the smallest coin in the Realm, which in
England was one farthing, 1/960 of a pound before decimalisation in the 1970s.
1134:
Compensatory damages are paid to compensate the claimant for loss, injury, or harm suffered by the claimant as a result of another's breach of duty that
1679:
2734:
2581:
1295:
Damages in tort are generally awarded to place the claimant in the position that would have been taken had the tort not taken place. Damages in
1331:
81:
2632:
1164:, Pelling J has observed that this is not the case if justice requires the assessment of damages to be calculated at some other date. In
1078:
2979:
221:
1597:, the resulting $ 3 judgment was regarded as a victory for the NFL. Historically, one of the best known nominal damage awards was the
2457:
2433:
2041:
1568:
statutory award, even if no actual injury occurred. These are different from nominal damages, in which no written sum is specified.
2343:
2135:
2089:
1582:
1854:
156:
1775:
opened up the possibility of restitutionary damages for breach of contract. In this case the profits made by a defecting spy,
2882:
2024:
2652:
2602:
1151:
1383:
2850:
2798:
1894:
1879:
1792:
1594:
865:
Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages, which are economic losses such as loss of earnings,
828:
1481:
2823:
1796:
1500:
1361:
1052:
1453:
1522:
are adjusted following periodic review of the awards which have been made by the courts since the previous review.
2629:
Independent
Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse - Accountability and Reparations Investigation report: recommendations
2615:
1071:
547:
1541:
1460:
1438:
1282:
Whether there is a single sum stipulated for a number of different breaches, or individual sums for each breach
1138:
the loss. For example, compensatory damages may be awarded as the result of a negligence claim under tort law.
479:
2761:
1586:
2262:
1698:
1617:
whether nominal damages may be used if a constitutional violation had occurred but has since been rendered
337:
370:
1467:
553:
2943:
Black, Stephen (2011). "A Capital Gains
Anomaly: Commissioner v. Banks and the Proceeds from Lawsuits".
2706:
1262:") or designed to prevent the breaching party from being unjustly enriched ("restitution") (see below).
2997:
2589:
2544:
1687:
1064:
327:
2628:
1859:
1304:
996:
642:
491:
2414:
2166:
1449:
2739:
2567:
2520:
2496:
2185:"Palmer v. Connecticut Railway & Lighting Co., 311 US 544, 61 S. Ct. 379, 85 L. Ed. 336 (1941)"
2184:
1627:
that nominal damages are appropriate means to redress violated rights otherwise now rendered moot.
1623:
1578:
1434:
1135:
675:
659:
226:
186:
20:
2222:
2524:
2500:
2474:
2400:
2380:
1904:
1598:
1427:
540:
365:
332:
2680:
1606:
1556:
provisional damages often found in industrial injury claims such as asbestos related injuries.
1259:
1201:
Special damages can include direct losses (such as amounts the claimant had to spend to try to
821:
736:
558:
469:
312:
257:
161:
56:
2956:
1801:
In addition to damages, the successful party is often entitled to be awarded their reasonable
2540:
2415:"Clark v Macourt: Defective Sperm and Performance Substitutes in the High Court of Australia"
1761:
1666:
insidious and are over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of
1533:
generally the younger deceased, the greater the dependency claim by the partner and children.
1230:
938:
696:
670:
589:
474:
436:
231:
191:
178:
2516:
2492:
2462:
2396:
2042:"A Comparative Analysis of United States and Colombian Tort Law: Duty, Breach, and Damages"
1525:
The guidance which solicitors will take into account to help quantify general damages are:
1047:
1027:
981:
168:
108:
2376:
8:
2899:
2466:
2239:
1864:
1251:
1205:
damages) and consequential or economic losses resulting from lost profits in a business.
1139:
1119:
1001:
533:
527:
486:
423:
246:
47:
2648:
1279:
Whether the clause is 'extravagant, out of all proportion, exorbitant or unconscionable'
2973:
2711:
2298:
2253:
2109:
2063:
1889:
1806:
1675:
1379:
1266:
1226:
1032:
991:
986:
943:
933:
859:
776:
663:
594:
563:
454:
418:
394:
350:
133:
75:
2952:
2878:
2846:
2819:
2794:
2209:
2020:
1839:
1703:
1564:
1474:
1183:
1161:
953:
814:
721:
716:
706:
701:
517:
496:
360:
306:
293:
241:
201:
2605:, Case No: A3/2011/1846, paragraph 12, published 26 July 2012, accessed 17 July 2022
2067:
1724:
has been much criticized and has not been followed in Canada or
Australia or by the
2563:
2316:
2290:
2101:
2053:
1987:
1652:
1515:
1202:
967:
948:
928:
731:
711:
584:
512:
464:
413:
346:
288:
196:
173:
115:
103:
2840:
2788:
2537:
Australian
Competition & Consumer Commission v Esanda Finance Corporation Ltd
1961:
1899:
1339:
1097:
1022:
866:
726:
388:
317:
300:
1711:
Oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional actions by the servants of government.
1849:
1810:
1768:
1590:
1168:, an agreement had been entered into whereby company shares were exchanged for
1123:
1118:
It may be useful for the lawyers, the plaintiff and/or the defendant to employ
1107:
958:
766:
522:
404:
322:
124:
70:
65:
2991:
2681:"Come for the sex toys. Stay for the newly created circuit split on mootness"
1725:
1271:
1037:
606:
2707:"Citing Taylor Swift, Supreme Court Seems Set to Back Nominal Damages Suits"
2058:
1714:
Where the defendant's conduct was 'calculated' to make a profit for himself.
1884:
1830:
1776:
1734:
1671:
1667:
1343:
910:
886:
850:
784:
771:
761:
680:
266:
1613:. In the English jurisdiction, nominal damages are generally fixed at £5.
1544:
Generally speaking the greater the injury the greater the damages awarded.
1179:
Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd
2918:
1874:
1869:
1802:
1757:
1640:
1610:
1520:
Guidelines for the Assessment of General Damages in Personal Injury Cases
1042:
1006:
637:
236:
151:
2735:"Supreme Court sides with Christian students silenced on Georgia campus"
1299:
are quantified under two headings: general damages and special damages.
2814:
Spetz, Steven E (1974). "Civil Court Procedure And Remedies For Tort".
2302:
2113:
1441: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1400:
1173:
976:
896:
870:
842:
802:
746:
649:
601:
271:
212:
138:
30:
2242:, paragraphs 8, 12, delivered 22 June 2011, accessed 27 November 2022
1844:
1169:
1160:
Damages are usually assessed at the date of the wrongful act, but in
895:
was assigned to every human being and every piece of property in the
780:
2294:
2105:
1416:
1106:
This rule does not usually apply to intentional torts (for example,
797:
445:
2281:
Morris, Clarence (March 1959). "Liability for Pain and Suffering".
1618:
891:
874:
756:
616:
379:
276:
98:
1940:
Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin & Co (Contractors) Ltd
1925:
2684:
611:
459:
281:
2167:"The Conqueror, 166 US 110, 17 S. Ct. 510, 41 L. Ed. 937 (1897)"
1697:, exemplary damages are limited to the circumstances set out by
654:
621:
2972:
2480:
2434:"Remedies for Breach of Contract — Judicial Education Center"
2014:
1694:
854:
431:
2344:"Two Conceptions of Tort Damages: Fair v. Full Compensation"
2366:
1602:
1406:
1296:
38:
1244:
1237:
to rebuild the factory and replace the damaged machinery.
1186:
affected the appropriate date for damages to be assessed.
2793:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 865.
1751:
1285:
Whether a genuine pre-estimate of damage is ascertainable
1646:
1220:
16:
Legal term for compensation awarded for loss or injury
2560:
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd
2229:, published 5 October 1977, accessed 10 December 2022
1290:
2631:, letter to Alexandra Merity, Investigation Lawyer,
2450:
1820:
2635:, sent 7 February 2020, accessed 26 September 2022
2238:England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division),
2900:"Restitutionary damages - the unnecessary remedy"
2897:
2506:
2423:(2014) 38(2) Melbourne University Law Review 755.
1621:. The Supreme Court decided 8–1 in the 2021 case
2989:
2663:
2627:Lambert, J. (The Hon. Mrs Justice Lambert DBE),
2468:
2373:Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd
2019:. Portland, OR: BV Resources, LLC. p. 200.
873:damages may instead be nominal, contemptuous or
2908:(2001) 25(1) Melbourne University Law Review 1.
2816:Can I Sue? An Introduction to Canadian Tort Law
2386:
2136:"Reforming General Damages: A Good Tort Reform"
2087:
2040:Bartels, Natalia M.; Madden, M. Stuart (2001).
1547:Personal attributes and fortitude of the client
1536:The nature and extent of the injuries sustained
1145:
862:is rarely recognized for the award of damages.
2786:
1717:Where a statute expressly authorises the same.
2877:. Sydney: Redfern Legal Centre. p. 145.
2530:
2088:Cooter, Robert; Eisenberg, Melvin A. (1985).
2039:
1764:rights and breach of fiduciary relationship.
1328:The examples and perspective in this section
1072:
822:
2838:
1732:
82:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
2633:Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse
2164:See, e.g., the U.S. Supreme Court cases of
1225:Special damages are sometimes divided into
2208:airSlate Legal Forms, Inc. d/b/a USLegal,
1346:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1079:
1065:
829:
815:
222:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
2555:
2553:
2458:McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission
2412:
2057:
1589:. Although the verdict was automatically
1501:Learn how and when to remove this message
1362:Learn how and when to remove this message
2919:"Remedies for Employment Discrimination"
2839:Koziol, Helmut; Wilcox, Vanessa (2011).
2341:
2210:Loss of Bargain Law and Legal Definition
1407:General damages in personal injury cases
2678:
2240:Murfin v Campbell (2011) EWHC 1475 (Ch)
2223:Nobility Homes of Texas Inc. v. Shivers
2133:
1630:
1245:Breach of contract duty - (ex contract)
1129:
2990:
2970:
2872:
2704:
2579:
2550:
2280:
2012:
1855:Measure of Damages (under English law)
1752:Restitutionary or disgorgement damages
2942:
2813:
2732:
2251:
1742:
2787:Oliphant, Ken; Lunney, Mark (2008).
2016:Finance & Accounting for Lawyers
1559:
1439:adding citations to reliable sources
1410:
1384:Court of Appeal of England and Wales
1314:
1152:Measure of damages under English law
2679:Frankel, Alison (August 24, 2017).
2668:(6 ed.). Pearson. p. 784.
1647:Punitive damages (non-compensatory)
1514:"similar" to the case in hand. The
1221:Incidental and consequential losses
1113:
902:
13:
2936:
1880:Reparations (transitional justice)
1595:antitrust law in the United States
1571:
1310:
1291:Breach of tort duty - (ex delicto)
1189:
1091:
14:
3009:
2964:
2705:Liptak, Adam (January 12, 2021).
2252:Cilia, Fiona (12 November 2010).
2140:Roger Williams University Law Rev
2971:Craies, William Feilden (1911).
2818:. Toronto: Pitman. p. 219.
2090:"Damages for Breach of Contract"
1823:
1415:
1319:
796:
2911:
2904:Melbourne University Law Review
2891:
2866:
2832:
2807:
2780:
2754:
2726:
2698:
2672:
2657:
2638:
2621:
2616:10% Increase in General Damages
2608:
2596:
2573:
2426:
2419:Melbourne University Law Review
2406:
2335:
2309:
2274:
2245:
2232:
2215:
2202:
1793:American rule (attorney's fees)
1426:needs additional citations for
548:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
2875:How To Run Your Own Court Case
2733:Dewer, Devin (March 8, 2021).
2580:Beaman, Richard (2010-09-22).
2158:
2127:
2081:
2033:
2006:
1980:
1954:
1945:Electrochrome v Welsh Plastics
1931:
1918:
1797:English rule (attorney's fees)
1786:
1:
2614:Herbert Smith Freehills LLP,
2513:Amev-Udc Finance Ltd v Austin
2488:Commonwealth v Amann Aviation
2046:Pace International Law Review
1587:United States Football League
658:(term used for torts in some
2898:Doyle, S; Wright, D (2001).
2790:Tort Law: Text and Materials
2618:, accesses 26 September 2022
2342:Goldberg, John C.P. (2005).
2263:Journal of Civil Law Studies
1146:Quantum (measure) of damages
889:, a monetary value called a
7:
2645:Heil v Rankin & Another
2588:. Leicester. Archived from
2523:170 (4 November 1986),
2212:, accessed 10 December 2022
1816:
1342:, discuss the issue on the
554:Joint and several liability
10:
3014:
2649:[2000] EWCA Civ 84
1790:
1688:United States Constitution
1650:
1609:in his libel suit against
1182:, a case where continuing
1149:
1095:
880:
328:Comparative responsibility
18:
2768:. Oxford University Press
2664:McBride, Bagshaw (2018).
2586:Douglas Wemyss Solicitors
2413:Winterton, David (2014).
2254:"Quantifying Damages for
2013:Brinig, Brian P. (2011).
1924:International principle:
1860:Non-economic damages caps
1773:Attorney-General v. Blake
1767:In England and Wales the
1265:Parties may contract for
643:Non-economic damages caps
2570:847 (26 April 1915).
2543: (7 November 2003),
2221:Supreme Court of Texas,
2134:Sanders, Joseph (2008).
1911:
1661:, which are also termed
1624:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1579:National Football League
676:Private attorney general
630:Other topics in tort law
258:Principles of negligence
187:Alienation of affections
21:Damages (disambiguation)
2980:Encyclopædia Britannica
2873:Behand, Nadine (2009).
2541:[2003] FCA 1225
2059:10.58948/2331-3536.1204
1949:British Celanese v Hunt
1905:Reparations for slavery
1701:in the leading case of
541:Volenti non fit injuria
366:Ultrahazardous activity
333:Contributory negligence
2945:St. Mary's Law Journal
2762:"Contemptuous damages"
1733:
1392:
1166:Murfin v Ford Campbell
559:Market share liability
492:Shopkeeper's privilege
470:Statute of limitations
313:Restitutio ad integrum
162:Intrusion on seclusion
57:Trespass to the person
2564:[1915] UKHL 1
2517:[1986] HCA 63
2493:[1991] HCA 54
2463:[1951] HCA 79
2397:[2013] HCA 93
2094:California Law Review
1762:intellectual property
1684:Fourteenth Amendments
1529:The age of the client
1388:
1231:consequential damages
939:Consequential damages
671:Conflict of tort laws
437:Tortious interference
192:Criminal conversation
179:Malicious prosecution
2377:[2009] HCA 8
2323:. Cornell Law School
1994:. Cornell Law School
1968:. Cornell Law School
1631:Contemptuous damages
1435:improve this article
1340:improve this section
1330:may not represent a
1198:commercial actions.
1130:Compensatory damages
1120:forensic accountants
1028:Election of remedies
982:Specific performance
169:Breach of confidence
19:For other uses, see
2845:. Springer Vienna.
2283:Columbia Law Review
1947:2 All ER 205,, and
1865:Restorative justice
1583:1986 antitrust suit
1252:expectation measure
1140:Expectation damages
664:mixed legal systems
534:Respondeat superior
528:Vicarious liability
487:Defence of property
424:Insurance bad faith
338:Attractive nuisance
157:Invasion of privacy
2712:The New York Times
2317:"Duty to Mitigate"
1988:"Punitive Damages"
1890:Reparation (legal)
1743:Aggravated damages
1676:due process of law
1585:prosecuted by the
1380:loss of consortium
1267:liquidated damages
1227:incidental damages
1048:Declaratory relief
1033:Provisional remedy
992:Account of profits
987:Constructive trust
968:Equitable remedies
944:Liquidated damages
934:Incidental damages
860:pure economic loss
564:Transferred intent
455:Assumption of risk
419:Restraint of trade
395:Rylands v Fletcher
227:Employment-related
76:False imprisonment
2998:Judicial remedies
2884:978-1-921410-83-3
2603:Simmons v. Castle
2582:"Loss of Amenity"
2348:DePaul Law Review
2026:978-1-935081-71-5
1840:Arbitration award
1704:Rookes v. Barnard
1663:exemplary damages
1643:are not awarded.
1565:Statutory damages
1560:Statutory damages
1511:
1510:
1503:
1485:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1184:misrepresentation
1162:England and Wales
1089:
1088:
954:Statutory damages
911:Judicial remedies
853:in the form of a
839:
838:
712:England and Wales
667:
518:Last clear chance
513:Intentional torts
497:Neutral reportage
480:Defense of others
428:
361:Product liability
307:Res ipsa loquitur
294:Reasonable person
202:Breach of promise
51:
3005:
2984:
2983:(11th ed.).
2976:
2960:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2766:Oxford Reference
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2642:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2577:
2571:
2557:
2548:
2534:
2528:
2510:
2504:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2410:
2404:
2390:
2384:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2061:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1962:"Actual Damages"
1958:
1952:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1738:
1722:Rookes v Barnard
1659:punitive damages
1653:Punitive damages
1516:Judicial College
1506:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1443:
1419:
1411:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1260:reliance measure
1114:Expert testimony
1081:
1074:
1067:
949:Reliance damages
929:Punitive damages
917:Legal remedies (
907:
906:
903:Proof of damages
831:
824:
817:
801:
800:
657:
426:
289:Standard of care
174:Abuse of process
84:
45:
26:
25:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2988:
2987:
2974:"Damages"
2967:
2939:
2937:Further reading
2934:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2673:
2662:
2658:
2653:Court of Appeal
2643:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2578:
2574:
2558:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2511:
2507:
2485:
2481:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2393:Clark v Macourt
2391:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2295:10.2307/1120125
2279:
2275:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2106:10.2307/3480408
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1936:
1932:
1928:, Garner, p.416
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1900:War reparations
1829:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1807:attorneys' fees
1799:
1789:
1754:
1745:
1693:In England and
1678:clauses of the
1655:
1649:
1633:
1574:
1572:Nominal damages
1562:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1444:
1442:
1432:
1420:
1409:
1375:General damages
1368:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:General damages
1293:
1288:
1247:
1223:
1195:Special damages
1192:
1190:Special damages
1154:
1148:
1132:
1116:
1100:
1098:Proximate cause
1094:
1092:Proximate cause
1085:
1023:Adequate remedy
905:
883:
867:property damage
835:
795:
689:By jurisdiction
389:Public nuisance
318:Rescue doctrine
301:Proximate cause
213:Negligent torts
125:Dignitary torts
80:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2986:
2985:
2966:
2965:External links
2963:
2962:
2961:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2910:
2890:
2883:
2865:
2852:978-3709109649
2851:
2831:
2824:
2806:
2800:978-0199211364
2799:
2779:
2753:
2725:
2697:
2671:
2656:
2637:
2620:
2607:
2595:
2592:on 2010-11-15.
2572:
2549:
2529:
2505:
2479:
2449:
2425:
2405:
2385:
2365:
2334:
2308:
2289:(3): 476–485.
2273:
2256:Lucrum Cessans
2244:
2231:
2214:
2201:
2189:Google Scholar
2171:Google Scholar
2157:
2126:
2080:
2032:
2025:
2005:
1979:
1953:
1930:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Fine (penalty)
1847:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1818:
1815:
1811:discrimination
1788:
1785:
1769:House of Lords
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1651:Main article:
1648:
1645:
1632:
1629:
1607:James Whistler
1573:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1509:
1508:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1370:
1369:
1334:of the subject
1332:worldwide view
1327:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1246:
1243:
1222:
1219:
1191:
1188:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1128:
1124:expert witness
1115:
1112:
1108:tort of deceit
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1015:Related issues
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
971:
970:
964:
963:
962:
961:
959:Treble damages
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
923:
922:
914:
913:
904:
901:
882:
879:
837:
836:
834:
833:
826:
819:
811:
808:
807:
806:
805:
803:Law portal
790:
789:
788:
787:
774:
769:
764:
759:
751:
750:
742:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
717:European Union
714:
709:
704:
699:
691:
690:
686:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
652:
647:
646:
645:
632:
631:
627:
626:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
598:
597:
592:
587:
574:
573:
569:
568:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
544:
537:
530:
525:
523:Eggshell skull
520:
515:
507:
506:
502:
501:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
483:
482:
472:
467:
462:
457:
449:
448:
442:
441:
440:
439:
434:
429:
427:(American law)
421:
416:
408:
407:
405:Economic torts
401:
400:
399:
398:
391:
383:
382:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
355:
354:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
323:Duty to rescue
320:
315:
310:
303:
298:
297:
296:
286:
285:
284:
279:
274:
261:
260:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
234:
229:
224:
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
181:
176:
171:
166:
165:
164:
154:
149:
148:
147:
144:
136:
128:
127:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
112:
111:
106:
93:
92:
91:Property torts
88:
87:
86:
85:
78:
73:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3010:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2825:0-273-04189-4
2821:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:Federal Court
2542:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2519:, (1986) 162
2518:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2495:, (1991) 174
2494:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2190:
2186:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1926:Trans-Lex.org
1921:
1917:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1726:Privy Council
1723:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:(NFL) in the
1580:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:Heil v Rankin
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1502:
1494:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452: –
1451:
1447:
1446:Find sources:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1424:This section
1422:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1272:penal damages
1268:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Rectification
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
972:
969:
966:
965:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
924:
920:
916:
915:
912:
909:
908:
900:
898:
894:
893:
888:
878:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
812:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
793:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
737:United States
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
688:
687:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
665:
661:
656:
653:
651:
648:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
629:
628:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
577:
576:
575:
571:
570:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:
545:
543:
542:
538:
536:
535:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
504:
503:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
451:
450:
447:
444:
443:
438:
435:
433:
430:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
409:
406:
403:
402:
397:
396:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:
381:
378:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
352:
348:
345:
344:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
308:
304:
302:
299:
295:
292:
291:
290:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:
259:
256:
255:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:Sexual torts
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
153:
150:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
135:
134:Appropriation
132:
131:
130:
129:
126:
123:
122:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
90:
89:
83:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
49:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2978:
2948:
2944:
2922:. Retrieved
2913:
2903:
2893:
2874:
2868:
2858:19 September
2856:. Retrieved
2841:
2834:
2815:
2809:
2789:
2782:
2772:19 September
2770:. Retrieved
2765:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2738:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2710:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2674:
2665:
2659:
2644:
2640:
2623:
2610:
2598:
2590:the original
2585:
2575:
2559:
2547:(Australia).
2536:
2532:
2527:(Australia).
2512:
2508:
2503:(Australia).
2486:
2482:
2477:(Australia).
2456:
2452:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2403:(Australia).
2392:
2388:
2383:(Australia).
2372:
2368:
2358:19 September
2356:. Retrieved
2351:
2347:
2337:
2327:19 September
2325:. Retrieved
2320:
2311:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2247:
2234:
2226:
2217:
2204:
2194:19 September
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2176:19 September
2174:. Retrieved
2170:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2143:
2139:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2097:
2093:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2049:
2045:
2035:
2015:
2008:
1998:19 September
1996:. Retrieved
1991:
1982:
1972:19 September
1970:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1920:
1885:Legal remedy
1831:Money portal
1800:
1781:
1777:George Blake
1772:
1766:
1755:
1746:
1735:ordre public
1730:
1721:
1720:
1707:. They are:
1702:
1692:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1638:
1634:
1622:
1615:
1593:pursuant to
1575:
1563:
1554:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1497:
1491:October 2010
1488:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1445:
1433:Please help
1428:verification
1425:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1374:
1373:
1358:
1349:
1329:
1301:
1294:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1133:
1117:
1105:
1101:
918:
890:
884:
864:
846:
840:
762:Criminal law
681:Class action
579:
546:
539:
532:
475:Self-defense
393:
371:Deep pockets
305:
267:Duty of care
29:Part of the
2718:January 12,
2690:January 11,
2438:jec.unm.edu
2100:(5): 1432.
1937:See, e.g.,
1895:Reparations
1875:Restitution
1870:Subrogation
1803:legal costs
1787:Legal costs
1758:restitution
1699:Lord Devlin
1657:Generally,
1641:Court costs
1611:John Ruskin
1605:awarded to
1386:noted that
1053:Restitution
1043:Court costs
1007:Subrogation
638:Tort reform
272:Trespassers
237:Malpractice
232:Entrustment
152:False light
2842:3709109647
2525:High Court
2501:High Court
2475:High Court
2467:(1951) 84
2443:2020-04-13
2401:High Court
2381:High Court
1791:See also:
1461:newspapers
1401:defamation
1174:face value
1170:loan notes
1150:See also:
997:Rescission
977:Injunction
897:Salic Code
885:Among the
871:common law
843:common law
747:common law
650:Quasi-tort
602:Injunction
595:Incidental
414:Conspiracy
139:Defamation
116:Conversion
31:common law
2270:(2): 341.
1951:1 WLR 959
1943:1 QB 27;
1845:Bad faith
1601:that the
1450:"Damages"
1352:June 2016
1344:talk page
875:exemplary
757:Contracts
697:Australia
505:Liability
465:Necessity
353:liability
277:Licensees
197:Seduction
2992:Category
2746:March 8,
2740:ABC News
2666:Tort Law
2227:Casetext
2068:55140488
1817:See also
1771:case of
1599:farthing
1338:You may
1203:mitigate
892:weregild
855:monetary
772:Property
767:Evidence
617:Replevin
585:Punitive
572:Remedies
446:Defences
380:Nuisance
351:absolute
282:Invitees
109:chattels
99:Trespass
39:Tort law
2957:1858776
2951:: 113.
2924:July 4,
2685:Reuters
2303:1120125
2258:in Tor"
2114:3480408
1686:to the
1591:trebled
1475:scholar
1038:Tracing
919:Damages
881:History
847:damages
785:estates
612:Detinue
607:Tracing
590:Special
580:Damages
460:Consent
247:medical
143:Slander
71:Battery
66:Assault
48:Outline
2955:
2881:
2849:
2822:
2797:
2301:
2150:6 July
2119:6 July
2112:
2073:6 July
2066:
2052:: 59.
2023:
1672:intent
1668:malice
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1305:remote
1229:, and
1136:caused
887:Saxons
851:remedy
849:are a
783:, and
781:trusts
745:Other
732:Taiwan
702:Canada
655:Delict
622:Trover
347:Strict
33:series
2647:
2562:
2539:
2515:
2491:
2461:
2395:
2375:
2354:: 435
2299:JSTOR
2146:: 115
2110:JSTOR
2064:S2CID
1912:Notes
1695:Wales
1680:Fifth
1482:JSTOR
1468:books
777:Wills
749:areas
727:Japan
722:India
707:China
660:civil
432:Fraud
242:legal
146:Libel
2953:SSRN
2926:2010
2879:ISBN
2860:2017
2847:ISBN
2820:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2774:2017
2748:2021
2720:2021
2692:2021
2499:64,
2360:2017
2329:2017
2196:2017
2182:and
2178:2017
2152:2020
2121:2020
2075:2020
2021:ISBN
2000:2017
1974:2017
1795:and
1682:and
1619:moot
1603:jury
1454:news
1297:tort
662:and
349:and
104:land
2566:,
2521:CLR
2497:CLR
2471:377
2469:CLR
2321:Wex
2291:doi
2102:doi
2054:doi
1992:Wex
1966:Wex
1670:or
1518:'s
1437:by
841:At
2994::
2977:.
2949:43
2947:.
2902:.
2764:.
2737:.
2709:.
2683:.
2651:,
2584:.
2568:AC
2552:^
2473:,
2465:,
2436:.
2417:.
2399:,
2379:,
2352:55
2350:.
2346:.
2319:.
2297:.
2287:59
2285:.
2266:.
2260:.
2225:,
2187:.
2169:.
2144:13
2142:.
2138:.
2108:.
2098:73
2096:.
2092:.
2062:.
2050:13
2048:.
2044:.
1990:.
1964:.
1813:.
1739:.
1728:.
1690:.
1403:.
1233:.
1126:.
877:.
845:,
779:,
2959:.
2928:.
2906:.
2887:.
2862:.
2828:.
2803:.
2776:.
2750:.
2722:.
2694:.
2446:.
2421:.
2362:.
2331:.
2305:.
2293::
2268:4
2198:.
2180:.
2154:.
2123:.
2104::
2077:.
2056::
2029:.
2002:.
1976:.
1504:)
1498:(
1493:)
1489:(
1479:·
1472:·
1465:·
1458:·
1431:.
1365:)
1359:(
1354:)
1350:(
1336:.
1258:"
1250:"
1080:e
1073:t
1066:v
921:)
830:e
823:t
816:v
666:)
50:)
46:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.