1250:
42:
405:
1508:
604:
water system, the establishment of a sewage system, paved streets, and improvements to the port all took place. Blood also established the
Bathurst Town Council in 1946, introducing a new constitution for direct elections later that year.
616:
from 1949 to 1954. His experience equipped him with an understanding of the problems
British territories faced when seeking self-government. His expertise was called on as a constitutional commissioner to help frame governments in
957:
1572:
2043:
1820:
1808:
2038:
1009:
974:
820:
1755:
1717:
1180:
1168:
1021:
844:
1162:
804:
1228:
1192:
980:
497:
1221:
992:
814:
592:
between 1920 and 1930 before being appointed as
Colonial Secretary of Grenada in 1930, and then Colonial Secretary of Sierra Leone in 1934. In 1942, Blood became
1935:
1137:
1035:
1028:
1906:
262:
1971:
1209:
809:
493:
1918:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1624:
1566:
1150:
1312:
1080:
924:
904:
891:
860:
250:
1947:
1482:
1112:
655:
In 1919, he married Alison Farie
Anderson, the daughter of William Boyd Anderson, a solicitor, and Jacobina Croll. They had a son and two daughters.
2048:
1618:
911:
776:
2013:
1130:
1118:
1096:
1069:
1052:
963:
951:
2008:
1853:
1156:
1144:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1215:
1491:
1335:
593:
569:
502:
440:
165:
2053:
2028:
1647:
1555:
1532:
1526:
1323:
1015:
1539:
1521:
1198:
2023:
1475:
1186:
831:
597:
217:
1912:
1790:
1742:
1711:
1286:
1124:
1102:
986:
769:
1977:
1075:
930:
1386:
1381:
1291:
32:
2033:
1468:
1730:
1063:
635:. In 1944, he was knighted, and in the same year he received an honorary doctor of laws from Glasgow University.
2018:
1894:
1882:
1876:
1085:
762:
584:
Blood initially wanted to study for the
Episcopalian ministry but changed his mind and in 1920 he entered the
1959:
785:
736:
613:
609:
510:
506:
113:
53:
1687:
1671:
1761:
1692:
1411:
1058:
897:
29:
1366:
1271:
1249:
969:
596:, the first of three governorships. His administration was responsible for drawing up plans of how the
1460:
1635:
1266:
1090:
1766:
1041:
871:
746:
729:
521:
Blood was born in 1893, the son of Alban
Francis Blood and his wife Adelaide Therese Feldtmann, in
1941:
1900:
1871:
1865:
1659:
1301:
918:
799:
501:(28 May 1893 – 20 June 1967) was a British colonial administrator and governor. He served as the
210:
41:
1814:
1796:
1401:
1329:
1234:
1203:
1174:
855:
681:
537:
and finished in the top 50. He matriculated with an arts degree in 1911, taking distinction in
1888:
1842:
1826:
1802:
1784:
1772:
1442:
1371:
1356:
1276:
644:
557:
534:
450:
383:
2003:
1998:
1606:
1396:
1391:
1351:
1046:
585:
530:
371:
8:
1859:
1847:
1612:
1590:
1578:
1281:
1630:
1584:
1426:
1318:
573:
525:. His father was the rector of Holy Trinity Church in Kilmarnock. Blood grew up at the
468:
1513:
1953:
1306:
885:
618:
1924:
1698:
1421:
1107:
998:
944:
878:
631:
198:
1965:
1778:
1560:
1361:
1296:
1239:
937:
826:
410:
1992:
1416:
1406:
1376:
865:
837:
158:
146:
90:
1003:
850:
526:
422:
78:
1705:
629:. He also wrote a number of articles and reviews in the academic journal
561:
542:
463:
754:
1490:
522:
378:
283:
589:
565:
550:
186:
134:
74:
643:
Blood remained active on retirement, and served as chairman of the
622:
287:
238:
600:
funds were to be spent. During his time, the modernization of the
307:
601:
546:
626:
538:
564:, where he also saw action in the military campaign on the
303:
2044:
Knights
Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
16:
British colonial administrator and governor (1893–1967)
2039:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the
British Empire
1503:
1492:
Colonial governors and administrators of the Gambia
1990:
553:, and re-sat it to graduate with an MA in 1914.
1550:Lieutenant Governors of the Gambia (1829–1843)
1476:
1260:Barbados and the Windward Islands (1833–1885)
770:
710:. Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 61–62.
66:26 September 1949 – 11 January 1954
1499:Commandants of St Mary's Island (1816–1830)
533:. Blood sat the bursary competition of the
516:
1483:
1469:
777:
763:
40:
784:
1681:Administrators of the Gambia (1866–1901)
2049:People educated at Irvine Royal Academy
705:
1991:
1453:Served as Acting Governor of Barbados.
178:23 March 1942 – 29 March 1947
2014:British Army personnel of World War I
1464:
758:
682:"Captain Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood"
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
598:Colonial Development and Welfare Act
2009:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
1836:Governors of the Gambia (1901–1965)
1600:Governors of the Gambia (1843–1866)
708:Historical Dictionary of the Gambia
579:
576:and afterwards walked with a limp.
13:
1248:
14:
2065:
665:
1506:
650:
403:
686:The University of Glasgow Story
490:Sir Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood
329:
126:5 February 1947 – 1949
2054:Royal Scots Fusiliers officers
2029:Governors of British Mauritius
699:
1:
658:
638:
2024:Governors of British Grenada
354:Alban Francis Blood (father)
7:
509:from 1947 to 1949, and the
10:
2070:
568:. He achieved the rank of
358:Adelaide Therese Feldtmann
1835:
1680:
1599:
1549:
1498:
1451:
1435:
1344:
1259:
1246:
792:
743:
734:
725:
720:
558:4th Royal Scots Fusiliers
483:
479:
456:
451:4th Royal Scots Fusiliers
446:
436:
428:
416:
398:
393:
389:
377:
367:
347:
339:
313:
293:
277:
272:
268:
256:
244:
234:
223:
216:
204:
192:
182:
171:
164:
152:
140:
130:
119:
112:
99:
84:
70:
59:
52:
48:
39:
21:
730:Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy
517:Early life and education
2034:Governors of the Gambia
706:Perfect, David (2016).
612:from 1947 to 1949, and
505:from 1942 to 1947, the
211:Andrew Barkworth Wright
1253:
1175:George Poyntz Ricketts
931:Christopher Codrington
594:Governor of the Gambia
556:Blood served with the
503:Governor of the Gambia
166:Governor of the Gambia
2019:Governors of Barbados
1277:Charles Henry Darling
1252:
786:Governors of Barbados
737:Governor of Mauritius
645:Royal Society of Arts
614:Governor of Mauritius
535:University of Glasgow
511:Governor of Mauritius
429:Years of service
384:University of Glasgow
319:Alison Farie Anderson
54:Governor of Mauritius
1345:Barbados (1885–1966)
1240:James Frederick Lyon
1047:Thomas Catesby Paget
793:Barbados (1627–1833)
610:Governor of Barbados
586:Ceylon Civil Service
572:. He was wounded in
531:Irvine Royal Academy
507:Governor of Barbados
372:Irvine Royal Academy
263:William Leslie Heape
114:Governor of Barbados
1210:John Foster Alleyne
721:Government offices
647:from 1963 to 1965.
566:Gallipoli peninsula
513:from 1949 to 1954.
218:Governor of Grenada
1292:William Colebrooke
1254:
925:William Willoughby
905:William Willoughby
892:Francis Willoughby
861:Francis Willoughby
608:He then served as
469:Gallipoli Campaign
1986:
1985:
1821:H. M. B. Griffith
1514:The Gambia portal
1458:
1457:
1402:Eubule Waddington
1387:William Robertson
1367:Frederick Hodgson
1187:Francis Mackenzie
1151:James Cunninghame
1076:Orlando Bridgeman
1010:George Lillington
753:
752:
744:Succeeded by
543:Hellenistic Greek
487:
486:
108:
95:
2061:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1443:Government House
1336:William Robinson
1313:Sanford Freeling
1307:Rawson W. Rawson
1216:Stapleton Cotton
1081:Humphrey Howarth
898:Henry Willoughby
886:Humphrey Walrond
779:
772:
765:
756:
755:
747:Sir Robert Scott
726:Preceded by
718:
717:
712:
711:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
678:
619:British Honduras
580:Colonial service
547:Moral Philosophy
500:
418:
409:
407:
406:
359:
333:
331:
300:
273:Personal details
259:
251:Herbert Ferguson
247:
228:
207:
195:
176:
155:
143:
124:
106:
102:
93:
87:
64:
44:
19:
18:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1866:Henniker-Heaton
1831:
1676:
1595:
1545:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1489:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1431:
1422:Robert Arundell
1382:Charles O'Brien
1340:
1255:
1244:
1199:George Beckwith
1113:Charles Pinfold
1108:Henry Grenville
1103:Thomas Robinson
1059:Walter Chetwynd
999:Bevil Granville
975:Francis Russell
945:Jonathan Atkins
879:Thomas Modyford
788:
783:
749:
740:
732:
716:
715:
704:
700:
690:
688:
680:
679:
666:
661:
653:
641:
632:African Affairs
588:. He served in
582:
519:
492:
475:
404:
402:
394:Military career
363:
357:
335:
332: 1919)
327:
323:
320:
302:
298:
282:
257:
245:
229:
224:
205:
199:Thomas Southorn
193:
177:
172:
153:
141:
125:
120:
100:
85:
77:
65:
60:
35:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1797:T. R. Griffith
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:Harry Newlands
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:Gilbert Carter
1369:
1364:
1359:
1357:Walter Sendall
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1324:George Strahan
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:Francis Hincks
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Evan MacGregor
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1181:William Bishop
1177:
1172:
1169:William Bishop
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1022:William Sharpe
1018:
1016:Robert Lowther
1013:
1006:
1001:
996:
989:
984:
977:
972:
967:
960:
958:Richard Dutton
955:
948:
941:
938:Peter Colleton
934:
927:
922:
915:
912:Samuel Barwick
908:
901:
894:
889:
882:
875:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
845:William Hawley
841:
834:
829:
824:
817:
812:
810:C. Wolferstone
807:
802:
796:
794:
790:
789:
782:
781:
774:
767:
759:
751:
750:
745:
742:
733:
727:
723:
722:
714:
713:
698:
663:
662:
660:
657:
652:
649:
640:
637:
581:
578:
518:
515:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
474:
473:
472:
471:
460:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:
430:
426:
425:
420:
414:
413:
411:United Kingdom
400:
396:
395:
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
375:
374:
369:
365:
364:
362:
361:
355:
351:
349:
345:
344:
341:
337:
336:
325:
321:
318:
317:
315:
311:
310:
301:(aged 74)
295:
291:
290:
279:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
221:
220:
214:
213:
208:
202:
201:
196:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
169:
168:
162:
161:
156:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
117:
116:
110:
109:
105:Robert Newton
103:
97:
96:
88:
82:
81:
72:
68:
67:
57:
56:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2066:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Alfred Savage
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:Leslie Probyn
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:John Hennessy
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Henry Worsley
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:James Kendall
968:
966:
965:
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:
883:
881:
880:
876:
874:
873:
872:Daniel Searle
869:
867:
866:George Ayscue
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
846:
842:
840:
839:
838:Richard Peers
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
791:
787:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
760:
757:
748:
739:
738:
731:
724:
719:
709:
702:
687:
683:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
664:
656:
651:Personal life
648:
646:
636:
634:
633:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:and attended
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
491:
482:
478:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
461:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
421:
415:
412:
401:
397:
392:
388:
385:
382:
380:
376:
373:
370:
366:
356:
353:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
316:
312:
309:
305:
296:
292:
289:
285:
280:
276:
271:
267:
264:
261:
255:
252:
249:
243:
240:
237:
233:
227:
222:
219:
215:
212:
209:
203:
200:
197:
191:
188:
185:
181:
175:
170:
167:
163:
160:
159:Alfred Savage
157:
151:
148:
147:Grattan Bushe
145:
139:
136:
133:
129:
123:
118:
115:
111:
104:
98:
92:
91:James Harford
89:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
31:
20:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1864:
1852:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1754:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1716:
1704:
1697:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1623:
1611:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1538:
1531:
1412:Hilary Blood
1352:Charles Lees
1330:D. J. Gamble
1328:
1311:
1302:James Walker
1287:William Reid
1282:Charles Grey
1267:Lionel Smith
1229:Samuel Hinds
1227:
1220:
1208:
1193:John Spooner
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1125:William Spry
1117:
1095:
1068:
1064:Emanuel Howe
1051:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1008:
1004:Mitford Crow
991:
981:Francis Bond
979:
962:
950:
943:
936:
929:
919:Henry Hawley
917:
910:
903:
896:
884:
877:
870:
851:Henry Huncks
843:
836:
832:Henry Hawley
819:
735:
707:
701:
689:. Retrieved
685:
654:
642:
630:
607:
583:
555:
549:. He failed
520:
489:
488:
457:Battles/wars
423:British Army
299:(1967-06-20)
297:20 June 1967
258:Succeeded by
225:
206:Succeeded by
173:
154:Succeeded by
121:
101:Succeeded by
79:Elizabeth II
61:
26:Hilary Blood
2004:1967 deaths
1999:1893 births
1936:Chamberlain
1407:Henry Bushe
1235:Henry Warde
1222:John Skeete
1204:James Leith
1163:David Parry
1131:Samuel Rous
1119:Samuel Rous
1097:James Dotin
1091:Robert Byng
1086:Thomas Gage
1070:James Dotin
1053:James Dotin
993:John Farmer
964:Edwyn Stede
952:John Witham
856:Philip Bell
821:R. Wheatley
562:World War I
464:World War I
281:28 May 1893
246:Preceded by
194:Preceded by
142:Preceded by
86:Preceded by
1993:Categories
1954:Wyn-Harris
1762:Gouldsbury
1636:MacDonnell
1631:Fitzgerald
1397:Mark Young
1157:John Dotin
1145:John Dotin
1138:Edward Hay
1036:Samuel Cox
1029:John Frere
987:Ralph Grey
741:1949–1954
659:References
639:Later life
523:Kilmarnock
399:Allegiance
379:Alma mater
284:Kilmarnock
1877:Middleton
1731:Kortright
1712:Callaghan
1666:Robertson
1654:Robertson
1642:Robertson
1567:Clogstoun
1427:John Stow
1362:James Hay
827:W. Tufton
815:J. Powell
800:H. Powell
574:Gallipoli
551:Geography
527:parsonage
432:1914-1918
368:Education
230:1930–1935
226:In office
187:George VI
174:In office
135:George VI
122:In office
75:George VI
62:In office
1925:Southorn
1913:Richards
1872:Armitage
1815:Llewelyn
1756:Berkeley
1660:O'Connor
805:W. Deane
623:Zanzibar
602:Bathurst
417:Service/
360:(mother)
340:Children
288:Scotland
239:George V
107:(Acting)
94:(Acting)
71:Monarchs
1966:Windley
1960:Waddell
1895:Workman
1883:Workman
1860:Cameron
1809:Moseley
1767:Moloney
1648:Kennedy
1625:Mantell
1619:Norcott
1607:Seagram
1585:Huntley
1561:Rendall
1556:Findlay
1540:Jackson
1527:Findlay
1436:Related
691:11 July
570:Captain
560:during
441:Captain
348:Parents
334:
326:
322:
308:England
235:Monarch
183:Monarch
131:Monarch
1942:Wright
1907:Parish
1901:Palmer
1889:Denham
1848:Galway
1843:Denton
1827:Denton
1803:Carter
1785:Carter
1773:Carter
1749:Cooper
1737:Cooper
1725:Cooper
1718:Fowler
1688:D'Arcy
1672:D'Arcy
1613:Ingram
1591:Ingram
1579:Ingram
1573:Mackie
1533:Hutton
625:, and
590:Ceylon
545:, and
419:branch
408:
314:Spouse
1972:Smith
1930:Blood
1706:Anton
1699:Bravo
1693:Patey
1522:Grant
627:Malta
539:Latin
496:
328:(
324:
1978:Paul
1948:Ward
1854:Gwyn
1791:Rowe
1743:Rowe
728:Sir
693:2018
498:KCMG
447:Unit
437:Rank
304:Kent
294:Died
278:Born
33:KCMG
1919:Oke
1779:Hay
494:GBE
30:GBE
23:Sir
1995::
684:.
667:^
621:,
541:,
330:m.
306:,
286:,
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
778:e
771:t
764:v
695:.
343:3
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.