Universities in the United Kingdom

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English universities, since it was founded in 1832. In fact, in its Durham division it is an inchoate Oxford or Cambridge, the third of the ancient universities in England, brought forth after an interval of 700 years as one born out of due time." The grouping of Durham and other pre-redbrick universities with the ancient universities may also sometimes be termed "pre-Victorian" or (by analogy to redbrick) "grey brick". Durham is also sometimes classified, on the grounds of age, as a larger or older civic university. Watts, who categorises Durham among the large civic universities, notes that: "Objection … may be made to the inclusion of Durham with the larger civic universities, which is made primarily on age grounds and in spite of the fact that in terms of structure and academic tradition Durham is probably rather closer to Oxbridge. The Robbins Committee (1963) rejected both these arguments and paid more attention to the criterion of size, including Durham with the smaller civic universities". The main report of the Robbins Committee, however, classified Durham as the oldest of the older civic universities. The UGC joined Durham with London to form a separate group between the ancient and civic universities, while others have considered "redbrick" to include London and Durham along with the civic universities, but excluding the technological and plate glass universities from the 1960s. Whyte, in his history of Redbrick universities, considers Durham, along with

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Providers with a track record of the years or more can apply for time-limited "Full DAPs" and those who have held time-limited date awarding powers for more than three years can apply for "Indefinite DAPs". Another change is that degree awarding powers can now be limited to some subjects rather than covering all possible degrees at that level as previously. There is also an intention to make it possible for institute to gain research degree awarding powers without taught degree awarding powers. New criteria for university title will apply for applications from April 2019, the government had started its intention that student numbers limits will be removed but that the criterion that 55 percent of students are on higher education courses will remain, and that providers with bachelor's degree awarding powers and single subject degree awarding powers will be eligible for university title. The OfS will take over the responsibility of granting degree awarding powers and university title from the Privy Council, and will also be responsible for the awarding of university title to institutions outside of the publicly-funded higher education sector. The act gives OfS the ability to remove indefinite degree awarding powers and university title from any institution in England, including those granted these by royal charter.

1785:" universities (former polytechnics), along with four categories of colleges (many of which have since become universities): multi-faculty, liberal arts, further/higher education and specialised. This was referred to by Henkel and Little (1999) as "an extraordinary hodge-podge of historical, territorial and functional criteria". Bligh, McNay and Thomas (1999) divided universities more simply into six categories: (Oxford, Cambridge, and St Andrews), other collegiate (Durham, Lancaster and York, with a sub-category for the federal universities of London and Wales), older civic (including Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Glasgow), newer civic (including Newcastle but not Keele), post-war (also explicitly including York and implicitly Lancaster) and post-1992. Watson (2013) updates Scott's (1995) classification, removing the separate categories for Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish universities and most of the categories of college (retaining only "HE in FE"), and adding "New new new universities" for the colleges that became universities following the 941:

degree awarding powers are awarded indefinitely to institutions in the publicly funded higher education sector, they are time limited to six years for other institutions (e.g. private colleges and universities) after which they must be renewed. The rules for university title allowed institutions holding only taught degree awarding powers to become universities in England and Wales from 2004, and the requirement for minimum student numbers across five broad subject areas was dropped. The overall higher education FTE student number criterion remained at 4,000, with 3,000 on degree-level courses (clarified to include foundation degrees, which has been introduced since the 1999 regulations). The final award of degree awarding powers continued to rest with the Privy Council; for university title it lay with the Privy Council for publicly funded institutions while alternative providers had to get permission to use

2622:. Most universities in the United Kingdom provide (or at least help organise) rented accommodation for many of their students, particularly in the first year; some British universities provide accommodation for the full duration of their courses. As a result, the lifestyle of university students in the United Kingdom can be quite different from those of some European universities where the majority of students live at home with their parents. The introduction of university fees paid by students from 2006 onwards has led many English and Welsh students to apply to institutions closer to their family's homes to reduce the additional costs of moving and living farther away. 1995: 2145:

analysis, with heuristics (and in one case manual intervention) being used to identify specialist institutions based on concentration of academics; these were manually assigned by field of specialisation to STEM (subdivided into biosciences and veterinary (5 institutions), engineering (1 institution), and agriculture (3 institutions)), social sciences and business (5 institutions), and arts and design (18 institutions). The cluster analysis identified five clusters, randomly assigned labels to avoid implying any ranking of which cluster was "better". The key characteristics of the clusters were:

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award master's degrees by research and doctoral degrees. Institutions with taught degree powers may be awarded the title of "university college", but for university title an institution must hold research degree awarding powers, as well as having over 4,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) students, with over 3,000 on degree -level courses and at least 500 higher education students in each of five broad subject areas. For both degree awarding powers and university title, the final decision is made by the

39: 2392:. Offers are made by early May for applications received by 15 January and by mid July for applications received by 30 June. Applicants who apply late, do not receive or accept any offers, or who do not meet the conditions of their offer, go into Clearing, which opens in early July although it is busiest directly after A-level results are announced. Most UK providers advertise courses they have not filled during the standard application period through Clearing. 14515: 13620: 1383:

a good case to hear, so long as it did seek to overturn "issues of academic or pastoral judgment" where "any judgment of the courts would be jejune and inappropriate". However, the shorter time limit of three months in judicial review was more appropriate than six years in contract. Cases which have sought to challenge academic judgment for failing students are typically bound to fail, as grading with a fair process is in the bounds of academic judgment. In

513: 1439:. The form and objectives of the corporation are laid down in the individual charter and statutes, but commonly all graduates are members of the university. Many London colleges were also incorporated by this route. At the ancient Scottish universities the corporation is formed, under the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889, by the university court rather than the graduates. A chartered corporation may not change its statutes without the approval of the 992: 13630: 703:

universities—nearly all charge the maximum tuition fee on all courses. Instead, the differences appear in the nature and value of various 'access' bursaries that are on offer. There has been considerable debate since the 1980s about the tendency toward vocationalism and the decline in the humanities, as well as a growing mindset among senior administrators that is preoccupied with marketing and corporate-like measures of "success."

5159:. It is claimed that academics are under increasing pressure from administrators to award students good marks and grades with little regard for those students' actual abilities, in order to maintain their league table rankings. The percentage of graduates who receive a First has grown from 7% in 1997 to 26% in 2017, with the rate of growth sharply accelerating toward the end of this period. A 2018 study by the 1832:, were founded in provincial cities as non-residential university colleges in the later 19th and early 20th century. The newer or smaller civic universities, sometimes called "white tile" universities, were founded later. "Redbrick" is sometimes used to mean any university established between 1800 and 1960, or between 1800 and 1992. Scott, unusually, uses "redbrick" to refer to the younger civics universities. 14527: 2380:. Applications are normally made during the final year of secondary school, prior to students receiving their final results, with schools providing predicted grades for their students. Applications should be made by 15 January to the majority of undergraduate courses, but by 15 October for admissions to most courses in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science, and for all courses at the universities of 2365: 684:

subsidised student loan of £1,685 (£2,085 in London) was available. Instead of following Dearing's suggestions, the grant was replaced by the present loan scheme, introduced for students starting in 1998. There was a transition year when about half the previous means-tested grant was available, though they still had to pay the new £1,000 tuition fee. From 1999, the grant was abolished altogether.

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other colleges and schools, opening up the possibility of degrees for many students who would not previously have attended a university. Another big step came in 1858 when the system of affiliated colleges was abandoned and London degrees were opened to any man who passed the examination. From 1878, University of London degrees were opened to women – the first in the United Kingdom.

1986:, founded in 1973 and made a university by royal charter in 1983, is not considered by either Scott or by Bligh, McNay and Thomas, but Watson assigns it to a separate category of private universities. The colleges (and now former colleges) of the federal universities of London and Wales are also normally omitted – it is only the parent university that is categorised. 1822:. Scott notes that it "compris large schools like Imperial College, University College and the London School of Economics, and small specialised institutes". London does not always feature as a stand-alone category: the UGC joined London with Durham, while Bligh, McNay and Thomas put it in with Durham, York, Lancaster and Wales in their 'other collegiate' group. 1750:(UGC) divided British universities by age into five groups by age and location. The English universities were divided into three: ancient, Durham and London, and the civic universities, with the other groups being the ancient Scottish universities (then the only universities in Scotland) and the University of Wales (then the only university in Wales). The 1963 11064: 375:(never recognised as a university by the British state, although granted degree awarding power by the Pope) was established in Dublin by the Catholic Church. This eventually led to the dissolution of the Queen's University in 1879 and its replacement by the Royal University of Ireland, an examining board after the pattern of the University of London. 5062:

is a wide variation in graduate earnings within subjects, even between graduates with the same degree from the same institution. One reason for this variation is the wealth of graduates' family backgrounds, but subject and institution choice as well as prior education attainment level can be a more significant determinant.

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leave the University of London and form a federal body, like the colleges of the Victoria University. In the end it was decided to reform the University of London itself, this was put into effect by an Act of Parliament in 1898, leading to completely new statutes establishing the federal University of London in 1900.

11072: 5183:(QAA) regularly reviews all UK universities to ensure standards are maintained. It is also responsible for producing subject benchmark statements and descriptions of the different degree levels (foundation, bachelor's master's and doctorates). The QAA also certifies that British degrees (with the exception of 416:, Manchester. Further university colleges followed in Newcastle (1871), notable for admitting women to its courses from the start, Aberystwyth (1872), Leeds (1874), Bristol (1876), Sheffield (1879), Mason College, Birmingham (1880), Dundee (1881), Liverpool (1881), Nottingham (1881), Cardiff (1883), and 8532:

The newcomer came from what we scornfully termed a"redbrick" university. A "redbrick" was a university found relatively recently: "greybrick" universities were of greater antiquity. The distinction was arbitrary, and led to heated arguments as to which institutions of higher learning were included in

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Over the past 10 years the university has become an increasingly loose federation of independent institutions that are universities in their own right and receive their grants directly from the Higher Education Funding Council for England, although they still hand out degrees on behalf of the central

2606:, arguing that British universities have suffered from decades of grade inflation, and from a set of perverse incentives imposed by successive governments: "An elite university education has been sold to successive generations of students. An emaciated, grossly expanded education has been delivered." 2144:

carried out a cluster analysis of English universities in 2018 as part of is preparation for the Knowledge Exchange Framework. This used three key dimensions: existing knowledge base, knowledge generation and physical assets. Ninety nine broad-discipline institutions were classified using the cluster

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Durham and London, while both incorporated by royal charter, have statutes made under Acts of Parliament rather than under their charters (in the case of Durham, this arrangement dates back to its creation by Act of Parliament in 1832, while for London it dates from the university's reconstitution by

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were also available, but abolished for students who began university after August 2016. While EU students qualify for the same fees as UK students, they only qualify for loans (or previously grants) if they have been resident for three years in the UK. As the UK is in a minority of countries to still

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required a 38 member council with five ex-officio members, twenty lay appointees, eight elected by academics, three elected by students, and two by non-academic staff members, however this provision still remains to be put into effect on the "appointed day". Other universities have a broad variety of

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has up to a 22 person "court", with an elected rector and a person she or he chooses, a principal plus one she or he chooses, a vice-principal (five members), two members appointed by the local councils, four members appointed by the General Council, six members from the Senatus Academicus, and up to

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England diverged from Wales in 2012 with a reduction in the number of higher education FTE students needed for university title to 1,000 (750 on degree level courses), with the addition that at least 55% of total FTE students had to be on higher education courses. There were further technical changes

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subject enrollment since 2011, the progress does not match labour market demand. For example, too many students are seeking a degree in the biological sciences, while the shortage in STEM apprentices has seen little improvement. In particular, women have shown scant interest in acquiring high-demand

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has found that, after controlling for differences in student characteristics, graduates in medicine and economics earn (on average) 20% more and graduates in business, computing and architecture 10% more than average graduates, while graduates in creative arts earn 15% less. It also found that there

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from its inception in 1893 until its reform in 2007, have been federal universities. They have a central governing body with overall responsibility for the maintenance of standards at the constituent colleges. Recently, however, there has been considerable pressure from the larger colleges to become

2138:'s 1828 Royal Charter), many of the former polytechnics and central institutions, and a few former HE colleges that became university colleges and then universities after the polytechnics. The fourth cluster has the remaining polytechnics and the majority of the former HE colleges, along with UWTSD. 1970:

on the basis that it was "bravely designed in the 1940s up provide a broad undergraduate education but with an extra-mural twist to reflect its Potteries location". As Durham lies between the ancient and civic universities, Keele lies between the civic and plate glass universities. Watts identifies

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One of the earliest attempts to categorise British universities was by George Edwin Maclean in a 1917 report for the US Department of the Interior. This split the universities into five groups based on age, structure and location: ancient universities of England (including Durham as being similar in

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a student claimed that she should not have received a third class degree after her computer crashed, she lost an assignment, and was forced to rush a new one. The Court of Appeal held that her application for both breach of contract and judicial review should not be struck out because there could be

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appoints 12 to 15 members and the chair, of which 6 to 9 should be academics and the remainder with "industrial, commercial or financial" backgrounds. Funds are administered at the councils' discretion but must consult with "bodies representing the interests of higher education institutions" such as

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of a university is a ceremonial position held by a prominent public figure. The actual executive responsibilities are borne by a vice-chancellor. In recent years, the role of the vice-chancellor has shifted from one of academic administration to strategic management. Accompanying this shift has been

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In Scotland and Northern Ireland the last UK national standards (from 1999) still apply. Institutions may hold taught degree awarding powers, allowing them to award ordinary and honours bachelor's degrees and taught master's degrees, and research degree awarding powers, allowing them additionally to

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In recent years, tuition fees charged from foreign students have become an important source of university income. International fees for a Master's degree typically range from £10,000 to £35,000, with the subject and the university's ranking being the main determinants. In the academic year 2022/23,

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As the university population rose during the 1980s the sums paid to universities became linked to their performance and efficiency, and by the mid-1990s funding per student had dropped by 40% since the mid-1970s, while numbers of full-time students had reached around 2,000,000 (around a third of the

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The late 19th century saw UCL and King's College London campaigning for a say in how the University of London was run, alongside a campaign for a "teaching university" for London. Royal commissions were held and a charter was drawn up for the "Albert University" that would have seen the two colleges

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for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards. It was incorporated by royal charter in 1837 and awarded its first degrees the same year. In 1838 it opened Britain's first course in engineering, and in 1846 pioneered "halls" accommodation, where students

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By then, the higher education revolution was well under way. Between 1824 and 1834 ten medical schools were established in provincial cities; many of these went on to form the nuclei of the redbrick universities, and in 1825 there was serious talk of founding a third English university in York. This

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Aston; Bedfordshire; Bournemouth; Bradford; Brighton; UCLan; City; Coventry; De Montfort; East London; Greenwich; Hertfordshire; Huddersfield; Kingston; Lincoln; Liverpool John Moores; Manchester Met; Middlesex; Northumbria; Nottingham Trent; Oxford Brookes; Plymouth; Portsmouth; Salford; Sheffield

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is similarly sometimes joined with the ancient universities of Scotland. Watts places it here, while noting that "there might … be dispute about the inclusion of Dundee with the ancient Scottish universities". Whyte considered it to be a redbrick university, while Scott considered it to be the only

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split the (then existing) universities into seven categories: the ancient universities of England, the ancient universities of Scotland, the University of London, the older civic universities of England (Maclean's "new or provincial" universities, with the addition of Durham, which at the time took

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is defined as a body which either "provides any course which is in preparation for a degree to be granted by a recognised body and is approved by or on behalf of the recognised body" – independent institutions whose degrees are validated by a recognised body; or "is a constituent college, school or

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The rules in England and Wales diverged from those in Scotland and Northern Ireland in 2004 and were further modified in 2010 with the introduction of foundation degree awarding powers for further education colleges. Under these regulations, which remain in force in Wales, while taught and research

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Universities in the United Kingdom do not have a coherent system of funding or governance, and both remain heavily debated. A growing body of other legal rights, for instance, for staff in reasonable expectations of fair procedure, or for students in fairness over the awarding of degrees, has grown

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Tuition fees were introduced in 1998, raised to £3,000 a year in 2006, and passed £9,000 a year by 2012. At the time of the Dearing Report, tuition fees were still paid in full by the local education authorities, student grants of up to £1,755 (£2,160 in London) were linked to family income, and a

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In 1997, Cardiff University (then the University of Wales, Cardiff) was granted degree awarding powers. This was the first time such powers had been granted to a constituent institution of a university (although the University of Wales, Lampeter held degree awarding powers, these were granted prior

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In 1973, the University College at Buckingham was established as a private sector, non-profit college, opening in 1976. It awarded "licences" that were externally examined in the same manner as degrees, rather than being associated with the University of London or another parent university like the

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Law schools fall into the same five broad categories as universities generally in this regard. There's the collegiate trio of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham (and King's College London, just pre-Victorian). Then came what used to be called the "redbricks" or civic universities from Victorian times to

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found in a 2018 paper that the "graduate premium" had fallen to around £100,000 averaged across all subjects, degree classes and universities, although with such a wide variation by subject and institution that it was impossible to quantify in a meaningful way. They argue that the graduate premium

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to divide UK universities into four clusters based on how elite they were using data on academic selectivity, research activity, teaching quality, socio-economic exclusivity and economic resources. The first cluster consisted of only Oxford and Cambridge. The second cluster contained the remaining

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is defined as "a university, college or other body which is authorised by Royal Charter or by or under Act of Parliament to grant degrees" or a body authorised by such a body "to act on its behalf in the granting of degrees" (this later category covers the colleges of the University of London with

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Under this act, degree awarding powers were made available on a probationary basis, termed "New DAPs" to providers without a track record in higher education, who had previously had to have a validation agreement with a recognised body to establish a track record prior to gaining their own powers.

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Both degree awarding powers and university title are controlled under UK law, and it is illegal for an institution to call itself a university or to purport to offer UK degrees without authorisation. Higher education is a devolved power, so the rules for degree awarding powers and university title

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The new University of London achieved one of the principal goals of the founders of UCL: it would award degrees without any religious test, the first university in England to do so. The first degrees were conferred in 1839 to students from UCL and King's College London. But from 1840 it affiliated

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UCL was revolutionary not just in admitting non-Anglicans (indeed non-Anglicans were allowed to study at Cambridge, but not to take degrees, and UCL could not grant them degrees); it also pioneered the study of modern languages and of geography, as well as appointing the first Professor of English

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Cluster J (17 institutions): "Mid-sized universities with limited funded research activity and generating limited world-leading research. Academic activity across STEM and non-STEM including other health, computer sciences, architecture/planning, social sciences and business, humanities, arts and

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is particularly challenging, being treated variously as an ancient university, an older/larger civic or a smaller civic. Maclean, who classified it as "ancient", noted that: "Several Englishmen have been surprised that Durham should be grouped with Oxford and Cambridge, rather than with the newer

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In 2010, the government voted to raise the amount universities can charge for undergraduate tuition fees (for England only) to between £6,000 – £9,000 per year though most charge the maximum. In 2016, the government raised the cap on tuition fees to £9,250 from 2017, with tuition fees expected to

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In 2005, Cardiff University left the University of Wales, which shifted to a confederal structure in 2007 before being essentially dissolved following a series of scandals in 2011. In 2007, Imperial College left the University of London, raising fears about the future of that federal institution.

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in London and colleges in Oxford and Cambridge. After London opened its degrees to women in 1878, UCL opened its courses in Arts, Law and Science to women, although it took the First World War to open up the London medical schools. By the end of the 19th century, the only British universities not

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British higher education has a strong international reputation, with over half of international students citing this as one of the main factors in deciding to study in the UK (compared to 22 percent of international students studying in Canada, 21 percent in Australia and 15 percent in the US).

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In 1889, government funding was provided to the English provincial university colleges (with the exception of Queen's College, Birmingham), along with Dundee in Scotland, and UCL and King's College in London. Government funding was already being provided to the ancient Scottish universities, the

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In 1834, the House of Commons backed the granting of a charter to the London University. In 1835, the government responded by announcing its intention to establish the University of London as an examining board that would grant degrees to affiliated colleges and medical schools. This was done in

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Cluster E (29 institutions): "Large universities with broad discipline portfolio across both STEM and non-STEM generating a mid-level amount of world-leading research across all disciplines. Significant amount of research funded by gov't bodies/hospitals; 9.5% from industry. Large proportion of

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In 1830, a Whig government was elected with Earl Grey as Prime Minister, and in early 1831 news broke that a charter was to be granted to the London University, officially recognising it as a university and thus enabling it to award degrees. Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the

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under the name of London University. Due to its lack of theology teaching, its willingness to grant degrees (if it were given this power) to non-Anglicans, and its unauthorised assumption of the title of "university", this inspired calls in 1827 for the foundation of a 'true and genuine "London

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of £36,000 per year, an apprentice will earn £30,000 per year, an A-level graduate will earn £24,000 per year, while someone without an A-level will earn £20,000 per year. Breaking down the university degrees into separate professions, undergraduates in engineering or medicine earn the most at

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Cluster X (20 institutions): "Large, high research intensive and broad-discipline universities undertaking a significant amount of world-leading research. Much of research funded by RCs and gov't bodies; 8.5% from industry. Discipline portfolio balanced across STEM and non-STEM with less or no

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Cluster V (16 institutions): "Very large, very high research intensive and broad-discipline universities undertaking significant amounts of world-leading research. Research funded by range of sources incl. RCs, gov't bodies, charities and 10.2% from industry. Discipline portfolio: significant

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Cluster M (17 institutions): "Small universities with limited funded research activity and generating limited world-leading research. Academic activity across disciplines, particularly in other health domains and non-STEM. Much of research activity funded by gov't bodies/hospitals; 14.7% from

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was created in 1985 by the Royal Holloway and Bedford New College Act 1985 (merging the 19th century Royal Holloway and Bedford colleges), and is similarly a statutory corporation. The main difference between this and a chartered corporation is that a statutory corporation has no power to do

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a massive rise in remuneration. In 2019, the Office for Students reported that the average basic salary for a university vice chancellor rose ahead of inflation, from £245,000 a year to £253,000 a year, with five heads earning more than £500,000 with benefits and severance payments included.

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should have between 12 and 24 members, with up to thirteen lay members, up to two teachers, up to two students, and between one and nine members co-opted by the others. The wide variations in governing bodies raise the question about staff or student voice should have any limit, given their

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In common with practice worldwide, graduates of universities in the United Kingdom often place not only their academic qualifications but also the names of the universities that awarded them after their name, the university typically (but not universally) being placed in parentheses, thus:

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tuition fees from non-UK students amounted to a total of £11.8 billion across all universities, equal to 46% of all higher education course fees, and nearly 23% of total university income, with some universities earning as much as three quarters of their fees from international students.

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let rooms ready-furnished and serviced by shared staff, and took all their meals together. This was in contrast to the system at Oxford and Cambridge (and in Durham's original college) where students had to furnish their own rooms, supply their own servants, and provide their own food.

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Language and Literature, although the study of English Literature as a distinct subject was pioneered by King's College London. Neither of the colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland.

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were created in the 1960s as residential universities with degree-awarding powers from the start, in contrast to being created as university colleges. The UGC took the decision to create these universities in the late 1950s and early 1960s, prior to the Robbins Report. The Scottish

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of up to £3,000 per year are paid up-front as previously, but new student loans are available that may only be used to pay for tuition fees, and must be repaid after graduation, in addition to the existing loan. In fact, there is very little variation in the tuition fees charged by

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are used occasionally, making the Latin explicit). More recently established universities also sometimes use Latin abbreviations, especially when they share the name of an episcopal see, in which case they sometimes use the same abbreviation that the bishop uses for his signature.

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All UK universities are independent bodies. With the exception of three private for-profit universities, British universities are charities. UK universities have four principal charity regulators. For universities outside England, this is the relevant national regulator: the

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required a 25 member Council of 14 lay governors, 6 elected academic governors, 3 ex-officio governors, and 2 student governors. However, in 2014, the composition was altered, to be set "by the Court" of the university. This is a large, mostly self-perpetuating body of lay

2568:(seventh) consistently in the world top ten. University College London (15th), Imperial College London (23rd), the University of Edinburgh (31st), and the University of Manchester (33rd) also make the top 50 and two more UK universities (eight total) are in the top 100. 5167:

will become less useful to students and employers, and that inflation will undermine public confidence in the overall value of higher education. Many students believe that a First or upper Second, by itself, is no longer sufficient to secure a good job, and that their

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ICR; Conservatoire for Dance and Drama; Courtauld; Cranfield; Guildhall; Heythrop; Leeds Art; Liverpool Performing Arts; Liverpool Tropical Medicine; LBS; LSHTM; NFTS; Norwich Art; Plymouth Art; Ravensbourne; RAC; RAM; RCA; RCM; RCSSD; RNCM; RVC; SGUL; Trinity Laban;

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In 1993, the University of London underwent a major shake-up, with the larger colleges being granted direct access to government funding and the right to confer University of London degrees themselves. This was a major step towards their being recognised generally as

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The counter-argument is that abolishing fees would "be regressive, benefiting the richest graduates", although it is unclear how, with appropriate tax policy, this is true: R Adams, 'Poorest students will finish university with £57,000 debt, says IFS' (5 July 2017)

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became 'Oxf' and 'Camb'. The change was controversial (p. 2, n. 1) but was considered essential to preserve consistency since most of the United Kingdom's universities can be rendered only in English. This document also counsels against the use of parentheses.

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has been diluted by the large number of graduates, in particular those with non-vocational degrees from non-elite institutions. Making matters worse, employers have responded to the oversupply of graduates by raising the academic requirements of many occupations

1039:(mostly full-time university members) elects its governing body, the 23 member "Council". Four members are elected by heads of colleges, four by professors and readers, eight by other academic fellows, three by students, four by a "grace" (a vote) of the whole 232:, and the short-lived Fraserburgh University. In England, meanwhile, Henry VIII's plan to found a university in Durham came to nothing and a later attempt to found a university at Durham during the Commonwealth was successfully opposed by Oxford and Cambridge. 1389:, where the university management interfered with academic assessment of student grades, this founded a right for a professor to claim he was constructively and unfairly dismissed. All access to education must be free from unlawful discrimination under the 2399:

as of 2012 in addition to secondary school qualifications. These include many medicine and dentistry courses as well as popular courses in law and mathematics. Some highly competitive courses also require students to attend an interview or audition.

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in 1949; this was the first university college to receive full degree awarding powers as a college rather than on becoming a university (St David's College, Lampeter, held limited degree awarding power from the mid 19th century, but could only award

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model of a university containing a number of colleges. In addition to Oxford and Cambridge, this has been adopted by Durham, York, and Lancaster, although these differ from the Oxbridge model in that there is no teaching in their colleges. The

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it among the plate glass universities, but it was a former university college (founded in 1949 and promoted to a university in 1962) not a new institution founded as a university. The Robbins report classified it as newer civic university.

485:. The last of the original provincial university colleges, in Newcastle, remained connected to the University of Durham, but moved to a federal structure with equal Newcastle and Durham divisions. In Ireland, Queen's College Belfast became 1476:

to incorporate the polytechnics independently of their local councils. In a higher education corporation, only the governing board is incorporated, not the graduates. Some newer London colleges share this status. Some new universities are

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Before 1998, universities were funded mainly by central government, although they have been increasingly reliant on charging students and seeking to raise private capital. First, universities have the power to generate income through

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Reforms were first put into law after an Oxford University commission of 1852 stated it must reverse "successive interventions by which the government of the University was reduced to a narrow oligarchy." For example, since the

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led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing. From 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, bringing numbers back to 98 by 1840.

105:

While legally, 'university' refers to an institution that has been granted the right to use the title, in common usage it now normally includes colleges of the University of London, including in official documents such as the

1729:

UK universities can be categorised in a number of different ways. Historically, they have frequently been categorised based on age and location, while some more recent categorisations have used statistical techniques such as

1885:, colleges and institutes of higher education, and other higher education corporations, but not older university institutions that were part of the university sector as colleges of the universities of London or Wales (e.g., 8276:

Professor Whyte said that "describes the late 19th, early 20th-century foundations": including Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Bristol, Sheffield, Newcastle, as well as Dundee "and the Welsh universities" beyond

1295:, it is allowable that English students are charged tuition fees in Scottish universities while EU students may not be, because non-discrimination does not apply to internal domestic affairs. For English universities, the 13679: 1359:

are also eligible for a means-tested grant, and many universities provide bursaries to poor students. Non-European Union students are not subsidised by the UK government and so have to pay much higher tuition fees.

551:

is notable for having been made a university in 1963 by Act of Parliament rather than by royal charter. The 1960s saw a large expansion in the number of universities in the UK with eight universities, known as the

1743:

structure), Scottish universities, the University of London, the "new or provincial universities", and the university colleges (Maclean's report only covered England and Scotland; Wales and Ireland were omitted).

1051: 1917:

form three of Scott's twelve categories, with the other nine consisting solely of English universities, although he does allow for the Scottish category to be subdivided into ancient, civic, technological, "old

668:

was introduced to provide for additional funding. Initially loans of up to £420 were available, and could be taken out by all students. The costs of tuition continued to be met in full for all domestic students.

604:

to it joining the federal university). Over the next decade, all of the constituent institutions of the University of Wales and many of those of the University of London gained their own degree awarding powers.

10755:

This follows the tradition of using the Latin name for towns and cities as in the University of Cambridge (Cantab.) for Cantabrigia or University of Durham (Dunelm), a shorter version of the Latin, Dunelmensis.

7412: 9139: 2877:: Notes on Style", which promulgated a new system of abbreviations for use in publications of that university. The general rule is to use the first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Thus 5361:

Today there are 176 higher education institutions in the UK of which 115 are titled universities (which include the various constituent parts of both the University of London and the University of Wales).

2043:

Unitary universities – the standard structure, with all teaching and services provided by the central University. Long standard in Scotland, the first unitary university in England was Birmingham in 1900.

1893:). More recent classifications divide the post-1992 universities into those (mainly former polytechnics) that became universities after the 1992 act and other colleges that became universities after the 1776:

universities (which do not fit well into any other classification), the technological universities, Scottish universities, Welsh universities, Northern Irish universities, the Open University, the "old

556:, established as new institutions rather than from earlier university colleges, a number of other institutions that had not been university colleges promoted directly to university status following the 1320:

charge tuition fees, increasing demands have been made to abolish fees on the ground that they burden people without wealthy families in debt, deter disadvantaged students from education, and escalate

2782:. Degrees are generally listed in ascending order of seniority followed by diplomas. An exception may be made when a degree of a different university falls between two degrees of the same university: 11239: 10498: 1026:"There is an expectation, often enshrined within the constitutional documents of HEIs, that governing bodies will contain staff and student members and encourage their full and active participation." 310:) opened at 309 Regent Street, London, in August 1838, to provide "practical knowledge of the various arts and branches of science connected with manufacturers, mining operations and rural economy". 1755:

in Newcastle), the University of Wales, the newer civic universities of England (mostly comprising Maclean's university colleges), and the new foundations in England (the plate glass universities).

1605:. There have also been a number of mergers between colleges of the University of London, of particular note is the merger of Royal Holloway College and Bedford College in 1985 by Act of Parliament. 14489: 13672: 11891: 7159: 5301: 2281:

Abertay Dundee; Aberystwyth; Bangor; Cardiff Met; Edinburgh Napier; Glamorgan; Glasgow Caledonian; Highlands and Islands; Queen Margaret; Robert Gordon; Stirling; Swansea; Ulster; West of Scotland

11206: 10165: 347:

Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham. Grey's government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the

8735: 7362: 5373: 889: 1355:.) In April 2017 the House of Commons voted to increase the cap on tuition fees to £9,250 per year, which took effect for students starting in September 2017. Students in Scotland, Wales, and 13934: 680:

recommended the ending of universal free higher education, and that students should pay £1,000 towards the cost of their tuition fees, which would be recovered in the form of a graduate tax.

653:

a national mandatory award of student maintenance grant was established, payable by the LEAs to students on most full-time courses. In 1980, the level of grant increased from £380 to £1,430.

11828:

New research based on the Longitudinal Educational Outcomes dataset sheds more light on the complex question of whether obtaining a university degree is worth the financial cost of doing so.

2050:, the University of London (1836–1900) and the Royal University of Ireland (1880–1909) were set up to function purely as examining boards; there are no current universities in this category. 1698:

committed to joining once it has completed its commitments to current students. Legally this was a takeover rather than a merger as UWTSD remains incorporated under Lampeter's 1828 charter.

11965: 7356: 332:

University"' by royal charter, to be known (in the same manner as Edinburgh was officially known as the College of King James VI) as "The College of King George IV in London". This became

13665: 2614:

In England and Wales the majority of young full-time university students live away from home, which is not the case for universities in some, mainly Southern European, countries such as

431:

University of London, and to the Welsh and Irish colleges. Bedford College in London (1894), Reading (1901) and Southampton (1902) were later added to the grant to university colleges.

14638: 130: 6831: 5082:

earn the least at £20,700 per year. Finally, Russell Group graduates hold 61% of all jobs that require a university degree, despite being only 17% of all higher education graduates.

420:(1884). With the exceptions of Newcastle (associated with Durham) and Dundee (associated with St Andrews), all of the university colleges prepared their students for London degrees. 7421: 6928: 2266:

Birmingham City; Chester; Canterbury Christ Church; Derby; Gloucestershire; Leeds Beckett; London South Bank; Northampton; Roehampton; Staffordshire; Sunderland; Teesside; Worcester

401:

An Act of Parliament was passed in 1858 that modernised the constitutions of all of the Scottish universities. Under this Act, the two universities in Aberdeen were united into the

13365: 7580: 5116:

A 2018 study by the Office for National Statistics found that one in eight young people without degree-level qualifications are working in graduate jobs. Most of these jobs are in

11736: 7602: 1432:

Universities in the UK have a wide variety of legal structures, leading to differences in their rights and powers, and in who is a member of the corporate body of the university.

9507: 9493: 9479: 9465: 6263: 6680: 1845:

was the only entirely new university created as a result of the Robbins Report, and is often considered (e.g. by Scott) as a Scottish equivalent of the plate glass universities.

6625: 1947:

pattern and separated from the development of the redbrick universities and from the London colleges. Scott classifies Lampeter with the other Welsh universities and Durham as

12079: 1586:

The first merger between British universities was that between King's College, Aberdeen and Marischal College, Aberdeen under the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 to form the

98:, leading to degrees validated by a recognised body. Undergraduate applications to almost all UK universities are managed by the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service ( 10536: 9438: 9420: 8644: 8445: 1453:, and the only "old" university not incorporated by royal charter, having been created by the Universities of Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne Act 1963. Among London colleges, 398:, allowing non-Anglicans to become full members of the university (membership of Convocation at Oxford and Durham or the Senate at Cambridge) and to hold teaching positions. 14530: 14334: 6903: 1347:) where the government does not subsidise the tuition fees; as of 2003 at all other universities the government pays 75% or more of the average student fee. (The non-profit 1251:

of 1963. However, over the 1980s and 1990s, grants were diminished, requiring students to become ever more reliant on their parents' wealth. Further, appointed in 1996, the

12540: 12458: 1627: 13423: 11179: 2508:

at 36th. A further four UK universities (eleven in total) rank in the top 100. Oxford, Cambridge and Imperial have been consistently ranked in the top ten on this table.

271:

In England, the late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the arrival of Catholic seminaries driven from the continent by the French Revolution and the establishment of the

5097:

and Warwick University shows that, while graduates born in 1970 earned 19% more than their non-graduate peers, the premium has fallen to 11% for graduates born in 1990.

434:

In 1893, the University of Wales was established as another federal body, uniting the colleges in Aberystwyth, Cardiff and Bangor, but not St David's College, Lampeter.

5163:

concluded that improvements in faculty skill and student motivation are only two of many factors driving average grades upward, that grade inflation is real, that the

2100:

are also collegiate, with teaching taking place in academic departments associated with the colleges. Federal universities are also sometimes referred to as collegiate.

1770:(1995) has 12 categories: ancient English, the University of London, the Victorian civic universities, the newer civic universities (which Scott calls "redbrick"), the 13927: 9180: 7403: 5274: 11766: 7360:

Ed CR 151, ELR 515, Sedley J allowing a claim for Dr Evans to challenge not being promoted to reader on grounds of a hostile faculty member taking part in a review.

1429:

while for those that are not exempt it is the Charity Commission. Both of the two charitable private universities in England are regulated by the Charity Commission.

275:

to train Anglican priests in 1816. The first Anglican college to move beyond specialist training to provide a more general university education in Arts was in Wales:

14564: 12710: 7419:

claimed an LPC had no guidance on taking exams, or giving feedback. The High Court held the claimant was 'ready to blame anyone but herself for her misfortunes'. cf

7306: 2388:. Some art and design courses have a later deadline of 24 March. Applications received up to 30 June are sent to universities, after this date they go straight into 1348: 412:, built on the nucleus of the Birmingham Medical School, which gained its royal charter in 1843 but did not ultimately prove a success. This was followed in 1851 by 2650:. Cardiff's departure and policies pursued by the Welsh Government have led to the break-up of the University of Wales, which is in the process of merging with the 1818:

and its constituent colleges, which were founded in London from the early 19th century onwards as non-residential university colleges, following the pattern of the

294:

This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities. The first of these, established in Edinburgh in 1821, would eventually become

193:. No other universities were successfully founded in England during this period; opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in 6860:, The Statutes, art 1, "Membership of the Council" requires a 21 member board, 12 lay, 8 staff, 1 student, but appears to make no provision for elections by staff. 6774:

and VI, Council Regulations 13 of 2002, regs 4-10. Discussed in E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the 'Single Channel' (2017)

5047: 966: 11038: 5147:

annual earnings of university graduates, five years into their careers, ranged from £20,800 in the creative arts and design to £49,450 in medicine and dentistry.

2426:

London has also been ranked as the best city in the world for students. However, a number of universities, including Cambridge, UCL and the LSE, have warned that

13523: 12105: 6490: 6426: 1612: 2571:

In specific subject rankings, UK universities have performed well with a quarter of all top rankings taken by British Universities in the QS 2017 rankings. The

14025: 17: 11869: 11570: 9097: 7504: 1865:

refers to institutions that were part of the university sector prior to 1992, including full colleges of the federal universities of London and Wales in 1992.

14518: 13990: 13920: 10239: 8696: 394:

Non-Anglicans were admitted to degrees at Oxford in 1854, Cambridge in 1856 and Durham in 1865. The remaining tests were (except in theology) removed by the

198: 11252: 10511: 6508: 14079: 11997: 11328: 11097: 10941: 9049: 8567:

Large numbers of staff and students consciously stress the "differentness" of Durham by referring to it consciously as "non-redbrick" or "greybrick" even.

7079: 13970: 12158: 11210: 10172: 10094: 8323: 687:

The abolition of tuition fees was a major issue in the 1999 Scottish parliamentary elections, and subsequently was part of the agreement that led to the

673: 190: 1469:

are members of the university. Their statues are made under Acts of Parliament, thus they are also considered statutory corporations for some purposes.

14344: 14040: 13528: 5430: 5350: 5223: 2084: 8914: 8739: 8580: 5381: 504:(1926), became a university between the wars. New university colleges were set up in Swansea (1920), Leicester (1921), Exeter (1922) and Hull (1927). 14134: 14129: 13985: 7204: 5199:

are at bachelor's level. In some subjects (particularly those with associated chartered status), professional bodies also accredit degrees, e.g. the

5105: 2453:

has compiled a "Table of Tables" to combine the results of the three mainstream league tables. In the 2018 table, the top-five universities were the

1378: 1352: 995:

Almost all universities by law require staff and student representation in the governing body. Lack of transparency means many rules, like under the

11354: 11207:"LSE Degree Certificates – Certificates, documentation and letters – Registration, timetables and assessment – Students – Staff and students – Home" 14267: 12451: 10738: 8717: 7998: 7063: 6243: 4073: 2477: 1792:

The groupings tend to be somewhat fuzzy in definition, with membership of each group varying between different authors. The common categories are:

11975: 8962: 7216: 14799: 12599: 11939: 10040: 9160: 4095: 1852: 1303:

to set fee limits, while universities are meant to ensure "fair access" by drafting a "plan" for "equality of opportunity". There is no limit on

523:

After the Second World War, there was an enormous expansion in the demand for higher education. A final public university college was set up in

166: 9181:"If Theresa May wants to improve the quality of our universities, she must begin by addressing the disastrous effects of her immigration policy" 6343: 1022:. The most progressive models support a high degree of voice for staff and students, with the Higher Education Code of Governance stating that: 79:' title are protected by law, although the precise arrangements for gaining these vary between the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. 14484: 14178: 14084: 13565: 13555: 12184: 5243: 2420: 500:

after the war, with Oxford, Cambridge and the Durham division of Durham University finally accepting government funding. Only one institution,

9201: 5462: 423:

In the late 1870s, Owens College applied for university status. After objections by other civic colleges, it was decided instead to erect the

405:(explicitly preserving the foundation date of King's College) and the University of Edinburgh was made independent from the town corporation. 14557: 14463: 14247: 14139: 13995: 13490: 13464: 13432: 8863: 8805: 6596: 6566: 5069:

found that, although university graduates are consistently more likely to be employed than non-graduates, they are increasingly likely to be

2356:, in 2019/20 around 220,000 academic staff were employed in UK higher education institutions; a third of these were on fixed-term contracts. 1828:, often divided into older or larger and younger or smaller, or some similar division. The older or larger civic universities, also known as 934: 547:) all of the university colleges (except those that had become colleges of the University of London) achieved independent university status. 6757:

Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners appointed to inquire into State, Discipline, Studies and Revenues of University and Colleges of Oxford

14679: 13943: 13548: 11815: 11647: 8265: 7903: 6955: 6838: 6145: 2408: 1279:. In 2017, the limit on fees was £9,250 for students in England, £9,000 in Wales, and £3,805 in Northern Ireland. The same rates apply for 1169: 1128: 1078:, currently requires its seventeen-member "Council" to have two student representatives, and three staff representatives. Anomalously, the 950: 746: 10878: 2430:

poses a reputational risk for UK universities, and there are also fears about the impact of the government's immigration and visa policy.

291:– cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and (after consulting with his constituents) he advised against proceeding. 14794: 14747: 14479: 14443: 13623: 13590: 13388: 12444: 11913: 11857:

The change in the percentage by which the hourly pay of graduates exceeds that of non-graduates mainly impacted on those born after 1987.

10598: 7624: 5164: 1926:" (post-1992). The four Scottish universities founded in the 1960s (covering Scott's sub-categories of civic, technological and "old 'new 11744: 11675:"Family background has an important impact on graduates' future earnings, but subject and institution choice can be even more important" 10565: 243:

The 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of

14200: 13633: 13538: 13408: 11408: 11376: 10126: 10081:"University of London, the Historical Record: (1836–1912) Being a Supplement to the Calendar, Completed to September 1912. First Issue" 9384: 9366: 9348: 9330: 9312: 9294: 6731: 5512: 5238: 1567: 1465:

At Oxford and Cambridge, incorporated by a public Act of Parliament in 1571, only graduates who have proceeded to the academic rank of

1247:

formally required this position for all UK residents, and this continued through the expansion of university places recommended by the

1173: 8624: 14124: 14094: 14060: 14045: 13980: 13499: 13413: 12564: 6124: 1218: 986: 634: 150: 12083: 5578: 965:(OfS). A new tier of degree awarding powers – bachelor's degree awarding powers, allowing the award of degrees up to level 6 on the 14757: 14702: 14659: 14550: 14149: 14112: 13575: 13403: 13196: 12614: 11441: 10882: 10540: 10262:– this reference uses Oxon, Cantab, Dunelm and Londin but other universities, including Edinburgh and Glasgow, are given in English 10227:

In Memory of William Cameron, M.A. (Aberdon.), Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford, Drowned when Bathing in the Rhine, 10 July 1883

8652: 8449: 2245:

Birmingham; Bristol; Imperial; KCL; Leeds; Liverpool; Manchester; Newcastle; Nottingham; QMUL; Sheffield; Southampton; UCL; Warwick

1687: 1411: 1407: 496:

The First World War caused financial crises in many British universities and university colleges. This led to the formation of the

280: 194: 12269:

Oxford and Cambridge in transition, 1558–1642: an essay on changing relations between the English universities and English society

6800: 612:, London was the first institute to voluntarily surrender university status when it became a college of the University of London. 14735: 14183: 14089: 13350: 13267: 12053: 8348: 2746: 2651: 2404: 2131: 2078: 1616: 1547: 1415: 1058:, staff also vote) and an elected vice-chairman. Assessors are appointed by the local authority, chancellor, general council and 7164: 5655: 14144: 13580: 12294:

Gewirtz, Sharon; Cribb, Alan (2013). "Representing 30 years of higher education change: UK universities and the Times Higher".

11183: 10659: 6161: 5101: 4605: 3549: 2556: 2368:

Entry rate ratio for the most advantaged to most disadvantaged groups between 2006 and 2016, showing the decrease in the ratio.

1571: 1425:

that are not registered with the Charity Commission; the principal regulator for universities that are exempt charities is the

1264: 1198: 1181: 958: 608:

However, it has survived and attracted new members, although many of the larger colleges now award their own degrees. In 2016,

202: 72: 11788: 6767: 5725: 14712: 14314: 12966: 12010: 10800:

Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, D.C.L. (Oxon), LL.D. and M.A. (Cantab), M.A (Dunelm), F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.A.S., &c.

8415: 7016: 5043: 3832:(also used by the University of Canterbury, NZ); the University of Kent was originally the University of Kent at Canterbury. 1878: 1714: 1157: 804: 585: 568:

earlier university colleges. In 1983, it became the UK's first private university after being granted a royal charter as the

465:

to gain university status. Over the next decade the Victoria University dissolved, its colleges becoming the universities of

427:

as a federal body, with Owens College as, initially, its only college. It was joined by Liverpool in 1884 and Leeds in 1887.

367:

In 1845, Queen's Colleges were established across Ireland: in Belfast, Cork and Galway, followed by the establishment of the

68: 11159: 3857:'s post nominal abbreviation. Certain period from 2008 allowed respective graduates to choose from the two awarding bodies. 2046:

Examining Board universities – modelled on the separation of teaching in College and examination by the Senate House in the

14352: 14302: 14074: 14050: 14030: 14020: 13518: 13485: 12695: 12619: 7189: 7178:

ss 23-24 (SS sets fees up to a 'higher amount') and 31-34 (Director of Fair Access requires fee charging university plans).

6857: 5213: 4537: 2058: 1454: 1210: 1153: 1124: 825: 424: 9986: 9957: 9931: 9905: 9879: 9861: 9835: 9809: 9757: 9731: 9687: 9643: 9599: 9455:

THE tables are available online from the 2010–2011 ranking; Oxford, Cambridge and Imperial make the top 10 in all of them.

9239: 7888: 7558: 6694: 6024: 580:

A major change to UK higher education occurred in 1992 with the abolition of the "binary divide" between universities and

14730: 14412: 14005: 13823: 13077: 12730: 10977: 9589:

Tables are (as of 2020) freely available online from 2012, these four institutes make the top ten in all previous tables.

9074: 6311:

Sharon Gewirtz and Alan Cribb, "Representing 30 years of higher education change: UK universities and the Times Higher."

5541:

A History of the University in Europe: Volume 3, Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945)

5228: 4203: 3697: 3252: 1316: 1308: 930: 665: 387: 11518: 7060:

Higher education: report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins 1961–63

5568:(1829), or any of the theological colleges or medical schools, as these do not meet Rüegg's definition of a university.) 2162:

activity in clinical medicine and STEM. Student body includes significant numbers of taught and research postgraduates."

457:

1900 also saw Mason College, Birmingham (which had absorbed the Medical School from Queen's College in 1892) become the

13975: 13585: 13302: 12976: 12350: 11277: 11042: 9026: 8395: 5248: 5094: 5054:

university. Despite this, polling for the report found that apprenticeships have a lower perceived value than degrees.

4924: 4163: 3285:, NZ; Oxford style guide recommends (unlike university degrees) the use of the Latin abbreviation for Lambeth degrees. 1509:(at that time also a church university) between its foundation in 1832 and its incorporation by royal charter in 1837. 877: 866: 12109: 8471:

Ann-Marie Bathmaker; Nicola Ingram; Jessie Abrahams; Anthony Hoare; Richard Waller; Harriet Bradley (31 August 2016).

1534:

hall or other institution of a university which is a recognised body" – including the colleges of the universities of

14237: 13818: 13177: 12168: 11698:

How English domiciled graduate earnings vary with gender, institution attended, subject and socio-economic background

11502: 11312: 11143: 10973: 10925: 10777: 10719: 10630: 10061: 9568: 9543: 9521: 9004: 8718:"The Government is championing new university providers – but where's the evidence to prove they're fit for purpose?" 8560: 8518: 8482: 8378: 8306: 8206: 8174: 8138: 8111: 8052: 7969: 7750: 7719: 7663: 6715: 5549: 5414: 4907: 1869: 1623: 1385: 1206: 1079: 996: 30: 9783: 9713: 9669: 9625: 9268: 6072: 1758:

Watts (1972) expanded this to eight "conventional" categories: Oxbridge, ancient Scottish, London, larger civic (or

1083:

governance structures, although if there is not a special statute or constitution, the general rules are set by the

360:

1836, with the old London University accepting a charter as a college under the name of University College, London.

247:

were also established. But the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute (now

14664: 14628: 14402: 14397: 13849: 13797: 13219: 13087: 12961: 12891: 12574: 11574: 11544: 11471: 11412: 7511: 6816: 6593:"APPLICATIONS FOR THE GRANT OF TAUGHT DEGREE AWARDING POWERS, RESEARCH DEGREE AWARDING POWERS AND UNIVERSITY TITLE" 5085: 4409: 4003: 3424: 3315: 2248:

Bath; Durham; UEA; Exeter; Kent; Lancaster; Leicester; LSE; Loughborough; Reading; RHUL; SOAS; Surrey; Sussex; York

2054: 1913: 1819: 1802: 1747: 1070:

In England and Wales, the pattern is more haphazard and often deficient in representation. The constitution of the

1047: 739: 497: 368: 236:

was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland,

7369:, judicial review allowed for astronomy PhD candidate being failed after it was shown that the process was unfair. 4874:

would risk confusion with Cambridge. The Oxford Calendar style guide gives "Wales" as the abbreviation for Wales.

14654: 14618: 14573: 13335: 13282: 12604: 12475: 10886: 10857: 10709: 8889: 8000:

Higher Education – Report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins

7242: 6515: 6098: 5557: 3080: 1940: 1718: 1691: 276: 11332: 11108: 10948: 7482: 2634:

more autonomous and, in some cases, completely independent institutions. Examples of this were the secession of

2295:

Bucks New; Cumbria; Edge Hill; Leeds Trinity; Liverpool Hope; St Mark and St John; Solent; Suffolk; York St John

649:(LEAs) paid some student tuition fees and provided some non-mature students with a maintenance grant. Under the 621:

reported that hundreds of academics has been accused of bullying students and colleagues, leading to calls from

14205: 13891: 13393: 13072: 12700: 12680: 12559: 12525: 11926:

Experimental statistics on longitudinal education outcomes showing university graduate earnings and employment.

5968: 5887: 5855: 5780: 5748: 5601: 5066: 4056: 3229: 3057: 2703:, originally to be named the University of Warwickshire when it was established in 1965, is several miles from 1646: 1563: 1003: 982: 793: 490: 409: 372: 299: 13657: 12131: 10197: 10140: 8333: 5195:

are at master's level but retain the name of bachelor's degrees for historical reasons and that similarly the

14669: 14633: 14623: 14592: 14000: 13952: 13762: 13312: 13257: 13204: 13152: 13107: 12850: 12825: 12780: 12735: 12705: 6187: 4842:'s post nominal abbreviation. Note further that from 2005, a transition period applies. For medical degrees, 3663: 3646: 3040: 3006: 2681: 2135: 2097: 1559: 1502: 1332: 1259:

because it said graduates had "improved employment prospects and pay." Instead of funding university through

1032: 856: 677: 486: 12412: 8198:

United Kingdom Higher Education and the Binary Dilemma: whatever happened to public sector higher education?

5437: 5356: 5322: 2352:

In December 2018, nearly 440,000 people worked in the higher education sector. According to research by the

205:), though not universities in their own right, were among the first to provide medical teaching in England. 14767: 14272: 14257: 13605: 13600: 13533: 12685: 12579: 8097: 5058: 4112: 2720: 2536: 2512: 2353: 2070: 1882: 1767: 1710: 1679: 1668: 1478: 1190: 1075: 772: 581: 303: 122: 10101: 9221: 5556:(The numbers quoted include Durham (1832) and London (1836) among the new university foundations, but not 14407: 14287: 14242: 14010: 13398: 13247: 13037: 13001: 12860: 12840: 12520: 7766: 7455: 5827:

Alan Bacon (1986). "English Literature Becomes a University Subject: King's College, London as Pioneer".

5218: 4978: 4693: 4639: 4287: 4016: 3731: 1638: 1236: 732: 395: 272: 229: 217: 10688: 8004: 7269: 14392: 14387: 14319: 14292: 14282: 14277: 14015: 13132: 12916: 12775: 12594: 12569: 12495: 10569: 8292: 7937: 7047: 6760: 6608: 6552: 4219: 3748: 3495: 3373: 3111: 3023: 2658: 2544: 2497: 2150:

part-time undergraduate students, and small postgraduate population dominated by taught postgraduates."

1683: 1642: 1555: 1486: 1161: 1071: 846: 42: 7536: 5945: 2793:

Some older British universities are regularly denoted by an abbreviation of their Latin name. Notably

2027:– coalition of (mostly) new universities with historic links to one or more of the Christian churches. 1054:, contains minimum standards for the composition of courts, with a rector elected by students (but at 13570: 13378: 13340: 13297: 13272: 13162: 13122: 12956: 12830: 12745: 12740: 12660: 12639: 12634: 12510: 11381: 10603: 7175: 6996: 6885: 6567:"Applications for the grant of Degree Awarding Powers: guidance and criteria for applicants in Wales" 6005: 5985: 5904: 5872: 5797: 5765: 5703: 5618: 5561: 5377: 4941: 4833: 4818: 4727: 4659: 4392: 4341: 4318: 4253: 4236: 3986: 3789: 3614: 3536: 3519: 3128: 2580: 2551:(49th) also make the top fifty and a further nine UK universities (eighteen total) make the top 100. 2524: 2493: 2446: 1894: 1786: 1702: 1657: 1575: 1513: 1473: 1394: 1296: 1268: 1084: 836: 814: 646: 413: 351:

was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, and opened in 1833. In 1836 it pioneered the system of

324: 307: 209: 11021: 10818: 8228: 1376:

because they are seen as having both an equally "public" and "private" nature. In a leading case of

14725: 14697: 14329: 14232: 13560: 13287: 13277: 13182: 13142: 13137: 13082: 13067: 13006: 12971: 12946: 12941: 12845: 12835: 12770: 12725: 12655: 12629: 12624: 12584: 12490: 11841: 6992: 6632: 5565: 5469: 5180: 5173: 5140: 4961: 4812: 4744: 4571: 4554: 4469: 4452: 4375: 4270: 4146: 3908: 3848: 3821: 3355: 3282: 3272: 3213: 3086: 2955: 2822: 2674: 2540: 2505: 2462: 2093: 1983: 1901: 1631: 1594: 1328: 1177: 1062:. Also there are student members, employee representatives and co-opted lay members. For instance, 569: 540: 466: 458: 450: 333: 126: 8867: 5463:"A Chronology of State Medicine, Public Health, Welfare and Related Services in Britain 1066–1999" 14117: 13747: 13727: 13383: 13242: 13021: 12996: 12951: 12865: 12820: 12810: 12800: 12670: 12665: 12500: 8609: 8247: 6988: 6980: 4998: 4622: 4180: 4129: 3960: 3926: 3870: 3765: 3680: 3608: 3555: 3235: 2882: 2846: 2810: 2754: 2635: 2588: 2561: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2501: 2489: 2485: 2466: 2454: 2385: 2047: 1982:

university at all, while Scott considers it to form its own category of institution. The private

1706: 1653: 1539: 1140: 609: 478: 474: 379: 225: 186: 46: 12413:"Studies Concerning Higher Education and Adult Learning from the Office for National Statistics" 11651: 7119: 14740: 13912: 13863: 13507: 13320: 13292: 13262: 13227: 13127: 13057: 13052: 12986: 12886: 12790: 12720: 12609: 12589: 11165: 11068: 10890: 9102: 8701: 8352: 8270: 7451: 6718: 6541:"Degree awarding powers and university title in Scotland: guidance and criteria for applicants" 4710: 4520: 4486: 4358: 3782: 3714: 3462: 3162: 3145: 2920: 2838: 2716: 2450: 1842: 1836: 1789:, "Private" (a category defined as, at the time, only containing Buckingham) and "For profit". 1587: 1304: 1232: 1144: 1101: 692: 402: 314: 295: 248: 237: 162: 10999: 10839: 10793: 10767: 10608: 8546: 8508: 8368: 8128: 7959: 7874: 7821: 7736: 7707: 7679: 7651: 6775: 6681:"Regulatory advice 4: Transition arrangements for degree awarding powers and university title" 6655: 6626:"Higher Education and Research Bill: Factsheet on Degree Awarding Powers and University Title" 6000: 5633: 5404: 2154:

design. Research activity funded largely by government bodies/hospitals; 13.7% from industry."

1994: 1472:

Most new universities are Higher Education Corporations, a form of corporation created by the

1291:, the Scottish government resolved not to introduce tuition fees for students under 25. Under 14707: 14597: 14499: 14433: 14188: 13782: 13252: 13147: 13062: 12991: 12936: 12901: 12896: 12855: 12815: 12530: 11625: 11492: 10573: 8472: 8296: 8196: 8164: 8101: 8042: 5090: 4890: 4435: 3943: 3629: 3445: 3335: 3179: 2830: 2700: 2689: 2548: 1907: 1490: 1450: 1336: 1312: 698:

From the academic year 2006/7, a new system of tuition fees was introduced in England. These

553: 482: 462: 213: 11416: 11386: 11302: 11133: 10915: 10647:

John Ewington OBE KLJ MA (Lambeth) FGCM DipChMus (Lond) ACertCM HonFCSM HonFFCM HonRSCM FGMS

10080: 8470: 5539: 5521: 2166:

clinical medicine activity. Large proportion of taught postgraduates in student population."

660:

In 1989, the levels of maintenance grants were frozen at £2,265 – which since 1985 had been

14587: 14362: 14262: 13857: 13511: 13503: 13237: 13172: 13167: 13117: 13092: 12981: 12926: 12911: 12881: 12715: 12690: 12549: 12505: 11870:"Delivering STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) skills for the economy" 11248: 10507: 8916:

Precarious work in higher education: Insecure contracts and how they have changed over time

8761: 7132: 6984: 6452: 5200: 5073:

for the jobs which they do hold. In peak earning years, a university graduate will earn an

4839: 4778: 4761: 4503: 4415: 4324: 4197: 4079: 4026: 3854: 3575: 3479: 3407: 2878: 2870: 2854: 2806: 2742: 2639: 2626: 2619: 2615: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2516: 2481: 2458: 2396: 2381: 2074: 1955: 1829: 1814: 1672: 1551: 1535: 1446: 1373: 1055: 589: 548: 544: 533: 516: 348: 244: 182: 154: 146: 87: 12028:"Increase in number of firsts awarded brings value and integrity of degrees into question" 8933: 7852: 7799: 6889: 1397:

sections 11-21 provides for a modern complaints procedure to be followed in universities.

953:(HEFCE) via the relevant government department (in England) or from the Welsh Government. 8: 14252: 13777: 13772: 13737: 13543: 13097: 13047: 13011: 12931: 12795: 12785: 12675: 12515: 11970: 11442:"Your degree award from Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London" 8864:

Knowledge Exchange Framework Metrics: A Cluster Analysis of Higher Education Institutions

7410:

holding there was no reasonable prospect of success for a paper getting 38% and failing.

6819: 5270: 5133: 4862: 4795: 4418:'s post nominal abbreviation. From 2013, transition period applies. For medical degrees, 4304: 3591: 3390: 2731:

and city of Coventry boundary, although many of its students live in the nearby towns of

2647: 2630: 2373: 2123: 2062: 2018: 1963: 1695: 1426: 1202: 1063: 962: 470: 328: 12429: 11621: 11445: 7437: 7425: 7407: 7389: 7378: 7366: 5495: 5187:, which it does not consider to be academic degrees) meet the level descriptors for the 672:

Following an investigation into the future of universities, the July 1997 report of the

588:, the polytechnics and the Scottish central institutions all became universities. These 14602: 13843: 13495: 13355: 13345: 13330: 13232: 13112: 13042: 13016: 12921: 12311: 12243: 12178: 11009: 10806: 10272: 8844: 8216: 7801: 7416: 7044: 7033: 7000: 6797: 6398: 6050: 5836: 5018: 4588: 3811: 3298: 2937: 2724: 2643: 2437:

Good University Guide. Today, there are three main domestic league tables published by

2130:. The third cluster was the remaining pre-1992 universities (with the exception of the 2127: 1890: 1797: 1608: 1598: 1462:

Act of Parliament in 1900). This makes them both chartered and statutory corporations.

1300: 1244: 1240: 1185: 946: 650: 622: 501: 344:

awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxford's. The charter was blocked.

12057: 11467: 10853: 9098:"Reputation of UK higher education main factor attracting international STEM students" 8963:"Historians will laugh at us when they look back at our university application system" 7019: 1368:

Rights to other standards go for staff, or students, universities are subject to both

14297: 13886: 13459: 13325: 13209: 13157: 12906: 12436: 12346: 12315: 12164: 12006: 11498: 11308: 11139: 11104: 10921: 10833: 10773: 10715: 10120: 8848: 8556: 8514: 8478: 8374: 8302: 8202: 8170: 8134: 8107: 8048: 7965: 7862: 7809: 7746: 7715: 7659: 7277: 7145: 5659: 5545: 5410: 5070: 4676: 3890: 3501: 3196: 2817:, which are different from the English abbreviation. For other universities, such as 2814: 2750: 2693: 2670: 2470: 2389: 2066: 1979: 1935: 1602: 1543: 1506: 1498: 1390: 1321: 1288: 1222: 1114: 1007: 1006:

of universities is set by each university's constitution, typically deriving from an

901: 720: 688: 352: 260: 240:

was founded as "the mother of a University" by a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth.

64: 12247: 11161:

Records of the tercentenary festival of Dublin University held 5th to 8th July, 1892

10663: 9140:"Brexit could push UK universities 'off a cliff edge', major committee report warns" 7854: 7470: 6721:

requires 13 elected members, but an "appointed day" under s 3 has not yet been made.

6165: 14428: 14055: 13732: 13707: 13449: 13102: 12805: 12765: 12303: 12235: 11710: 11702: 8836: 8825:"Are there distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK?" 8423: 6764: 6570: 5169: 5110: 2989: 2972: 2685: 2438: 2141: 2110: 2033:

Independent Higher Education – private universities and higher education providers.

2024: 1886: 1731: 1494: 1356: 1344: 1165: 1015: 529: 524: 177: 113:

The representative bodies for higher education providers in the United Kingdom are

14542: 11695:

Britton, Jack; Dearden, Lorraine; Shephard, Neil; Vignoles, Anna (13 April 2016),

8840: 6264:"Grants, loans and tuition fees: a timeline of how university funding has evolved" 1421:

In England, most (all but twenty, as of May 2018) higher education institutes are

371:

in 1850 as a federal university encompassing the three colleges. In response, the

14324: 14067: 13787: 13469: 13373: 12307: 12287:

The democratic intellect: Scotland and her universities in the nineteenth century

12278:

LSE: a history of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895–1995

10246: 10220: 9185: 9144: 8648: 7931: 7908: 7004: 6804: 6771: 5306: 5188: 5156: 5121: 5024: 3817: 2662: 1975: 1877:

are institutions that entered the university sector following the passing of the

1369: 1260: 1194: 1119: 913: 561: 477:, and the colleges in Sheffield and Bristol also gained university status as the 417: 264: 233: 114: 12420: 12362:

A history of the University in Europe: Volume 1, universities in the middle ages

11966:"A degree of uncertainty: An investigation into grade inflation in universities" 10021: 8736:"Independent HE strengthens representation of private universities and colleges" 8195:

David Watson (13 May 2013). Roger Goodman; Takehiko Kariya; John Taylor (eds.).

7628: 7327: 6362: 6325: 5042:

in 2015 found that, after taking student loan repayments into account, a higher

2057:(1850–1880) a number of universities have been federal in nature, including the 14717: 14367: 13869: 13687: 13454: 12260:

Government and the Universities in Britain: programme and performance 1960–1980

9990: 9961: 9935: 9909: 9883: 9865: 9839: 9813: 9787: 9761: 9735: 9717: 9691: 9673: 9647: 9629: 9603: 9118: 8552: 7853:

The Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills (27 November 2013).

7800:

The Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills (27 November 2013).

6904:"There's a gulf between academics and university management – and it's growing" 6344:"Here's why university tuition fees will probably go up in 2017 – BBC Newsbeat" 6028: 3276: 2758: 2736: 2661:(a college of the University of London) was founded as a company registered at 1943:

as a religiously-exclusive, residential, university institution, following the

1856: 1751: 1422: 1340: 1280: 1267:

mandated £1,000 fees for home students. In England, this rose to £3,000 in the

1252: 1248: 1228:

Third, and most controversially, funding may come from charging students. From

557: 383: 336:, granted a royal charter in 1829 – but as a college rather than a university. 170: 158: 107: 91: 86:, this list includes all universities, university colleges and colleges of the 6376: 1156:, accumulated over generations of donations and investment. Second, under the 1087:. This says that university governing bodies with constitutions issued by the 38: 29:"British Universities" redirects here. For the cricket team of this name, see 14788: 14762: 14458: 14357: 14309: 14210: 13792: 13757: 12371:

How the Phd Came to Britain: A Century of Struggle for Postgraduate Education

11706: 11522: 11085:

Qualifications: DDPH RCS Eng 1972 MSc Lond 1974 PhD Lpool 1995 BDS Lpool 1968

10045: 8328: 7281: 7090: 5919: 5125: 5051: 2666: 2596: 2433:

Domestic rankings of universities in the UK were first introduced in 1993 by

2115: 2006: 1440: 1436: 1272: 1088: 1019: 1011: 626: 592:(or "new") institutions nearly doubled the number of universities in the UK. 134: 56: 13644: 12398:

Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities

12027: 11674: 8606:

Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities

8592:

the interwar years — Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds among them.

8244:

Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities

7302: 6222: 2395:

Around half of British universities had one or more courses that require an

298:, while the London Mechanics Institute, established in 1823, developed into 14752: 14453: 12325:

The History of the University of Oxford: Volume VIII: The Twentieth Century

11696: 10974:"Profile: Prof Lance Pettitt BA (Cantaur)[sic] MA PhD (NUI Dublin)" 9206: 8967: 8400: 6247: 5811: 5346: 5327: 5039: 2728: 2579:

first in the world for art and design, the Institute of Education, part of

2442: 1256: 1136: 1040: 1036: 661: 617: 283:) was founded in 1822, opened in 1827, and gained a royal charter in 1828. 11999:

Degree Classification: Transparent, Consistent and Fair Academic Standards

11816:"Is going to university worth the cost? Not always, suggests new research" 10634: 9202:"Home Office putting UK's research reputation at risk, says Jeremy Corbyn" 6298:

Vikki Boliver, "How fair is access to more prestigious UK universities?."

1147:

have been abolished in Scotland and remain highly controversial elsewhere.

14448: 14438: 14035: 13712: 12203:

Education and Opportunity in Victorian Scotland: schools and universities

11872:(Press release). NAO Press Office. National Audit Office. 17 January 2018 8474:

Higher Education, Social Class and Social Mobility: The Degree Generation

6929:"Office for Students publishes first annual analysis of senior staff pay" 6076: 5196: 5184: 5129: 5050:) delivered higher lifetime earnings on average than a degree from a non- 2708: 1772: 1763: 1466: 699: 288: 11715: 11599: 11548: 8581:"Oxford or new wave — why your college is not simply a set of buildings" 8162: 5681: 5302:"More than 30 fake UK universities shut down by Government in past year" 1307:

fees, which have steadily risen to typically around double. A system of

13813: 13767: 12239: 12163:. New Studies in Economic and Social History. University of Edinburgh. 6277: 5840: 2732: 2119: 1132: 630: 512: 221: 76: 60: 12334:

The University at War, 1914–25: Britain, France, and the United States

8982: 6102: 957:

in 2015 before a complete overhaul of the system in England under the

306:

and then, in 1992, universities. The Polytechnic Institution (now the

13896: 13742: 9165: 8806:"Most Russell Group universities 'little different to other pre-92s'" 8585: 7742: 7148:

ss 28-29 and Sch 6 leaves higher education fees as a devolved matter.

7030: 5267: 2434: 2073:(2000–2004); the only current federal universities in the UK are the 2012: 782: 762: 724: 319: 12341:

Moss, Michael S.; Munro, J. Forbes; Trainor, Richard Hughes (2000).

8697:"Private providers create 'Russell Group of the alternative sector'" 8674: 6956:"See how your uni Vice Chancellor's pay compares to everyone else's" 6832:"London School of Economics, Memorandum and Articles of Association" 5374:"It should have been us! Northampton University's very long history" 1458:

something that is not aligned with its defined aims and objectives.

991: 13901: 11673:

Belfield, Chris; Britton, Jack; Erve, Laura van der (7 June 2018).

9161:"Brexit must not endanger the soft power projected by universities" 9123: 8298:

Science, Technology and the British Industrial 'Decline', 1870-1970

7734: 7467: 7332: 5079: 2712: 2602: 2575:

is rated top in most subjects among British universities, with the

2088: 1944: 1806: 1759: 1664: 12223: 8782: 7625:"Guide for Members of Higher Education Governing Bodies in the UK" 7095:

Independent Review of Higher Education Funding and Student Finance

5104:

reported that, although some progress has been made in increasing

2411:(SCQF) enabling easier transfer between courses and institutions. 2021:– coalition of "business engaged" (mostly) post-1992 universities. 1435:

The most common form among "old" universities is incorporation by

1035:

set its rules in law, that university's statutes require that its

629:, for an overhaul of workplace practices in universities and from 131:

Minister of State for Skills, Apprenticeships and Higher Education

13717: 12224:"Educational Inequality and The Expansion of UK Higher Education" 11940:"The great university con: how the British degree lost its value" 11892:"One in eight young people without degrees work in graduate jobs" 11769:(Press release). Office for National Statistics. 24 November 2017 10041:"The great university con: how the British degree lost its value" 8629: 8625:"Edinburgh Uni 'stuck in the Middle Ages' according to RGU chief" 7705: 7649: 7458:

requiring non-conformist (i.e. non-Anglican) entry to university.

7448: 6659: 6129: 2773: 2704: 2692:, are unincorporated trusts under the trusteeship of their local 287:

would, however, have required government support. The opinion of

118: 13942: 12343:

University, city and state: the University of Glasgow since 1870

8738:. Independent Higher Education. 13 February 2017. Archived from 8266:"How the redbrick universities created British higher education" 7961:

Higher Education and Opinion Making in Twentieth-century England

6427:"UK universities 'get most of their fees' from foreign students" 6244:

Hundreds of academics at top UK universities accused of bullying

2254:

Aberdeen; Cardiff; Dundee; Edinburgh; Glasgow; Heriot-Watt; QUB

2134:(UWTSD), which is technically pre-1992 as it operates under the 1619:

in 2004, the two having previously been separated in the 1930s.

1590:, explicitly maintaining the foundation date of King's College. 12380:

British universities and teacher education: A Century of change

11914:"Statistics: higher education graduate employment and earnings" 7505:"Review of Higher Education Governance – Universities Scotland" 6592: 6540: 5144: 5074: 2890:

Abbreviations of universities and other degree-awarding bodies

2427: 2269:

Bath Spa; Chichester; Falmouth; Newman; West London; Winchester

2009:– self-selected association of 24 public research universities. 1292: 1284: 323:

proposing a university be founded in London. This would become

11694: 8934:"UCAS 2016 Application Cycle: End of Cycle Report data tables" 8824: 5320: 3816:

Use of Cantuar for Kent is rare and risks confusion with both

2372:

The universities in the United Kingdom (with the exception of

2364: 919: 14494: 14335:

North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers

8130:

Changing Relationships Between Higher Education and the State

5510: 5192: 5117: 1762:), smaller civic (or white tile), Wales and Belfast, new (or 961:. This saw the abolition of HEFCE and its replacement by the 391:

granting degrees to women were Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin.

2171:

Summary of assignment of universities to different clusters

1930:") are sometimes termed the Scottish chartered universities. 1628:

University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology

446: 408:

The first of the civic university colleges was the Anglican

13752: 13688:

University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom

13595: 7706:

Dennis Farrington; David Palfreyman, eds. (22 March 2012).

7107:

Higher Education (Higher Amount) (England) Regulations 2016

6999:£194m. By contrast, the two largest US endowment funds are 5497:

Durham University: Earlier Foundations and Present Colleges

5233: 2377: 1663:

In 2011, a merger was proposed between two universities in

1214: 175:

Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval

99: 11789:"Government publishes destination data for the first time" 11355:"Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Business Management and Music" 10989:– according to his CV, Prof. Pettitt earned his BA at Kent 6143: 5323:"College vote brings break-up of university a step nearer" 5136:

can be an effective substitute for formal qualifications.

2857:, the Latin and English abbreviations are identical (both 2278:

Arts Bournemouth; Arts London; Creative Arts; Harper Adams

1859:

and are thus also known as Robbins expansion universities.

1554:(although not its colleges, which are recognised bodies), 1311:

is available for UK students through the government owned

13722: 12711:

Richmond, The American International University in London

11290:

Dr Ahmad Hassan Ahmad MSc, PhD(Lboro), PGCAPP(Bath), FHEA

9240:"THE 'Table of Tables' 2018: Glasgow makes biggest gains" 9050:"More students forced to sit university admissions tests" 8396:"Ex-polys match old universities in teaching inspections" 7307:

Richmond, The American International University in London

7074:

The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education,

2126:), all of the pre-1992 universities in Scotland, and the 1349:

Richmond, The American International University in London

1229: 925:

differ between the four countries of the United Kingdom.

82:

Institutions that hold degree awarding powers are termed

11842:"New research shows reduction in the 'graduate premium'" 11547:. University College London. 30 May 2018. Archived from 8420:

Consultation Paper on a Higher Education Governance Bill

8126: 7802:"The Education (Recognised Bodies) (England) Order 2013" 6101:. University of Liverpool. 27 March 2007. Archived from 1801:, which are normally subdivided geographically into the 645:

In the years following the end of the Second World War,

10273:"Example in the University of Aberdeen staff directory" 8922:, University and College Union, October 2021, p. 7 8890:"Higher Education Staff Statistics: UK, 2018/19 | HESA" 8338:– refers to many plate glass universities as 'redbrick' 1613:

University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology

1276: 14026:

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

12466: 11737:"New IFS report on graduate earnings by degree course" 10083:. University of London Press – via Google Books. 9402: 8861: 5352:

Higher Education in the learning society – Main Report

2677:

was the only private university in the UK until 2012.

2376:) share an undergraduate admission system operated by 2030:

Independent Universities Group – private universities.

1652:

At around the same time a merger was proposed between

637:, for an annual national audit of bullying incidents. 12212:

Wisdom's Workshop: The Rise of the Modern University'

8163:

Donald A. Bligh; Ian McNay; Harold G. Thomas (1999).

7650:

Dennis Farrington; David Palfreyman (22 March 2012).

7076:

Higher Education in the learning society: Main Report

6868: 6866: 6732:"Higher Education Code of Governance (2018 Revision)" 6188:"Records of the University of Southampton, 1862–1986" 5917: 5321:

Rebecca Smithers; Donald MacLeod (10 December 2005).

2600:

magazine published a cover story, later reprinted by

2002:

These are actual groupings with defined memberships:

1737: 1201:, the English council from 2018 will be renamed the " 14080:

List of UK government scientific research institutes

12194:

European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914

11602:. University of York, Department of Computer Science 8715: 7929: 7855:"The Education (Listed Bodies) (England) Order 2013" 7118:

Higher Education (Amounts) (Wales) Regulations 2015

6377:"Universities reliant on overseas students - report" 6091: 5607:

Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser

5493: 5023:

York (not actually an abbreviation) is also used by

1327:

There are five private universities (the charitable

1283:

students, who cannot be discriminated against under

695:

coalition that governed Scotland from 1999 to 2003.

382:

in London, which opened in 1849. It was followed by

14572: 13971:

Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence

11894:. Office for National Statistics. 18 September 2018 11672: 7933:

Studies in Higher Education in England and Scotland

6514:. QAA. 1 January 2016. pp. 2–3. Archived from 5402: 5197:

MAs of "a small number of universities" in Scotland

5091:

higher than is really necessary to perform the work

949:, the recommendation in both cases coming from the 674:

National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education

14041:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council 11234: 11232: 11230: 11228: 10662:. Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School. Archived from 6863: 5998: 5967: 5948:. Dr William's Centre for Dissenting Studies, QMUL 5886: 5854: 5779: 5747: 5600: 5224:Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom 2745:was petitioner for the royal charters of both the 1225:of applications by academics conducting research. 13986:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology 12359: 12296:Journal of Educational Administration and History 11468:"Prof Jennifer Cheshire BA (Lond) PhD (Rdg) FRSA" 11444:. Queen Mary University of London. Archived from 11436: 11434: 10739:"New designation for University of Malta degrees" 8956: 8954: 8393: 8366: 7217:"Britain's first profit-making university opened" 6313:Journal of Educational Administration and History 5992: 5926:. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company 2531:(ninth) are consistently present in the top ten. 2347: 1379:Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside 1353:Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools 1275:in 2010 led by the former CEO of oil corporation 14786: 14268:Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine 12389:Universities and the State in England, 1850–1939 12340: 11587:Academic qualifications: BA (Warwick), MSc (UWE) 11039:"King's College London – Certificate production" 10493: 10491: 10489: 8370:The Universities and British Industry: 1850-1970 7261: 6620: 6618: 5631: 4096:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 4074:London School of Economics and Political Science 3824:, NZ. The Latin name for Kent is Cantium (hence 3506:Both abbreviations in use from mid 19th century 2478:Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2407:(CATS) and all universities in Scotland use the 11225: 10633:. The Guild of Church Musicians. Archived from 10487: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10309: 8960: 5277:" and add "Innovate UK" and "Research England". 5093:. Further study of the graduate premium by the 1998:Location and arms of Russell Group universities 1855:as a result of the recommendations of the 1963 1505:up to 2019. This was also the original form of 1143:'s endowment, at £6.25bn is the largest, while 1052:Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016 640: 313:Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, 197:and Stamford. Medical schools in London (i.e., 167:College of advanced technology (United Kingdom) 14085:Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology 13566:Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom 12005:. Universities UK. November 2018. p. 61. 11650:. Sutton Trust. 9 October 2015. Archived from 11431: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10062:"Student accommodation: what you need to know" 9095: 8951: 8803: 8291: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8106:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). pp. 44–48. 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7735:D. L. A. Barker; Colin Frank Padfield (2002). 5244:Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom 2492:tenth; while the 2020 top fifty also included 2421:Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom 2037: 1781:" (plate glass) universities and the "new 'new 1717:declined to take part in the merger, becoming 1449:is the only English university to be purely a 14558: 14248:British Society for the Philosophy of Science 13928: 13673: 13649: 13433:University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey 12452: 12221: 12160:Universities and Elites in Britain since 1800 11033: 11031: 10903:Sima Sandhu, BSc, MSc (NTU) PgCert, PhD (UEL) 10059: 10038: 9987:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019" 9958:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2018" 9932:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017" 9906:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016" 9880:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015" 9862:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014" 9836:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013" 9810:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2012" 9784:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2011" 9758:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2010" 9732:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2009" 9714:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008" 9688:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2007" 9670:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006" 9644:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2005" 9626:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2004" 9600:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2003" 9232: 9158: 9137: 9116: 8603: 8241: 7957: 7904:"London merger: Why the professors said 'no'" 7714:. Oxford University Press. pp. 383–387. 7708:"Appendix 2: Legal status of HEIs in England" 7658:. Oxford University Press. pp. 342–387. 7413:Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice 6695:"Degree awarding powers and university title" 6615: 6597:Department for Business Innovation and Skills 6210:Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom, 1951–1970 6147:Education of Girls and Women in Great Britain 5172:must include additional experiences, such as 3913:Used to be referred to as Leeds Metropolitan 2764: 2118:along with the former members of the defunct 2104: 967:Framework for Higher Education Qualifications 935:Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education 740: 13944:Science and technology in the United Kingdom 12293: 11209:. London School of Economics. Archived from 11172: 11004:. University of Aberdeen. 1907. p. 526. 10714:. A&C Black. 20 June 2013. p. 567. 10539:. Queen's University Belfast. Archived from 10171:. University of Oxford. 2011. Archived from 10166:"Oxford University Calendar: Notes on Style" 9981: 9979: 9263: 9261: 8645:"An overview of the higher education sector" 8622: 8578: 8287: 8285: 8259: 8257: 8194: 8133:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 329. 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 6453:"What is the income of HE providers? | HESA" 6258: 6256: 5537: 5514:A Brief History of Gresham College 1597–1897 5406:The English Church in the Fourteenth Century 5345: 5165:British undergraduate degree classifications 5161:UK Standing Committee for Quality Assessment 5033: 2654:, with an expected completion date of 2017. 2409:Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework 1529:regard to the issuing of London degrees). A 1516:, higher education providers will be either 1074:, which unusually takes the legal form of a 951:Higher Education Funding Council for England 386:(with which it merged in the 1980s) and the 13389:International College of the Cayman Islands 12430:"Luminate Prospects: What Do Graduates Do?" 11628:School of Economics, Finance and Management 11521:. University College London. Archived from 10286: 9199: 8694: 8544: 8321: 8263: 8183: 8096: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8040: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8022: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7944: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7901: 6737:. Committee of University Chairs. June 2018 6363:"Tuition fee rise 'sneaked out' on website" 6150:. Forgotten Books (2013). pp. 129–130. 5295: 5293: 1934:Some universities are hard to categorise. 920:Degree awarding powers and university title 564:founded as a distance-learning University. 67:, or an instrument of government under the 14565: 14551: 13935: 13921: 13680: 13666: 13629: 13409:University of Science, Arts and Technology 12459: 12445: 12275: 12183:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11767:"Graduates in the UK Labour Market – 2017" 11028: 9563: 9561: 8866:(Report). Research England. Archived from 8416:"Higher Education in Scotland: In Context" 8301:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. 7243:"For-profit RDI granted university status" 6501: 5826: 5239:List of universities in the United Kingdom 5078:£44,500 per year, while undergraduates in 2711:, and is situated on the southern edge of 1092:fundamental expertise in university life. 976: 747: 733: 90:, some higher education colleges, and the 14095:Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies 14061:Science and Technology Facilities Council 13981:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory 13414:University of the West Indies Open Campus 11714: 10854:"Prof Richard Nichols BSc(Lond) PhD(UEA)" 10553:Dr Elaine Farrell BA (UCD), MA, PhD (QUB) 9976: 9950: 9924: 9898: 9872: 9854: 9828: 9802: 9776: 9750: 9724: 9706: 9680: 9662: 9636: 9618: 9592: 9431: 9413: 9395: 9377: 9359: 9341: 9323: 9305: 9287: 9258: 8422:. The Scottish Government. Archived from 8282: 8254: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7539:. Charity Commission for Northern Ireland 7328:"University fee increases pushed through" 6953: 6653: 6253: 5299: 2788:Jane Smoth BA, PhD (London), MA (Bristol) 2339:Now part of the University of South Wales 2053:Federal universities – Starting with the 1489:is also incorporated in this manner. The 987:Ancient university governance in Scotland 519:, the first of the plate-glass generation 254: 224:. Post-Reformation, these were joined by 151:Third oldest university in England debate 94:. Degree courses may also be provided at 13576:Student television in the United Kingdom 13404:University College of the Cayman Islands 12615:Royal Central School of Speech and Drama 12322: 12257: 12200: 12191: 12156: 11963: 11839: 10883:Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine 8862:Tomas Coates Ulrichsen (November 2018). 8716:Professor Gill Evans (17 January 2017). 8201:. Symposium Books Ltd. pp. 95–104. 8061: 8044:Diversity and Choice in Higher Education 8019: 7978: 7916: 7786: 7784: 7270:"Lessons on paying for higher education" 7267: 6983:had combined endowments of £6.25bn, the 6901: 6491:"Universities:Written question - HL3416" 6360: 6027:. Aberystwyth University. Archived from 5658:. Heriot-Watt University. Archived from 5656:"Key facts about Heriot-Watt University" 5511:Richard Chartres; David Vermont (1997). 5290: 2363: 1993: 1974:Many categorisations do not include the 1688:University of Wales, Trinity Saint David 1660:, but was abandoned following protests. 1558:, the university colleges affiliated to 1412:Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator 1408:Charity Commission for England and Wales 1118: 990: 511: 445: 281:University of Wales, Trinity Saint David 37: 14184:National Museum of Science and Industry 14090:Science and Technology Select Committee 12427: 12368: 12157:Anderson, Robert David (January 1996). 11937: 11916:. Department of Education. 25 June 2020 11813: 11795:. Department of Education. 12 July 2012 11573:. University of Bristol. Archived from 11041:. King's College London. Archived from 10079:London, University of (8 August 2017). 10022:"Sussex tops global university ranking" 9558: 9536: 9514: 9508:"QS World University Rankings® 2015/16" 9500: 9494:"QS World University Rankings® 2014/15" 9486: 9472: 9458: 8822: 7881: 7559:"Regulatory Advice 5: Exempt charities" 7510:. Universities Scotland. Archived from 7160:Brown v Secretary of State for Scotland 6164:. University of Reading. Archived from 5813:UCL Undergraduate Prospectus 2016 Entry 3895:Previously known as The College of Law 2747:University of Wales Trinity Saint David 2652:University of Wales Trinity Saint David 2405:Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme 2132:University of Wales Trinity Saint David 2109:Research by Vikki Boliver in 2015 used 2079:University of the Highlands and Islands 1617:University of Wales College of Medicine 1416:Charity Commission for Northern Ireland 507: 453:, the first of the red-brick generation 14: 14800:Higher education in the United Kingdom 14787: 13581:Student unionism in the United Kingdom 12386: 12377: 12266: 12209: 11571:"IT Services – Senior Management Team" 11494:Independent Schools Yearbook 2012–2013 11331:. Newcastle University. Archived from 11304:Independent Schools Yearbook 2012–2013 11135:Independent Schools Yearbook 2012–2013 10917:Independent Schools Yearbook 2012–2013 10769:Independent Schools Yearbook 2012–2013 10711:Independent Schools Yearbook 2012–2013 10218: 10125:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 10078: 8506: 8349:"Life through a plate-glass window..." 8147: 8003:. 1963. pp. 23–24. Archived from 7694: 6399:"Masters in the United Kingdom (2024)" 6075:. University of Dundee. Archived from 4606:School of Oriental and African Studies 2557:Academic Ranking of World Universities 1705:was formed in 2013 by a merger of the 1572:Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama 1481:, a common form of incorporation used 1418:for both Northern Irish universities. 1265:Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 1199:Higher Education and Research Act 2017 999:, have not yet been put into practice. 959:Higher Education and Research Act 2017 754: 657:age group), up from around 1,300,000. 302:. Many others would eventually become 251:) was established in Glasgow in 1798. 125:. The responsible minister within the 73:Higher Education and Research Act 2017 18:Higher education in the United Kingdom 14546: 14315:The Association for Science Education 13916: 13661: 13648: 12440: 12395: 12331: 12284: 12228:Scottish Journal of Political Economy 12222:Blanden, Jo; Machin, Stephen (2013). 10831: 9466:"QS World University Rankings – 2012" 9403:"World University Rankings 2016–2017" 9119:"London ranked top city for students" 9075:"Undergraduate interview invitations" 9047: 8961:Laura McInerney (18 September 2017). 8448:. Totaljobs Group Ltd. Archived from 8394:Lee Elliott Major (2 November 2000). 8367:Michael Sanderson (11 October 2018). 8103:The Meanings of Mass Higher Education 7843:Education Reform Act 1988 (216)(3)(b) 7834:Education Reform Act 1988 (216)(3)(a) 7790:Education Reform Act 1988 (214)(2)(a) 7781: 7363:R (Persaud) v University of Cambridge 7017:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 6421: 6419: 6125:"CLASS IV. (Hansard, 16 August 1889)" 5150: 3360:Use of Cicest for Chichester is rare 2784:John Smith, MSci (York), PhD (London) 2015:– coalition of post-1992 universities 1879:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 1715:University of Wales Institute Cardiff 1615:in 1984, and then re-merged with the 1363: 1221:, etc.) which distribute funds after 1158:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 890:R (Persaud) v University of Cambridge 805:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 728: 586:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 69:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 14526: 14464:Sites of Special Scientific Interest 14353:Campaign for Science and Engineering 14075:Food and Environment Research Agency 14051:Natural Environment Research Council 14031:Economic and Social Research Council 14021:Arts and Humanities Research Council 13486:2010 United Kingdom student protests 12025: 11251:. 2015. pp. 4–5. Archived from 9222:"How to choose the right university" 9027:"Deadlines for on-time applications" 8513:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 158. 8324:"Corbyn's purge of the Oxbridge set" 7483:"Registration of Welsh Universities" 7190:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing 5999:P. Phillips Bedson (December 1921). 5634:"Memoir of the Late Sir Robert Peel" 5625: 5403:William Abel Pantin (10 June 2010). 5214:Academic ranks in the United Kingdom 4538:Royal Holloway, University of London 1455:Royal Holloway, University of London 826:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing 489:, and the other colleges formed the 13824:North West Universities Association 13591:Undergraduate degree classification 10586:WYATT, Paul Graham. BSc, PhD(B'ham) 9989:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9960:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9934:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9908:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9882:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9864:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9838:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9812:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9786:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9760:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9734:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9716:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9690:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9672:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9646:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9628:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9602:. Shanghai Rankings. Archived from 9569:"QS World University Rankings 2020" 9544:"QS World University Rankings 2019" 9522:"QS World University Rankings 2018" 9480:"QS World University Rankings 2013" 9385:"World University Rankings 2015–16" 9367:"World University Rankings 2014–15" 9349:"World University Rankings 2013–14" 9331:"World University Rankings 2012–13" 9313:"World University Rankings 2011–12" 9295:"World University Rankings 2010–11" 8804:Chris Havergal (19 November 2015). 8169:. Intellect Books. pp. 33–36. 8127:Mary Henkel; Brenda Little (1999). 7627:. HEFCE. March 2009. Archived from 7357:R (Evans) v University of Cambridge 7058:See Committee on Higher Education, 6954:Barradale, Greg (21 January 2020). 6892:(on constitutions by Privy Council) 6872:See D Farrington and D Palfreyman, 6611:Digital Education Resource Archive. 6555:Digital Education Resource Archive. 6476:See D Farrington and D Palfreyman, 6361:Coughlan, Sean (22 December 2016). 6144:Christina Sinclair Bremner (1897). 6025:"History of Aberystwyth University" 5579:"History of the School of Medicine" 5500:. F. E. Robinson & Co., London. 5229:Education and Skills Funding Agency 3698:Guildhall School of Music and Drama 3253:Canterbury Christ Church University 1414:for Scottish Universities; and the 839:ss 124A, 128, Schs 7 and 7A, para 3 388:London School of Medicine for Women 24: 14795:Universities in the United Kingdom 13976:Council for Science and Technology 13586:Tuition fees in the United Kingdom 12468:Universities in the United Kingdom 12150: 11204: 11001:Address from King's College London 10510:. 2015. p. 14. Archived from 10141:"Adduned Cymru – The Wales Pledge" 9096:Ellie Bothwell (2 November 2015). 8623:Ethan Ennals (17 September 2015). 7680:"Universities (Scotland) Act 1889" 7109:reg 6, limiting undergraduate fees 6416: 6001:"The Jubilee of Armstrong College" 5538:Walter Rüegg (16 September 2004). 5355:. HMSO. p. 41. Archived from 5249:Tuition fees in the United Kingdom 5095:Higher Education Statistics Agency 5048:national qualifications frameworks 4925:University of the West of Scotland 4838:For pre-2005 awarded degrees, use 4164:Manchester Metropolitan University 2403:Many universities now operate the 1738:Categorisation by age and location 1335:, and the for-profit institutions 1095: 878:Clark v University of Lincolnshire 493:, replacing the Royal University. 75:. Degree awarding powers and the ' 55:have generally been instituted by 53:Universities in the United Kingdom 25: 14811: 14238:British Mass Spectrometry Society 13819:Global Medical Excellence Cluster 12415:. Office for National Statistics. 12405: 12360:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde (2003). 12252:Covers 1960 – 2001 11938:Lambert, Harry (21 August 2019). 11840:Nathwani, Tej (22 October 2019). 9138:Rachael Pells (8 December 2016). 8675:"Welcome to The Cathedrals Group" 7964:. Psychology Press. p. 127. 7891:. London Metropolitan University. 7333:BBC News - Family & Education 7268:Woodward, Will (6 January 2003). 6480:(2nd edn 2012) chs 4-5, and ch 12 5520:. Gresham College. Archived from 4908:University of the West of England 3844:Collegium Regium apud Londinenses 2805:are used for the Universities of 2629:from its reform in 1900, and the 2304:UC Birmingham; Bishop Grosseteste 2292:Bolton; London Met; Wolverhampton 1989: 1724: 1624:Victoria University of Manchester 1386:Buckland v Bournemouth University 31:British Universities cricket team 14525: 14514: 14513: 14490:Science and technology magazines 13798:White Rose University Consortium 13628: 13619: 13618: 12696:Northeastern University – London 12428:Greaves, Laura (December 2022). 12124: 12098: 12072: 12054:"Assuring standards and quality" 12046: 12026:Kent, Chloe (14 February 2017). 12019: 11990: 11957: 11931: 11906: 11884: 11862: 11833: 11814:Kingman, David (December 2018). 11807: 11781: 11759: 11729: 11701:, Institute for Fiscal Studies, 11688: 11666: 11640: 11614: 11592: 11563: 11537: 11511: 11485: 11472:Queen Mary, University of London 11460: 11413:Queen Mary, University of London 11401: 11369: 11347: 11321: 11295: 11270: 11198: 11168:. 1894. pp. 11 & 172–3. 11152: 11126: 11090: 11057: 10992: 10978:St Mary's University, Twickenham 10966: 10934: 10908: 10871: 10846: 10825: 10786: 10760: 10731: 10702: 10681: 10652: 10623: 10591: 10558: 10529: 10265: 10232: 10212: 10190: 10158: 10146:. University of Wales. p. 5 10133: 10087: 10072: 10060:Jill Papworth (15 August 2013). 10053: 10039:Harry Lambert (21 August 2019). 10032: 10014: 10005: 9583: 9449: 9439:"World University Rankings 2019" 9421:"World University Rankings 2018" 9269:"World University Rankings 2020" 9214: 9193: 9173: 9152: 9131: 9110: 9089: 9067: 9041: 9019: 8997: 8975: 8926: 8907: 8882: 8855: 8816: 8797: 8775: 8754: 8728: 8709: 8688: 8667: 8637: 8616: 8597: 8572: 8538: 8500: 8491: 8464: 8438: 8408: 8387: 8360: 8341: 8315: 8264:John Morgan (12 November 2015). 8235: 8120: 8047:. Routledge (2018). p. 29. 7902:Lucy Hodges (20 November 2002). 7895: 7846: 7837: 7828: 7793: 7759: 7728: 7672: 7643: 7617: 7595: 7573: 7551: 7529: 7497: 7475: 7461: 7428:allowing a claim to go to trial. 6837:. 2006. art 10.5. Archived from 6817:Universities (Scotland) Act 1966 6807:, and ch IV(2) on voting rights. 6656:"University: What's in a Title?" 5920:"Catholic University of Ireland" 5684:. Birkbeck, University of London 5086:The Intergenerational Foundation 4410:Queen Mary, University of London 4004:Liverpool John Moores University 3425:University for the Creative Arts 3316:University of Central Lancashire 2609: 2307:Wrexham Glyndwr; Newport; UWTSD 2263:Hallam; UWE Bristol; Westminster 1966:is also categorised by Scott as 1820:ancient universities of Scotland 1803:ancient universities of Scotland 1675:. This similarly did not occur. 1550:, the central institutes of the 1048:Universities (Scotland) Act 1966 14639:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic 14574:Education in the United Kingdom 13465:London International Programmes 13283:Royal Conservatoire of Scotland 12421:"The Complete University Guide" 12201:Anderson, Robert David (1983). 12192:Anderson, Robert David (2004). 11497:. A&C Black. 20 June 2013. 11307:. A&C Black. 20 June 2013. 11138:. A&C Black. 20 June 2013. 10920:. A&C Black. 20 June 2013. 10887:Queen Mary University of London 10858:Queen Mary University of London 10772:. A&C Black. 20 June 2013. 10219:Geddes, William Duguid (1883). 9510:. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 9496:. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 9482:. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 9468:. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 9200:Amelia Hill (3 December 2017). 8785:. University of the Arts London 8548:Student Life in a Class Society 8507:Lister, Graham (14 June 2005). 8322:Harry Mount (24 October 2015). 7769:. Bishop Grosseteste University 7537:"Search results for University" 7442: 7431: 7422:Siddiqui v University of Oxford 7395: 7383: 7372: 7348: 7320: 7295: 7235: 7209: 7196: 7181: 7169: 7151: 7139: 7124: 7112: 7100: 7084: 7068: 7052: 7038: 7024: 7010: 6973: 6947: 6921: 6895: 6879: 6850: 6824: 6810: 6790: 6781: 6749: 6724: 6709: 6687: 6673: 6647: 6585: 6559: 6533: 6509:"THE RIGHT TO AWARD UK DEGREES" 6483: 6470: 6445: 6391: 6369: 6354: 6336: 6318: 6305: 6292: 6270: 6237: 6215: 6202: 6180: 6154: 6137: 6130:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 6117: 6065: 6043: 6017: 5960: 5938: 5911: 5879: 5847: 5820: 5804: 5772: 5740: 5726:"Royal Polytechnic Institution" 5718: 5696: 5674: 5648: 5593: 5571: 5531: 5431:"The Foundation of St Thomas's" 5261: 1853:colleges of advanced technology 1719:Cardiff Metropolitan University 1692:Swansea Metropolitan University 1400: 1255:argued for the introduction of 1235:were effectively abolished and 707:continue rising in increments. 678:Sir Ronald (later Lord) Dearing 441: 13394:Saint James School of Medicine 12526:Norwich University of the Arts 12080:"Subject Benchmark Statements" 11818:. Intergenerational Foundation 9159:Nicola Brewer (18 July 2018). 9048:Paton, Graeme (13 July 2012). 8695:John Morgan (8 January 2015). 8166:Understanding Higher Education 7581:"The University of Buckingham" 6902:Shepherd, Sue (27 July 2017). 6755:Oxford University Commission, 6716:King's College London Act 1997 6654:Alex Bols (15 February 2016). 5544:. Cambridge University Press. 5504: 5487: 5455: 5423: 5409:. Cambridge University Press. 5396: 5366: 5339: 5314: 5155:Concern exists about possible 5067:Office for National Statistics 4082:'s post nominal abbreviation. 4057:London Metropolitan University 3058:Birkbeck, University of London 3053:Collegium Birkbeck Londiniense 2348:Employment in higher education 2321:Buckingham; St Mary Twickenham 1922:" (plate glass), and "new 'new 1647:London Metropolitan University 1564:Stranmillis University College 1479:companies limited by guarantee 1351:is accredited by the American 1080:King's College London Act 1997 997:King's College London Act 1997 983:Governance in higher education 867:King’s College London Act 1997 794:Belgian Linguistic case (No 2) 491:National University of Ireland 378:The first women's college was 373:Catholic University of Ireland 300:Birkbeck, University of London 13: 1: 14485:Science and technology awards 14001:Government Office for Science 13953:Economy of the United Kingdom 12851:University College Birmingham 12736:University of the Arts London 12378:Thomas, John Bernard (1990). 12323:Harrison, Brian, ed. (1994). 10676:Dr K Jones – BSc, PhD (UCLAN) 8841:10.1080/03054985.2015.1082905 7930:George Edwin Maclean (1917). 5602:"Proposed University at York" 5494:Joseph Thomas Fowler (1904). 5283: 5132:management. In these fields, 3664:University of Gloucestershire 3647:Glasgow Caledonian University 3007:University of the Arts London 2682:Bishop Grosseteste University 2591:for sports-related subjects. 2414: 2136:University of Wales, Lampeter 2098:University of the Arts London 2055:Queen's University of Ireland 1503:Bishop Grosseteste University 1184:. For England and Wales, the 1033:Cambridge University Act 1856 857:Cambridge University Act 1856 714: 575: 369:Queen's University of Ireland 189:taking their place among the 14273:Royal Academy of Engineering 14258:Geological Society of London 13996:Intellectual Property Office 13601:University and College Union 13529:Colleges within universities 12580:Institute of Cancer Research 12308:10.1080/00220620.2013.730505 12285:Davie, George Elder (2000). 9117:Sean Coughlan (9 May 2018). 8762:"The Colleges of Roehampton" 8579:Hugh Pearman (20 May 2010). 7603:"Regent's University London" 6300:British journal of sociology 5558:St David's College, Lampeter 5468:. p. 11. Archived from 5059:Institute for Fiscal Studies 4113:London South Bank University 2873:issued a document entitled " 2587:for Development Studies and 2513:QS World University Rankings 2359: 2354:University and College Union 2071:Federal University of Surrey 1941:St David's College, Lampeter 1711:University of Wales, Newport 1680:University of Wales Lampeter 1669:University of Abertay Dundee 1568:St Mary's University College 1410:for Welsh universities; the 1205:". Further, there are seven 1191:University and College Union 1076:company limited by guarantee 773:European Social Charter 1961 641:University funding from 1945 461:. This was the first of the 277:St David's College, Lampeter 123:Independent Higher Education 7: 14480:Innovations and discoveries 14288:Royal Entomological Society 14243:British Science Association 14011:National Technology Advisor 13038:Arts University Bournemouth 11964:Richmond, Tom (June 2018). 10259:Mrs G E Parry, BA (Londin) 8446:"Postgraduate universities" 7712:The Law of Higher Education 7656:The Law of Higher Education 7456:Universities Tests Act 1871 6874:The Law of Higher Education 6856:cf King's College, London, 6478:The Law of Higher Education 6223:"History of the University" 6190:. University of Southampton 6099:"History of the University" 6073:"History of the University" 5728:. University of Westminster 5706:. University of Westminster 5436:. p. 1. Archived from 5300:Aftab Ali (4 August 2016). 5273:renames the umbrella body " 5219:Armorial of UK universities 5206: 5203:accredits physics degrees. 4979:University of Wolverhampton 4694:University of Staffordshire 4640:Sheffield Hallam University 4288:Nottingham Trent University 3732:University of Hertfordshire 2038:Categorisation by structure 1959:Scottish civic university. 1914:Northern Irish universities 1748:University Grants Committee 1686:merged in 2010 to form the 1639:London Guildhall University 1123:Universities are funded by 647:local education authorities 498:University Grants Committee 410:Queen's College, Birmingham 396:Universities Tests Act 1871 273:St Bees Theological College 230:Marischal College, Aberdeen 191:world's oldest universities 10: 14816: 14320:Royal Society of Chemistry 14293:Royal Geographical Society 14283:Royal Astronomical Society 14278:Royal Aeronautical Society 14016:UK Research and Innovation 13491:List by date of foundation 12327:. Oxford University Press. 12106:"Qualifications Framework" 11182:. Debretts. Archived from 10570:Royal Society of Edinburgh 9571:. Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd 9546:. Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd 9524:. Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd 8829:Oxford Review of Education 8373:. Routledge. p. 173. 7938:Department of the Interior 6761:Oxford University Act 1854 6697:. Quality Assurance Agency 6609:UCL Institute of Education 6553:UCL Institute of Education 6225:. University of Buckingham 6162:"The University's History" 5918:Patrick O'Donnell (1912). 4220:University of North London 4031:The Bishop of London uses 3749:University of Huddersfield 3374:City, University of London 3275:'s degrees, also known as 3112:Birmingham City University 3041:Queen's University Belfast 3024:University of Bedfordshire 2875:Oxford University Calendar 2765:Post-nominal abbreviations 2659:London School of Economics 2439:The Times and Sunday Times 2418: 2275:Brunel; Essex; Hull; Keele 2105:Statistical categorisation 1849:Technological universities 1684:Trinity University College 1643:University of North London 1581: 1560:Queen's University Belfast 1556:Manchester Business School 1487:London School of Economics 1333:Regent's University London 1112: 1108: 1072:London School of Economics 980: 847:Oxford University Act 1854 718: 487:Queen's University Belfast 144: 140: 28: 14722:Languages of instruction 14690: 14647: 14611: 14580: 14508: 14472: 14421: 14380: 14343: 14221: 14169: 14158: 14103: 13959: 13950: 13879: 13836: 13806: 13700: 13693: 13655: 13650:Links to related articles 13614: 13571:Student Radio Association 13478: 13442: 13422: 13379:Cayman Islands Law School 13364: 13351:Wales Trinity Saint David 13311: 13218: 13195: 13030: 12874: 12758: 12648: 12548: 12539: 12483: 12474: 12276:Dahrendorf, Ralf (1995). 11382:Oxford English Dictionary 11280:. Loughborough University 11241:Calendar Style Guide 2015 10604:Oxford English Dictionary 10500:Calendar Style Guide 2015 10200:. Loughborough University 7889:"160 years of London Met" 7767:"Articles of Association" 7652:"5 Governance Structures" 7176:Higher Education Act 2004 6888:ss 124A, 128, Schs 7 and 6886:Education Reform Act 1988 6006:Durham University Journal 5986:British Newspaper Archive 5905:British Newspaper Archive 5888:"University Intelligence" 5873:British Newspaper Archive 5798:British Newspaper Archive 5766:British Newspaper Archive 5632:The Dean of York (1851). 5619:British Newspaper Archive 5562:University College London 5378:University of Northampton 5176:, to remain competitive. 5034:Value of academic degrees 4942:University of Westminster 4834:University College London 4819:University of West London 4728:University of Strathclyde 4660:University of Southampton 4562: 4393:Queen Margaret University 4342:Oxford Brookes University 4254:University of Northumbria 4237:University of Northampton 4137: 4030: 4025: 4014: 4011: 3987:Liverpool Hope University 3964: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3934: 3917: 3886:Collegium iurisprudentiae 3861: 3620: 3615:University of South Wales 3544: 3537:University of East London 3520:University of East Anglia 3470: 3432: 3170: 3136: 3129:University of Bournemouth 3090: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3056: 3051: 3048: 2911: 2581:University College London 2447:Complete University Guide 2338: 2178: 2175: 1895:Higher Education Act 2004 1787:Higher Education Act 2004 1703:University of South Wales 1658:University College London 1576:University of South Wales 1514:Education Reform Act 1988 1474:Education Reform Act 1988 1395:Higher Education Act 2004 1297:Higher Education Act 2004 1287:. By contrast, under the 1269:Higher Education Act 2004 1085:Education Reform Act 1988 1050:, with amendments by the 898: 886: 874: 864: 854: 844: 837:Education Reform Act 1988 834: 822: 815:Higher Education Act 2004 812: 802: 790: 780: 770: 760: 308:University of Westminster 14330:Royal Society of Biology 14233:British Computer Society 14046:Medical Research Council 14006:Chief Scientific Adviser 13561:Scottish Funding Council 13399:St. Matthew's University 13138:Arts University Plymouth 13078:Canterbury Christ Church 12630:School of Advanced Study 12625:Royal Veterinary College 12369:Simpson, Renate (1984). 11741:www.universitiesuk.ac.uk 11707:10.1920/wp.ifs.2016.1606 10832:Bevan, Phillips (1872). 10745:. Malta. 23 January 2012 7605:. The Charity Commission 7583:. The Charity Commission 7485:. The Charity Commission 7454:. Historically, see the 7404:Gajree v Open University 6993:University of Manchester 6858:The Charter and Statutes 6633:Department for Education 5275:UK Research and Innovate 5255: 5181:Quality Assurance Agency 5174:extracurricular activity 5141:Department for Education 4962:University of Winchester 4813:Thames Valley University 4745:University of Sunderland 4572:University of St Andrews 4555:Royal Veterinary College 4470:University of Roehampton 4453:Robert Gordon University 4414:For pre-2013 award, use 4376:University of Portsmouth 4271:University of Nottingham 4147:University of Manchester 4078:For pre-2008 award, use 3909:Leeds Beckett University 3853:For pre-2008 award, use 3822:University of Canterbury 3356:University of Chichester 3283:University of Canterbury 3281:Cantuar is also used by 3273:Archbishop of Canterbury 3214:University of Buckingham 3087:University of Birmingham 2956:Anglia Ruskin University 2780:John Smith BSc Sheffield 2727:'s campus straddles the 2675:University of Buckingham 2463:University of St Andrews 2449:. Each year since 2008, 2179:Research England (2018) 2094:University of Roehampton 1984:University of Buckingham 1837:Plate glass universities 1694:joining in 2012 and the 1632:University of Manchester 1595:New University of Ulster 1485:for some charities. The 1329:University of Buckingham 945:in their name under the 635:Medical Research Council 570:University of Buckingham 459:University of Birmingham 451:University of Birmingham 218:King's College, Aberdeen 127:Department for Education 92:Archbishop of Canterbury 14118:British space programme 13748:N8 Research Partnership 13728:Francis Crick Institute 13500:Third-oldest in England 12977:Manchester Metropolitan 12396:Whyte, William (2015). 12267:Curtis, Mark H (1965). 12258:Carswell, John (1986). 10011:Tables go back to 2003. 9077:. UCAS. 17 October 2014 9029:. UCAS. 11 October 2014 9007:. UCAS. 17 October 2014 8823:Boliver, Vikki (2015). 8610:Oxford University Press 8248:Oxford University Press 7682:. The National Archives 6989:University of Edinburgh 6981:University of Cambridge 6803:1 December 2017 at the 6326:"Q&A: Tuition fees" 5934:– via New Advent. 5816:. UCL. 2015. p. 7. 5193:initial medical degrees 5191:, with the caveat that 4999:University of Worcester 4623:University of Sheffield 4204:University of Newcastle 4181:University of Middlesex 4130:Loughborough University 3961:University of Liverpool 3927:University of Leicester 3871:University of Lancaster 3805:(= Canterbury) or 3766:Imperial College London 3681:University of Greenwich 3609:University of Glamorgan 3556:University of Edinburgh 3236:University of Cambridge 2721:county boundary changes 2636:Imperial College London 2589:Loughborough University 2467:Imperial College London 2455:University of Cambridge 2085:Collegiate universities 2048:University of Cambridge 1978:, the UK's open-access 1851:were created from the 1746:In the early 1950s the 1707:University of Glamorgan 1654:Imperial College London 1271:, and £9,000 after the 1067:five co-opted members. 977:Staff and student voice 554:plateglass universities 479:University of Sheffield 327:, founded in 1826 as a 47:University of Cambridge 14680:International students 12721:Royal College of Music 12610:Royal Academy of Music 12590:London Business School 12387:Vernon, Keith (2004). 12336:. Palgrave: Macmillan. 12210:Axtell, James (2016). 12134:. Institute of Physics 12132:"Degree accreditation" 11166:Trinity College Dublin 11069:General Dental Council 10566:"2013 Elected Fellows" 10198:"Post-Nominal Letters" 9443:Times Higher Education 9425:Times Higher Education 9407:Times Higher Education 9389:Times Higher Education 9371:Times Higher Education 9353:Times Higher Education 9335:Times Higher Education 9317:Times Higher Education 9299:Times Higher Education 9273:Times Higher Education 9244:Times Higher Education 9103:Times Higher Education 8810:Times Higher Education 8702:Times Higher Education 8604:William Whyte (2015). 8353:Times Higher Education 8271:Times Higher Education 8242:William Whyte (2015). 7958:Harold Silver (2003). 7940:, Bureau of Education. 7247:Times Higher Education 6997:King's College, London 6776:Industrial Law Journal 6278:"Welcome to this site" 5969:"University of Durham" 5924:Catholic Encyclopaedia 4711:University of Stirling 4521:Royal College of Music 4487:Royal Academy of Music 4359:University of Plymouth 4202:Both also used by the 3783:Institute of Education 3715:Heriot-Watt University 3463:De Montfort University 3163:University of Brighton 3146:University of Bradford 2921:University of Aberdeen 2753:(granted in 1837), as 2749:(granted in 1828) and 2719:county. Following the 2451:Times Higher Education 2369: 2114:universities from the 1999: 1875:post-1992 universities 1843:University of Stirling 1588:University of Aberdeen 1305:international students 1233:tuition fees in the UK 1148: 1028: 1000: 676:, chaired by the then 520: 454: 403:University of Aberdeen 296:Heriot-Watt University 255:19th-century expansion 249:Strathclyde University 238:Trinity College Dublin 163:Plate glass university 49: 14748:Mathematics education 14708:Free school (England) 14500:National Science Week 14434:East London Tech City 14189:National Space Centre 13783:Universities Scotland 13268:Highlands and Islands 12962:Liverpool John Moores 12332:Irish, Tomás (2015). 12108:. QAA. Archived from 12082:. QAA. Archived from 12056:. QAA. Archived from 11626:University of Bristol 11180:"Bishops' Signatures" 10798:. 1866. p. 433. 9676:on 13 September 2013. 9632:on 13 September 2013. 8510:Many Changefull Years 6770:7 August 2018 at the 6683:. OfS. 22 March 2018. 6543:. QAA. September 2016 6302:64#2 (2013): 344–364. 6280:. University of Leeds 6053:. University of Leeds 5682:"History of Birkbeck" 5581:. University of Leeds 5566:King's College London 5359:on 11 February 2015. 5102:National Audit Office 5100:In a 2018 study, the 4891:University of Warwick 4436:University of Reading 3944:University of Lincoln 3849:King's College London 3630:University of Glasgow 3446:University of Cumbria 3336:University of Chester 3180:University of Bristol 2898:English abbreviation 2869:On 30 March 2007 the 2701:University of Warwick 2690:University of Chester 2541:King's College London 2506:King's College London 2367: 1997: 1902:Scottish universities 1830:redbrick universities 1766:) and technological. 1548:Highlands and Islands 1493:is an unincorporated 1491:University of Chester 1451:statutory corporation 1337:The University of Law 1313:Student Loans Company 1154:endowment trust funds 1122: 1024: 994: 933:on the advice of the 700:variable tuition fees 515: 483:University of Bristol 463:redbrick universities 449: 334:King's College London 41: 14363:Science Media Centre 14263:Institute of Physics 13534:Degree abbreviations 13366:Overseas territories 13336:Cardiff Metropolitan 12716:Royal College of Art 12216:Covers all of Europe 12034:. University of York 11448:on 19 September 2016 11249:University of Oxford 11065:"GDC Search Results" 10508:University of Oxford 9445:. 26 September 2018. 9391:. 30 September 2015. 8545:Joan Abbott (1971). 8041:A. G. Watts (1972). 7452:ss 90-94, 98-99, 116 7133:Commission v Austria 7062:(23 September 1963) 6985:University of Oxford 6332:. 14 September 2011. 5475:on 24 September 2015 5201:Institute of Physics 5139:A 2020 study by the 5065:A 2017 study by the 4840:University of London 4779:University of Sussex 4762:University of Surrey 4504:Royal College of Art 4416:University of London 4325:University of Oxford 4198:Newcastle University 4080:University of London 4027:University of London 3855:University of London 3576:University of Exeter 3480:University of Dundee 3408:Cranfield University 2871:University of Oxford 2855:University of London 2755:Bishop of St David's 2743:John Banks Jenkinson 2640:University of London 2627:University of London 2594:In August 2019, the 2585:University of Sussex 2577:Royal College of Art 2573:University of Oxford 2564:(third in 2019) and 2459:University of Oxford 2397:entrance examination 2077:(from 1900) and the 2075:University of London 2069:(1909–1963) and the 1956:University of Dundee 1815:University of London 1798:Ancient universities 1673:University of Dundee 1552:University of London 1447:Newcastle University 1139:levied on students. 1056:Edinburgh University 807:ss 62-69, 81, and 89 549:Newcastle University 517:University of Sussex 508:Expansion after 1945 349:University of Durham 245:dissenting academies 155:Red brick university 147:Ancient universities 88:University of London 14253:Engineering Council 13991:Building Digital UK 13778:University Alliance 13773:Thomas Young Centre 13738:Midlands Innovation 13694:Formal associations 13544:Office for Students 13073:Buckinghamshire New 12112:on 23 December 2015 12086:on 23 December 2015 12060:on 13 December 2015 11654:on 22 February 2016 11648:"Levels of Success" 11622:"Dr Samuel Bonnyai" 11600:"Dr Mark Nicholson" 11419:on 22 December 2015 11389:on 22 December 2015 11335:on 22 December 2015 11114:on 22 December 2015 11075:on 22 December 2015 10954:on 22 December 2015 10893:on 22 December 2015 10689:"Jonathan Mitchell" 10666:on 23 December 2015 10611:on 22 December 2015 10576:on 22 December 2015 10543:on 22 December 2015 9868:on 19 January 2015. 9764:on 10 December 2015 8722:The Daily Telegraph 8655:on 25 November 2015 8452:on 26 November 2015 8336:on 24 October 2015. 7517:on 22 December 2015 6933:Office for Students 6876:(2nd edn 2012) ch 5 6844:on 1 December 2017. 6798:Statute A, chs I-IV 6497:. 10 December 2016. 6379:. 13 September 2023 6315:45.1 (2013): 58–83. 6266:. 10 November 2010. 6105:on 2 September 2007 6079:on 28 November 2015 5976:. 18 September 1865 5856:"London University" 5781:"London University" 5749:"London University" 5662:on 28 November 2015 5443:on 16 December 2011 5134:on-the-job training 5046:(at level 5 in the 4863:University of Wales 4796:Teesside University 4305:The Open University 3828:) which would give 3592:Falmouth University 3391:Coventry University 3310:Cen Lancs or UCLan 2895:Latin abbreviation 2891: 2648:University of Wales 2631:University of Wales 2374:The Open University 2172: 2124:University of Essex 2063:University of Wales 2059:Victoria University 2019:University Alliance 1964:University of Keele 1881:, including former 1701:Also in Wales, the 1696:University of Wales 1630:merged to form the 1427:Office for Students 1317:Means-tested grants 1203:Office for Students 1064:Aberdeen University 963:Office for Students 625:, president of the 425:Victoria University 329:joint stock company 14758:Specialist schools 14413:Technology writers 14303:Christmas Lectures 14150:Telecommunications 14135:Nuclear technology 13880:Informal groupings 13424:Crown dependencies 13258:Glasgow Caledonian 13153:Royal Agricultural 12892:Central Lancashire 12781:Bishop Grosseteste 12240:10.1111/sjpe.12024 11329:"Paula Waterhouse" 10835:The Teacher's List 10726:Mr R Thain, BA UCA 9938:on 19 January 2019 9886:on 30 October 2015 9005:"What is Clearing" 8426:on 8 December 2015 8100:(1 October 1995). 8007:on 30 October 2013 7873:has generic name ( 7820:has generic name ( 7631:on 2 February 2010 7561:. OfS. 18 May 2018 7223:. 22 November 2012 7045:Education Act 1962 7001:Harvard University 6935:. 12 February 2019 6031:on 8 December 2015 5863:. 15 February 1831 5151:Academic standards 5019:University of York 4589:Salford University 3812:University of Kent 3299:Cardiff University 2938:Abertay University 2889: 2725:Warwick University 2680:Two universities, 2644:Cardiff University 2519:(fourth in 2020), 2484:was placed first, 2370: 2170: 2128:University of Kent 2000: 1908:Welsh universities 1891:Cardiff University 1826:Civic universities 1622:Also in 2004, the 1609:Cardiff University 1599:Ulster Polytechnic 1364:Other legal rights 1301:Secretary of State 1245:Education Act 1962 1241:maintenance grants 1186:Secretary of State 1149: 1060:senatus academicus 1001: 969:– was introduced. 947:Companies Act 2006 817:ss 23-24 and 31-39 755:University sources 664:– but a system of 651:Education Act 1962 623:Venki Ramakrishnan 521: 502:Reading University 455: 353:external examiners 50: 14782: 14781: 14776: 14775: 14540: 14539: 14376: 14375: 14298:Royal Institution 13910: 13909: 13887:Campus university 13832: 13831: 13642: 13641: 13552: 13524:List by enrolment 13519:List by endowment 13515: 13191: 13190: 12754: 12753: 12686:London South Bank 12012:978-1-84036-415-6 11577:on 2 January 2016 11409:"Esther de Leeuw" 11357:. Open University 11258:on 20 August 2018 11105:The Royal Society 10660:"Staff Directory" 10637:on 2 January 2016 10517:on 20 August 2018 9993:on 15 August 2019 9964:on 16 August 2018 9427:. 18 August 2017. 9246:. 11 October 2017 8612:. pp. 33–35. 8356:. 10 August 2001. 8250:. pp. 35–42. 7146:Scotland Act 1998 6763:ss 16 and 21, cf 6573:. 7 February 2017 6212:(2011) pp 357–70. 6133:. 16 August 1889. 5829:Victorian Studies 5788:. 3 November 1827 5756:. 30 October 1827 5609:. 5 February 1825 5109:skills such as a 5031: 5030: 4677:Solent University 4035:in his signature 3891:University of Law 3531:East Lond or UEL 3502:Durham University 3197:Brunel University 2776:, BSc (Sheffield) 2751:Durham University 2694:Church of England 2671:Act of Parliament 2583:, for education, 2471:Durham University 2345: 2344: 2219:Cambridge; Oxford 2067:Durham University 2061:(1880–1904), the 1980:distance learning 1936:Durham University 1603:Ulster University 1518:recognised bodies 1507:Durham University 1499:Church of England 1391:Equality Act 2010 1322:income inequality 1289:Scotland Act 1998 1237:local authorities 1207:research councils 1164:paid for through 1115:Tuition fees (UK) 1046:In Scotland, the 1008:Act of Parliament 908: 907: 902:UK enterprise law 797:(1968) 1 EHRR 252 775:arts 7, 10 and 17 721:UK enterprise law 693:Liberal Democrats 560:in 1963, and the 279:(now part of the 261:French Revolution 84:recognised bodies 65:Act of Parliament 16:(Redirected from 14807: 14660:Northern Ireland 14648:Higher education 14624:Northern Ireland 14593:Northern Ireland 14567: 14560: 14553: 14544: 14543: 14529: 14528: 14517: 14516: 14429:Burlington House 14167: 14166: 14145:Renewable energy 14056:Research England 13937: 13930: 13923: 13914: 13913: 13708:Cathedrals Group 13698: 13697: 13682: 13675: 13668: 13659: 13658: 13646: 13645: 13632: 13631: 13622: 13621: 13546: 13493: 13303:West of Scotland 13248:Edinburgh Napier 13197:Northern Ireland 13002:Sheffield Hallam 12841:Nottingham Trent 12565:City St George's 12546: 12545: 12481: 12480: 12461: 12454: 12447: 12438: 12437: 12433: 12424: 12416: 12401: 12392: 12383: 12374: 12365: 12356: 12345:(1st ed.). 12337: 12328: 12319: 12290: 12281: 12272: 12263: 12254: 12218: 12206: 12197: 12188: 12182: 12174: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12076: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12050: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12023: 12017: 12016: 12004: 11994: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11974:. 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Archived from 10875: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10810: 10802: 10795:Murchison, K.C.B 10790: 10784: 10783: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10750: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10671: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10644: 10642: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10607:. Archived from 10595: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10581: 10572:. Archived from 10562: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10548: 10537:"Elaine Farrell" 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10516: 10505: 10495: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10269: 10263: 10261: 10256: 10254: 10244: 10240:"Academic Staff" 10236: 10230: 10229: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10177: 10170: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10145: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10124: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10107:on 7 August 2015 10106: 10100:. Archived from 10099: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10018: 10012: 10009: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9983: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9842:on 11 March 2019 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9816:on 25 April 2013 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9738:on 30 April 2015 9728: 9722: 9721: 9720:on 30 June 2013. 9710: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9694:on 30 April 2015 9684: 9678: 9677: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9650:on 24 April 2015 9640: 9634: 9633: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9606:on 30 April 2015 9596: 9590: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9565: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9462: 9456: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9355:. 13 April 2015. 9345: 9339: 9338: 9337:. 13 April 2015. 9327: 9321: 9320: 9319:. 13 April 2015. 9309: 9303: 9302: 9301:. 13 April 2015. 9291: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9275:. 20 August 2019 9265: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8983:"Find key dates" 8979: 8973: 8972: 8958: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8938: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8742:on 15 April 2017 8732: 8726: 8725: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8651:. Archived from 8641: 8635: 8634: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8529: 8527: 8504: 8498: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8332:. Archived from 8319: 8313: 8312: 8295:(28 June 1996). 8289: 8280: 8279: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8220: 8212: 8192: 8181: 8180: 8160: 8145: 8144: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8094: 8059: 8058: 8038: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 7995: 7976: 7975: 7955: 7942: 7941: 7927: 7914: 7913: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7858: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7813: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7788: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7703: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7479: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7446: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7376: 7370: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7303:"About Richmond" 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7213: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7088: 7082: 7072: 7066: 7056: 7050: 7042: 7036: 7028: 7022: 7014: 7008: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6899: 6893: 6883: 6877: 6870: 6861: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6779: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6728: 6722: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6630: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6571:Welsh Government 6563: 6557: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6487: 6481: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6431:www.thetimes.com 6423: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6322: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6251: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6219: 6213: 6208:Brian Harrison, 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5890: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5783: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5751: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5604: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5575: 5569: 5555: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5519: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5435: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5384:on 20 April 2013 5380:. Archived from 5370: 5364: 5363: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5297: 5278: 5265: 5111:computer science 4902:West Eng or UWE 3973:Lpool or L'pool 3760:Imp or Imp Lond 3613:Now part of the 3514:East Ang or UEA 3081:Birminghamiensis 2990:Aston University 2973:Arden University 2892: 2888: 2739:, Warwickshire. 2173: 2169: 2142:Research England 2122:(except for the 2111:cluster analysis 2087:– the classical 2025:Cathedrals Group 1929: 1925: 1921: 1887:Imperial College 1870:New universities 1863:Old universities 1784: 1780: 1732:cluster analysis 1611:merged with the 1423:exempt charities 1357:Northern Ireland 1345:Arden University 1182:Northern Ireland 1166:general taxation 1162:funding councils 1129:funding councils 1016:Order in Council 749: 742: 735: 726: 725: 263:and the ensuing 220:were founded by 178:studium generale 21: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14778: 14777: 14772: 14718:Grammar schools 14713:Grade inflation 14686: 14643: 14607: 14576: 14571: 14541: 14536: 14504: 14468: 14417: 14403:Science writers 14398:Nobel laureates 14372: 14339: 14325:Science Council 14225: 14223: 14217: 14206:Golden triangle 14179:Science museums 14171: 14162: 14160: 14154: 14105: 14099: 14068:UK Space Agency 13963: 13961: 13955: 13946: 13941: 13911: 13906: 13892:Golden triangle 13875: 13828: 13802: 13788:Universities UK 13689: 13686: 13651: 13643: 13638: 13610: 13474: 13438: 13418: 13374:Bermuda College 13360: 13307: 13214: 13187: 13133:Plymouth Marjon 13108:Gloucestershire 13026: 12870: 12776:Birmingham City 12750: 12644: 12551: 12535: 12484:East of England 12470: 12465: 12419: 12411: 12408: 12353: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12153: 12151:Further reading 12148: 12147: 12137: 12135: 12130: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12104: 12103: 12099: 12089: 12087: 12078: 12077: 12073: 12063: 12061: 12052: 12051: 12047: 12037: 12035: 12024: 12020: 12013: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11991: 11981: 11979: 11978:on 22 June 2018 11962: 11958: 11948: 11946: 11936: 11932: 11919: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11897: 11895: 11890: 11889: 11885: 11875: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11863: 11850: 11848: 11838: 11834: 11821: 11819: 11812: 11808: 11798: 11796: 11787: 11786: 11782: 11772: 11770: 11765: 11764: 11760: 11750: 11748: 11747:on 19 June 2018 11735: 11734: 11730: 11721: 11719: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11671: 11667: 11657: 11655: 11646: 11645: 11641: 11631: 11629: 11620: 11619: 11615: 11605: 11603: 11598: 11597: 11593: 11580: 11578: 11569: 11568: 11564: 11554: 11552: 11551:on 10 July 2016 11543: 11542: 11538: 11528: 11526: 11525:on 10 July 2016 11517: 11516: 11512: 11505: 11491: 11490: 11486: 11476: 11474: 11466: 11465: 11461: 11451: 11449: 11440: 11439: 11432: 11422: 11420: 11407: 11406: 11402: 11392: 11390: 11375: 11374: 11370: 11360: 11358: 11353: 11352: 11348: 11338: 11336: 11327: 11326: 11322: 11315: 11301: 11300: 11296: 11283: 11281: 11276: 11275: 11271: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11205:Bailey, Sarah. 11203: 11199: 11189: 11187: 11186:on 8 March 2016 11178: 11177: 11173: 11158: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11132: 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11100: 11098:"Richard Nairn" 11096: 11095: 11091: 11078: 11076: 11063: 11062: 11058: 11048: 11046: 11045:on 30 July 2016 11037: 11036: 11029: 11017: 11016: 11007: 11006: 10998: 10997: 10993: 10982: 10980: 10972: 10971: 10967: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10944: 10942:"Lance Pettitt" 10940: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10914: 10913: 10909: 10896: 10894: 10877: 10876: 10872: 10862: 10860: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10830: 10826: 10814: 10813: 10804: 10803: 10792: 10791: 10787: 10780: 10766: 10765: 10761: 10748: 10746: 10737: 10736: 10732: 10722: 10708: 10707: 10703: 10693: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10669: 10667: 10658: 10657: 10653: 10640: 10638: 10629: 10628: 10624: 10614: 10612: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10579: 10577: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10546: 10544: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10287: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10252: 10250: 10247:Sedbergh School 10242: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10222:Hylas. A Lament 10217: 10213: 10203: 10201: 10196: 10195: 10191: 10181: 10179: 10178:on 3 March 2016 10175: 10168: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10138: 10134: 10118: 10117: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10097: 10095:"Archived copy" 10093: 10092: 10088: 10077: 10073: 10058: 10054: 10037: 10033: 10028:. 8 March 2017. 10020: 10019: 10015: 10010: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9985: 9984: 9977: 9967: 9965: 9956: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9939: 9930: 9929: 9925: 9915: 9913: 9904: 9903: 9899: 9889: 9887: 9878: 9877: 9873: 9860: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9756: 9755: 9751: 9741: 9739: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9712: 9711: 9707: 9697: 9695: 9686: 9685: 9681: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9624: 9623: 9619: 9609: 9607: 9598: 9597: 9593: 9588: 9584: 9574: 9572: 9567: 9566: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9542: 9541: 9537: 9527: 9525: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9464: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9383: 9382: 9378: 9373:. October 2014. 9365: 9364: 9360: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9293: 9292: 9288: 9278: 9276: 9267: 9266: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9198: 9194: 9186:The Independent 9179: 9178: 9174: 9157: 9153: 9145:The Independent 9136: 9132: 9115: 9111: 9094: 9090: 9080: 9078: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9056: 9046: 9042: 9032: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9010: 9008: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8959: 8952: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8931: 8927: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8896: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8873: 8871: 8860: 8856: 8821: 8817: 8802: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8714: 8710: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8649:Universities UK 8643: 8642: 8638: 8621: 8617: 8602: 8598: 8577: 8573: 8563: 8555:. p. 198. 8543: 8539: 8533:which category. 8525: 8523: 8521: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8469: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8365: 8361: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8290: 8283: 8262: 8255: 8240: 8236: 8224: 8223: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8193: 8184: 8177: 8161: 8148: 8141: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8095: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8020: 8010: 8008: 7997: 7996: 7979: 7972: 7956: 7945: 7928: 7917: 7909:The Independent 7900: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7870: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7829: 7817: 7816: 7807: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7753: 7745:. p. 123. 7738:Law Made Simple 7733: 7729: 7722: 7704: 7695: 7685: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7608: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7462: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7432: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7373: 7353: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7336:. 27 April 2017 7326: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7249:. 5 August 2015 7241: 7240: 7236: 7226: 7224: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7201: 7197: 7193:(2005) C-209/03 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7136:(2005) C-147/03 7129: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7089: 7085: 7073: 7069: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7011: 7005:Yale University 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6900: 6896: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6864: 6855: 6851: 6841: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6811: 6805:Wayback Machine 6795: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6772:Wayback Machine 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6602: 6600: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6546: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6521:on 22 July 2018 6518: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6425: 6424: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6359: 6355: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6310: 6306: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6254: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6168:on 2 March 2012 6160: 6159: 6155: 6142: 6138: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6022: 6018: 5997: 5993: 5979: 5977: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5916: 5912: 5898: 5896: 5895:. 12 March 1831 5885: 5884: 5880: 5866: 5864: 5861:Chester Courant 5853: 5852: 5848: 5825: 5821: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5791: 5789: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5759: 5757: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5630: 5626: 5612: 5610: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5527:on 2 July 2011. 5524: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5344: 5340: 5319: 5315: 5307:The Independent 5298: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5209: 5189:Bologna process 5157:grade inflation 5153: 5143:found that the 5122:human resources 5038:A study by the 5036: 5025:York University 4422:is still used. 4387:Qu Marg or QMU 4124:Lough or Lboro 3818:Lambeth degrees 3277:Lambeth degrees 3230:Cantabrigiensis 2767: 2663:Companies House 2612: 2423: 2417: 2362: 2350: 2340: 2107: 2040: 1992: 1976:Open University 1927: 1923: 1919: 1782: 1778: 1740: 1727: 1645:merged to form 1584: 1526:recognised body 1403: 1370:judicial review 1366: 1261:progressive tax 1195:Universities UK 1117: 1111: 1098: 1096:Vice-chancellor 989: 979: 922: 914:judicial review 909: 904: 894: 882: 870: 860: 850: 840: 830: 829:(2005) C-209/03 818: 808: 798: 786: 776: 766: 756: 753: 723: 717: 643: 633:, chair of the 610:City University 578: 562:Open University 510: 444: 380:Bedford College 315:Thomas Campbell 265:Napoleonic wars 257: 234:Gresham College 173: 143: 115:Universities UK 43:Trinity College 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14813: 14803: 14802: 14797: 14780: 14779: 14774: 14773: 14771: 14770: 14765: 14763:Studio schools 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14744: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14703:Comprehensives 14700: 14694: 14692: 14688: 14687: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14651: 14649: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14615: 14613: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14584: 14582: 14581:Modern systems 14578: 14577: 14570: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14547: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14534: 14522: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14503: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14476: 14474: 14470: 14469: 14467: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14425: 14423: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14384: 14382: 14378: 14377: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14370: 14368:Wellcome Trust 14365: 14360: 14355: 14349: 14347: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14306: 14305: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14229: 14227: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14193: 14192: 14191: 14186: 14175: 14173: 14164: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14140:Pharmaceutical 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14121: 14120: 14109: 14107: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14071: 14070: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13967: 13965: 13957: 13956: 13951: 13948: 13947: 13940: 13939: 13932: 13925: 13917: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13883: 13881: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13873: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13840: 13838: 13834: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13810: 13808: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13704: 13702: 13695: 13691: 13690: 13685: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13662: 13656: 13653: 13652: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13636: 13626: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13488: 13482: 13480: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13446: 13444: 13443:Non-geographic 13440: 13439: 13437: 13436: 13428: 13426: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13370: 13368: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13317: 13315: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13273:Queen Margaret 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13224: 13222: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13201: 13199: 13193: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13123:Oxford Brookes 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12957:Liverpool Hope 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12878: 12876: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12620:Royal Holloway 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12556: 12554: 12543: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12487: 12485: 12478: 12472: 12471: 12464: 12463: 12456: 12449: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12425: 12417: 12407: 12406:External links 12404: 12403: 12402: 12393: 12384: 12375: 12366: 12357: 12352:978-0748613236 12351: 12338: 12329: 12320: 12291: 12282: 12273: 12264: 12255: 12234:(5): 578–596. 12219: 12207: 12198: 12189: 12169: 12152: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12123: 12097: 12071: 12045: 12018: 12011: 11989: 11956: 11930: 11905: 11883: 11861: 11832: 11806: 11780: 11758: 11728: 11687: 11665: 11639: 11613: 11591: 11562: 11536: 11510: 11503: 11484: 11459: 11430: 11400: 11368: 11346: 11320: 11313: 11294: 11278:"School Staff" 11269: 11224: 11213:on 21 May 2017 11197: 11171: 11151: 11144: 11125: 11089: 11056: 11027: 10991: 10965: 10933: 10926: 10907: 10870: 10845: 10824: 10785: 10778: 10759: 10730: 10720: 10701: 10680: 10651: 10622: 10590: 10557: 10528: 10285: 10264: 10231: 10211: 10189: 10157: 10132: 10086: 10071: 10052: 10031: 10013: 10004: 9975: 9949: 9923: 9912:on 1 June 2020 9897: 9871: 9853: 9827: 9801: 9790:on 29 May 2012 9775: 9749: 9723: 9705: 9679: 9661: 9635: 9617: 9591: 9582: 9557: 9535: 9513: 9499: 9485: 9471: 9457: 9448: 9430: 9412: 9394: 9376: 9358: 9340: 9322: 9304: 9286: 9257: 9231: 9213: 9192: 9189:. 30 May 2018. 9172: 9151: 9130: 9109: 9088: 9066: 9040: 9018: 8996: 8974: 8950: 8925: 8906: 8894:www.hesa.ac.uk 8881: 8870:on 22 May 2020 8854: 8835:(5): 608–627. 8815: 8796: 8774: 8753: 8727: 8708: 8687: 8666: 8636: 8615: 8596: 8571: 8561: 8553:Pergamon Press 8537: 8519: 8499: 8490: 8483: 8463: 8437: 8407: 8386: 8379: 8359: 8340: 8314: 8307: 8293:David Edgerton 8281: 8253: 8234: 8207: 8182: 8175: 8146: 8139: 8119: 8112: 8060: 8053: 8018: 7977: 7970: 7943: 7915: 7894: 7880: 7845: 7836: 7827: 7792: 7780: 7758: 7751: 7727: 7720: 7693: 7671: 7664: 7642: 7616: 7594: 7572: 7550: 7528: 7496: 7474: 7460: 7441: 7430: 7426:EWHC 3150 (QB) 7394: 7382: 7371: 7347: 7319: 7294: 7260: 7234: 7208: 7195: 7180: 7168: 7150: 7138: 7123: 7111: 7099: 7083: 7067: 7051: 7037: 7023: 7009: 6972: 6946: 6920: 6894: 6878: 6862: 6849: 6823: 6809: 6789: 6780: 6759:(1852) 8. See 6748: 6723: 6708: 6686: 6672: 6646: 6635:. January 2017 6614: 6584: 6558: 6532: 6500: 6482: 6469: 6457:www.hesa.ac.uk 6444: 6415: 6390: 6368: 6353: 6350:. 18 May 2016. 6335: 6317: 6304: 6291: 6269: 6252: 6236: 6214: 6201: 6179: 6153: 6136: 6116: 6090: 6064: 6042: 6016: 5991: 5959: 5937: 5910: 5878: 5846: 5835:(4): 591–612. 5819: 5803: 5771: 5739: 5717: 5704:"Our Heritage" 5695: 5673: 5647: 5638:The Living Age 5624: 5592: 5570: 5550: 5530: 5503: 5486: 5454: 5422: 5415: 5395: 5365: 5338: 5313: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5152: 5149: 5044:apprenticeship 5035: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4846:is also used. 4836: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4807:Thames V 4805: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4569: 4567:Sancti Andreae 4564: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3922:Leicestriensis 3919: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3866:Lancastriensis 3863: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3814: 3809: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3279: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3141:Bradfordiensis 3138: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2766: 2763: 2759:Dean of Durham 2737:Leamington Spa 2611: 2608: 2527:(eighth), and 2496:at fifteenth, 2419:Main article: 2416: 2413: 2361: 2358: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176:Boliver (2015) 2168: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2082: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 1991: 1990:Mission groups 1988: 1932: 1931: 1898: 1866: 1860: 1857:Robbins Report 1846: 1833: 1823: 1810: 1752:Robbins Report 1739: 1736: 1726: 1725:Categorisation 1723: 1678:In Wales, the 1583: 1580: 1402: 1399: 1372:and rights in 1365: 1362: 1341:BPP University 1281:European Union 1253:Dearing Report 1249:Robbins Report 1110: 1107: 1102:chancellorship 1097: 1094: 1018:issued by the 978: 975: 921: 918: 906: 905: 899: 896: 895: 887: 884: 883: 875: 872: 871: 865: 862: 861: 855: 852: 851: 845: 842: 841: 835: 832: 831: 823: 820: 819: 813: 810: 809: 803: 800: 799: 791: 788: 787: 781: 778: 777: 771: 768: 767: 761: 758: 757: 752: 751: 744: 737: 729: 716: 713: 642: 639: 600:universities. 577: 574: 558:Robbins Report 539:Between 1948 ( 509: 506: 443: 440: 384:Royal Holloway 256: 253: 171:Jarratt report 159:Robbins Report 142: 139: 108:Dearing Report 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14812: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14753:Maths schools 14751: 14749: 14746: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14693: 14689: 14681: 14678: 14677: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14646: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14585: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14568: 14563: 14561: 14556: 14554: 14549: 14548: 14545: 14533: 14532: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14511: 14510: 14507: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14475: 14471: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14459:Silicon Gorge 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14444:Science parks 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14420: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14385: 14383: 14379: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14358:EngineeringUK 14356: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14346: 14342: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14310:Royal Society 14308: 14304: 14301: 14300: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14222:Societies and 14220: 14212: 14211:Russell Group 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14197: 14194: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14168: 14165: 14157: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14111: 14110: 14108: 14102: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14069: 14066: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13958: 13954: 13949: 13945: 13938: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13924: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13884: 13882: 13878: 13871: 13868: 13865: 13862: 13859: 13856: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13835: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13805: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13793:Wallace Group 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13758:Russell Group 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13683: 13678: 13676: 13671: 13669: 13664: 13663: 13660: 13654: 13647: 13635: 13627: 13625: 13617: 13616: 13613: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13550: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13497: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13477: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13425: 13421: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13310: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13278:Robert Gordon 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13217: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13088:Creative Arts 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13029: 13023: 13022:York St. John 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12947:Leeds Trinity 12945: 12943: 12942:Leeds Beckett 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12861:Wolverhampton 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12846:Staffordshire 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12521:Hertfordshire 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12491:Anglia Ruskin 12489: 12488: 12486: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12462: 12457: 12455: 12450: 12448: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12431: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12399: 12394: 12390: 12385: 12381: 12376: 12372: 12367: 12363: 12358: 12354: 12348: 12344: 12339: 12335: 12330: 12326: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12292: 12288: 12283: 12279: 12274: 12270: 12265: 12261: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12220: 12217: 12213: 12208: 12204: 12199: 12195: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12172: 12170:9780521557788 12166: 12162: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12133: 12127: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12085: 12081: 12075: 12059: 12055: 12049: 12033: 12029: 12022: 12014: 12008: 12001: 12000: 11993: 11977: 11973: 11972: 11967: 11960: 11945: 11944:New Statesman 11941: 11934: 11927: 11915: 11909: 11893: 11887: 11871: 11865: 11858: 11847: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11817: 11810: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11768: 11762: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11717: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11699: 11691: 11676: 11669: 11653: 11649: 11643: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11601: 11595: 11588: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11550: 11546: 11540: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11506: 11504:9781408181188 11500: 11496: 11495: 11488: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11447: 11443: 11437: 11435: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11404: 11388: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11372: 11356: 11350: 11334: 11330: 11324: 11316: 11314:9781408181188 11310: 11306: 11305: 11298: 11291: 11279: 11273: 11254: 11250: 11243: 11242: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11212: 11208: 11201: 11185: 11181: 11175: 11167: 11163: 11162: 11155: 11147: 11145:9781408181188 11141: 11137: 11136: 11129: 11110: 11106: 11099: 11093: 11086: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11044: 11040: 11034: 11032: 11023: 11011: 11003: 11002: 10995: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10950: 10943: 10937: 10929: 10927:9781408181188 10923: 10919: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10879:"Sima Sandhu" 10874: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10828: 10820: 10808: 10801: 10797: 10796: 10789: 10781: 10779:9781408181188 10775: 10771: 10770: 10763: 10756: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10727: 10723: 10721:9781408181188 10717: 10713: 10712: 10705: 10690: 10684: 10677: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10648: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10600: 10594: 10587: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10554: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10513: 10509: 10502: 10501: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10274: 10268: 10260: 10248: 10241: 10235: 10228: 10224: 10223: 10215: 10199: 10193: 10174: 10167: 10161: 10142: 10136: 10128: 10122: 10103: 10096: 10090: 10082: 10075: 10067: 10063: 10056: 10048: 10047: 10046:New Statesman 10042: 10035: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10008: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9980: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9586: 9570: 9564: 9562: 9545: 9539: 9523: 9517: 9509: 9503: 9495: 9489: 9481: 9475: 9467: 9461: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9290: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9196: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9134: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9113: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9092: 9076: 9070: 9055: 9054:The Telegraph 9051: 9044: 9028: 9022: 9006: 9000: 8984: 8978: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8957: 8955: 8935: 8929: 8918: 8917: 8910: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8869: 8865: 8858: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8784: 8778: 8763: 8757: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8712: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8691: 8676: 8670: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8562:9781483186580 8558: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8541: 8534: 8522: 8520:9781462842452 8516: 8512: 8511: 8503: 8494: 8486: 8484:9781137534811 8480: 8476: 8475: 8467: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8380:9781349216031 8376: 8372: 8371: 8363: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8329:The Spectator 8325: 8318: 8310: 8308:9780521577786 8304: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8278: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8260: 8258: 8249: 8245: 8238: 8230: 8218: 8210: 8208:9781873927762 8204: 8200: 8199: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8178: 8176:9781871516746 8172: 8168: 8167: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8142: 8140:9781853026454 8136: 8132: 8131: 8123: 8115: 8113:9780335232741 8109: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8056: 8054:9780429808104 8050: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7973: 7971:9780713002317 7967: 7963: 7962: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7884: 7876: 7871:|author= 7864: 7856: 7849: 7840: 7831: 7823: 7818:|author= 7811: 7803: 7796: 7787: 7785: 7768: 7762: 7754: 7752:9780750654050 7748: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7721:9780191634642 7717: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7681: 7675: 7667: 7665:9780191634642 7661: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7604: 7598: 7582: 7576: 7560: 7554: 7538: 7532: 7513: 7506: 7500: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7464: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7417:EWHC 613 (QB) 7415: 7414: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7375: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7222: 7221:The Telegraph 7218: 7212: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7135: 7134: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7096: 7092: 7091:Browne Review 7087: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6979:In 2016, the 6976: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6853: 6840: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6820:Sch 1, part 3 6818: 6813: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6784: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6717: 6712: 6696: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6634: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6610: 6599:. August 2004 6598: 6594: 6588: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6554: 6542: 6536: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6496: 6495:parliament.uk 6492: 6486: 6479: 6473: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6433:. 9 June 2024 6432: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6314: 6308: 6301: 6295: 6279: 6273: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6224: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6189: 6183: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6149: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6052: 6046: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5947: 5946:"Legislation" 5941: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5874: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5727: 5721: 5705: 5699: 5683: 5677: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5580: 5574: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5551:9781139453028 5547: 5543: 5542: 5534: 5523: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5418: 5416:9781108015295 5412: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5289: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5071:overqualified 5068: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5052:Russell Group 5049: 5045: 5041: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4634:Sheff Hallam 4633: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4192:Newc or Ncle 4191: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3998:Liv J Moores 3997: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3939:Lincolniensis 3937: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3803:Cantuariensis 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3550:Edinburgensis 3547: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3268:Cantuariensis 3266: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3175:Bristoliensis 3173: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2904:English name 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717:West Midlands 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667:royal charter 2664: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2610:Peculiarities 2607: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2597:New Statesman 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2504:at 30th, and 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2312:Not included 2311: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2289:Anglia Ruskin 2288: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202:Not included 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116:Russell Group 2112: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065:(1893–2007), 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2007:Russell Group 2005: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1574:(part of the 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1522:listed bodies 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1441:Privy Council 1438: 1437:royal charter 1433: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:student loans 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:Browne Review 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1106: 1103: 1093: 1090: 1089:Privy Council 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1020:Privy Council 1017: 1013: 1012:royal charter 1009: 1005: 998: 993: 988: 984: 974: 970: 968: 964: 960: 954: 952: 948: 944: 938: 936: 932: 931:Privy Council 926: 917: 915: 903: 897: 892: 891: 885: 880: 879: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 827: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 795: 789: 785:Prot 1, art 2 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 750: 745: 743: 738: 736: 731: 730: 727: 722: 712: 708: 704: 701: 696: 694: 690: 685: 681: 679: 675: 670: 667: 666:student loans 663: 658: 654: 652: 648: 638: 636: 632: 628: 627:Royal Society 624: 620: 619: 613: 611: 605: 601: 599: 593: 591: 587: 583: 573: 571: 565: 563: 559: 555: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 526: 518: 514: 505: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 452: 448: 439: 435: 432: 428: 426: 421: 419: 415: 414:Owens College 411: 406: 404: 399: 397: 392: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 365: 361: 357: 354: 350: 345: 341: 337: 335: 330: 326: 322: 321: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 292: 290: 284: 282: 278: 274: 269: 266: 262: 252: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 208:In Scotland, 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 179: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 138: 136: 135:Robert Halfon 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 109: 103: 101: 97: 96:listed bodies 93: 89: 85: 80: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 57:royal charter 54: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 14674: 14524: 14512: 14454:Silicon Glen 14224:professional 14196:Universities 14195: 14161:governmental 13872:(since 1992) 13431: 12917:Huddersfield 12821:Loughborough 12801:Harper Adams 12701:Ravensbourne 12496:Bedfordshire 12467: 12397: 12391:. Routledge. 12388: 12379: 12370: 12361: 12342: 12333: 12324: 12302:(1): 58–83. 12299: 12295: 12286: 12277: 12268: 12259: 12251: 12231: 12227: 12215: 12211: 12202: 12193: 12159: 12136:. Retrieved 12126: 12114:. Retrieved 12110:the original 12100: 12088:. Retrieved 12084:the original 12074: 12062:. Retrieved 12058:the original 12048: 12036:. Retrieved 12031: 12021: 11998: 11992: 11980:. Retrieved 11976:the original 11969: 11959: 11947:. Retrieved 11943: 11933: 11925: 11918:. Retrieved 11908: 11896:. Retrieved 11886: 11874:. Retrieved 11864: 11856: 11849:. Retrieved 11845: 11835: 11827: 11820:. Retrieved 11809: 11797:. Retrieved 11792: 11783: 11771:. Retrieved 11761: 11749:. Retrieved 11745:the original 11740: 11731: 11720:, retrieved 11716:10419/173940 11697: 11690: 11678:. Retrieved 11668: 11656:. Retrieved 11652:the original 11642: 11630:. Retrieved 11616: 11604:. Retrieved 11594: 11586: 11579:. Retrieved 11575:the original 11565: 11553:. Retrieved 11549:the original 11539: 11527:. Retrieved 11523:the original 11513: 11493: 11487: 11475:. Retrieved 11462: 11450:. Retrieved 11446:the original 11421:. Retrieved 11417:the original 11403: 11391:. Retrieved 11387:the original 11380: 11371: 11359:. Retrieved 11349: 11337:. Retrieved 11333:the original 11323: 11303: 11297: 11289: 11282:. Retrieved 11272: 11260:. Retrieved 11253:the original 11240: 11215:. Retrieved 11211:the original 11200: 11188:. Retrieved 11184:the original 11174: 11160: 11154: 11134: 11128: 11116:. Retrieved 11109:the original 11092: 11084: 11077:. Retrieved 11073:the original 11059: 11047:. Retrieved 11043:the original 11000: 10994: 10981:. Retrieved 10968: 10956:. Retrieved 10949:the original 10936: 10916: 10910: 10902: 10895:. Retrieved 10891:the original 10873: 10861:. Retrieved 10848: 10834: 10827: 10799: 10794: 10788: 10768: 10762: 10754: 10747:. Retrieved 10742: 10733: 10725: 10710: 10704: 10692:. Retrieved 10683: 10675: 10668:. Retrieved 10664:the original 10654: 10646: 10639:. Retrieved 10635:the original 10625: 10613:. Retrieved 10609:the original 10602: 10593: 10585: 10578:. Retrieved 10574:the original 10560: 10552: 10545:. Retrieved 10541:the original 10531: 10519:. Retrieved 10512:the original 10499: 10276:. Retrieved 10267: 10258: 10251:. Retrieved 10234: 10226: 10221: 10214: 10202:. Retrieved 10192: 10180:. Retrieved 10173:the original 10160: 10148:. Retrieved 10135: 10111:19 September 10109:. Retrieved 10102:the original 10089: 10074: 10066:The Guardian 10065: 10055: 10044: 10034: 10025: 10016: 10007: 9995:. Retrieved 9991:the original 9966:. Retrieved 9962:the original 9952: 9940:. Retrieved 9936:the original 9926: 9914:. Retrieved 9910:the original 9900: 9888:. Retrieved 9884:the original 9874: 9866:the original 9856: 9844:. Retrieved 9840:the original 9830: 9818:. Retrieved 9814:the original 9804: 9792:. Retrieved 9788:the original 9778: 9766:. Retrieved 9762:the original 9752: 9740:. Retrieved 9736:the original 9726: 9718:the original 9708: 9696:. Retrieved 9692:the original 9682: 9674:the original 9664: 9652:. Retrieved 9648:the original 9638: 9630:the original 9620: 9608:. Retrieved 9604:the original 9594: 9585: 9573:. Retrieved 9548:. Retrieved 9538: 9526:. Retrieved 9516: 9502: 9488: 9474: 9460: 9451: 9442: 9433: 9424: 9415: 9406: 9397: 9388: 9379: 9370: 9361: 9352: 9343: 9334: 9325: 9316: 9307: 9298: 9289: 9277:. Retrieved 9272: 9248:. Retrieved 9243: 9234: 9225: 9216: 9207:The Guardian 9205: 9195: 9184: 9175: 9164: 9154: 9143: 9133: 9122: 9112: 9101: 9091: 9079:. Retrieved 9069: 9057:. Retrieved 9053: 9043: 9031:. Retrieved 9021: 9009:. Retrieved 8999: 8987:. Retrieved 8977: 8968:The Guardian 8966: 8941:. Retrieved 8928: 8915: 8909: 8897:. Retrieved 8893: 8884: 8872:. Retrieved 8868:the original 8857: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8809: 8799: 8787:. Retrieved 8777: 8765:. Retrieved 8756: 8744:. Retrieved 8740:the original 8730: 8721: 8711: 8700: 8690: 8678:. Retrieved 8669: 8657:. Retrieved 8653:the original 8639: 8628: 8618: 8605: 8599: 8590: 8584: 8574: 8566: 8547: 8540: 8531: 8524:. Retrieved 8509: 8502: 8493: 8477:. Springer. 8473: 8466: 8454:. Retrieved 8450:the original 8440: 8428:. Retrieved 8424:the original 8419: 8410: 8401:The Guardian 8399: 8389: 8369: 8362: 8351: 8343: 8334:the original 8327: 8317: 8297: 8275: 8269: 8243: 8237: 8197: 8165: 8129: 8122: 8102: 8043: 8009:. Retrieved 8005:the original 7999: 7960: 7932: 7907: 7897: 7883: 7848: 7839: 7830: 7795: 7771:. Retrieved 7761: 7737: 7730: 7711: 7684:. Retrieved 7674: 7655: 7645: 7633:. Retrieved 7629:the original 7619: 7607:. Retrieved 7597: 7585:. Retrieved 7575: 7563:. Retrieved 7553: 7541:. Retrieved 7531: 7519:. Retrieved 7512:the original 7499: 7487:. Retrieved 7477: 7463: 7444: 7438:EWCA Civ 121 7433: 7420: 7411: 7408:EWCA Civ 831 7402: 7397: 7390:EWCA Civ 129 7385: 7379:EWCA Civ 129 7374: 7367:EWCA Civ 534 7361: 7355: 7350: 7338:. Retrieved 7331: 7322: 7310:. Retrieved 7297: 7285:. Retrieved 7274:The Guardian 7273: 7263: 7251:. Retrieved 7246: 7237: 7225:. Retrieved 7220: 7211: 7198: 7188: 7183: 7171: 7158: 7153: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7094: 7086: 7075: 7070: 7059: 7054: 7040: 7026: 7012: 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6959: 6949: 6937:. Retrieved 6932: 6923: 6911:. Retrieved 6908:The Guardian 6907: 6897: 6881: 6873: 6852: 6839:the original 6826: 6812: 6792: 6783: 6756: 6751: 6739:. Retrieved 6726: 6711: 6699:. Retrieved 6689: 6675: 6663:. Retrieved 6649: 6637:. Retrieved 6607:– via 6601:. Retrieved 6587: 6575:. Retrieved 6561: 6551:– via 6545:. Retrieved 6535: 6523:. Retrieved 6516:the original 6503: 6494: 6485: 6477: 6472: 6460:. Retrieved 6456: 6447: 6435:. Retrieved 6430: 6406:. Retrieved 6403:www.study.eu 6402: 6393: 6381:. Retrieved 6371: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6329: 6320: 6312: 6307: 6299: 6294: 6282:. Retrieved 6272: 6248:The Guardian 6246: 6239: 6227:. Retrieved 6217: 6209: 6204: 6192:. Retrieved 6182: 6170:. Retrieved 6166:the original 6156: 6146: 6139: 6128: 6119: 6107:. Retrieved 6103:the original 6093: 6081:. Retrieved 6077:the original 6067: 6055:. Retrieved 6045: 6033:. Retrieved 6029:the original 6019: 6010: 6004: 5994: 5984:– via 5978:. Retrieved 5974:Morning Post 5973: 5962: 5950:. Retrieved 5940: 5928:. Retrieved 5923: 5913: 5903:– via 5897:. Retrieved 5893:Morning Post 5892: 5881: 5871:– via 5865:. Retrieved 5860: 5849: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5812: 5806: 5796:– via 5790:. Retrieved 5786:Morning Post 5785: 5774: 5764:– via 5758:. Retrieved 5754:Morning Post 5753: 5742: 5730:. Retrieved 5720: 5708:. Retrieved 5698: 5686:. Retrieved 5676: 5664:. Retrieved 5660:the original 5650: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5617:– via 5611:. Retrieved 5606: 5595: 5583:. Retrieved 5573: 5540: 5533: 5522:the original 5513: 5506: 5496: 5489: 5477:. Retrieved 5470:the original 5457: 5445:. Retrieved 5438:the original 5425: 5405: 5398: 5386:. Retrieved 5382:the original 5368: 5360: 5357:the original 5351: 5347:Lord Dearing 5341: 5332: 5328:The Guardian 5326: 5316: 5305: 5263: 5185:Oxbridge MAs 5178: 5160: 5154: 5138: 5115: 5099: 5084: 5064: 5056: 5040:Sutton Trust 5037: 5013: 4994:Wigorniensis 4993: 4957:Wintoniensis 4956: 4886:Warwickensis 4885: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4843: 4654: 4566: 4430:R'dg or Rdg 4419: 4336:Oxf Brookes 4317: 4142:Mancuniensis 4141: 4032: 4021: 4017:Londiniensis 4015: 3955: 3938: 3921: 3885: 3865: 3843: 3829: 3825: 3806: 3802: 3788:Now part of 3624: 3570: 3548: 3494: 3474: 3440: 3436: 3350: 3330: 3267: 3228: 3174: 3140: 3079: 3052: 3035:Belf or QUB 2916:Aberdonensis 2915: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2842: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772:John Smith, 2771: 2768: 2741: 2729:Warwickshire 2698: 2679: 2669:or founding 2665:, having no 2656: 2646:leaving the 2624: 2613: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2570: 2560:also places 2555: 2553: 2547:(44th), and 2510: 2476:In the 2020 2475: 2443:The Guardian 2432: 2424: 2402: 2394: 2371: 2351: 2140: 2108: 2081:(from 2011). 2001: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1953: 1948: 1933: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1883:Polytechnics 1874: 1868: 1862: 1848: 1835: 1825: 1813: 1796: 1791: 1771: 1757: 1745: 1741: 1728: 1700: 1677: 1662: 1651: 1636: 1621: 1607: 1597:merged with 1593:In 1984 the 1592: 1585: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1482: 1471: 1464: 1460: 1445: 1434: 1431: 1420: 1404: 1401:Legal status 1384: 1377: 1374:contract law 1367: 1326: 1299:enables the 1257:tuition fees 1227: 1197:. After the 1150: 1145:tuition fees 1137:tuition fees 1131:paid for by 1099: 1069: 1059: 1045: 1041:Regent House 1037:Regent House 1029: 1025: 1002: 971: 955: 942: 939: 927: 923: 910: 893:EWCA Civ 534 888: 881:EWCA Civ 129 876: 849:ss 16 and 21 824: 792: 709: 705: 697: 686: 682: 671: 662:means tested 659: 655: 644: 618:The Guardian 616: 614: 606: 602: 597: 594: 582:polytechnics 579: 566: 543:) and 1967 ( 538: 522: 495: 456: 442:20th century 436: 433: 429: 422: 407: 400: 393: 377: 366: 362: 358: 346: 342: 338: 318: 312: 304:polytechnics 293: 285: 270: 258: 242: 207: 176: 174: 133:, currently 112: 104: 95: 83: 81: 52: 51: 35: 26: 14449:Silicon Fen 14439:M4 corridor 14172:and museums 14036:Innovate UK 13866:(1960–1969) 13864:Plate glass 13860:(1900–1963) 13846:(pre-1600) 13713:Eastern ARC 13606:Polytechnic 13508:Plate glass 13341:South Wales 13321:Aberystwyth 13298:Strathclyde 13263:Heriot-Watt 13178:UWE Bristol 13163:Southampton 13053:Bournemouth 12987:Northumbria 12831:Northampton 12791:De Montfort 12746:West London 12741:Westminster 12661:East London 12550:University 12511:East Anglia 12138:22 December 12116:22 December 12090:22 December 12064:22 December 12038:14 February 11658:14 February 11632:20 December 11606:20 December 11581:29 December 11477:21 December 11423:21 December 11393:21 December 11339:21 December 11284:21 December 11262:21 December 11190:20 December 11118:21 December 11079:21 December 11018:|work= 10983:20 December 10958:20 December 10897:21 December 10863:21 December 10815:|work= 10749:20 December 10694:21 December 10670:21 December 10641:21 December 10615:21 December 10580:21 December 10547:21 December 10521:21 December 10278:20 December 10253:20 December 10204:20 December 10182:20 December 9942:11 February 9916:11 February 9890:24 December 9846:24 December 9820:24 December 9794:24 December 9768:24 December 9742:24 December 9698:24 December 9654:24 December 9610:24 December 8899:21 February 8789:20 February 8767:20 February 8680:24 November 8659:24 November 8456:24 November 8430:30 November 8225:|work= 8098:Peter Scott 8011:29 December 7686:17 December 7635:17 December 7609:17 December 7587:17 December 7543:17 December 7521:17 December 7489:17 December 7312:16 December 7253:16 December 7165:Case 197/86 7003:$ 34bn and 6991:£342m, the 6787:ss 5 and 12 5899:28 November 5867:28 November 5792:30 November 5760:30 November 5732:17 November 5710:17 November 5613:30 November 5585:29 November 5447:30 November 5388:30 November 5334:university. 5014:Eboracensis 4655:Sotoniensis 4282:Nott Trent 4214:North Lond 4022:Londinensis 3625:Glasguensis 3496:Dunelmensis 3437:Cumbriensis 3351:Cicestensis 2901:Latin name 2709:county town 2523:(seventh), 2488:third, and 2013:MillionPlus 1968:sui generis 1949:sui generis 1809:in England. 1773:sui generis 1764:plate glass 1570:), and the 1531:listed body 1497:within the 1223:peer review 859:ss 5 and 12 289:Robert Peel 210:St Andrew's 203:St Thomas's 195:Northampton 14789:Categories 14408:Scientists 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