Third-oldest university in England debate

1562:

been opened in 1828. The difficulty can only be resolved according to one's definition of what a university is. Those who define a university as an institution which teaches advanced courses favor London over Durham. Those who emphasize the power to award degrees do the same, since the University of London, which absorbed the College in 1836, was granted that power the same year, while Durham received its a year later. But those who prefer the British legal definition give Durham priority, since it received a royal charter four years before London did and, in any event, a college is not the same as a university." Yet the essay on London in the same volume, by the same author, states unequivocally: "Thus the federal university was created as the fourth university in England, just four years after the University of Durham had been founded as the third." Some historians acknowledge that UCL was founded to be a university before becoming a college of the University of London. Some historians also disagree with the assertion that London gained its degree awarding powers before Durham, and others have noted that there was uncertainty at the time as to whether or not Durham had degree awarding powers stemming from its founding Act of Parliament, which was cleared up by it obtaining a royal charter.

562:, noting that degree awarding powers might be "inherent in a University instituted by the highest authority of the nation", but that it would be desirable to have either a charter or a legal declaration that one was unnecessary (no response is recorded). The university again sought Wetherell's counsel on the matter of the charter in March, and were advised to avoid mention of degree awarding powers but solely to seek incorporation as a university; stating that both his personal opinion and the orthodox opinion were that "the word university carries degrees". The petition submitted followed this advice, omitting mention of degrees and seeking only incorporation and the power to hold property. The opinion of the Chapter of Durham Cathedral (the governors of the university) in 1837 remained that the university had the power to award degrees under the 1832 Act of Parliament and that, although a royal charter would enhance the perception of those degrees, the university would proceed to award degrees that year whether or not a charter was issued. However, this was not put to the test as the charter was granted. 551:, had said during the passage of the act in 1832 that "or ought the privilege of conferring degrees, if hereafter committed to the University by charter, to be thrown open indiscriminately to non-conformists of every description, in common with members of the Established Church." In a similar vein, William Clayton Walters, a Newcastle barrister who the university consulted with, said in 1832 that there was nothing the university wanted from a royal charter at that time "except the power to grant degrees". However, by 1833 Thorp wrote to Van Mildert that "the Dean and Chapter are anxious to ascertain the place and value of the Degrees in due time to be conferred by virtue of the Act of Parliament which constitutes Durham a University". Subsequently, the university announced in 1835 that it would confer degrees, after taking further legal advice from Walters as to whether it had the authority to do so under the Act of Parliament, and just over a month later passed a "fundamental statute" that included provision for the awarding of degrees. 395:

the "college" was being advertised as a "university", with the prospectus appearing in London newspapers. On 4 July 1832, Parliament passed "An Act to enable the Dean and Chapter of Durham to appropriate Part of the Property of their Church to the Establishment of a University in connexion therewith for the Advancement of Learning". Students were admitted to degree programmes from 28 October 1833, with the first calendar (autumn 1833) advertising the institution as "University of Durham founded by Act of Chapter with the Consent of the Bishop of Durham 28 September 1831. Constituted a University by Act of Parliament 2nd and 3rd William IV., Sess. 1831–2." However, the act did not directly found the university, rather it authorised the cathedral chapter to establish the university. This it did formally with an Act of Chapter on 4 April 1834, which resolved "that the Academical Institution or College or University established by Act of Chapter, 21st September 1831, be constituted a University".

276:

founded in this manner was hotly debated, with the institution being widely considered illegitimate, and it was denied official recognition. King's College was founded as a counter to UCL and was granted a charter in 1829, helped by not claiming to be a university or intending to award degrees. Durham was designed from its conception in 1831 to be a full university with degree-awarding powers but did not initially seek a royal charter. The university was instead founded under the authority of an Act of Parliament passed in 1832 and opened in 1833. In 1836 the University of London was established to solve the problem of having two competing colleges in London and to clarify their status, with UCL taking the name "University College, London". For the first time, England had higher education institutions besides Oxford and Cambridge that would maintain a sustained existence.

317:, who had led the parliamentary campaign for UCL's recognition as a university, and John Robson, Secretary of UCL in the 1870s, told the Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science in 1872 that "in March 1835, the House of Commons, by a large majority—246 to 136—adopted an address to the King, praying him to grant a charter of incorporation to 'the University of London,' which would have enabled it to grant degrees; and, consequently, that what the institution was asked to surrender in favour of the University founded in 1837 , was not merely its designation, but the position which it had acquired through that vote of the House of Commons, and the importance of which had been distinctly recognized by successive Governments." An official history issued by the 350:

outlook on religion being an essential part of education – both in sharp contrast to its rival. The existence of King's also gave the establishment another excuse to deny UCL university status: it would mean doing the same for King's, creating two universities for one city. This eventually led to the compromise of forming the University of London to examine students from both colleges. It was chartered as a college, not a university; the term "university" does not appear in the charter. The 150th anniversary history of the college states that: "No attempt was to be made to form a University which had the power of conferring its own degrees: the task of King’s College was to prepare men for a commercial career, or for other universities if they sought after a degree or ordination."

501:, who led the parliamentary campaign for the recognition of UCL as the University of London, told the House of Commons in 1833 that: "It is not generally known, that no university whatever is entitled to confer degrees, by grant of any Charter whatever, the claim so to do being considered as incident to the name and title of University". Similarly, Sir Charles Wetherell, arguing against the grant of a university charter to UCL before the Privy Council in 1834 said that: "It will be necessary to examine this subject a little more minutely, and particularly with reference to the power of conferring degrees, and the nature of a university. The only place where I can find any legal discussion on matters so little brought under consideration as these, is the argument of 429:, and the Established Church Act 1836. Durham was incorporated by a royal charter granted on 1 June 1837, which explicitly referred to the university already having "established under our Royal sanction, and the authority of our Parliament", and the first degrees were conferred on 8 June 1837. This charter did not establish the university but rather confirmed the university status of the existing body. The explanatory memorandum to the 1907 University of Durham Act states that "The University was established in 1834 by a Statue of the dean and chapter of the cathedral church of Durham, made in pursuance of an Act of Parliament of 1832, and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1837 under the name of the 'Warden, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Durham. 529:, through implication, but by express concession. And this in two ways: – For a University was empowered, either by an explicit grant of certain enumerated rights, or by bestowing on it implicitly the known privileges enjoyed by certain other pattern Universities. These modes were frequently conjoined, but we make bold to say, that there is not to be found, throughout Europe, one example of a University erected without the grant of determinate privileges, – far less of a University, thus erected, enjoying, through this omission, privileges of any, far less of every other. – In particular, the right of granting degrees, and that in how many faculties, must (in either way) be expressly conferred." However, historians have not agreed with this conclusion. 210:

confirmed by our ancestors kings of England, and is commonly commended for its advantage to students, would suffer no little damage from such University, if it remained there, which we by no means wish, and especially as it appears to all the bishops of our realm, as we learn from their letters patent, that it would be for the honour of God, and the benefit of the Church of England, and the advancement of students that the University should be removed from the town aforesaid; we by the advice of our great men, firmly order that there shall henceforth be no University in our said town, and that you shall not allow any students to remain there otherwise than was customary before the creation of the said University.

38: 474:, a professor at UCL, said that "o term the body which examines at Burlington House a University is a perversion of language, to which no charter or Act of Parliament can give a real sanction". Some modern historians have taken a similar line, describing the University of London of that era as "a Government department, in the form of a board of examiners with power to matriculate students and award degrees … it had the trappings of a university, but not its most obvious function—it did not teach", and as "what would today be called a quango". The problems thrown up by the lack of teaching in the university led eventually to its reconstitution as a federal teaching and research institution in 1900. 522:

the English Universities … that the simple fact of the crown incorporating an academy under the name of university, necessarily, and in spite of reservations, concedes to that academy the right of granting all possibly degrees; nay when (as we are informed) the case itself has actually occurred, – the "Durham University", inadvertently, it seems, incorporated under that title, being in the course of claiming the exercise of this very privilege as a right, necessarily involved in the public recognition of the name – in these circumstances we shall be pardoned a short excursus, in order to expose the futility of the basis on which this mighty edifice is erected."

1509:, through implication, but by express concession." The two ways in which this could be done were "either by an explicit grant of certain enumerated rights, or by bestowing on it implicitly the known privileges enjoyed by certain other pattern Universities", concluding that "we make bold to say, that there is not to be found, throughout Europe, one example of a University erected without the grant of determinate privileges,—far less of a University, thus erected, enjoying, through this omission, privileges of any, far less of every other.—In particular, the right of granting degrees, and that I'm how many faculties, must (in either way) be expressly conferred." 437:

of the 1837 charter was to incorporate the pre-existing university, in contrast to London which was established by royal charter. The act states "And whereas … a Body Politic and Corporate by the Name of the University of London has been constituted by the Royal Charter of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, and an University having been founded and established in connexion with the Cathedral Church at Durham under the Authority of an Act passed in the Second and Third years of the Reign of His said late Majesty … And whereas since the passing of the said last-mentioned Act a Royal Charter of Incorporation had been granted to the University of Durham".

82: 68: 307:

royal signature, is to be granted to the University of London", but following opposition from Oxford and Cambridge the application for the charter stalled. The application was renewed in 1833, but again stalled with Oxford and Cambridge's opposition being joined by the London medical schools. In 1835 the House of Commons voted in favour of a petition to the king to grant a charter along the lines of that approved in 1831. However, the government chose instead to grant UCL a charter as a college, rather than as a university, and to found the University of London as a separate body.

8981: 52: 1053: 9631: 1328:

also held to imply that all branches of study were taught in a university: in the modern sense of the term, a university is an establishment for the purposes of instruction in all, or some of the most important divisions of science and literature, and having the power of conferring certain honorary dignities, called degrees; in some old authors, university means the world." While this mentions Johnson's definition it sets it apart from the "modern sense", which is a more general

1194:, which lists Durham as the third oldest university in England (from 1832) with London as the fourth oldest (from 1836) and UCL and King's only as colleges of London. The full definition used is "institutions of higher education founded or recognized as universities by the public authorities of their territory and authorized to confer academic degrees in more than one discipline", thus excluding single-faculty universities (which is unimportant for this debate). 10150: 9487: 8838: 7907: 1520:, but it is generally considered that the right is implied in the terms of John XXII's letter of 1318 concerning Cambridge's status as a studium generale." Furthermore Edinburgh (Hamilton's own university) was granted the rights of the other Scottish universities by Act of Parliament in 1621, but conferred its first degrees in 1587 without any explicit grant of privileges. This would appear to support the contention of the 18th century Attorney General 9511: 7917: 459:(20 June 1837), and others that it may never have been valid but if it were it would have expired 6 months after the king's death (i.e. 20 December 1837). The university was re-incorporated by a second Royal Charter on 5 December 1837. This date is sometimes given in Victorian sources as the founding of the University, and is the date used as the date of creation in the supplemental charter of 1850 and the charters of 1858 and 1863. 1410:

write in 1862 that "the distinctive character of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is, that they are corporations of Teachers in Arts, having the power to grant Degrees. This is Huber's idea; and it would appear to be his opinion that this is the essential character of a University : but we shall learn in the sequel that of the three elements here commingled, only two are common to all Universities of modern date".

9523: 1214:, the oldest two universities in England (founded pre-1116 and in 1209 respectively) were founded by Act of Parliament or royal charter (charters were bestowed on Oxford and Cambridge in 1248 and 1231 respectively, although neither is still in force), and both owe their incorporation to an act of parliament in 1571. No university in Britain was founded by grant of a royal charter to the institution prior to London in 1836. 483:

to the granting of a charter to UCL, all of the opposing parties agreed that a grant of university title would confer the right to award degrees as incident upon that title. Without an official grant of university title, UCL did not grant degrees, and a proposal in 1830 to introduce a degree of "M. Med. et Chir. U. L." was not carried out, although legal controls on unrecognised degrees were not introduced until the

313:, the chair of UCL's council, told a meeting of the proprietors that accepting this charter meant surrendering their claim to be a university, saying "it went a little to his heart … to sink into a college when they had originally started as an university" but that "for his own part he would rather accept it", which the proprietors voted unanimously to do. It was described as "a barren collegiate Charter" by 10164: 9499: 8852: 537:… was usually, but not quite invariably, conferred in express terms by the original foundation-bulls; and was apparently understood to be involved in the mere act of erection even in the rare cases where it is not expressly conceded". Patrick Zutshi, Keeper of Manuscripts and University Archives in Cambridge University Library, writes that "Cambridge never received from the papacy an explicit grant of the 124:(which officially claims to be the fourth-oldest university in England but is claimed by some students to be the third-oldest as the third university institution to receive a royal charter, in 1829). Most historians identify Durham as the third-oldest, following standard practice in how a university is defined and how this is applied historically, although the popular press is more divided. 189:(its location is unknown). A large Jewish learning community was also based in the town. Northampton's curriculum included law – as at Oxford and Cambridge – as well as other subjects such as the arts and humanities. It was this scholastic diversity that might have made Oxford feel threatened. However, within three years of its foundation, faculty members sided with supporters of 1587:—incorporates St. Bartholomew's Hospital, which began unofficial medical teaching in 1123, the earliest date of known organised medical teaching in the United Kingdom. The school also comprises one of the first official medical schools in England (the London Hospital Medical College, founded 1785); however, that school was not a university in its own right, having only 1300:

latest by Durham (depending on the date taken for its degree awarding powers) but while London had the degree awarding powers it was an examining body rather than an educational institution until its reform in 1900, and UCL and King's were both educational institutions but without degree awarding powers of their own until the 21st century.

1173:. This was at least in part due to the decrease of the power of the central University of London and the concomitant rise in status of the colleges, which had gained the right to confer London degrees themselves and direct access to government funding in the early 1990s. In its modern usage "university" thus often takes on the meaning of 1516:… was usually, but not quite invariably, conferred in express terms by the original foundation-bulls; and was apparently understood to be involved in the mere act of erection even in the rare cases where it is not expressly conceded". Cambridge is an example of this: "Cambridge never received from the papacy an explicit grant of the 452:

its first degrees in May 1839 (again to students from UCL and King's College London). In 1900 it was reconstituted as a federal university by statutes drawn up under the University of London Act 1898, including as schools of the university both UCL and King's College London, along with a number of other colleges in London.

1218:

danger of dating by earliest royal charter is demonstrated by listing the ancient universities by accepted date of establishment, date of royal charter, and date of incorporation; it can be seen that dating by royal charter or incorporation gives a significantly different ordering from the historically-accepted dates.

1109:'s university guides have hedged their bets, giving the title to both UCL and Durham, while referring to King's College London as "the fourth oldest university institution". King's students, however, have pushed their claim to be the third oldest university. The debate also spilled over into Scotland in 2007, when 1487:

Wetherell amongst others). The other, alternatively, believed that degree awarding powers were separate from, and hence not essential to, university title, and had to be explicitly granted (e.g. by royal charter), as held by Hamilton (and, to judge from his statement in the House of Lords, by Van Mildert).

1033:(who had been the first chancellor of the University of London, was chancellor of Cambridge University, and was being installed as the first chancellor of the Victoria University) was reported in Manchester and Leeds as saying in his speech that Durham predated London, but in Dundee as saying the opposite. 326:

1888, Edith Wilson stated: "There are five, and only five, universities in England. (I begin by starting this explicitly because the name University College so often misleads even those familiar with the language of the educational world.) These five are Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, London, and Victoria."

1097:, who had earlier given precedence to London, revised their listing in the 1960s in favour of Durham; and social anthropologist Joan Abbott recorded in 1971 that "The fact that Durham is the third oldest university in England was the first thing the author was told again and again soon after arrival". 5234:

Over the past 10 years the university has become an increasingly loose federation of independent institutions that are universities in their own right and receive their grants directly from the Higher Education Funding Council for England, although they still hand out degrees on behalf of the central

4066:

The London University is not covered with the reverent dust of antiquity, and new institutions are more susceptible than ancient ones. Yet the London University would, I think, have shown more generosity if it had welcomed its younger brother. Then it is another instance of the hatred of the younger

1570:

Many present-day institutions incorporate earlier foundations, such as theological colleges or medical schools, or are able to trace their origins to earlier teaching operations, and thus may be considered to have a longer heritage than those listed above. None of these make an explicit claim to have

1447:

It could be similarly argued that it did not apply in the early 19th century, when the University of Edinburgh (which was indisputably recognised as a university) was a trust under the town corporation. This is important for the debate as neither UCL nor Durham were founded as corporations. If trusts

1413:

Besides the question of defining a university, there is the question of what is meant by "third oldest university". The above listing assumes that it means the third institution to achieve university status, but if "third oldest university" means the third oldest institute to have eventually achieved

1323:

This concept is also seen in the definition (from 1848): "A college, incorporated for the education of youth, in all the liberal arts, sciences, &c., and empowered to confer degrees. A university generally comprehends many colleges, as is exemplified in those of Oxford and Cambridge, in England."

521:

arguing that historically the power to award specific degrees was explicitly granted, and thus the recognition of an institution as a university did not, in itself, grant any power to award degrees: "But when it has been seriously argued before the Privy Council by Sir Charles Wetherell, on behalf of

451:

The University of London was established and chartered in 1836 as a degree awarding body. It received a second charter in 1837, a third in 1858 and a fourth in 1863, under which it is now incorporated. It matriculated is first students in November 1838 (from UCL and King's College London) and awarded

436:

The Attorneys and Solicitors Act 1837, which extended various privileges related to admission to the legal profession of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin graduates to Durham and London, similarly confirmed that Durham was established as a university under the authority of the 1832 act and that the effect

246:

was established in London in 1596 to make university learning available there, but was academically dependent on Oxford and Cambridge and did not develop. Further proposals for a northern university included Ripon (in 1590, 1596 and 1604), York and Manchester in 1641, and Durham in 1651, as well as a

1553:

also named Durham as the third university, saying "A third University had been established at Durham in 1832, and four years later London University came into being, but only as an examining body, until in 1900 it was endowed with the full status of a teaching University with a number of constituent

1075:

named London as the elder in a speech at the University of Liverpool in 1914. Through most of the 20th century, Durham's claim appears to have gone unchallenged. It was named as the "third oldest university in England" in the Proceedings of the International Assembly of the Inter-state Post-Graduate

482:

Related to the question of university status was the question of degree awarding powers. At this period, "the absence of a Royal Charter was generally held to deny degree-giving powers to a body with no outside authority for calling itself a university". Thus, although various objections were raised

394:

on 21 September 1831 that established an "Academical Institution or College or University", followed by a second act of Chapter on 28 September which resolved to accept "A plan of an academic institution, to be called Durham College, in connexion with the Dean and Chapter". By December of that year,

325:

UCL was not granted university status and the attendant right of awarding degrees during the 19th century, and it does not feature on 19th-century lists of universities in England. However the use of "university" in its name was known to cause confusion: in an article for the Journal of Education in

266:

It was not until the early 19th century that a third university-level institution was successfully established, when University College London, King's College London, Durham University, and the University of London were all set up. There were unsuccessful proposals around the same time, including at

1156:

and the Established Church Act 1836, prior to the University of London, receiving the title in its risk charter in 1836. The government assiduously avoided using the names "London University" or "University of London" to refer to UCL during the period when it used those names, including in the 1836

1100:

In 1986, however, London's claim was reasserted by Negley Harte in his 150th anniversary history. Durham's claim was also directly disputed by UCL in 1998. All three of the claimants have often since asserted that they are the third oldest, and thus all have featured in the press identified as such

4799:

Nestled in a tree-lined gorge on the main railway line between London and Scotland, Durham University is the unlikely seat of Islamic finance teaching in the United Kingdom. Here, in the third-oldest university in England, a world heritage site, students have been coming to learn the principles of

1486:

The sixth criterion, degree awarding powers, was the subject of debate at the time, as discussed below under Durham. One side held that degree awarding powers were essential to a university, and thus a grant of university title automatically implied degree awarding powers (as proposed by Tooke and

1409:

Both Durham (1832) and London (1836) could be considered as having been expressly made universities by the sovereign power (royal assent to an Act of Parliament in Durham's case, royal charter in London's), making them universities whether they fulfilled all the criteria or not. Thus Masters could

1327:

Some 19th-century dictionaries go a different route. One (from 1849) defines 'university' with: "Originally, any community or corporation; the whole body of students, or of teachers and students assembled, in a place of education, with corporate rights, and under bye-laws of their own—the name was

1319:

Other 19th-century dictionaries build on this. One (from 1824) has "a collection of colleges, where all the liberal arts are taught". This adds to Johnson's definition the idea that a university must consist of colleges. Again, this was used to attack UCL, but was shown to be false by reference to

1307:

has "a school where all the arts and faculties are taught and studied" (or, in the 'miniature' edition, "a general school of liberal arts"). Other dictionaries followed Johnson in using this definition, and it was used to claim that UCL could not be a university as it did not teach all the liberal

349:

King's College London was established by Royal Charter on 14 August 1829 as "King's College, London", a reaction to UCL with the aim of providing an Anglican education. KCL was able to receive its charter quickly in part because it was not seeking to become a university, and in part because of its

1722:

a society established 1814 "for promoting the increase and diffusion of Literature, Science and the Arts" and held lectures on these subjects (royal charter 1821, dissolved 1948), the archives of which were transferred to University College, Liverpool. A number of 'modern' universities also claim

1561:

acknowledges the existence of the debate in its essay on Durham, stating that: "Durham is often referred to as England's third university, after Oxford and Cambridge. Yet it is also often referred to as England's fourth, on the assumption that London preceded it, for University College London had

1473:

The fifth criterion, residents, would appear to imply that universities must be residential. This was certainly not the case in the early 19th century as the Scottish universities were non-residential. The London colleges followed this pattern (as did the redbrick university colleges later on the

1287:

Both of these have three components: education, degrees and research, but the balance between them is different. Collins makes research usual, rather than necessary, while the OED only requires students to study for degrees, but does not require that the institution has the power to award degrees

368:

King's surrendered its autonomy to be merged into the University of London from 1910 to 1980, and was funded as an independent institution rather than through the University of London after 1993. King's gained degree awarding powers in July 2006, awarding its first degrees in summer 2008. In 2019

334:

as an independent institution rather than getting an allocation from the University of London's grant. UCL received degree awarding powers on 27 September 2005, and the first UCL degrees were awarded in summer 2008. In 2019 UCL, along with King's and 10 other colleges of the University of London,

275:

The five year period from 1828 to 1833 saw an unprecedented expansion of higher education in England, with three university-level institutions opening. The first was UCL, founded as a joint stock company under the name London University in 1826, which opened in 1828. Whether a university could be

230:

ordered the rebels to return to Oxford after lobbying from both Oxford and Cambridge. After the suppression of the university at Stamford, graduates from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge were required to swear oaths not to lecture outside those two universities, and concerted efforts were

4391:

The demand for wider facilities for higher education than could be provided by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge ... resulted in the establishment of the other Universities of England and Wales. These are in order of foundation: Durham (Durham and Newcastle divisions), London, Manchester,

1439:

The first criterion, incorporation, does not apply to all modern universities, some of which are unincorporated trusts under Church of England dioceses, and others are parts of larger, for-profit, corporations. "Sovereign power" might also be seen to exclude any modern university that gained its

1299:

at Durham). With reference to the OED definition, students at Durham studied for degrees from 1833, while at UCL and King's the first students matriculated in the University of London in 1838. The Collins definition requiring both education and degree awarding powers, would be met by 1837 at the

329:

After the University of London was reconstituted as a federal body in 1900, UCL surrendered its property and independence and was merged into the University of London under the 1905 University College London (Transfer) Act, which went into effect in 1907. It was not until 1977 that UCL once more

306:

UCL applied for a charter in late 1830 or early 1831 that would grant it "Incorporation as an University, with all the privileges incident to that title", but without an explicit mention of degree-awarding power. In February of that year it was reported that "a charter, which now only awaits the

6203:

It was not until 1828 that a non-conformist university was created in Gower Street to challenge the power of the established universities. University College London was quickly followed by King's College (1829) – the two becoming the first constituent colleges of London University in 1836 – and

1217:

From 1836 to 1992, in contrast, only one university (Newcastle, established by Act of Parliament) was not founded by royal charter. These charters were often accompanied by acts of parliament to transfer the property and obligations of predecessor institutes to the newly founded university. The

509:

case, which is reported in 2nd Lord Raymond, 1345 ... In this proposition of Mr. Yorke two principles are laid down. The first is that 'granting degrees flows from the Crown'; and the second is, that if 'a University be erected, the power of granting degrees is incidental to the grant'. ... The

4776:

It wasn't until 1826 that England got a third university (Scotland had four, founded between 1413 and 1592), when 'London University' – later to be renamed University College, London – was founded. (There is some debate, however, over whether the UCL actually was a university. It was a private

321:

in 1912 as a supplement to the calendar stated that "The friends and supporters of University College cordially welcomed the Government plan, although it gave them far less than they had at first demanded, and although acceptance of it implied the renunciation of all claim to exercise the full

209:

We, believing at the time that town would be benefited by this, and that no small benefit would accrue to us therefrom, assented at their request . But now as we are truly informed by the statements of many trustworthy persons that our borough of Oxford, which is of ancient foundation, and was

364:

Following the establishment of the University of London in 1836, King's became an associated college of that university, allowing its students to sit examinations for London degrees. However, students were still encouraged to take the AKC rather than the London degree – which was also open to

1543:

historian William Whyte similarly states: "Thus it was that the first new university for almost 250 years was founded—and funded—by the amply endowed Bishop of Durham. Durham University was established by Act of Parliament in 1832 and granted a Royal Charter five years later in 1837." The

5731:

e.g. Malden, a professor at UCL, who wrote "In later times the name university came to have a technical meaning when applied to places of education. It was given to those bodies only which had the power of conferring degrees. This power was held to be an essential element of a

1502:; and not an institution privileged to teach a determinate circle of sciences, and to grant certificates of proficiency (degrees) in any fixed and certain department of that circle (faculties)" (emphasis in original), by which definition UCL would clearly be the third oldest. 5856:

UCL is the third oldest university in England after Oxford and Cambridge. As such the collections of rare books, manuscripts and archives which UCL holds have a lot to tell us about the way modern universities and their syllabi developed from the beginning of the nineteenth

1202:

By date of earliest royal charter, King's College London is the oldest of the four institutions, chartered in 1829. However, its charter was as a college rather than as a university; the first institute to be chartered as a university was the University of London in 1836.

369:

King's, along with UCL and 10 other colleges of the University of London, applied for university status following the passing of the University of London Act 2019. This was approved in 2022 and a supplemental charter granting university status was sealed 18 May 2023.

1008:

The debate over which is the oldest of the universities founded in the early 19th century has been going on (originally between London and Durham) since at least the mid 19th century. Durham was referred to as England's third university in 1841. In 1853, however,

1267:

Durham University's 1837 charter is now the oldest current royal charter of any university in England. Having been rechartered on three occasions, London's current charter (its fourth) is from 1863, while UCL's is from 1977 and King's College London's from 2009.

322:

functions of a University, and placed them on a footing of equality with some younger and less important institutions." In November 1838, the first UCL students matriculated in the new University of London and the first London degrees were awarded in May 1839.

1157:

royal charter, the reason being demonstrated on the one occasion (in 1835) when they slipped by William Tooke asking "whether, His Majesty having in his most gracious answer to the Address of the House of Commons recognised by name, and in explicit terms, the

1168:

counts only those formally granted the status, referring to the University of London as a "congeries (collection) of university institutions"), by the 1990s the usage of "university" had extended to take in colleges of London (and Wales) in the

1448:

under corporations fall within the definition, then Durham (as a trust under Durham Cathedral established by Act of Parliament) qualifies from 1832, otherwise only from 1837. UCL was not founded by "sovereign power", but as an unincorporated

1071:, principal of the University of London, named Durham as the third University to be successfully established in England in a speech to a delegation from Paris and other French universities who were visiting the University of London, although 1664:, the specialist philosophy and theology constituent college of the University of London, was founded in 1614 in Belgium but did not move to London (after several other locations) until 1970 and became part of the university in 1971. 510:

subject matter granted, is the power of covering degrees; an emanation, as Mr. Yorke expresses it, from the Crown. It is the concession of this power that constitutes the direct purpose and the essential character of a University."

4240:

In the year 1832 Oxford and Cambridge were the only universities south of the Tweed ... The University of Durham was established in 1833. In 1836 the University of London, as an examining and degree-giving body, received its first

4833:

Durham in 1998, Durham in 2001, London in 2005, Durham, with acknowledgement of debate in 2007, London in 2007, Durham in 2009, Durham in 2010, Durham in 2015, UCL with acknowledgement of debate in 2015, Durham in 2015, London in

1324:

Here it is only general, rather than a rule, and confined to England, but Johnson's concept of teaching all the liberal arts is still present, and the idea that degree awarding powers form part of the definition is now present.

2508:"Of course, the original title of University was unauthorised; it was a title which the founders of the institution had assumed, and did not confer the privileges of a University, that is to say, the power of granting degrees" 1092:

in 1937 gave (for the non-ancient universities) the order Durham, London, Manchester, etc.; the press repeatedly named it as third oldest; it was named as "the third oldest University in the country" in Parliament in 1962;

5817:

An ancient city, steeped in history, Durham's links with education stretch back almost a thousand years. Durham University has not been around quite so long, although its foundation in 1832 makes it England's third oldest

4260:

It was not till the first quarter of the 19th century had ended that an attempt to establish a third University in England meet with success. The University of Durham was founded in 1832 in direct imitation of Oxford and

1897:

The two differed on whether it was possible for the degree awarding powers of a university to be limited – UCL were requesting a charter with a restriction on granting degrees in theology, which Wetherell claimed was not

888:: The government announced their intention to establish "a Metropolitan University" in response to the House of Commons' prayer that UCL be granted a charter as a university, with UCL to be granted a charter as a college 294:

in 1825 to establish the institution via a royal charter, which the government refused, or by an act of parliament, which was blocked by the influence of Oxford and Cambridge, UCL was established on 11 February 1826 as a

1532:

It is unsurprising that history books about institutions and aimed at the general public should support the claim of the institution backing them, but other studies have also touched upon the question. As noted above,

1554:

colleges." Other historians generally concur, with some stating that "using the date of the incorporating Act of Parliament or Royal Charter as the founding date" is "accepted practice" in naming Durham as third.

1161:, it is not by this royal and official sanction of its style as a University, entitled, without further pageantry or form, to confer all manner of degrees except in Theology and Medicine" (emphasis in original). 1804:

The Third Universitie of England: Or a Treatise of the Foundations of all the Colledges, Auncient Schooles of Priviledge, and of Houses of Learning, and Liberall Arts, within and about the Most Famous Cittie of

1151:

Formally, a university is an institution that has been granted the right by the government to use the title of university. Durham was named as a university in the Durham University Act 1832 as well as in the

1470:. UCL, King's and Durham meet these from early on, Durham specialising in theology and the London colleges in medicine, but London did not have a teaching rule until it became a federal university in 1900. 5210:

Today there are 176 higher education institutions in the UK of which 115 are titled universities (which include the various constituent parts of both the University of London and the University of Wales).

1907:

This is the method of gaining University title used by non-chartered, non-publicly funded institutions, whereby Companies House gives permission to use the protected term "University" in a company's name.

1548:

follows the legal definition of a university, saying "In the 1830s the creation of the Universities of Durham (1832) and London (1836) finally ended the Oxbridge monopoly". The historian and politician

1316:, where he defined a university as "a place of teaching universal knowledge". This would appear to favour King's College (where theology was taught), but has been shown to be due to a false etymology. 9054: 1571:

been a university at the time of the earlier teaching, or is publicly claimed to be the third oldest university in England, which is why these are listed separately from the four institutions above.

8935: 455:

London was incorporated under its 1836 charter "during Our Royal Will and Pleasure". Sources give differing interpretations on what this meant, with some saying the charter expired on the death of

335:

applied for university status following the passing of the University of London Act 2018. This was approved in 2022 and a supplemental charter granting university status was sealed 17 April 2023.

10054: 2610: 525:

Hamilton went on to conclude: "In like manner, in all the Universities throughout Europe, which were not merely privileged, but created by bull and charter, every liberty was conferred not as an

1961: 6042:

Durham is a small but venerable seat of learning, and its University, which was founded in 1832 and obtained the right to grant degrees before that of London, is the third oldest in England.

4854: 462:

As founded, the University of London was "an examining board appointed by the government", and the lack of teaching in the university led to criticism that it was not a true university.

365:"godless" UCL students. It also made agreements with Durham and Edinburgh to allow King's College London students to take degrees at those universities with only one year of residence. 9019: 1392:

From the Vaisey principles, assuming them all to be applicable, the ordering of when the "prime contenders" below (see discussion there for references) achieved university status is:

8525: 1037:

stated that precedence should be given to London, giving the dates of foundation as those of the royal charters. Durham, however, was given precedence at the quatercentenary of the

7652: 470:

said in 1888 that he "had two … objections to the title of the University of London: one, that it is not a University, and the other that it is not of London". In a similar vein,

4986: 1389:

St David's College possessed most of these, but it did not qualify because of "limited powers...and the absence of an express intention it a university by the sovereign power".

201:

in April 1264. Less than a year later, Henry III abolished Northampton's charter on 1 February 1265 citing significant opposition from Oxford as the cause. His letter to the town

8130: 5064:

Several Scottish readers and others took us to task for stating, wrongly, that Durham University is the third oldest in the UK. That title belongs to St Andrews, founded in 1413

4881: 8619: 4942:

In the middle of the top 10 league table is University College London. Based in the capital, the university itself is the third oldest university in England, founded in 1826.

8258: 6827: 6745: 7710: 1794:, formed a recognised centre of legal and intellectual education, and – although never a university in any technical sense – were sometimes collectively described in the 10084: 10074: 10232: 9014: 9004: 1291:

While research was not as important to universities in the 19th century as it is today, UCL, King's and Durham all had staff engaged in research from the start (e.g.

513:

However, disputes over Durham's powers demonstrated that it was not clear that being granted the status of a university conferred degree awarding powers. The liberal

9600: 6997: 3698: 1077: 17: 5799:

Durham, site of the third oldest university in England (after Oxford and Cambridge), has been a seat of learning for much longer than it has been a university city.

231:

made by those universities against the foundation of any further universities in England for the next five centuries, during which time five universities opened in

8676: 8472: 4898: 3198:

Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900

785:: Durham Cathedral chapter passed an act constituting the academical institute founded in 1831 a university, in accordance with the University of Durham Act 1832 9887: 8945: 8274: 7810: 4102:

It was now between forty and fifty years since the University of London was called into existence, closely following the foundation of the University of Durham.

1762:'s note that "Sunderland has been an important centre for education since 674 AD, when Benedict Biscop built St Peter's Church and monastery", and the claim by 353:

The college opened its doors to students in 1831. Students at King's either left for degrees at Oxford and Cambridge, gained medical qualifications through the

1123:

noted the debate in 2018, saying "Durham University claims to be the third oldest university in England (a title also claimed by University College London)".

4955: 4137:

It was now between forty and fifty years since the University of London was called into existence, closely following the creation of the University of Durham.

8965: 4926: 4460: 1584: 1332:(which need only include some branches of knowledge) and degree awarding powers that is similar (except for not mentioning research) to modern definitions. 1117:

published an article on the debate, concluding that "Despite all the above arguments, most people consider Durham to be England's third oldest university".

541:, but it is generally considered that the right is implied in the terms of John XXII's letter of 1318 concerning Cambridge's status as a studium generale." 8940: 9029: 8279: 7953: 1843: 9024: 8999: 8892: 8731: 7815: 6327: 5199: 4047: 1660:) until 1968. Durham University already has a much stronger claim to be the third-oldest university through its creation by Act of Parliament in 1832. 1046: 1025:, the chancellor originally claiming that London was the older but accepting a correction that "Durham is the older University". At the opening of the 1969: 9059: 8313: 8223: 8068: 4991:

Founded in 1829, King's College London is England's fourth-oldest university institution and one of the largest colleges of the University of London.

4703: 4172:

It was nearly 50 years since the University of London was called into existence. Closely following the creation of this was the University of Durham.

950:: The Attornies and Solicitors Act, giving London and Durham degrees equal privilege to those of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin, received royal assent 4255:

Record of the Visit of the University of Paris, Collège de France, and French Provincial Universities to the University of London, Whitsuntide, 1906

1610:

in 1561, and is regarded as one of the oldest medical schools. The hospital itself was founded in 1173 and traces its roots to the establishment of

9009: 8696: 8094: 8015: 6738: 5167: 4790: 1181:

university. By the formal definition, both UCL and King's remain colleges of the University of London rather than universities in their own right.

1135:

as occurring at the earliest point to which teaching can be traced, the establishment of predecessor institutions, the institution's foundation by

6679:(2011). "The third university 1450–1550: law school or finishing school?". In Archer, Jayne Elisabeth; Goldring, Elizabeth; Knight, Sarah (eds.). 4845: 4602:

As England's third oldest university town - the castle houses one of the colleges - there is more than a whiff of "town and gown" about the place.

8770: 8401: 6886: 5400: 8594: 1431:

By selectively choosing the meaning of the question and the factors used to assess university status, many different orderings can be produced.

9824: 9324: 9140: 9092: 9064: 8296: 7852: 7842: 5618: 4654:

Imperial College today served notice that it will leave the University of London, sending shockwaves through England's third oldest university.

263:

in 1660 following counter-petitions from Oxford and Cambridge, and the college closed with the restoration of the monarchy later in that year.

6363: 5077: 4584:

advertised itself this week as 'England's third oldest university', University College, London, immediately sought to put the record straight.

3768:

Substance of the Speech of Sir Charles Wetherell: Before the Lords of the Privy Council, on the Subject of Incorporating the London University

10202: 9799: 9150: 8703: 8190: 8088: 7777: 7751: 7719: 3936: 2338: 2023: 1838: 696:: Newspapers reported that a charter as a university had been passed by the legal officers of the crown and was awaiting the royal signature 402:(which only required a one-year course for those who were already graduates of Oxford, Cambridge or Dublin) in 1834. The first exams for the 10197: 3226: 1680:

institutes, arguments are made for their previous foundations as having descended from or incorporated other bodies; mainly descending from

1657: 10207: 10079: 10069: 9261: 9049: 8710: 8633: 8165: 7835: 4914:

In addition to being England's third oldest university after Oxford and Cambridge, Durham has the highest student satisfaction in this top

3010: 10001: 9759: 9561: 9372: 9271: 7910: 7877: 7675: 6731: 5418: 4977: 1595: 495:, what is to prevent the London University granting degrees now?" he received the reply: "The universal scorn and contempt of mankind." 291: 6500: 6055: 425:

The university was referred to as "the University of Durham" in two public acts of parliament prior to the granting of its charter: the

9412: 8856: 7920: 7825: 7695: 5104: 1284:

uses "An institution of higher education having authority to award bachelors' and higher degrees, usually having research facilities".

4872: 4421:

Besides being a county town, it boasts the third oldest University in England and a cathedral whose beauties are known the world over.

3040: 2848: 1474:

century), although Durham followed Oxford and Cambridge in being residential. It also does not apply to the modern era, with both the

9502: 9427: 9155: 9116: 9044: 7700: 6851: 1030: 300: 9514: 2436: 9923: 9590: 9457: 9432: 8785: 8765: 8566: 8290: 7862: 7690: 7483: 6901: 4366: 2910: 2735: 1136: 1085: 168: 132: 9971: 9774: 9145: 9069: 9039: 7946: 7637: 7554: 6234:

Outside London, a new university appeared at Durham in 1834, given degree awarding powers from the start because it was Anglican…

3575:(1850), "University of London.-- Originally incorporated by Royal Charter in the first year of the reign of her present Majesty" 4725: 9877: 9804: 9694: 8885: 8647: 8145: 8140: 7867: 1603: 1414:

university status (as defined above), then date of foundation is all that is being assessed and the list looks very different:

1350: 8980: 4813: 2662: 2584: 10192: 10167: 9928: 9784: 9769: 9299: 9266: 8970: 8950: 8421: 8376: 8155: 7253: 4685: 4575: 2503:

First, supplementary, and second reports, with minutes of evidence and appendices – Evidence of John Robson, Secretary of UCL

2464:

First, supplementary, and second reports, with minutes of evidence and appendices – Evidence of John Robson, Secretary of UCL

1535: 1190: 492: 6474: 4360: 3358: 1164:

However, while this usage was standard for most of the 19th and 20th centuries (e.g. the enumeration of universities in the

410:

in 1837. Following the practice of Oxford, the first BAs were conferred a year later, in 1837. The first honorary degree, a

330:

became an autonomous institute, and not until 1993 that it (along with the other colleges) received government funding from

10212: 10130: 9779: 8561: 8556: 8125: 7805: 7772: 6982: 6906: 5667: 3742: 3569: 559: 419: 285: 10115: 10105: 10059: 9442: 8780: 8666: 8661: 8496: 8028: 7364: 7017: 5404: 1744: 1524:(quoted by Wetherell) that "If the Crown erects a university, the power of conferring degrees is incident to the grant". 1521: 502: 344: 6288:"A history of Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' hospitals from 1649 to 2009: 360 Years of innovation in science and surgery" 10135: 9422: 9256: 8842: 8034: 7999: 7939: 7872: 7589: 7263: 6754: 1550: 148: 7977: 1280:

goes for "A high-level education institution in which students study for degrees and academic research is done" while

10227: 10089: 9981: 9754: 9595: 9490: 9452: 8878: 8135: 7464: 6688: 6227: 6196: 6169: 6140: 6091: 5914: 5885: 5849: 5792: 5695: 5316: 5265: 4550: 4520: 4288:

Now they had several new universities in England. First came the University of London, then the University of Durham…

3890: 3210: 3143: 2311: 2238: 2186: 2155: 2128: 1740: 1013:

secured London's precedence in the Charitable Trusts Act on the grounds of it having the earlier charter; but in the

514: 1591:

of the Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Surgeons and the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London.

1080:(Durham's Chancellor) called it "in some sort the mother of modern universities in the United Kingdom" in 1931; the 9961: 9689: 9669: 9620: 9580: 8180: 8170: 7506: 7374: 7248: 7178: 6861: 4645: 3066: 1724: 1580: 8488: 5304:

European Universities and Similar Institutions in Existence Between 1812 and the end of 1944: A Chronological List

5253:

European Universities and Similar Institutions in Existence Between 1812 and the end of 1944: A Chronological List

4767: 1143:

or otherwise, its incorporation, or its date of formal recognition as a university all produce different results.

10064: 9956: 9918: 9554: 9200: 8955: 8238: 8233: 7622: 7569: 6891: 6762: 5169:

Higher Education – Report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins

4859:

England's third oldest university, and impressive academically, UCL is London's research and teaching powerhouse.

4301:"Proceedings of the International Assembly of the Inter-state Post-Graduate Medical Association of North America" 1185: 1153: 426: 9630: 4624:. Anne-Marie Nevin, its development officer, says: "We're part of the third-oldest university in England, after 3970: 3948: 2879: 9367: 9109: 8960: 8775: 8689: 8477: 8248: 7680: 7359: 6987: 6967: 6846: 6812: 4690:

The University of London … was granted its first charter in 1836 and is the third-oldest university in England.

4434: 4405: 4315: 4274: 4150: 4115: 4080: 2713: 2405: 2373: 1728: 1704: 1696: 358: 9526: 3170:"Acts Relating to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England: With Appendix ... – Great Britain. Parliament" 9976: 9679: 9639: 9382: 9074: 8795: 7599: 7544: 7491: 7439: 7394: 7137: 7112: 7067: 7022: 6992: 1848: 1346: 314: 256: 219: 179:. Students and tutors from Oxford were encouraged to take up places at the university which was founded at a 144: 8358: 6338: 5223: 5205: 1084:

referred to Durham as "the third University to be established in England" in 1937; a guide published by the

10036: 10011: 9711: 9699: 9684: 9351: 8625: 8302: 8228: 8218: 8160: 8054: 7892: 7887: 7820: 6972: 6866: 6676: 6562: 1992: 1081: 636:: A public meeting chaired by the prime minister, the Duke of Wellington, resolved to found King's College 378: 194: 104:

as the third-oldest officially recognised university (1832) and the third to confer degrees (1837) and the

6584: 9991: 9908: 9861: 9736: 9649: 8724: 8717: 8318: 7685: 7534: 7324: 7288: 7147: 7127: 6807: 6237:(1834 is the date of the Act of Chapter formally declaring Durham to be a university, as discussed below) 3854: 2499: 2460: 2049: 1719: 1018: 415: 5173: 2964:"University of London, the Historical Record: (1836-1912) Being a Supplement ... - University of London" 2479:"University of London, the Historical Record: (1836-1912) Being a Supplement ... - University of London" 1770:) that "Durham University is the inheritor of a continuous line of learning and scholarship dating from 10154: 9938: 9794: 9726: 9716: 9547: 9319: 9205: 9178: 8243: 8102: 7419: 7203: 7062: 6881: 6856: 6782: 6609: 5861: 5308: 5257: 3202: 1358:. The judgement gives six "essential qualities" that a university should possess, namely that it must: 1296: 242:

was suppressed in 1540, Henry VIII planned to establish a college in Durham, but this came to nothing.

6631: 2817: 10222: 10217: 9996: 9866: 9809: 9721: 9664: 9314: 8930: 8810: 7962: 7857: 7665: 7627: 7584: 7559: 7449: 7409: 7243: 7117: 7032: 7027: 6947: 6926: 6921: 6797: 6426: 6250:

Government policies and higher education: a comparison of Britain and the United States, 1630 to 1860

6068:

When new universities were established (starting with Durham, in the north-east of England, in 1832)…

4443: 4416: 4324: 4283: 4167: 4132: 4097: 2896: 2422: 2390: 2092: 2045: 1965: 1700: 1060: 498: 484: 215: 140: 113: 73: 37: 6113: 5625: 5338: 5287: 5153: 3912: 3419:"Cap. 56.—An Act for amending the general Acts for the Regulation of Attorneys and Solicitors" 2358: 2332: 2067: 1113:

mistakenly called Durham the "third oldest university in the UK" (rather than in England). In 2016,

9659: 9467: 9377: 9133: 8901: 8508: 8253: 8041: 8004: 7847: 7574: 7564: 7469: 7429: 7424: 7369: 7354: 7293: 7258: 7233: 7228: 7132: 7122: 7057: 7012: 6942: 6916: 6911: 6871: 6777: 6374: 6000:

A. D. Burnett; D. M. Knight (March 1975). "Collections V: History of Science in Durham Libraries".

5670:. Department for Education and Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. 15 September 2016. 4386: 4225: 2949: 1759: 1758:

Other universities harken back to teaching in cathedrals and monasteries in their cities, e.g. the

1736: 1732: 1692: 1681: 1599: 1329: 1042: 1026: 1017:

Durham was given precedence. The topic also came up in the House of Commons during a speech by the

446: 121: 87: 6364:"A Chronology of State Medicine, Public Health, Welfare and Related Services in Britain 1066-1999" 5444: 5422: 4557:

Though it is the third oldest university in England, it is not a university of the 'ancient' type.

3556: 3262: 3095: 1931: 491:) asked during the debate on UCL's application for a charter in the Privy Council in 1834, "Pray, 9851: 9789: 9731: 9462: 9304: 9183: 8682: 8639: 8614: 7670: 7529: 7308: 7283: 7238: 7152: 7107: 7097: 7087: 6957: 6952: 6787: 5718: 5372: 5055: 4629: 3772: 3725: 3534: 2178: 1885: 1715: 1629: 1304: 1292: 1211: 834:: House of Commons voted in favour of praying the King to grant a charter to UCL as a university 299:

under the name of "University of London". The foundation stone for the main building was laid by

5937: 81: 10026: 9840: 9834: 9346: 9329: 9222: 8530: 8060: 7794: 7607: 7579: 7549: 7514: 7414: 7344: 7339: 7273: 7173: 7077: 7007: 6896: 6876: 5003: 4621: 4211: 3044: 2780: 1607: 1340:

The only judgment in English law, on the defining criteria of a university, is the decision of

1038: 399: 354: 239: 6186: 6157: 6128: 6081: 5902: 5604:

A new universal etymological technological, and pronouncing dictionary of the English language

5568: 5507: 5490: 5470: 5302: 5251: 5131: 4754:

County Durham even holds the third oldest university in the country, The University of Durham.

4229: 3993: 3512: 3489: 3437: 3418: 3310: 3284: 3196: 3169: 3018: 2562: 2501: 2462: 2145: 2118: 303:, a brother of King George IV, in 1827 and the college opened for teaching on 1 October 1828. 9913: 9674: 9248: 8755: 7539: 7434: 7349: 7278: 7223: 7188: 7183: 7142: 7102: 6817: 6504: 6217: 5875: 5759: 5743: 5651: 4540: 4253: 4009: 3721:

The Greville Memoirs: A Journal of the Reigns of King George IV. and King William IV. Vol III

3392: 2963: 2255: 2172: 1711: 1068: 227: 5685: 4025: 3819: 3790: 2478: 100:

has been carried out since the mid-19th century, with rival claims being made originally by

9704: 9654: 9417: 8912: 8815: 8739: 8441: 8426: 8391: 8195: 8185: 7798: 7790: 7524: 7459: 7454: 7404: 7379: 7268: 7213: 7198: 7168: 7002: 6977: 6836: 6792: 4625: 3576: 2856: 1881: 1677: 1540: 1207: 318: 186: 176: 164: 105: 67: 57: 9510: 4191: 8: 10125: 9392: 8800: 8653: 8431: 8049: 7830: 7384: 7334: 7298: 7218: 7082: 7072: 6962: 6802: 3119: 2688: 1862: 1795: 1752: 1673: 1449: 1119: 544: 463: 411: 296: 181: 5712: 5602: 5545: 4488: 3766: 3719: 2917: 139:

1261), but this institution survived only until 1265 and is not connected to the modern

9882: 9814: 9104: 9034: 8396: 8371: 8324: 8077: 7782: 7642: 7632: 7617: 7519: 7399: 7329: 7303: 7208: 6446: 6101: 6033: 6017: 5976: 5968: 5931: 5326: 5275: 5141: 3900: 2346: 1857: 1625: 1281: 198: 120:(1826) and was the third-oldest university institution to start teaching (1828) and by 9522: 5524: 1052: 10120: 9764: 9570: 9437: 9339: 9309: 8760: 8502: 8416: 8213: 8150: 7746: 7612: 7496: 7444: 7193: 6723: 6684: 6461: 6451: 6309: 6223: 6192: 6165: 6136: 6087: 6025: 5980: 5910: 5881: 5845: 5788: 5691: 5681: 5312: 5261: 4667: 4581: 4546: 4516: 3886: 3850: 3366: 3206: 2307: 2234: 2182: 2151: 2124: 1852: 1825:(who received their royal charter in 1662). The college was also mentioned in Buck's 1763: 1637: 1461: 1355: 1309: 1056: 803:: Renewed application for a charter as a university debated before the Privy Council 530: 387: 383: 190: 160: 101: 51: 43: 6540: 6399: 6264: 6037: 5585: 4822:

Founded in 1836, the University of London is the third oldest university in England.

4205: 2985: 844:: Durham University announces after taking legal advice that it will confer degrees 600:: UCL established as a joint-stock company under the name of "University of London" 9615: 9605: 9334: 9121: 8436: 8411: 8107: 7736: 7389: 7092: 7052: 6441: 6299: 6248: 6009: 5960: 5837: 5353: 4736:…Durham University, England's third oldest university (after Oxford and Cambridge)… 3878: 3833: 3804: 3568:"UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, SOMERSET HOUSE. A government institution, established 1837" 2588: 1821:, a higher education institute founded in London in 1597 was the first home of the 1791: 1767: 1661: 1588: 1466: 1371:" at least one of the higher faculties" i.e. theology; law or philosophy; medicine; 1014: 548: 518: 467: 403: 391: 260: 5029: 4185: 3438:"The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - Great Britains" 3336: 3087: 2666: 2645:

The future of the University of London: a discussion paper from the Provost of UCL

2500:

Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science (1872).

2461:

Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science (1872).

10110: 9243: 9210: 9173: 8870: 8546: 8446: 8308: 7756: 7660: 6704: 6478: 6253:. Working Papers. Institute of Governmental Studies, UC Berkeley. pp. 41–42. 5782: 5546:"twenty+years+ago"+University+honour+name&pg=PA328 "Scotch University Reform" 4506: 4374: 4370: 4338: 4300: 4234: 3370: 2943: 2301: 2228: 1818: 1653: 1640:

hosted until 2011 a Roman Catholic seminary that had been established in 1568 in

1475: 1441: 1106: 1102: 1089: 1022: 1000:

References for the dates given in this table can be found in the sections above.

506: 488: 248: 243: 202: 5831: 5687:

The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 1, Salerno, Bologna, Paris

3856:

The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 1, Salerno, Bologna, Paris

3513:"History of the peace: pictorial history of England during the thirty years ..." 706:: Durham Cathedral chapter passed acts establishing an "academical institution" 9986: 9215: 7741: 6304: 6287: 5841: 5486: 5466: 4730: 4512: 3932: 2230:

Universities in the Age of Reform, 1800–1870: Durham, London and King's College

1685: 1611: 1170: 1165: 1072: 754:: Durham University opened and first students matriculated onto degree courses 555: 407: 252: 6013: 4207:

Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen

3882: 1512:

Contrary to this, however, Rashdall states that "the special privilege of the

872:: Durham University's fundamental statute was passed by the cathedral chapter 10186: 10031: 9966: 9387: 9190: 8790: 8456: 8386: 4561: 3311:"A Collection of Statutes of Practical Utility: With Notes Thereon. with ..." 3285:"A Collection of Statutes of Practical Utility: With Notes Thereon. with ..." 2639: 2547:

Alden's Manifold Cyclopedia of Knowledge and Language, 1892, vol. 38, p. 197;

2456: 2454: 2275: 1822: 1787: 1633: 1602:—Guy's, King's and St Thomas' (GKT) School of Medical Education—incorporates 1140: 1010: 994:: First University of London degrees awarded to students from UCL and King's 981:: First students from UCL and King's matriculate at the University of London 310: 172: 109: 7931: 5877:

Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities

5078:"Is Durham Really England's Third Oldest University? Well, it's Complicated" 3873:

Patrick Zutshi (2011). Kenneth Pennington; Melodie Harris Eichbauer (eds.).

2174:

Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities

1399:

University of London: 1900 (plurality of masters; teaching higher faculties)

1067:

This early period of debate appears to have all but ended by 1906, when Sir

361:(first awarded in June 1835); the college did not award degrees of its own. 267:

York (1825), Leeds (1826), and Bath, Newcastle and Manchester in the 1830s.

9871: 9846: 9097: 8671: 8551: 8514: 8284: 8023: 6455: 6313: 6029: 5228: 5195: 4411: 3684:

The University of London, 1858–1900: The Politics of Senate and Convocation

3654:

The University of London, 1858–1900: The Politics of Senate and Convocation

1341: 1110: 517:, wrote a response to Wetherell's argument before the Privy Council in the 471: 223: 6518: 5105:"University league tables: A guide to the top ten UK institutions in 2018" 2643: 2493: 2451: 1798:

as England's "third university". Most notably, this claim was made in Sir

1505:

He goes on to claim that "every liberty conferred was conferred not as an

9903: 9276: 9238: 8805: 8381: 8175: 5985:

When, in 1832, England did eventually acquire a third university, Durham…

4791:"Islamic finance lessons for UK as swathe of universities launch courses" 3821:

Discussions on philosophy and literature, education and university reform

3792:

Discussions on philosophy and literature, education and university reform

1799: 1617: 6709:(Volume 4 ed.). Hunt & Clarke, Covent Garden. 1826. p. 210 4964:

King's College London is England's fourth-oldest university institution.

4448:

Next to Oxford and Cambridge, Durham is the oldest university in England

3609:

Our Minerva: the men and politics of the University of London, 1836–1858

3535:"Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge" 2437:"The Congregational magazine (formerly The London Christian Instructor)" 247:

University of London, taking in Gresham College. Durham was approved by

9856: 9195: 8366: 6021: 5972: 4011:

Proceedings at the Annual General Meeting of the Members of the College

3995:

Institutes of Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern: Modern period

3877:. Farnham, Surrey, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. pp. 153–171. 2526:

The Standard Library Cyclopedia, 1849, 1853 & 1860, vol. 4, p. 861;

1649: 456: 6653: 5964: 2544:

The Students' Journal and Hospital Gazette, 22 September 1883, p. 371;

2535:

The People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge, 1883, vol. 3, p. 1777;

8406: 6681:

The Intellectual and Cultural World of the Early Modern Inns of Court

3703: 2273: 1808: 1621: 1500:

of persons teaching and learning one or more departments of knowledge

1362:"be incorporated by the highest authority, i.e. the sovereign power"; 1276:

Modern dictionaries use multiple factors to define "university". The

9539: 3549: 3097:

Minutes of Evidence taken before the Durham University Commissioners

1962:"It should have been us! Northampton University's very long history" 909:: UCL incorporated by royal charter as "University College, London" 777:: King's College council instituted the Associate of King's College 8451: 3557:"Victorian London – Education – Universities -University of London" 1775: 232: 6056:"Defining and measuring academic standards: A British perspective" 2012:. Oxford History of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 501. 1947:

The Medieval English Universities: Oxford and Cambridge to c. 1500

1606:, which traces its history back to the first recorded teaching in 9610: 9128: 8526:

Royal Free, University College and Middlesex Medical Students RFC

8520: 5540: 5538: 4886:

England's third oldest university has a strong collegiate system.

4465: 4392:

Wales, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, Reading.

4052: 3928: 3747: 3487: 2849:"FAQs 4. Did all students sit University of London examinations?" 5509:

A Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language

4777:

company with shareholders, and did not receive a royal charter.)

2822:. London : University of London, King's College. p. 5. 1667: 1478:

and the University of Arden being distance-learning institutes.

964:: University of London reincorporated by a second royal charter 398:

Following its opening in 1833, the university awarded its first

8131:

Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slave-ownership

3845: 3843: 3510: 3093: 1645: 1308:

arts (omitting theology). This definition was also followed by

554:

After Van Mildert's death in February 1836, Thorp wrote to the

8620:

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust

5535: 5221: 3868: 3866: 1932:"Northampton: The ancient English university killed by a king" 1041:

in 1906, and was also named as the elder in a 1905 article by

813:: First examinations for and award of the Licence in Theology 9447: 6267:. King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine 4620:

Being part of a university is also part of the attraction of

3669:

The University of London and the World of Learning, 1836–1986

3393:"Bills, Public - Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons" 1748: 1641: 331: 8259:

Pedestrian Accessibility and Movement Environment Laboratory

6246: 6188:

Education in the United Kingdom: Structures and Organisation

5566: 5401:"List of all Charters granted since the 13th Century (XLSX)" 5102: 4712:

Durham, which boasts the third oldest university in England…

3963: 3941: 3840: 1539:

lists Durham as the third oldest university in England, and

7882: 5619:"St David's College, Lampeter v Ministry of Education 1951" 3863: 3136: 3121:

Durham university; earlier foundations and present colleges

1771: 1628:, as a college for the training of priests. It merged with 9005:

Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine

6683:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 8–24. 5492:

Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language, in Miniature

5224:"College vote brings break-up of university a step nearer" 3425:. Vol. 1. London: A. Maxwell. 1838. pp. 247–248. 2835:

The Centenary History of King's College, London, 1828-1928

2832: 1703:

which was founded in 1825 and received a royal charter as

259:, but a petition for degree-awarding powers was denied by 6998:

Richmond, The American International University in London

6080:

Bertie Dockeril (22 September 2017). Jodi Burkett (ed.).

5999: 5373:"The University as a charity | University of Oxford" 3585: 2757: 2274:

Negley Harte; John North; Georgina Brewis (21 May 2018).

1731:, founded in 1823 as the London Mechanics Institute; and 1374:" residents either in its own buildings or near at hand"; 1365:"be open to receive students from any part of the world"; 1277: 8677:

University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

5959:(2, Special Number (22): Nigel Grant Festschrift): 167. 3451: 2541:

Listing Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, London and Victoria:

2143: 2116: 1656:

in 1808 but did not become part of the university (as a

1402:

University College London: 2005 (degree awarding powers)

903:: The University of London established by royal charter 8275:

Edwards Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology

6083:

The Debating Societies of Durham and Liverpool 19001939

5929: 4542:

University of London: An Illustrated History: 1836-1986

3971:"Calendar of the Charles Thorp Correspondence, THO/226" 3949:"Calendar of the Charles Thorp Correspondence, THO/214" 3639:

University of London: An Illustrated History: 1836–1986

3624:

University of London: An Illustrated History: 1836–1986

3594:

University of London – The Historical Record, 1836–1912

3475:

University of London: An Illustrated History: 1836–1986

3460:

University of London – The Historical Record, 1836–1912

2911:"A brief history of the Associateship of Kings College" 2303:

University of London: An Illustrated History: 1836–1986

1695:

has traced formal medical lectures to 1767 through the

6753: 6160:. In Carol Summerfield; Mary Elizabeth Devine (eds.). 6131:. In Carol Summerfield; Mary Elizabeth Devine (eds.). 5201:

Higher Education in the learning society – Main Report

4726:"Q&A: An Overnight From London to Durham and York" 4596:

Helen Pickles (10 January 1998). "Durham: On the up".

3630: 3615: 1723:

descent from earlier Mechanics' Institutes, including

1557:

However, the consensus on Durham is not absolute. The

1045:, president of the Educational Science Section of the 5813:

The Durham difference: The Story of Durham University

5222:

Rebecca Smithers; Donald MacLeod (10 December 2005).

4800:

Islamic finance for more than a quarter of a century.

4768:"11 February 1826: England gets its third university" 4704:"Northern towns 'offer better university experience'" 4666:"The third oldest university in England… or is it?". 3466: 1997:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 163. 1735:

from the 1824-founded Leeds Mechanics Institute. The

1585:

Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry

1494:, in its proper and original meaning, denotes simply 737:: The University of Durham Act received royal assent 667:: King's College London established by royal charter 8941:

Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience

5714:

On the origin of universities and academical degrees

5053: 4814:"Fundraising technology partnerships in August 2015" 3817: 3788: 3660: 3591: 3457: 2805:. London: G.G. Harrap & Company. pp. 70–74. 2768:. London: G.G. Harrap & Company. pp. 67–68. 1418:

University College London: 1826 (deed of settlement)

1405:

King's College London: 2006 (degree awarding powers)

8280:

Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic

6427:"The influence of the Hunters on medical education" 4224: 2550:

Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia, 1895, vol. 8, p.391

1880:Following the establishment of the universities of 1844:

List of oldest universities in continuous operation

8900: 8732:University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street 6585:"History of the Victoria University of Manchester" 6434:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 5951:R. E. Bell (May 2000). "Scotland's Universities". 5587:An etymological dictionary of the English language 4976: 4871: 4844: 4433: 4404: 4314: 4273: 4183: 4149: 4114: 4079: 3824:. Longman, Brown, Green and Longman's. p. 497 3795:. Longman, Brown, Green and Longman's. p. 492 3675: 3645: 2903: 2878: 2404: 2372: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2087: 2085: 1047:British Association for the Advancement of Science 10233:History of higher education in the United Kingdom 9060:Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics 8314:Ramsay Memorial Professor of Chemical Engineering 6247:Sheldon Rothblatt; Martin Trow (1 January 1990). 6053: 5900: 5680: 5611: 5354:"Cambridge University – The Unauthorised History" 3849: 3764: 3330: 3328: 2781:"The University of London: The Founding Colleges" 2112: 2110: 1851:, the third-oldest higher education institute in 1303:Older dictionaries use a variety of definitions. 864:: First award of the Associate of King's College 193:, who was a patron of the university, during the 143:. Other short-lived English foundations included 10184: 8697:National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery 6475:"Papers relating to Liverpool Royal Institution" 6467: 6162:International Dictionary of University Histories 6133:International Dictionary of University Histories 5075: 4953: 4461:"North-East Coast (Redundancy and Unemployment)" 3359:"The University: The Founding of the University" 2772: 2714:"UCL statement on University of London Act 2018" 2681: 1559:International Dictionary of University Histories 1377:"have the power to grant its own degrees" ("the 112:(1836). These have been joined more recently by 8771:European Network for Training Economic Research 8024:Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett) 6215: 6079: 5995: 5993: 5829: 5780: 5668:"University title and university college title" 5649: 5103:Laura Potier and Sophie Inge (15 August 2018). 3606: 3033: 2529:Encyclopædia Britannica, 1860, vol. 21, p. 452; 2284: 2262: 2253: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2082: 1727:, from a Mechanics' Institute founded in 1825; 1452:, similar to the modern Companies House route. 9325:South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 9065:School of Education, Communication and Society 8951:Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences 7853:Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom 6155: 6126: 6002:The British Journal for the History of Science 5485: 5465: 4788: 4643: 4614:"Why it's a real pleasure to study up North". 3872: 3325: 3041:"King's College London – Lions on the catwalk" 3003: 2803:The Centenary History of King's College London 2800: 2766:The Centenary History of King's College London 2763: 2538:Chambers's Encyclopædia, 1885, vol. 12, p. 138 2517:Listing Oxford, Cambridge, Durham and London: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2144:John Lawson; Harold Silver (28 October 2013). 2117:John Lawson; Harold Silver (28 October 2013). 2107: 1076:Medical Association of North America in 1930; 406:were held in 1836 and the first exams for the 9800:Centre for Research into Earth Energy Systems 9555: 8971:Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy 8886: 8704:Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine 8224:Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health 8191:Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art 8069:Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences 7961: 7947: 7720:University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey 6739: 5873: 5583: 5522: 5505: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5245: 5243: 5129: 4723: 4701: 4595: 4534: 4532: 4362:Higher Education In Great Britain And Ireland 4086:The Manchester Courier and Lancashire Gazette 3924: 3922: 3875:When Did Cambridge Become a Studium generale? 3596:. University of London Press. pp. 36–47. 3423:The Monthly Law Magazine and Political Review 3308: 3282: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 2815: 2634: 2632: 2339:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge 2170: 1839:List of UK universities by date of foundation 1668:Predecessor institutions and earlier teaching 466:, Principal of King's College London, told a 270: 214:In 1333, rebellious tutors and students from 9050:Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute 8711:Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital 8634:Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust 8166:Department of Science and Technology Studies 8095:School of Slavonic and East European Studies 8016:Division of Psychology and Language Sciences 5990: 5907:Handbook of Comparative Higher Education Law 5810: 5710: 5300: 5249: 5194: 4607: 4580:Being old is good for a university, so when 4538: 3811: 3760: 3758: 3737: 3735: 3488:Victor Aimé Huber; Palgrave Simpson (1843). 3462:. University of London Press. pp. 7–24. 3246: 3067:"King's College London Supplemental Charter" 2935: 2853:175 years King's College: In the beginning.. 1994:Educational Charters and Documents: 598–1909 1546:Handbook of Comparative Higher Education Law 279: 10002:Lower Mountjoy Teaching and Learning Centre 7676:International College of the Cayman Islands 6184: 5745:The Edinburgh University Calendar 1869–1870 5570:A Complete and Universal English Dictionary 5395: 5393: 5133:Statement of Facts on the London University 4811: 4677: 4672:…the question still remains who came third? 4659: 4567: 4504: 4343:Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 3784: 3782: 3490:"The English Universities: From the German" 3011:"King's College London - King's Governance" 2941: 2587:. University College London. Archived from 2523:Political dictionary, 1846, vol. 2, p. 861; 2195: 1632:in 2000 and was closed in 2009. Similarly, 1574: 1481: 1424:Durham University: 1832 (Act of Parliament) 1421:King's College London: 1829 (royal charter) 1184:This is part of the definition used by the 386:had its formal beginnings in an act of the 9562: 9548: 8893: 8879: 8297:Prize Lecture in Life and Medical Sciences 7954: 7940: 7916: 7696:University of Science, Arts and Technology 6746: 6732: 5950: 5600: 5360: 5240: 4529: 4494:. Dod's Parliamentary Companion Ltd. 1967. 4440:Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette 3919: 3859:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 11–12. 3600: 3511:Harriet Martineau; Charles Knight (1858). 3304: 3302: 3278: 3276: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3231:. Durham University. 1837. pp. 27–31. 3167: 3163: 3161: 3104: 2708: 2706: 2691:. University College London. 26 March 2008 2655: 2629: 1427:University of London: 1836 (royal charter) 679:Degree of M. Med. et Chir. U. L. proposed 533:states that "the special privilege of the 255:were issued on 15 May 1657 to establish a 9473:Third-oldest university in England debate 9428:Chelsea College of Science and Technology 9045:Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives 8089:Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences 7701:University of the West Indies Open Campus 6445: 6303: 5690:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 4765: 4367:Universities Bureau of the British Empire 4190:. S. Low, Marston & Company. p. 3755: 3732: 3696: 3194: 2532:The National Encyclopædia, 1867, p. 350;; 2511: 1959: 1455: 1271: 1086:Universities Bureau of the British Empire 477: 301:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 235:and over 100 on the continent of Europe. 98:third-oldest university in England debate 18:Third oldest university in England debate 9883:Northumbrian University Royal Naval Unit 9373:King's College London Mathematics School 9267:Rugby Club (Guy's, Kings and St Thomas') 8786:League of European Research Universities 8766:Association of Commonwealth Universities 8291:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 7863:Student television in the United Kingdom 7691:University College of the Cayman Islands 6902:Royal Central School of Speech and Drama 6285: 5437: 5390: 4230:"University Education and National Life" 4048:"COMMITTEE. [PROGRESS JUNE 13.]" 3779: 3717: 3711: 3666: 3337:"About Durham University: Royal Charter" 3117: 3094:Durham University Commissioners (1863). 2916:. AKC Alumni Group. 2012. Archived from 2665:. UCL. 27 September 2005. Archived from 2520:Penny Cyclopaedia, 1843, vol. 27, p. 21; 2327: 2325: 2323: 2147:A Social History of Education in England 2120:A Social History of Education in England 2007: 1790:in London, together with the associated 1126: 1051: 1003: 422:of the establishment of the university. 338: 108:as the third university to be granted a 9413:Academic dress of King's College London 9070:Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases 9040:International Centre for Prison Studies 9020:Department of International Development 8956:Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine 8254:Institute of Security and Crime Science 8171:Department of Space and Climate Physics 7976: 5880:. Oxford University Press. p. 33. 5567:James Barclay; William Shorton (1824). 5550:The London Quarterly and Holborn Review 4187:Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage 3991: 3435: 3351: 3299: 3273: 3235: 3228:The Durham University Calendar for 1837 3158: 2855:. King's College London. Archived from 2703: 1710:Similar claims have been made by other 1460:The next three criteria are taken from 1396:Durham University: 1837 (incorporation) 1035:Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage 922:: Durham incorporated by royal charter 440: 14: 10185: 9878:Northumbrian Universities Air Squadron 9805:International Boundaries Research Unit 8648:Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust 7868:Student unionism in the United Kingdom 6060:Higher Education Management and Policy 6054:Geoffrey Alderman (23 November 2009). 5784:Treasures of Durham University Library 4927:"Top 20 universities to study English" 4899:"Top 10 universities to study history" 3681: 3651: 2945:The Calendar of King's College, London 2841: 1944: 1807:, published in 1615 as an appendix to 1589:prepared students for the examinations 9785:Institute for Computational Cosmology 9569: 9543: 9433:Coat of arms of King's College London 8874: 8592: 8422:Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology 8346: 8085:Faculty of Population Health Sciences 7975: 7935: 6727: 6675: 6424: 6400:"King's College London - Our history" 6219:British Universities Past and Present 5760:"Laureation & Degrees, 1587-1809" 5004:"Why does KCL hate its own students?" 4686:The Times Higher Education Supplement 4646:"Imperial quits University of London" 4576:The Times Higher Education Supplement 4469:. The National Archives. 23 July 1962 3724:. Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 3641:. London: A&C Black. p. 142. 3636: 3626:. London: A&C Black. p. 120. 3621: 3472: 2638: 2320: 2299: 2044: 1990: 1938: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1747:, founded in 1824, and also (through 1536:A History of the University in Europe 1191:A History of the University in Europe 10203:History of University College London 10163: 9498: 8851: 8126:Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis 7773:2010 United Kingdom student protests 6279: 6216:Robert Anderson (27 November 2006). 5741: 5411: 5351: 5054:Siobhain Butterworth (31 May 2007). 3771:. J.G. & F. Rivington. pp. 3477:. London: A&C Black. p. 90. 3249:The University of Durham (1832–1932) 2778: 2663:"UCL granted degree awarding powers" 2611:"UCL Library Services: UCL Archives" 2258:. Higher Education Policy Institute. 1781: 1745:Royal School of Medicine and Surgery 1146: 1059:, the oldest university in England ( 372: 286:History of University College London 10208:History of the University of London 9888:University Conservative Association 9000:Centre for Children and Adolescents 8781:Institute of Advanced Legal Studies 8667:UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre 8662:Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital 7878:Undergraduate degree classification 5405:Privy Council of the United Kingdom 3146:. London Standard. 14 December 1831 3144:"London Standard, 14 December 1831" 2833:Fossey John Cobb Hearnshaw (1929). 2256:"Universities in the Age of Reform" 2068:"A Durham College Away from Durham" 1604:St Thomas's Hospital Medical School 1527: 447:University of London § History 136: 24: 10136:Durham Palestine Educational Trust 10022:Third oldest university in England 9300:Evelina London Children's Hospital 8572:Third-oldest university in England 8567:Rivalry with King's College London 8141:Centre for the History of Medicine 7873:Tuition fees in the United Kingdom 6755:Universities in the United Kingdom 6541:"History of Birkbeck: 1700s/1800s" 6521:. Liverpool John Moores University 6156:Patrick Heenan (2 December 2013). 6127:Patrick Heenan (2 December 2013). 5909:. R&L Education. p. 136. 5901:Dennis Farrington (11 July 2013). 5472:Dictionary of the English Language 5301:Walter Rüegg (16 September 2004). 5204:. HMSO. p. 41. Archived from 5172:. 1963. p. 22. Archived from 5076:David Sunderland (4 August 2016). 4954:Charlotte Lytton (17 April 2013). 4702:Matthew Moore (13 February 2009). 4644:Donald MacLeod (9 December 2005). 4151:"The New University in Manchester" 4014:. University College London. 1854. 3168:Parliament, Great Britain (1844). 2050:"The Medieval University Monopoly" 1919: 1688:formed in the early 19th century. 1335: 25: 10244: 9458:King's College London–UCL rivalry 8156:Department of Information Studies 6286:Agha, Riaz; Agha, Maliha (2011). 5860:(Note: quote is from foreword by 5815:. James & James. p. 11. 4989:from the original on 7 May 2022. 4884:from the original on 7 May 2022. 4857:from the original on 7 May 2022. 4846:"UCL (University College London)" 4373:. 1937. p. 7. Archived from 3399:. 1907. University of Durham Bill 2300:Harte, Negley (1 December 2000). 1741:Victoria University of Manchester 1739:traces its teaching (through the 1197: 27:Debate since the mid-19th century 10198:History of King's College London 10162: 10149: 10148: 9629: 9621:List of Durham University people 9521: 9509: 9497: 9486: 9485: 9015:Department of Digital Humanities 8979: 8966:Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery 8850: 8837: 8836: 8181:London Centre for Nanotechnology 7915: 7906: 7905: 6983:Northeastern University – London 6697: 6668: 6646: 6624: 6602: 6577: 6555: 6543:. Birkbeck, University of London 6533: 6511: 6493: 6418: 6392: 6356: 6320: 6292:International Journal of Surgery 6257: 6240: 6209: 6178: 6149: 6120: 6073: 6047: 5944: 5933:Queen Victoria And Her Ministers 5930:Sir John A. R. Marriott (1933). 5923: 5894: 5867: 5823: 5804: 5787:. Third Millennium. p. 18. 5774: 5752: 5735: 5725: 5704: 5674: 5660: 5643: 5594: 5577: 5560: 5516: 5499: 5479: 5459: 5345: 5294: 5215: 5188: 5160: 5123: 5096: 5069: 5047: 5022: 4996: 4969: 4947: 4919: 4891: 4864: 4837: 4827: 4805: 4782: 4759: 4741: 4724:Rusha Haljuci (10 August 2010). 4717: 4695: 4637: 4589: 4539:Negley Harte (1 December 2000). 4498: 4481: 4453: 4426: 4397: 4353: 4331: 4307: 4293: 3718:Greville, Charles C. F. (1874). 3205:. Thomson, George Selby p. 170. 3124:. F. E. Robinson & co., 1904 3100:. House of Commons. p. 119. 2986:"King's College London Act 1997" 2837:. G.G. Harrap. pp. 111–112. 2819:King's College London, 1828-1978 2689:"UCL unveils new academic dress" 2010:The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399 1901: 1725:Liverpool John Moores University 1581:Queen Mary, University of London 1498:(generally, incorporated body,) 1434: 345:History of King's College London 80: 66: 50: 36: 9423:Associateship of King's College 8029:Faculty of Engineering Sciences 7752:London International Programmes 7570:Royal Conservatoire of Scotland 6328:"The Foundation of St Thomas's" 6185:Liam Gearon (18 October 2013). 6086:. Springer. pp. 101, 120. 5936:. John Murray, London. p. 5864:, President and Provost of UCL) 5130:William Tooke (November 1835). 4789:Angela Jameson (4 April 2015). 4508:Student Life in a Class Society 4466:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4266: 4246: 4218: 4198: 4177: 4142: 4107: 4072: 4053:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4040: 4018: 4002: 3992:Mosheim, Johann Lorenz (1841). 3985: 3748:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3690: 3527: 3504: 3481: 3429: 3411: 3385: 3255: 3219: 3188: 3059: 2978: 2956: 2871: 2826: 2809: 2794: 2728: 2603: 2577: 2555: 2471: 2429: 2397: 2365: 2254:Matthew Andrews (5 July 2018). 2247: 2227:Matthew Andrews (1 June 2018). 2164: 2137: 2093:"Plans for a College in Durham" 1891: 1565: 1186:European University Association 1154:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 936:: First Durham degrees awarded 427:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 159:Following the establishment of 9453:King's College London Business 9110:Christopher Geidt, Baron Geidt 8946:Faculty of Arts and Humanities 8690:Hospital for Tropical Diseases 8593: 8347: 8035:School of Energy and Resources 8000:Faculty of Arts and Humanities 7681:Saint James School of Medicine 6813:Norwich University of the Arts 6706:The London mechanics' register 6477:. Archives Hub. Archived from 4812:Howard Lake (24 August 2015). 4766:Ben Judge (11 February 2015). 4415:. 10 January 1945 – via 4321:Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail 3580:Dickens's Dictionary of London 3267:The Church of England Magazine 3017:. 30 June 2009. Archived from 2060: 2038: 2016: 2001: 1984: 1953: 1934:. BBC News. 11 September 2016. 1874: 1729:Birkbeck, University of London 1697:Birmingham Workhouse Infirmary 1021:at the committee stage of the 13: 1: 9383:Royal Academy of Dramatic Art 9075:Twins Early Development Study 8796:Science and Engineering South 8136:Centre for Digital Humanities 7138:University College Birmingham 7023:University of the Arts London 6222:. A&C Black. p. 28. 5905:. In Charles J. Russo (ed.). 4956:"King's College London Guide" 4684:"Split over power shake-up". 4545:. A&C Black. p. 12. 4491:Dod's Parliamentary Companion 4339:"Durham University Centenary" 3818:Sir William Hamilton (1853). 3789:Sir William Hamilton (1853). 3697:Sam Kiley (1 December 1988). 3611:. Athlone Press. pp. xv. 3592:University of London (1912). 3458:University of London (1912). 2801:Cobb Hearnshaw, F.J. (1929). 2764:Cobb Hearnshaw, F.J. (1929). 1913: 1849:University of Wales, Lampeter 1829:alongside the Inns of Court. 1101:over the last 20 years. Both 154: 10193:History of Durham University 9601:Vice-Chancellor & Warden 9352:University Hospital Lewisham 9201:King's College London Chapel 8626:Great Ormond Street Hospital 8073:Faculty of Medical Sciences 7888:University and College Union 7816:Colleges within universities 6867:Institute of Cancer Research 6501:"History of the institution" 6373:. p. 11. Archived from 4489:"Dublin%2C+trinity+college" 2095:. Durham World Heritage Site 2070:. Durham World Heritage Site 1827:Third Universitie of England 1347:St David's College, Lampeter 1082:Society of Chemical Industry 379:History of Durham University 131:in England was the medieval 7: 10213:Higher education in England 9780:Institute of Advanced Study 8725:University College Hospital 8718:UCH Macmillan Cancer Centre 8319:Slade Professor of Fine Art 8239:Institute of Jewish Studies 8234:Institute for Global Health 7325:Arts University Bournemouth 6337:. p. 1. Archived from 4282:. 13 June 1914 – via 4184:Charles Robert Dod (1855). 3686:. Boydell Press. p. 8. 3671:. A&C Black. p. 7. 3667:Thompson, F. M. L. (1990). 3656:. Boydell Press. p. 1. 2024:"The oddest name in Oxford" 1960:Drew Gray (17 April 2013). 1832: 1743:and Owen's College) to the 1720:Liverpool Royal Institution 1705:Queen's College, Birmingham 1496:the whole members of a body 1464:'s definition of mediaeval 1320:the Scottish universities. 1019:Chancellor of the Exchequer 565: 418:in 1838 for his support as 359:Associate of King's College 171:was founded in 1261 with a 127:The third university to be 10: 10249: 10131:Teikyo University of Japan 9795:Wolfson Research Institute 9179:Gordon Museum of Pathology 8249:Institute of Ophthalmology 8011:Faculty of Brain Sciences 7778:List by date of foundation 6634:. University of Sunderland 6612:. University of Manchester 6565:. Leeds Beckett University 6425:Finch, Sir Ernest (1957). 6305:10.1016/j.ijsu.2011.04.002 6204:Durham was founded in 1832 6191:. Routledge. p. 171. 6164:. Routledge. p. 524. 6135:. Routledge. p. 486. 5842:10.14324/111.9781910634011 5356:. University of Cambridge. 5309:Cambridge University Press 5258:Cambridge University Press 5056:"Your verdict - not funny" 4442:. 2 July 1949 – via 4323:. 20 May 1931 – via 3935:, 22 May 1832, col. 1215: 3765:Charles Wetherell (1834). 3203:Cambridge University Press 3195:John Venn (15 May 2011) . 2280:(4th ed.). UCL Press. 2150:. Routledge. p. 155. 2123:. Routledge. p. 136. 1385:quality of a university"). 1368:" a plurality of masters"; 1297:James Finlay Weir Johnston 503:Mr. Attorney General Yorke 444: 376: 357:, or (from 1834) took the 342: 283: 271:History of the foundations 10144: 10098: 10047: 10010: 9949: 9896: 9823: 9745: 9638: 9627: 9579: 9481: 9405: 9360: 9292: 9285: 9231: 9164: 9083: 9030:Department of War Studies 8988: 8977: 8921: 8910: 8832: 8811:University College School 8748: 8607: 8603: 8588: 8539: 8487: 8465: 8377:Church of Christ the King 8357: 8353: 8342: 8267: 8204: 8116: 7990: 7986: 7971: 7964:University College London 7901: 7858:Student Radio Association 7765: 7729: 7709: 7666:Cayman Islands Law School 7651: 7638:Wales Trinity Saint David 7598: 7505: 7482: 7317: 7161: 7045: 6935: 6835: 6826: 6770: 6761: 6014:10.1017/s0007087400013911 5836:. UCL Press. p. 11. 5762:. University of Edinburgh 5590:. Grigg, Elliot and Comp. 4560:(originally published by 4444:British Newspaper Archive 4417:British Newspaper Archive 4325:British Newspaper Archive 4284:British Newspaper Archive 4168:British Newspaper Archive 4133:British Newspaper Archive 4098:British Newspaper Archive 4081:"The Victoria University" 4067:brother towards the elder 3883:10.1017/S0038713412001947 3699:"Bogus degrees crackdown" 3682:Wilson, F. M. G. (2004). 3652:Wilson, F. M. G. (2004). 3263:"University Intelligence" 2897:British Newspaper Archive 2423:British Newspaper Archive 2391:British Newspaper Archive 2334:University College London 2306:. London: A&C Black. 1991:Leach, Arthur F. (1911). 1966:University of Northampton 1714:institutions such as the 1701:Birmingham Medical School 990: 977: 946: 915: 884: 823: 764: 685: 623: 485:Education Reform Act 1988 280:University College London 216:Brasenose College, Oxford 169:University of Northampton 141:University of Northampton 133:University of Northampton 114:University College London 74:University College London 10228:Controversies in England 9468:Roman Baths, Strand Lane 9216:Somerset House East Wing 9134:Archbishop of Canterbury 9105:Chairman of the Council: 9025:Department of Philosophy 8509:University College Opera 8229:Institute of Archaeology 8219:Eastman Dental Institute 8161:Department of Philosophy 8055:Faculty of Life Sciences 8005:Slade School of Fine Art 7848:Scottish Funding Council 7686:St. Matthew's University 7425:Arts University Plymouth 7365:Canterbury Christ Church 6917:School of Advanced Study 6912:Royal Veterinary College 6654:"Our history and values" 5830:Gillian Furlong (2015). 5781:Richard Gameson (2007). 5742:Univ, Edinburgh (1869). 5650:William Masters (1862). 4574:"Battle of the oldies". 4387:Digital Library of India 3607:F. M. G. Wilson (1995). 1945:Cobban, Alan B. (1988). 1868: 1760:University of Sunderland 1755:, also founded in 1824. 1737:University of Manchester 1733:Leeds Beckett University 1693:University of Birmingham 1575:Constituent institutions 1043:Richard Claverhouse Jebb 617:: Foundation stone laid 9463:Queen Elizabeth College 9320:King's College Hospital 9305:Francis Crick Institute 9272:Students' Union (KCLSU) 9184:Museum of Life Sciences 8683:Eastman Dental Hospital 8654:The Royal Free Hospital 8640:Moorfields Eye Hospital 8615:Francis Crick Institute 8146:Centre for Neuroimaging 7787:Third-oldest in England 7264:Manchester Metropolitan 4978:"King's College London" 4028:. The National Archives 3436:Britain, Great (1837). 2880:"King's College London" 2341:. 1843. pp. 23–24. 2179:Oxford University Press 2008:McKisack, May (1963) . 1716:University of Liverpool 1648:and which relocated to 1630:Imperial College London 1620:was founded in 1447 by 1490:Hamilton claimed that " 1188:'s four-volume series, 1131:Judging a university's 218:tried to establish the 9957:Assembly Rooms Theatre 9835:Durham Student Theatre 9330:Bethlem Royal Hospital 9315:King's Health Partners 9223:King George III Museum 9146:List of notable alumni 9010:Department of Classics 8473:List of notable people 8244:Institute of Neurology 8103:Institute of Education 7008:Royal College of Music 6897:Royal Academy of Music 6877:London Business School 6563:"History and Heritage" 6158:"University of Durham" 6129:"University of Durham" 5874:William Whyte (2015). 5653:Manual on Universities 5584:Will Grimshaw (1848). 5506:James Knowles (1845). 5111:. 6. Durham University 5030:"Conservative Society" 4748:"North East England". 4622:Durham Business School 4212:University of Aberdeen 3637:Harte, Negley (2010). 3622:Harte, Negley (2010). 3473:Harte, Negley (2010). 3309:Joseph Chitty (1829). 3283:Joseph Chitty (1829). 3045:Times Higher Education 2816:Gordon Huelin (1978). 2779:Banerjee, Jacqueline. 2563:"Journal of Education" 2171:William Whyte (2015). 1594:In the same vein, the 1579:The medical school of 1482:Degree awarding powers 1456:Teaching and residents 1272:Dictionary definitions 1064: 1039:University of Aberdeen 487:. When Brougham (then 478:Degree awarding powers 290:Following attempts by 240:Durham College, Oxford 220:University of Stamford 212: 9972:Museum of Archaeology 9695:St Hild & St Bede 9378:King's College School 8903:King's College London 8756:Alan Turing Institute 8151:The Constitution Unit 7555:Highlands and Islands 7249:Liverpool John Moores 6519:"The History of LJMU" 5953:Comparative Education 5811:Nigel Watson (2007). 5717:. J. Taylor. p. 5711:Henry Malden (1835). 5421:. OED. Archived from 5250:Walter Rüegg (2004). 5208:on 11 February 2015. 4156:The Dundee Advertiser 4116:"Victoria University" 3247:C.E. Whiting (1932). 2950:King's College London 2885:The Evening Chronicle 1778:to the present day". 1682:Mechanics' Institutes 1674:redbrick universities 1652:, four miles west of 1600:King's College London 1351:Ministry of Education 1127:Defining a university 1069:Arthur William Rucker 1055: 1004:History of the debate 704:21 & 28 September 339:King's College London 207: 122:King's College London 116:as it was founded as 88:King's College London 10070:Michael Ramsey Chair 9616:The Bishop of Durham 9418:Aldwych tube station 8914:University of London 8816:University of London 8740:Whittington Hospital 8442:Tottenham Court Road 8186:London Knowledge Lab 8042:School of Management 7821:Degree abbreviations 7653:Overseas territories 7623:Cardiff Metropolitan 7003:Royal College of Art 6507:on 21 December 2010. 6380:on 24 September 2015 5556:: 328. January 1859. 5529:Idea of a University 5447:. Collins Dictionary 4505:Joan Abbott (1971). 4303:. 1930. p. 254. 4280:Liverpool Daily Post 4258:. 1907. p. 66. 3577:Charles Dickens, Jr. 3269:. Vol. 4. 1838. 3021:on 21 September 2015 2942:John Parker (1896). 1751:) to the Manchester 1678:University of London 1330:concept of education 1314:Idea of a University 1305:Johnson's Dictionary 1159:University of London 515:Sir William Hamilton 441:University of London 319:University of London 165:Cambridge University 106:University of London 58:University of London 10027:Bishop Cosin's Hall 9748:research institutes 9393:Thomas Young Centre 9347:St Thomas' Hospital 8801:Thomas Young Centre 8531:Students' Union UCL 7979:Academic activities 7831:Office for Students 7360:Buckinghamshire New 6656:. Durham University 6344:on 16 December 2011 5601:John Craig (1849). 5523:John Henry Newman. 5084:. Firefly New Media 4873:"Durham University" 4752:. 6 February 2015. 4377:on 28 February 2017 4275:"Modern University" 4226:Sir Richard C. Jebb 3998:. pp. 503–505. 3973:. Durham University 3951:. Durham University 3573:Hand-Book of London 3339:. Durham University 2923:on 30 December 2014 2617:. 24 September 1931 2565:. 1888. p. 424 2506:. pp. 462–466. 2467:. pp. 462–466. 2439:. 1835. p. 708 2406:"London University" 2374:"London University" 2026:. Brasenose College 1863:Medieval university 1796:early modern period 1753:Mechanics Institute 1608:St Thomas' Hospital 1450:joint stock company 1027:Victoria University 545:William van Mildert 414:, was conferred on 412:Doctor of Civil Law 400:Licence in Theology 297:joint-stock company 149:New College, Durham 145:Stamford University 9997:University Library 9810:University Library 9035:Digital Classicist 8402:Halls of residence 8372:Bloomsbury Theatre 8325:Transcribe Bentham 8303:Public Archaeology 8061:School of Pharmacy 7991:Faculties, schools 7711:Crown dependencies 7545:Glasgow Caledonian 7440:Royal Agricultural 7179:Central Lancashire 7068:Bishop Grosseteste 6610:"History of UMIST" 5833:Treasures from UCL 5631:on 14 January 2016 5176:on 30 October 2013 5010:. 17 December 2014 4618:. 1 October 2001. 4578:. 28 August 1998. 4406:"A View of Durham" 4026:"Medical Act 1858" 3537:. 1843. p. 28 2990:Legislation.gov.uk 2966:. 1912. p. 23 2615:Archives.ucl.ac.uk 2591:on 30 January 2008 2413:. 12 December 1831 2381:. 15 February 1831 1858:Ancient university 1626:Archbishop of York 1518:ius ubique docendi 1514:jus ubique docendi 1440:title through the 1282:Collins Dictionary 1065: 1031:Duke of Devonshire 539:ius ubique docendi 535:jus ubique docendi 10180: 10179: 10126:Palatinate purple 10121:Higginson Lecture 10090:Van Mildert Chair 9572:Durham University 9537: 9536: 9438:Creighton Lecture 9401: 9400: 9340:Maudsley Hospital 9151:List of chaplains 8868: 8867: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8761:Anna Freud Centre 8584: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8503:The Cheese Grater 8338: 8337: 8334: 8333: 7929: 7928: 7839: 7811:List by enrolment 7806:List by endowment 7802: 7478: 7477: 7041: 7040: 6973:London South Bank 6462:Hunterian Oration 5965:10.1080/713656597 5682:Hastings Rashdall 5425:on 24 August 2012 4985:. 5 August 2014. 4670:. 11 April 2007. 4668:The Northern Echo 4228:(November 1905). 4121:The Leeds Mercury 3851:Hastings Rashdall 3367:Durham University 2736:"Council minutes" 2481:. 1912. p. 9 2411:Newcastle Courant 1853:England and Wales 1782:Figurative claims 1764:Durham University 1699:, a precursor to 1638:Durham University 1551:Sir John Marriott 1462:Hastings Rashdall 1356:Chancery Division 1342:Mr Justice Vaisey 1310:John Henry Newman 1265: 1264: 1147:Formal definition 1137:Act of Parliament 1061:All Souls College 998: 997: 531:Hastings Rashdall 384:Durham University 373:Durham University 195:siege of the town 191:Simon de Montfort 161:Oxford University 118:London University 102:Durham University 44:Durham University 16:(Redirected from 10240: 10223:1830s in England 10218:1820s in England 10172: 10166: 10165: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10014: 9827: 9790:Energy Institute 9670:Josephine Butler 9642: 9633: 9583: 9573: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9541: 9540: 9529: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9493: 9489: 9488: 9335:Lambeth Hospital 9290: 9289: 9122:Ellen Clark-King 8983: 8936:Dental Institute 8915: 8904: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8872: 8871: 8859: 8854: 8853: 8845: 8840: 8839: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8656: 8642: 8628: 8605: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8589: 8437:Tavistock Square 8412:Holmbury St Mary 8355: 8354: 8344: 8343: 8196:Urban Laboratory 8097: 8080: 8063: 8044: 8037: 8018: 8008: 7988: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7972: 7965: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7933: 7932: 7919: 7918: 7909: 7908: 7833: 7780: 7590:West of Scotland 7535:Edinburgh Napier 7484:Northern Ireland 7289:Sheffield Hallam 7128:Nottingham Trent 6852:City St George's 6833: 6832: 6768: 6767: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6589:Manchester.ac.uk 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6503:. Archived from 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6449: 6431: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6335:Thegarret.org.uk 6332: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6307: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6051: 6045: 6044: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5624:. Archived from 5623: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5369: 5358: 5357: 5352:Anderson, Ross. 5349: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5271: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5137: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4880:. 24 July 2014. 4875: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4853:. 21 July 2014. 4848: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4408: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4316:"New Chancellor" 4311: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4118: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3945: 3939: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3834:Internet Archive 3831: 3829: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3805:Internet Archive 3802: 3800: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3570:Peter Cunningham 3567: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3397:Books.google.com 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3369:. Archived from 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3251:. Sheldon Press. 3244: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3174:Books.google.com 3165: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3115: 3102: 3101: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2740: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2669:on 10 April 2016 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2329: 2318: 2317: 2297: 2282: 2281: 2277:The world of UCL 2271: 2260: 2259: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2224: 2193: 2192: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2089: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2048:(7 March 2018). 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1972:on 20 April 2013 1968:. Archived from 1957: 1951: 1950: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1878: 1792:Inns of Chancery 1768:Durham Cathedral 1662:Heythrop College 1614:Priory in 1106. 1528:Academic studies 1467:studium generale 1221: 1220: 1160: 1078:Lord Londonderry 1015:Medical Act 1858 726:: King's opened 570: 569: 549:Bishop of Durham 519:Edinburgh Review 468:Royal Commission 432: 404:Bachelor of Arts 392:Durham Cathedral 261:Richard Cromwell 147:(1333–1335) and 138: 84: 70: 54: 40: 21: 10248: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10237: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10168: 10155: 10140: 10111:Durham Concerto 10094: 10065:Lightfoot Chair 10043: 10012: 10006: 9982:Oriental Museum 9945: 9892: 9867:Students' Union 9825: 9819: 9815:Cosin's Library 9747: 9746:Departments and 9741: 9640: 9634: 9625: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9515: 9503: 9491: 9477: 9397: 9368:Golden triangle 9356: 9281: 9244:Reggie the Lion 9227: 9211:Maughan Library 9206:King's Building 9166: 9160: 9079: 9055:MRC SGDP Centre 8992: 8990: 8984: 8975: 8931:Business School 8923: 8917: 8913: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8869: 8864: 8857: 8843: 8820: 8776:Golden triangle 8744: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8652: 8638: 8624: 8599: 8595: 8576: 8547:Citrus Saturday 8535: 8483: 8461: 8447:UCL Observatory 8397:Gray's Inn Road 8349: 8330: 8309:Quain Professor 8263: 8206: 8200: 8118: 8112: 8093: 8076: 8059: 8050:Faculty of Laws 8040: 8033: 8014: 8002: 7992: 7982: 7978: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7930: 7925: 7897: 7761: 7725: 7705: 7661:Bermuda College 7647: 7594: 7501: 7474: 7420:Plymouth Marjon 7395:Gloucestershire 7313: 7157: 7063:Birmingham City 7037: 6931: 6838: 6822: 6771:East of England 6757: 6752: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6481:on 4 April 2015 6473: 6472: 6468: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6245: 6241: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6125: 6121: 6109: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6078: 6074: 6052: 6048: 5998: 5991: 5949: 5945: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5903:"Great Britain" 5899: 5895: 5888: 5872: 5868: 5852: 5828: 5824: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5599: 5595: 5582: 5578: 5565: 5561: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5521: 5517: 5504: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5370: 5361: 5350: 5346: 5334: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5311:. p. 673. 5299: 5295: 5283: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5260:. p. 684. 5248: 5241: 5220: 5216: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5149: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5082:Durham Magazine 5074: 5070: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4983:The Independent 4975: 4974: 4970: 4960:Daily Telegraph 4952: 4948: 4935: 4933: 4931:Daily Telegraph 4925: 4924: 4920: 4907: 4905: 4903:Daily Telegraph 4897: 4896: 4892: 4878:The Independent 4870: 4869: 4865: 4851:The Independent 4843: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4810: 4806: 4787: 4783: 4764: 4760: 4750:Daily Telegraph 4747: 4746: 4742: 4722: 4718: 4700: 4696: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4642: 4638: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4594: 4590: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4553: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4503: 4499: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4380: 4378: 4371:British Council 4359: 4358: 4354: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4235:Popular Science 4223: 4219: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4182: 4178: 4161: 4159: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4126: 4124: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4091: 4089: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4059: 4057: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3937:Hansard website 3927: 3920: 3908: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3871: 3864: 3848: 3841: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3812: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3780: 3763: 3756: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3716: 3712: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3676: 3665: 3661: 3650: 3646: 3635: 3631: 3620: 3616: 3605: 3601: 3590: 3586: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3471: 3467: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3373:on 17 June 2006 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3245: 3236: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3166: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3105: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2890: 2888: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2831: 2827: 2814: 2810: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2716:. 11 March 2019 2712: 2711: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2637: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2516: 2512: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2459: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2416: 2414: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2384: 2382: 2379:Chester Courant 2371: 2370: 2366: 2354: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2331: 2330: 2321: 2314: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2263: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2225: 2196: 2189: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2115: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2006: 2002: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1958: 1954: 1949:. Scolar Press. 1943: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1835: 1819:Gresham College 1784: 1686:medical schools 1670: 1577: 1568: 1530: 1484: 1476:Open University 1458: 1442:Companies House 1437: 1338: 1336:Vaisey criteria 1274: 1200: 1158: 1149: 1129: 1115:Durham Magazine 1107:Daily Telegraph 1103:The Independent 1090:British Council 1023:Reform Act 1867 1006: 568: 493:Mr. Bickersteth 489:Lord Chancellor 480: 449: 443: 430: 381: 375: 347: 341: 288: 282: 273: 249:Oliver Cromwell 244:Gresham College 157: 94: 93: 92: 91: 90: 85: 77: 76: 71: 62: 61: 60: 55: 47: 46: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10246: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10160: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10106:Academic dress 10102: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10085:St Hilda Chair 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10055:Al-Sabah Chair 10051: 10049: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10018: 10016: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9962:Botanic Garden 9959: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9924:Men's Lacrosse 9921: 9916: 9911: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9837: 9831: 9829: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9644: 9636: 9635: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9587: 9585: 9577: 9576: 9567: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9544: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9519: 9507: 9495: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9310:Guy's Hospital 9307: 9302: 9296: 9294: 9287: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9246: 9241: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9170: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8986: 8985: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8898: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8875: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8848: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8617: 8611: 8609: 8601: 8600: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8557:Filming at UCL 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8493: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8478:Michael Spence 8475: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8351: 8350: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8210: 8208: 8205:Institutes and 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8078:Medical School 8071: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8052: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8038: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8009: 7996: 7994: 7984: 7983: 7969: 7968: 7959: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7936: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7913: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7730:Non-geographic 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7715: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7560:Queen Margaret 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7410:Oxford Brookes 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7244:Liverpool Hope 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6907:Royal Holloway 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6751: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6721: 6720: 6696: 6689: 6667: 6645: 6623: 6601: 6576: 6554: 6532: 6510: 6492: 6466: 6417: 6406:. 18 July 2015 6391: 6355: 6319: 6298:(5): 414–427. 6278: 6256: 6239: 6228: 6208: 6197: 6177: 6170: 6148: 6141: 6119: 6092: 6072: 6046: 5989: 5943: 5922: 5915: 5893: 5886: 5866: 5862:Michael Arthur 5850: 5822: 5803: 5793: 5773: 5751: 5734: 5724: 5703: 5696: 5673: 5659: 5642: 5610: 5593: 5576: 5559: 5534: 5515: 5498: 5487:Samuel Johnson 5478: 5467:Samuel Johnson 5458: 5436: 5410: 5389: 5359: 5344: 5317: 5293: 5266: 5239: 5214: 5187: 5159: 5122: 5095: 5068: 5046: 5021: 4995: 4968: 4946: 4918: 4890: 4863: 4836: 4826: 4804: 4781: 4758: 4740: 4731:New York Times 4716: 4694: 4688:. 4 May 2007. 4676: 4658: 4636: 4606: 4588: 4566: 4551: 4528: 4521: 4513:Pergamon Press 4497: 4480: 4452: 4435:"Universities" 4425: 4396: 4352: 4330: 4306: 4292: 4265: 4245: 4217: 4197: 4176: 4158:. 15 July 1880 4141: 4123:. 15 July 1880 4106: 4088:. 15 July 1880 4071: 4056:. 17 June 1867 4039: 4017: 4001: 3984: 3962: 3940: 3933:House of Lords 3918: 3891: 3862: 3839: 3810: 3778: 3754: 3751:. 4 July 1833. 3731: 3710: 3689: 3674: 3659: 3644: 3629: 3614: 3599: 3584: 3548: 3526: 3503: 3480: 3465: 3450: 3428: 3410: 3384: 3363:The University 3350: 3324: 3298: 3272: 3254: 3234: 3218: 3211: 3187: 3157: 3135: 3118:J. T. Fowler. 3103: 3086: 3058: 3047:. 10 July 2008 3032: 3002: 2977: 2955: 2934: 2902: 2887:. 30 June 1835 2870: 2859:on 22 May 2007 2840: 2825: 2808: 2793: 2771: 2756: 2745:. 19 June 2023 2727: 2702: 2680: 2654: 2651:, pp. 3–6 2642:(March 2005), 2640:Grant, Malcolm 2628: 2602: 2576: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2510: 2492: 2470: 2450: 2428: 2396: 2364: 2319: 2312: 2283: 2261: 2246: 2239: 2194: 2187: 2181:. p. 31. 2163: 2156: 2136: 2129: 2106: 2081: 2059: 2046:Whyte, William 2037: 2015: 2000: 1983: 1952: 1937: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1900: 1890: 1884:(by 1167) and 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1783: 1780: 1669: 1666: 1612:St Mary Overie 1596:medical school 1576: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1529: 1526: 1483: 1480: 1457: 1454: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1387: 1386: 1383:most essential 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1354:(1951) in the 1337: 1334: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1233:Incorporation 1231: 1228: 1225: 1199: 1198:Royal charters 1196: 1171:Dearing Report 1166:Robbins Report 1148: 1145: 1128: 1125: 1073:Viscount Bryce 1005: 1002: 996: 995: 989: 987: 983: 982: 976: 974: 970: 969: 967: 965: 959: 956: 955: 953: 951: 944: 943: 941: 939: 937: 930: 929: 927: 925: 923: 917: 913: 912: 910: 904: 898: 896: 892: 891: 889: 883: 880: 879: 877: 875: 873: 866: 865: 859: 857: 855: 852: 851: 849: 847: 845: 838: 837: 835: 829: 827: 825: 821: 820: 818: 816: 814: 807: 806: 804: 798: 796: 793: 792: 790: 788: 786: 779: 778: 772: 770: 768: 766: 762: 761: 759: 757: 755: 749: 745: 744: 742: 740: 738: 732: 728: 727: 721: 719: 717: 714: 713: 711: 709: 707: 700: 699: 697: 691: 689: 687: 683: 682: 680: 677: 675: 673: 669: 668: 662: 660: 658: 656: 652: 651: 649: 643: 641: 638: 637: 631: 629: 627: 625: 621: 620: 618: 612: 610: 608: 604: 603: 601: 595: 593: 591: 587: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 567: 564: 560:Lord Melbourne 556:Prime Minister 479: 476: 445:Main article: 442: 439: 420:Prime Minister 408:Master of Arts 377:Main article: 374: 371: 355:Royal Colleges 343:Main article: 340: 337: 292:Henry Brougham 284:Main article: 281: 278: 272: 269: 253:letters patent 185:, dating from 163:(by 1167) and 156: 153: 86: 79: 78: 72: 65: 64: 63: 56: 49: 48: 42: 35: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10245: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10173: 10171: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10147: 10146: 10143: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10080:Sharjah Chair 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10035: 10033: 10032:Ushaw College 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10009: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9992:Maiden Castle 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9935:Competitions 9934: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9744: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9690:St Cuthbert's 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9637: 9632: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9606:Karen O'Brien 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9578: 9574: 9565: 9560: 9558: 9553: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9530: 9524: 9520: 9518: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9496: 9494: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9388:Russell Group 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9191:Strand Campus 9189: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9156:List of deans 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993:and divisions 8987: 8982: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8961:School of Law 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8905: 8896: 8891: 8889: 8884: 8882: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8861: 8860: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8791:Russell Group 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8591: 8587: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8498: 8497:UCL Boat Club 8495: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8457:Woburn Square 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8417:Main Building 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8387:Gordon Square 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8341: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8214:Ear Institute 8212: 8211: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993:and groupings 7989: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7957: 7952: 7950: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7922: 7914: 7912: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7565:Robert Gordon 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Creative Arts 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7309:York St. John 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7234:Leeds Trinity 7232: 7230: 7229:Leeds Beckett 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Wolverhampton 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7133:Staffordshire 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6808:Hertfordshire 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Anglia Ruskin 6776: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6708: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6690:9780719082368 6686: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6655: 6649: 6633: 6632:"Our History" 6627: 6611: 6605: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6564: 6558: 6542: 6536: 6520: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6440:(4): 205–48. 6439: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6359: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6266: 6265:"Our history" 6260: 6252: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6229:9781852853471 6225: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6205: 6200: 6198:9781134125463 6194: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6171:9781134262106 6167: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6142:9781134262106 6138: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6115: 6103: 6095: 6093:9783319582412 6089: 6085: 6084: 6076: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5926: 5918: 5916:9781475804058 5912: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5887:9780198716129 5883: 5879: 5878: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5851:9781910634011 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5794:9781903942741 5790: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5761: 5755: 5748:. p. 29. 5747: 5746: 5738: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5697:9781108018104 5693: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5656:. p. 11. 5655: 5654: 5646: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5606: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5571: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5510: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5446: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5328: 5320: 5318:9781139453028 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5289: 5277: 5269: 5267:9781139453028 5263: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5143: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5110: 5109:The Telegraph 5106: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4915: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4830: 4823: 4819: 4818:UKFundraising 4815: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4709: 4708:The Telegraph 4705: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4599: 4598:The Telegraph 4592: 4585: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4562:Athlone Press 4558: 4554: 4552:9780567564498 4548: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4522:9780080156545 4518: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4484: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4173: 4169: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4134: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3972: 3966: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3902: 3894: 3892:9781409425748 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3806: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3558: 3552: 3536: 3530: 3514: 3507: 3492:. p. 565 3491: 3484: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3312: 3305: 3303: 3286: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3212:9781108036160 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3176:. p. 389 3175: 3171: 3164: 3162: 3145: 3139: 3123: 3122: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3090: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3006: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2965: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2797: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2760: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2715: 2709: 2707: 2690: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2564: 2558: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2480: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2455: 2438: 2432: 2424: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2313:9780567564498 2309: 2305: 2304: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2240:9783319767260 2236: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2188:9780198716129 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2159: 2157:9781134531950 2153: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2132: 2130:9781134531950 2126: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2111: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2069: 2063: 2055: 2054:History Today 2051: 2047: 2041: 2025: 2019: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1987: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1948: 1941: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1904: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1823:Royal Society 1820: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:Inns of Court 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658:Licensed Hall 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Ushaw College 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1435:Incorporation 1432: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1293:Edward Turner 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1269: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1230:Royal charter 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1144: 1142: 1141:royal charter 1138: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1120:The Telegraph 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029:in 1880, the 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:Lord Brougham 1001: 993: 988: 985: 984: 980: 975: 972: 971: 968: 966: 963: 960: 958: 957: 954: 952: 949: 945: 942: 940: 938: 935: 932: 931: 928: 926: 924: 921: 918: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 890: 887: 882: 881: 878: 876: 874: 871: 868: 867: 863: 860: 858: 856: 854: 853: 850: 848: 846: 843: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 828: 826: 822: 819: 817: 815: 812: 809: 808: 805: 802: 799: 797: 795: 794: 791: 789: 787: 784: 781: 780: 776: 773: 771: 769: 767: 763: 760: 758: 756: 753: 750: 747: 746: 743: 741: 739: 736: 733: 730: 729: 725: 722: 720: 718: 716: 715: 712: 710: 708: 705: 702: 701: 698: 695: 692: 690: 688: 684: 681: 678: 676: 674: 671: 670: 666: 663: 661: 659: 657: 654: 653: 650: 648:: UCL opened 647: 644: 642: 640: 639: 635: 632: 630: 628: 626: 622: 619: 616: 613: 611: 609: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 594: 592: 589: 588: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 571: 563: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 520: 516: 511: 508: 507:Dr. Bentley's 504: 500: 499:William Tooke 496: 494: 490: 486: 475: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 453: 448: 438: 434: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 393: 389: 385: 380: 370: 366: 362: 360: 356: 351: 346: 336: 333: 327: 323: 320: 316: 315:William Tooke 312: 311:Lord Brougham 308: 304: 302: 298: 293: 287: 277: 268: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 241: 236: 234: 229: 225: 221: 217: 211: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173:royal charter 170: 166: 162: 152: 151:(1653–1660). 150: 146: 142: 134: 130: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:royal charter 107: 103: 99: 89: 83: 75: 69: 59: 53: 45: 39: 30: 19: 10169: 10153: 10037: 10021: 9872:Durham Union 9847:Purple Radio 9839: 9826:Student life 9705:Cranmer Hall 9472: 9249: 9232:Student life 9174:Guy's Campus 9127: 9126: 9115: 9114: 9103: 9102: 9098:Shitij Kapur 9091: 9090: 8989:Departments, 8855: 8841: 8672:UCL Partners 8571: 8552:UCL Business 8513: 8501: 8489:Student life 8427:Queen Square 8392:Gower Street 8323: 8301: 8289: 8285:Pender Chair 8207:laboratories 8108:Neuroscience 7786: 7718: 7204:Huddersfield 7108:Loughborough 7088:Harper Adams 6988:Ravensbourne 6783:Bedfordshire 6711:. Retrieved 6705: 6699: 6680: 6670: 6658:. Retrieved 6648: 6636:. Retrieved 6626: 6614:. Retrieved 6604: 6592:. Retrieved 6588: 6579: 6567:. Retrieved 6557: 6545:. Retrieved 6535: 6523:. Retrieved 6513: 6505:the original 6495: 6483:. Retrieved 6479:the original 6469: 6437: 6433: 6420: 6408:. Retrieved 6403: 6394: 6382:. Retrieved 6375:the original 6370: 6358: 6346:. Retrieved 6339:the original 6334: 6322: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6269:. Retrieved 6259: 6249: 6242: 6233: 6218: 6211: 6202: 6187: 6180: 6161: 6151: 6132: 6122: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6041: 6008:(1): 94–99. 6005: 6001: 5984: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5932: 5925: 5906: 5896: 5876: 5869: 5855: 5832: 5825: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5783: 5776: 5764:. Retrieved 5754: 5744: 5737: 5732:university." 5727: 5713: 5706: 5686: 5676: 5662: 5652: 5645: 5633:. Retrieved 5626:the original 5613: 5603: 5596: 5586: 5579: 5569: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5528: 5518: 5508: 5501: 5491: 5481: 5471: 5461: 5449:. Retrieved 5445:"University" 5439: 5427:. Retrieved 5423:the original 5419:"University" 5413: 5380:. Retrieved 5376: 5347: 5303: 5296: 5252: 5233: 5229:The Guardian 5227: 5217: 5209: 5206:the original 5200: 5196:Lord Dearing 5190: 5178:. Retrieved 5174:the original 5168: 5162: 5132: 5125: 5113:. Retrieved 5108: 5098: 5086:. Retrieved 5081: 5071: 5063: 5060:The Guardian 5059: 5049: 5037:. Retrieved 5033: 5024: 5012:. Retrieved 5007: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4941: 4934:. Retrieved 4930: 4921: 4913: 4906:. Retrieved 4902: 4893: 4885: 4877: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4839: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4798: 4795:The National 4794: 4784: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4735: 4729: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4689: 4679: 4671: 4661: 4653: 4650:The Guardian 4649: 4639: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4579: 4569: 4556: 4541: 4507: 4500: 4490: 4483: 4471:. Retrieved 4464: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4428: 4420: 4412:The Scotsman 4410: 4399: 4390: 4385:– via 4379:. Retrieved 4375:the original 4361: 4355: 4349:: 624. 1937. 4346: 4342: 4333: 4320: 4309: 4295: 4287: 4279: 4268: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4206: 4200: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4166:– via 4160:. Retrieved 4155: 4144: 4136: 4131:– via 4125:. Retrieved 4120: 4109: 4101: 4096:– via 4090:. Retrieved 4085: 4074: 4065: 4058:. Retrieved 4051: 4042: 4030:. Retrieved 4020: 4010: 4004: 3994: 3987: 3975:. Retrieved 3965: 3953:. Retrieved 3943: 3874: 3855: 3832:– via 3826:. Retrieved 3820: 3813: 3803:– via 3797:. Retrieved 3791: 3767: 3746: 3720: 3713: 3702: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3653: 3647: 3638: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3551: 3539:. Retrieved 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3506: 3494:. Retrieved 3483: 3474: 3468: 3459: 3453: 3441:. Retrieved 3431: 3422: 3413: 3401:. Retrieved 3396: 3387: 3375:. Retrieved 3371:the original 3362: 3353: 3341:. Retrieved 3315:. Retrieved 3289:. Retrieved 3266: 3257: 3248: 3227: 3221: 3197: 3190: 3178:. Retrieved 3173: 3148:. Retrieved 3138: 3126:. Retrieved 3120: 3096: 3089: 3077:. Retrieved 3073: 3061: 3049:. Retrieved 3035: 3023:. Retrieved 3019:the original 3014: 3005: 2993:. Retrieved 2989: 2980: 2968:. Retrieved 2958: 2944: 2937: 2925:. Retrieved 2918:the original 2905: 2895:– via 2889:. Retrieved 2884: 2873: 2861:. Retrieved 2857:the original 2852: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2818: 2811: 2802: 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2774: 2765: 2759: 2749:18 September 2747:. Retrieved 2742: 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2693:. Retrieved 2683: 2671:. Retrieved 2667:the original 2657: 2644: 2619:. Retrieved 2614: 2605: 2595:20 September 2593:. Retrieved 2589:the original 2579: 2567:. Retrieved 2557: 2513: 2502: 2495: 2483:. Retrieved 2473: 2463: 2441:. Retrieved 2431: 2421:– via 2415:. Retrieved 2410: 2399: 2389:– via 2383:. Retrieved 2378: 2367: 2333: 2302: 2276: 2249: 2233:. Springer. 2229: 2173: 2166: 2146: 2139: 2119: 2097:. Retrieved 2072:. Retrieved 2062: 2053: 2040: 2028:. Retrieved 2018: 2009: 2003: 1993: 1986: 1974:. Retrieved 1970:the original 1955: 1946: 1940: 1903: 1893: 1876: 1826: 1817: 1812: 1803: 1785: 1766:(founded by 1757: 1718:through the 1709: 1690: 1671: 1644:in northern 1616: 1593: 1578: 1569: 1566:Other claims 1558: 1556: 1545: 1534: 1531: 1522:Philip Yorke 1517: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1472: 1465: 1459: 1446: 1438: 1430: 1412: 1408: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1379:most obvious 1378: 1345: 1339: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1302: 1290: 1286: 1275: 1266: 1216: 1205: 1201: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1177:rather than 1174: 1163: 1150: 1132: 1130: 1118: 1114: 1111:The Guardian 1099: 1094: 1066: 1034: 1007: 999: 991: 978: 961: 947: 933: 919: 906: 900: 885: 869: 861: 841: 831: 810: 800: 782: 774: 751: 734: 723: 703: 693: 664: 645: 633: 614: 597: 553: 543: 538: 534: 526: 524: 512: 497: 481: 472:Karl Pearson 461: 454: 450: 435: 424: 397: 382: 367: 363: 352: 348: 328: 324: 309: 305: 289: 274: 265: 237: 224:Lincolnshire 213: 208: 180: 167:(1209), the 158: 128: 126: 117: 97: 95: 29: 10075:Ogden Chair 9977:Observatory 9929:Rugby Union 9904:Team Durham 9760:Engineering 9737:Van Mildert 9650:Collingwood 9277:Tolstoy Cup 9239:Macadam Cup 8806:UCL Academy 8432:Somers Town 8382:Euston Road 8176:EPPI-Centre 8119:departments 8117:Centres and 7893:Polytechnic 7795:Plate glass 7628:South Wales 7608:Aberystwyth 7585:Strathclyde 7550:Heriot-Watt 7465:UWE Bristol 7450:Southampton 7340:Bournemouth 7274:Northumbria 7118:Northampton 7078:De Montfort 7033:West London 7028:Westminster 6948:East London 6837:University 6798:East Anglia 6677:Baker, J.H. 6616:17 February 6569:17 February 6547:17 February 6525:17 February 6271:13 February 6110:|work= 5818:university. 5766:31 December 5635:30 December 5451:30 December 5429:30 December 5335:|work= 5284:|work= 5235:university. 5180:29 December 5150:|work= 4936:29 December 4908:29 December 4381:27 February 4032:27 December 3977:28 December 3955:28 December 3909:|work= 3515:p. 455 3377:10 November 3343:26 December 3313:p. 148 3287:p. 225 3150:30 December 3128:26 December 3051:29 December 2927:29 December 2863:10 November 2695:29 December 2673:29 December 2585:"Landmarks" 2417:13 December 2385:28 November 2355:|work= 1800:George Buck 1707:, in 1843. 1618:Wye College 1295:at UCL and 1224:Institution 1105:'s and the 907:28 November 901:28 November 811:Easter Term 775:14 February 598:11 February 10187:Categories 10060:Bede Chair 9987:Racecourse 9874:(debating) 9857:Senior man 9841:Palatinate 9727:University 9717:Stephenson 9680:St Aidan's 9596:Fiona Hill 9591:Chancellor 9516:Wikisource 9286:Affiliates 9262:Rugby Club 9196:Bush House 9167:and places 9093:Principal: 8596:Affiliates 8367:Bloomsbury 8348:University 7575:St Andrews 7470:Winchester 7430:Portsmouth 7370:Chichester 7355:Buckingham 7294:Sunderland 7259:Manchester 7224:Leeds Arts 7123:Nottingham 7058:Birmingham 7013:Roehampton 6968:London Met 6892:Queen Mary 6862:Goldsmiths 6713:29 January 6594:5 December 6410:5 December 6384:5 December 6371:Fph.org.uk 6348:5 December 5382:5 December 5039:5 December 5014:5 December 5008:Thetab.com 4473:18 January 4261:Cambridge. 4060:5 December 3828:5 December 3799:27 October 3541:5 December 3519:5 December 3496:5 December 3443:5 December 3403:5 December 3317:5 December 3291:5 December 3180:5 December 3025:5 December 2995:5 December 2970:5 December 2891:27 October 2720:1 February 2621:5 December 2569:5 December 2485:5 December 2443:5 December 2099:3 December 2074:3 December 2030:3 December 1976:3 December 1914:References 1802:'s tract, 1650:Ushaw Moor 1492:University 1227:Foundation 1133:foundation 962:5 December 752:28 October 464:Henry Wace 457:William IV 228:Edward III 155:Background 9939:Boat Race 9909:Boat Club 9862:Solar Car 9722:Trevelyan 9712:St Mary's 9700:St John's 9685:St Chad's 9665:John Snow 9257:Boat Club 9252:newspaper 9250:Roar News 9165:Buildings 9141:Academics 8924:faculties 8480:(Provost) 8407:Here East 7799:Post-1992 7671:Gibraltar 7530:Edinburgh 7284:Sheffield 7269:Newcastle 7239:Liverpool 7214:Lancaster 7199:Edge Hill 7153:Worcester 7098:Leicester 7018:St Mary's 6978:Middlesex 6953:Greenwich 6857:Courtauld 6839:of London 6793:Cranfield 6788:Cambridge 6674:See also 6660:12 August 6638:12 August 6485:1 January 6404:Kcl.ac.uk 6112:ignored ( 6102:cite book 6066:(3): 13. 5981:145006798 5525:"Preface" 5337:ignored ( 5327:cite book 5286:ignored ( 5276:cite book 5152:ignored ( 5142:cite book 5115:27 August 5088:22 August 5034:Kclsu.org 4772:MoneyWeek 4630:Cambridge 4616:The Times 3911:ignored ( 3901:cite book 3743:"Hansard" 3704:The Times 3562:1 January 3015:Kcl.ac.uk 2357:ignored ( 2347:cite book 1886:Cambridge 1809:John Stow 1786:The four 1622:John Kemp 1238:Cambridge 1212:Cambridge 1063:pictured) 724:8 October 665:14 August 646:1 October 416:Earl Grey 203:burgesses 187:Richard I 177:Henry III 10156:Category 10116:Heraldry 10038:overview 9919:Swimming 9755:Business 9660:Hatfield 9641:Colleges 9528:Wikinews 9492:Category 9129:Visitor: 8922:Academic 8844:Category 8515:Pi Media 8452:UCL East 7911:Category 7843:Rankings 7791:Redbrick 7580:Stirling 7515:Aberdeen 7507:Scotland 7415:Plymouth 7390:Hartpury 7385:Falmouth 7345:Brighton 7335:Bath Spa 7299:Teesside 7174:Bradford 7073:Coventry 7046:Midlands 6993:Regent's 6963:Kingston 6958:Imperial 6847:Birkbeck 6456:13412018 6314:21530696 6038:40703670 6030:11609857 5857:century. 5684:(1895). 5489:(1820). 5469:(1839). 5377:Ox.ac.uk 5198:(1997). 4987:Archived 4882:Archived 4855:Archived 4564:in 1986) 4369:and the 4241:charter. 3853:(1895). 1898:possible 1833:See also 1776:Cuthbert 1712:redbrick 1507:incident 1288:itself. 1206:Neither 1175:de facto 1088:and the 979:November 832:26 March 801:24 April 694:February 615:30 April 566:Timeline 527:incident 233:Scotland 205:stated: 197:and its 10170:Commons 10013:History 9852:Scarves 9775:Physics 9732:Ustinov 9611:Visitor 9504:Commons 9443:History 9293:Medical 8991:centres 8858:Commons 8608:Medical 8562:History 8521:Rare FM 7783:Ancient 7766:Related 7643:Wrexham 7633:Swansea 7618:Cardiff 7540:Glasgow 7520:Abertay 7492:Queen's 7435:Reading 7350:Bristol 7279:Salford 7189:Cumbria 7184:Chester 7143:Warwick 7103:Lincoln 6818:Suffolk 6763:England 6447:2413494 6022:4025837 5973:3099865 4238:: 647. 4214:. 1907. 3929:Hansard 3079:19 June 1888:(1209). 1813:Annales 1672:Of the 1444:route. 1312:in his 1179:de jure 948:15 July 886:30 July 870:20 July 862:27 June 842:13 June 783:4 April 634:21 June 585:King's 579:London 576:Durham 388:Chapter 257:college 182:studium 129:founded 10048:Chairs 9967:Castle 9950:Places 9897:Sports 9582:People 9084:People 8466:People 8359:Campus 7613:Bangor 7525:Dundee 7497:Ulster 7460:Sussex 7455:Surrey 7445:Solent 7405:Oxford 7380:Exeter 7194:Durham 7169:Bolton 7113:Newman 6943:Brunel 6872:King's 6828:London 6687: 6454: 6444: 6312: 6226: 6195: 6168: 6139: 6090: 6036: 6028: 6020: 5979: 5971: 5913: 5884: 5848: 5791: 5694: 5315: 5264: 4626:Oxford 4582:Durham 4549: 4519: 3889: 3582:(1879) 3209: 2786:26 May 2310: 2237: 2185: 2154: 2127: 1882:Oxford 1805:London 1654:Durham 1646:France 1624:, the 1541:Oxford 1252:Oxford 1208:Oxford 1057:Oxford 934:8 June 920:1 June 735:4 July 547:, the 238:After 226:, but 199:castle 10099:Other 9770:Music 9675:South 9448:Inkha 9406:Other 9361:Other 9117:Dean: 8749:Other 8540:Other 8268:Other 7836:HEFCE 7826:HEFCW 7737:Arden 7600:Wales 7318:South 7219:Leeds 7162:North 7093:Keele 7083:Derby 7053:Aston 6936:Other 6887:LSHTM 6803:Essex 6464:1957. 6430:(PDF) 6378:(PDF) 6367:(PDF) 6342:(PDF) 6331:(PDF) 6034:S2CID 6018:JSTOR 5977:S2CID 5969:JSTOR 5629:(PDF) 5622:(PDF) 4834:2015. 4162:8 May 4127:8 May 4092:8 May 3070:(PDF) 2921:(PDF) 2914:(PDF) 2739:(PDF) 2649:(PDF) 1869:Notes 1749:UMIST 1642:Douai 1261:1571 1247:1571 1095:Dod's 986:1839 973:1838 916:1837 895:1836 824:1835 765:1834 748:1833 731:1832 686:1831 672:1830 655:1829 624:1828 607:1827 590:1826 573:Year 505:, in 332:HEFCE 175:from 9914:MCCU 9655:Grey 7921:List 7883:UCAS 7757:Open 7400:Kent 7330:Bath 7304:York 7254:LSTM 7209:Hull 6922:SOAS 6715:2015 6685:ISBN 6662:2016 6640:2016 6618:2016 6596:2015 6571:2016 6549:2016 6527:2016 6487:2015 6452:PMID 6412:2015 6386:2015 6350:2015 6310:PMID 6273:2016 6224:ISBN 6193:ISBN 6166:ISBN 6137:ISBN 6114:help 6088:ISBN 6026:PMID 5911:ISBN 5882:ISBN 5846:ISBN 5789:ISBN 5768:2015 5692:ISBN 5637:2014 5453:2014 5431:2014 5384:2015 5339:help 5313:ISBN 5288:help 5262:ISBN 5182:2015 5154:help 5117:2018 5090:2016 5041:2015 5016:2015 4938:2015 4910:2015 4628:and 4547:ISBN 4517:ISBN 4475:2016 4383:2017 4164:2016 4129:2016 4094:2016 4062:2015 4034:2012 3979:2014 3957:2014 3913:help 3887:ISBN 3830:2015 3801:2021 3775:–80. 3564:2015 3543:2015 3521:2015 3498:2015 3445:2015 3405:2015 3379:2006 3345:2014 3319:2015 3293:2015 3207:ISBN 3182:2015 3152:2014 3130:2014 3081:2024 3053:2014 3027:2015 2997:2015 2972:2015 2929:2014 2893:2021 2865:2006 2788:2007 2751:2023 2722:2021 2697:2014 2675:2014 2623:2015 2597:2015 2571:2015 2487:2015 2445:2015 2419:2015 2387:2015 2359:help 2308:ISBN 2235:ISBN 2183:ISBN 2152:ISBN 2125:ISBN 2101:2017 2076:2017 2032:2017 1978:2017 1774:and 1772:Bede 1691:The 1676:and 1381:and 1258:1248 1255:1116 1244:1231 1241:1209 1210:nor 582:UCL 251:and 137:est. 96:The 9765:Law 7747:Law 7742:BPP 6927:UCL 6882:LSE 6442:PMC 6300:doi 6010:doi 5961:doi 5838:doi 3879:doi 3074:KCL 2743:UCL 1811:'s 1684:or 1636:of 1598:of 1344:in 1278:OED 992:May 390:of 222:in 10189:: 7797:; 7793:; 7789:; 7785:; 6587:. 6460:: 6450:. 6438:20 6436:. 6432:. 6402:. 6369:. 6333:. 6308:. 6294:. 6290:. 6232:. 6201:. 6106:: 6104:}} 6100:{{ 6064:21 6062:. 6058:. 6040:. 6032:. 6024:. 6016:. 6004:. 5992:^ 5983:. 5975:. 5967:. 5957:36 5955:. 5938:11 5854:. 5844:. 5797:. 5719:14 5554:11 5552:. 5548:. 5537:^ 5527:. 5403:. 5392:^ 5375:. 5362:^ 5331:: 5329:}} 5325:{{ 5307:. 5280:: 5278:}} 5274:{{ 5256:. 5242:^ 5232:. 5226:. 5146:: 5144:}} 5140:{{ 5107:. 5080:. 5062:. 5058:. 5032:. 5006:. 4981:. 4962:. 4958:. 4940:. 4929:. 4912:. 4901:. 4876:. 4849:. 4820:. 4816:. 4797:. 4793:. 4774:. 4770:. 4734:. 4728:. 4710:. 4706:. 4652:. 4648:. 4600:. 4555:. 4531:^ 4515:. 4511:. 4463:. 4446:. 4438:. 4419:. 4409:. 4389:. 4365:. 4347:56 4345:. 4341:. 4319:. 4286:. 4278:. 4232:. 4210:. 4192:52 4170:. 4154:. 4135:. 4119:. 4100:. 4084:. 4064:. 4050:. 3931:, 3921:^ 3905:: 3903:}} 3899:{{ 3885:. 3865:^ 3842:^ 3781:^ 3773:77 3757:^ 3745:. 3734:^ 3726:82 3701:. 3421:. 3395:. 3365:. 3361:. 3327:^ 3301:^ 3275:^ 3265:. 3237:^ 3201:. 3172:. 3160:^ 3106:^ 3072:. 3043:. 3013:. 2988:. 2948:. 2883:. 2851:. 2741:. 2705:^ 2631:^ 2613:. 2453:^ 2409:. 2377:. 2351:: 2349:}} 2345:{{ 2337:. 2322:^ 2286:^ 2264:^ 2197:^ 2177:. 2109:^ 2084:^ 2052:. 1964:. 1921:^ 1815:. 1349:v 1139:, 1049:. 558:, 433:" 9563:e 9556:t 9549:v 8894:e 8887:t 8880:v 8007:) 8003:( 7955:e 7948:t 7941:v 7838:) 7834:( 7801:) 7781:( 6747:e 6740:t 6733:v 6717:. 6693:. 6664:. 6642:. 6620:. 6598:. 6573:. 6551:. 6529:. 6489:. 6458:. 6414:. 6388:. 6352:. 6316:. 6302:: 6296:9 6275:. 6174:. 6145:. 6116:) 6096:. 6012:: 6006:8 5963:: 5940:. 5919:. 5890:. 5840:: 5770:. 5721:. 5700:. 5639:. 5607:. 5573:. 5531:. 5512:. 5495:. 5475:. 5455:. 5433:. 5407:. 5386:. 5341:) 5321:. 5290:) 5270:. 5184:. 5156:) 5136:. 5119:. 5092:. 5043:. 5018:. 4632:. 4525:. 4477:. 4327:. 4194:. 4036:. 3981:. 3959:. 3915:) 3895:. 3881:: 3836:. 3807:. 3728:. 3707:. 3566:. 3545:. 3523:. 3500:. 3447:. 3407:. 3381:. 3347:. 3334:, 3321:. 3295:. 3215:. 3184:. 3154:. 3132:. 3083:. 3055:. 3029:. 2999:. 2974:. 2952:. 2931:. 2899:. 2867:. 2790:. 2753:. 2724:. 2699:. 2677:. 2625:. 2599:. 2573:. 2489:. 2447:. 2425:. 2393:. 2361:) 2316:. 2243:. 2191:. 2160:. 2133:. 2103:. 2078:. 2056:. 2034:. 1980:. 1583:— 431:' 135:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index