Hideki Tojo - Knowledge

1618:. The purpose of the Meiji educational system was to train the boys to be soldiers as adults, and the message was relentlessly drilled into Japanese students that war was the most beautiful thing in the entire world, the emperor was a living god, and the greatest honor for a Japanese man was to die for the emperor. Japanese girls were taught that the highest honor for a woman was to have as many sons as possible who could die for the emperor in war. As a boy, Tojo was known for his stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor, and tenacious way of pursuing what he wanted. He was an opinionated and combative youth who was fond of getting into fights with other boys. Japanese schools in the Meiji era were very competitive, and there was no tradition of sympathy for those who failed, who were often bullied by the teachers. Those who knew him during his formative years deemed him to be of only average intelligence. However, he was known to compensate for his observed lack of intellect with a willingness to work extremely hard. Tojo's boyhood hero was the 17th-century shogun 2498:("the way of the warrior") would give them the edge as the Japanese longed to die for the Emperor, while the Americans were afraid to die, but superior American pilot training and airplanes meant the Japanese were hopelessly outclassed by the Americans. With Saipan in American hands, the Americans could take other islands in the Marianas to build airbases. The establishment of American bases in the Marianas meant the cities of Japan were within the range of B-29 Superfortress bombers and the British historian H. P. Willmott noted that "even the most hard-headed of the Japanese militarists could dimly perceive that Japan would be at the end of her tether in that case". As the news of the disastrous defeat suffered at Saipan reached Japan, it turned elite opinion against the Tojo government. The Emperor himself was furious about the defeat at Saipan; had called a meeting of the Board of Field Marshals and Fleet Admirals to consider whether it might be possible to recapture Saipan; and 2084:," as it is known in Japan, made it clear the United States would not recognise the puppet government of Wang Jingwei as the government of China but strongly implied that the United States might recognise the "Empire of Manchukuo" and did not impose a deadline for the Japanese withdrawal from China. On November 27, 1941, Tojo chose to misrepresent the "Hull note" to the Cabinet as an "ultimatum to Japan," which was incorrect as it did not have a timeline for its acceptance and was marked "tentative" in the opening sentence, which is inconsistent with an ultimatum. The claim that the Americans had demanded in the "Hull note" Japanese withdrawal from all of China, instead of just the parts that they had occupied since 1937, as well as the claim the note was an ultimatum, was used as one of the principal excuses for choosing war with the United States. On December 1, another conference finally sanctioned the "war against the United States, England, and the Netherlands." 2347:, as the political purpose of the operation was to provoke a general uprising against British rule in India that might allow the Japanese to take all of India. The roads necessary to properly supply the 150,000 Japanese soldiers committed to invading India would turn into mud when the monsoons arrived, giving the Japanese a very short period of time to break through. The Japanese were counting on capturing food from the British to feed their army, assuming that all of India would rise up when the Japanese arrived and thereby cause the collapse of the Raj. The Japanese brought along with them enough food to last for only 20 days; after that, they would have to capture food from the British to avoid starving. Bose had impressed Tojo at their meetings as the best man to inspire an anti-British revolution in India. 2226:

was not a joint chiefs of staff as existed in the United States and United Kingdom, but rather two separate services command operating under the same roof who would meet about twice a week to attempt to agree on a common strategy. The Operations Bureaus of the Army and Navy would develop their own plans and then attempt to "sell them" to the other, which was often not possible. Tojo was one voice out of many speaking at the Imperial GHQ, and was not able to impose his will on the Navy with which he had to negotiate as if he were dealing with an ally. The American historian Stanley Falk described the Japanese system as characterized by "bitter inter-service antagonisms" as the Army and Navy worked "at cross-purposes", observing the Japanese system of command was "uncoordinated, ill-defined and inefficient."

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1942, Tojo, as Army Minister, was involved in drafting the regulations for taking "comfort women" from China, Japan (which included Taiwan and Korea at this time) and Manchukuo to the "South", as the Japanese called their conquests in South-East Asia, to ensure that the "comfort women" had the proper papers before departing. Until then the War Ministry required special permission to take "comfort women" without papers, and Tojo was tired of dealing with these requests. At the same time, Tojo, as the Army Minister, became involved in a clash with the Army chief of staff over whether to continue the battle of Guadalcanal or not. Tojo sacked the Operations office and his deputy at the general staff, who were opposed to withdrawing, and ordered the abandonment of the island.

2529:(elder statesmen) had advised the Emperor that Tojo needed to go after Saipan and further advised the Emperor against partial changes in the cabinet, demanding that the entire Tojo cabinet resign. Tojo, aware of the intrigues to bring him down, had sought the public approval of the Emperor, which was denied; the Emperor sent him a message to the effect that the man responsible for the disaster of Saipan was not worthy of his approval. Tojo suggested reorganizing his cabinet to regain Imperial approval, but was rebuffed again; the Emperor said the entire cabinet had to go. Once it was clear that Tojo no longer had the support of the Chrysanthemum Throne, Tojo's enemies had little trouble bringing down his government. The politically powerful Lord Privy Seal, Marquis 2363: 2230: 1933:

ultra-nationalist who was well respected for his work ethic and his ability to handle paperwork. He believed that the emperor was a living god and favored "direct imperial rule;" that ensured that he would faithfully follow any order from the emperor. Konoe favored having Germany mediate an end to the Sino-Japanese War, pressured Britain to end its economic and military support of China even at the risk of war, sought better relations with both Germany and the United States, and took advantage of the changes in the international order caused by Germany's victories in the spring of 1940 to make Japan a stronger power in Asia. Konoe wanted to make Japan the dominant power in East Asia, but he also believed it was possible to negotiate a

1987:: "There seems little hope in the present situation for the Japan-U.S. negotiations. This time, if hostilities erupt, I have to issue a declaration of war." During the last cabinet meetings of the Konoe government, Tojo emerged as a hawkish voice, saying he did not want a war with the United States but portrayed the Americans as arrogant, bullying, white supremacists. He said that any compromise solution would only encourage them to make more extreme demands on Japan, in which case Japan might be better off choosing war to uphold national honor. Despite saying he favored peace, Tojo had often declared at cabinet meetings that any withdrawal from French Indochina and/or China would be damaging to military morale and might threaten the 3252: 3237: 2562: 2445: 2051:

nevertheless accepted the order and pledged to obey. According to Colonel Akiho Ishii, a member of the Army General Staff, the newly appointed prime minister showed a true sense of loyalty to the emperor performing the duty. For example, when Ishii received from Hirohito a communication saying the Army should drop the idea of stationing troops in China to counter the military operations of the Western powers, he wrote a reply for Tojo for his audience with the Emperor. Tojo then replied to Ishii: "If the Emperor said it should be so, then that's it for me. One cannot recite arguments to the Emperor. You may keep your finely phrased memorandum."

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Marianas. In late 1943, with the support of the Emperor, Tojo made a major effort to make peace with China to free up the 2 million Japanese soldiers in China for operations elsewhere, but the unwillingness of the Japanese to give up any of their "rights and interests" in China doomed the effort. China was by far the largest theater of operations for Japan, and with the Americans steadily advancing in the Pacific, Tojo was anxious to end the quagmire of the "China affair" to redeploy Japanese forces. In an attempt to enlist support from all of Asia, especially China, Tojo opened the

1809:; emphasized "spirit" as the principal war-winning factor; and despite advocating socialist policies at home wanted to invade the Soviet Union. The Control faction, while being willing to use assassination to achieve its goals, was more willing to work within the system to achieve reforms; wanted to create the "national defense state" to mobilize the entire nation before going to war and, while not rejecting the idea of "spirit" as a war-winning factor, also saw military modernization as a war-winning factor and the United States as a future enemy just as much as the Soviet Union. 1739:

creating the "national defense state" to mobilize the entire nation for war. In his essay Tojo wrote "The modern war of national defense extends over a great many areas" requiring "a state that can monolithically control" all aspects of the nation in the political, social and economic spheres. Tojo attacked Britain, France and the United States for waging "ideological war" against Japan since 1919. Tojo ended his essay stating that Japan must stand tall "and spread its own moral principles to the world" as the "cultural and ideological war of the 'imperial way' is about to begin".

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world be assured. Therefore, with respect to my trial, it is my intention to speak frankly, according to my recollection, even though when the vanquished stands before the victor, who has over him the power of life and death, he may be apt to toady and flatter. I mean to pay considerable attention to this in my actions, and say to the end that what is true is true and what is false is false. To shade one's words in flattery to the point of untruthfulness would falsify the trial and do incalculable harm to the nation, and great care must be taken to avoid this.

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for the "peace faction" was that: "Tojo was an embodiment of 'mainstream opinion' within the nation, the armed services and particularly the Army. Tojo had powerful support, and by Japanese standards, he was not extreme." Tojo was more of a follower than a leader, and he represented mainstream opinion in the Army, and so his removal from office would not mean the end of the political ambitions of an Army still fanatically committed to victory or death. The

2093: 113: 825: 1743: 3084: 2976: 2473:. On July 5, 1944, the Emperor accepted Tojo's advice to end the invasion of India as 72,000 Japanese soldiers had been killed in battle. A similar number had starved to death or died of diseases as the logistics to support an invasion of India were lacking, once the monsoons turned the roads of Burma into impassable mud. Of the 150,000 Japanese soldiers who had participated in the March invasion of India, most were dead by July 1944. 1833:, Tojo ordered the arrest of all officers in the Kwantung Army suspected of supporting the coup attempt in Tokyo. In the aftermath, the Tōseiha faction purged the Army of radical officers, and the coup leaders were tried and executed. After the purge, Tōseiha and Kōdōha elements were unified in their nationalist but highly anti-political stance under the banner of the Tōseiha military clique, which included Tojo as one of its leaders. 1696:, which was passed by the US Congress. It banned all Asian immigration into the United States, with many representatives and senators openly saying the act was necessary because the Asians worked harder than whites. He wrote with bitterness at the time that American whites would never accept Asians as equals: "It shows how the strong will always put their own interests first. Japan, too, has to be strong to survive in the world." 2598: 2730: 2548:, as he was popular among the Navy, the diplomatic corps, the bureaucracy and the "peace faction". However, Yonai refused to serve, fearing that a prime minister who attempted to make peace with the Americans might be assassinated, as many Army officers were still committed to victory or death and regarded any talk of peace as treason. He stated that only another general could serve as prime minister, and recommended General 2203:," as the entire elite was caught up in a state of hubris, believing Japan was invincible and the war was as good as won. By May 1942, Tojo approved a set of "non-negotiable" demands to be presented once the Allies sued for peace that allowed Japan to keep everything it already conquered while assuming possession of considerably more. Under such demands, Japan would assume control of the following territories: 2570: 1677:(Defense State), an idea that was taken up by the Japanese military as the "national defense state." In 1922, on his way home to Japan, he took a train ride across the United States, his first and only visit to North America, which left him with the impression that the Americans were a materialistic soft people devoted only to making money and to hedonistic pursuits like sex, partying, and (despite 1673:. He served as Japanese military attache to Germany between 1919 and 1922. As the Imperial Japanese Army had been trained by a German military mission in the 19th century, the Japanese Army was always very strongly influenced by intellectual developments in the German Army, and Tojo was no exception. In the 1920s, the German military favored preparing for the next war by creating a totalitarian 1656: 42: 1685:

children. A stern, humorless man, he was known for his brusque manner, his obsession with etiquette, and for his coldness. Like almost all Japanese officers at the time, he routinely slapped the faces of the men under his command when giving orders. He said that face-slapping was a "means of training" men who came from families that were not part of the samurai caste and for whom

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Privy Seal Kido resolved the confusion by declaring that Koiso was the prime minister. Two days after Tojo resigned, the Emperor gave him an imperial rescript offering him unusually lavish praise for his "meritorious services and hard work" and declaring "Hereafter we expect you to live up to our trust and make even greater contributions to military affairs".

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were to be both a "father" and a "mother" to the men under their command. Tojo often visited the homes of the men under his command, assisted his men with personal problems, and made loans to officers short of money. Like many other Japanese officers, he disliked Western cultural influence in Japan, which was often disparaged as resulting in the

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matters stand now we can merely keep silent and without the least effort war will begin." Tojo's first speech on the radio made a call for "world peace", but also stated his determination to settle the "China Affair" on Japanese terms and to achieve the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" that would unite all of the Asian nations together.

2187:" from Taiwan to Borneo without identification papers (his approval was necessary as Army rules forbade people without identification traveling to the new conquests). The Japanese historian Yoshiaki Yoshimi noted that document proves that Tojo knew and approved of the "comfort women" corps. On April 18, 1942, the Americans staged the 1601:, the caste system was abolished in 1871, but the former caste distinctions in many ways persisted afterwards, which ensured that those from the former samurai caste continued to enjoy their traditional prestige. The Tojo family came from the samurai caste though the Tojos were relatively lowly warrior retainers for the great 2585:

ordered the arrest of forty individuals suspected of war crimes, including Tojo. Five American GIs were sent to serve the arrest warrant. As American soldiers surrounded Tojo's house on September 11, he shot himself in the chest with a pistol, but missed his heart. As a result of this experience, the

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handed Ambassador Nomura and Kurusu Saburo in Washington a "draft mutual declaration of policy" and "Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement between the United States and Japan." Hull proposed that Japan "withdraw all military, naval, air and police forces" from China and French Indochina in exchange

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By 1928, he was bureau chief of the Japanese Army and was shortly thereafter promoted to colonel. He began to take an interest in militarist politics during his command of the 8th Infantry Regiment. Reflecting the imagery often used in Japan to describe people in power, he told his officers that they

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and invaded India. Tojo had some doubts about Operation U-Go, but it was ordered by the Emperor himself, and Tojo was unwilling to oppose any decision of the Emperor. Despite the Japanese Pan-Asian rhetoric and claim to be liberating India, the Indian people did not revolt and the Indian soldiers of

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wrote that Tojo was a "dictator" only in the narrow sense that from September 1942 on, he was generally able to impose his will on the Cabinet without seeking a consensus, but at the same time noted that Tojo's authority was based upon the support of the Emperor, who held ultimate power. In November

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While Tojo was prime minister, the main forum for military decision-making was the Imperial General Headquarters presided over by the Emperor. It consisted of the Army and Navy ministers; the Army and Navy chiefs of staff; and chiefs of the military affairs bureaus in both services. The Imperial GHQ

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and planned to buy Macau and East Timor from Portugal and to create new puppet kingdoms in Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaya. As the Burmese had proved to be enthusiastic collaborators in the "New Order in Asia," the new Burmese kingdom would be allowed to annex much of

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explained in detail the Pearl Harbor attack plan to Hirohito. The eventual plan drawn up by Army and Navy Chiefs of Staff envisaged such a mauling of the Western powers that Japanese defense perimeter lines, operating on interior lines of communications and inflicting heavy Western casualties, could

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The prevailing opinion within the Japanese Army at that time was that continued negotiations could be dangerous. However, Hirohito thought that he might be able to control extreme opinions in the army by using the charismatic and well-connected Tojo, who had expressed reservations regarding war with

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Tojo boasted that his only hobby was his work, and he customarily brought home his paperwork to work late into the night and refused to have any part in raising his children, which he viewed both as a distraction from his work and a woman's work. He had his wife do all the work of taking care of his

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who had mediated the Treaty of Portsmouth had cheated Japan out of its rightful gains. Tojo's anger at the Treaty of Portsmouth left him with an abiding dislike of Americans. In 1909, he married Katsuko Ito, with whom he had three sons (Hidetake, Teruo, and Toshio) and four daughters (Mitsue, Makie,

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As he bled, Tojo began to talk, and two Japanese reporters recorded his words: "I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die. The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous. I am very sorry for the nation and all the races of the Greater Asiatic powers. I wait for the righteous judgment of

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Tojo expected that a major American defeat in the Marianas combined with the conquest of China and India would so stun the Americans that they would sue for peace. By this point, Tojo no longer believed the war aims of 1942 could be achieved, but he believed that his plans for victory in 1944 would

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In September 1943, the Emperor and Tojo agreed that Japan would pull back to an "absolute defense line" in the south-west Pacific to stem the American advance, and considered abandoning Rabaul base, but changed their minds in face of objections from the Navy. In November 1943, the American public's

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to music, featuring the lyrics "Across the sea, corpses soaking in the water, Across the mountains corpses heaped up in the grass, We shall die by the side of our lord, We shall never look back". Tojo continued to hold the position of army minister during his term as prime minister from October 17,

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The sustained intensity of this campaign to protect the Emperor was revealed when, in testifying before the tribunal on December 31, 1947, Tojo momentarily strayed from the agreed-upon line concerning imperial innocence and referred to the Emperor's ultimate authority. The American-led prosecution

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itself was destroyed. Tojo had been so demonized in the United States during the war that, for the American people, Tojo was the face of Japanese militarism, and it was inconceivable that the United States would make peace with a government headed by Tojo. Willmott noted that an additional problem

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complained to the Emperor about being fired and having the Prime Minister run the General Staff, the Emperor told him he supported Tojo. Tojo's major concern as Army Chief of Staff was planning the operations in China and India, with less time given over to the coming battles in the Marianas. Tojo

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Of course His Majesty is a pacifist, and there is no doubt he wished to avoid war. When I told him that to initiate war is a mistake, he agreed. But the next day, he would tell me: "You were worried about it yesterday, but you do not have to worry so much." Thus, gradually, he began to lean toward

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By 1940, Konoe, who had started the war with China in 1937, no longer believed that a military solution to the "China Affair" was possible and instead favored having Germany mediate an end to the war that would presumably result in a pro-Japanese peace settlement, but would be less than he himself

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According to the written report of Shūichi Mizota, interpreter for Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, Fellers met the two men at his office on March 6, 1946, and told Yonai: "It would be most convenient if the Japanese side could prove to us that the Emperor is completely blameless. I think the forthcoming

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It is natural that I should bear entire responsibility for the war in general, and, needless to say, I am prepared to do so. Consequently, now that the war has been lost, it is presumably necessary that I be judged so that the circumstances of the time can be clarified and the future peace of the

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the Imperial Navy suffered a crushing defeat. The first day of the Battle of the Philippine Sea, June 19, 1944, was dubbed by the Americans "the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot", as over the course of the dogfights in the air, the US Navy lost 30 planes while shooting down about 350 Imperial Japanese

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as the Navy Chief of Staff, for incompetence. The Americans had penetrated 2,100 km (1,300 miles) beyond the "absolute defense line" at Truk, and Tojo, senior generals and admirals all blamed each other for the situation. To strengthen his position in face of criticism of the way the war was

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led Tojo to view Tarawa as a sort of Japanese victory, believing that more battles like Tarawa would break American morale, and force the U.S. to sue for peace. Moreover, Tojo believed that the Americans would become bogged down in the Marshalls, giving more time to strengthen the defenses in the

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For the past six months, ever since April, the foreign minister has made painstaking efforts to adjust relations. Although I respect him for that, we remain deadlocked ... The heart of the matter is the imposition on us of withdrawal from Indochina and China ... If we yield to America's

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who issued the injunction: "Avoid the things you like, turn your attention to unpleasant duties." Tojo liked to say, "I am just an ordinary man possessing no shining talents. Anything I have achieved I owe to my capacity for hard work and never giving up." In 1899, Tojo enrolled in the Army Cadet

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in his place. At a conference with the Emperor, Koiso and Yonai were told to co-operate in forming a new government, but not told which of them was to become prime minister. As the Emperor was worshiped as a living god, neither man felt able to directly ask him who was to take the position. Lord

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insisted on executing the eight American fliers but was opposed by Tojo, who feared that the Americans would retaliate against Japanese prisoners-of-war if the Doolittle fliers were executed. The dispute was resolved by the emperor, who commuted the death sentences of five fliers but allowed the

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After being informed of Tojo's appointment, Prince Takamatsu wrote in his diary: "We have finally committed to war and now must do all we can to launch it powerfully. But we have clumsily telegraphed our intentions. We needn't have signaled what we're going to do; having resign was too much. As

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was said to be the only person who could control the Army and the Navy and was recommended by Konoe and Tojo as Konoe's replacement. Hirohito rejected this option, arguing that a member of the imperial family should not have to eventually carry the responsibility for a war against the West as a

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in November 1943, which issued a set of Pan-Asian war aims, which made little impression on most Asians. On January 9, 1944, Japan signed a treaty with the puppet Wang regime under which Japan gave up its extraterritorial rights in China as part of a bid to win Chinese public opinion over to a

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in charge of Manchukuo's economy. Though Tojo regarded preparing for a war against the Soviet Union as his first duty, Tojo also supported the forward policy in Northern China, as the Japanese sought to extend their influence into China. As chief of staff, Tojo was responsible for the military

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had given the Japanese superior willpower as the Japanese did not fear death unlike the Russians who wanted to live, and what was needed to win the inevitable next war (against precisely whom the book did not say) was to repeat the example of the Russian-Japanese war on a much greater scale by

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The Emperor summoned Tojo to the Imperial Palace one day before Tojo took office. After being informed of his appointment, Tojo was given one order from the Emperor: to make a policy review of what had been sanctioned by the Imperial Conferences. Despite being vocally on the side of war, Tojo

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For years, there was mystery surrounding the fate of Tojo's remains. In 2021, the fate of his remains were declassified and published by the US Army: after his execution, Tojo's body was cremated and his ashes were scattered over the Pacific Ocean approximately 30 miles (48 km) east of

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regime and remained in that post in the third Konoe cabinet. Prince Konoe had chosen Tojo, a man representative of both the Army's hardline views and the Control faction with whom he was considered reasonable to deal, to secure the Army's backing for his foreign policy. Tojo was a militant

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on February 18, 1944, forcing the Imperial Navy back to the Marianas (the oil to fuel ships and planes operating in the Marshalls, Caroline and Gilbert islands went up in smoke at Truk). This breach of the "absolute defense line", five months after its creation, led Tojo to fire Admiral

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wrote in his diary "he flares up frequently". Tojo was the prime minister, minister of the army and chief of the army general staff, and was seen both in Japan and in the US as, in words of Willmott, "the embodiment of national determination, hardline nationalism and militarism".

2257:) and threatened to resign in protest. Tojo went to see the Emperor, who backed the Prime Minister's plans for the Greater East Asia Ministry, and on September 1, 1942, Tojo told the cabinet he was establishing the Greater East Asia Ministry and could not care less about how the 1945:

had outlined in the "Konoe programme" of January 1938. For this reason, Konoe wanted Tojo, a tough general whose ultra-nationalism was beyond question, to provide "cover" for his attempt to seek a diplomatic solution to the war with China. Tojo was a strong supporter of the

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Upon graduating from the Japanese Military Academy (ranked 10th of 363 cadets) in March 1902, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry of the IJA. In 1918–19, he briefly served in Siberia as part of the Japanese expeditionary force sent to intervene in the

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lead to a compromise peace that he could present as a victory to the Japanese people. By serving as prime minister, Army Minister and Army Chief of Staff, Tojo took on nearly all of the responsibility; if plans for victory in 1944 failed, he would have no scapegoat.

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to be prepared to return to Japan on a moment's notice, should negotiations succeed. Two days later, on November 5, Hirohito approved the operations plan for a war against the West and continued to hold meetings with the military and Tojo until the end of the month.

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war. And the next time I met him, he leaned even more toward war. In short, I felt the Emperor was telling me: "My prime minister does not understand military matters, I know much more." In short, the Emperor had absorbed the views of the army and navy high commands.

1924:" as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, making him into the Emperor's leading political advisor and fixer. Kido had aided in the creation in the 1930s of an alliance between the "reform bureaucrats" and the Army's "Control" faction centered on Tojo and General 2644:

that was either directly perpetrated or condoned by the Japanese military and government with a significant portion of them occurring during Tojo's rule of the military. One source attributes 5 million civilian deaths to Tojo's rule of the military.

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defeat would ruin the prestige of the House of Yamato. Following the advice of Kōichi Kido, he chose instead Tojo, who was known for his devotion to the imperial institution. By tradition, the Emperor needed a consensus among the elder statesmen or "

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from 1941 to 1944 during World War II. He assumed several more positions including chief of staff of the Imperial Army before ultimately being removed from power in July 1944. Throughout his years in power, his leadership was marked by widespread

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and found guilty of, among other actions, waging wars of aggression; war in violation of international law; unprovoked or aggressive war against various nations; and ordering, authorizing, and permitting inhumane treatment of prisoners of war.

1734:), a book published in March 1934 by the Army Ministry calling for Japan to become a totalitarian "national defense state". This book of fifteen essays by senior generals argued that Japan had defeated Russia in the war of 1904–05 because 2037:

pushed for Tojo. The result was a compromise where Tojo would become prime minister while "re-examining" the options for dealing with the crisis with the United States, though no promise was made Tojo would attempt to avoid a war.

1704:("eroticism, grotesquerie and nonsense") movement as he complained about such forms of "Western decadence" like young couples holding hands and kissing in public, which were undermining traditional values necessary to uphold the 2744:. The grave is said to have been created by stealing parts of Tojo's body that supporters were supposed to cremate and scatter in the Pacific Ocean. Seven other Class A war criminals are also buried in the same grave, including 2677:. In his final statement, he apologized for the atrocities committed by the Japanese military and urged the American military to show compassion toward the Japanese people, who had suffered devastating air attacks and the two 2252:

objected quite violently on August 29, 1942, to the Prime Minister's plan to establish a Greater East Asia Ministry to handle relations with the puppet regimes in Asia as an insult to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (the

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In the early years of the war, Tojo had popular support as Japanese forces moved from one victory to another. In March 1942, in his capacity as army minister he gave permission for the Japanese Army in Taiwan to ship 50

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In the Southwest Pacific, the Japanese forces in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands would stay on the defensive and try to slow down the American, Australian, and New Zealand forces for as long as possible. Knowing of

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factions were militaristic groups that favored a policy of expansionism abroad and dictatorship under the Emperor at home, but differed over the best way of achieving these goals. The Imperial Way faction wanted a

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was to seize the Manipour and Assam provinces with the aim of cutting off American aid to China (the railroad that supplied the American air bases in north-east India that allowed for supplies to be flown over

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criticize the work done by General MacArthur and his staff to exonerate Emperor Hirohito and all members of the imperial family from criminal prosecutions. According to them, MacArthur and Brigadier General

2248:, with the tide of war turning against Japan, Tojo faced increasing opposition within the government and military. In August–September 1942, a major crisis gripped the Tojo cabinet when the Foreign Minister 1828:

himself was outraged at the attacks on his close advisors, and after a brief political crisis and stalling on the part of a sympathetic military, the rebels were forced to surrender. As the commander of the

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whereby he led military operations against the Chinese in Inner Mongolia and the Chahar-Suiyan provinces. By July 1940, he was appointed minister of the army in the Japanese government led by Prime Minister

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on the United States and its European allies. Upon being appointed prime minister on 17 October 1941, he oversaw the Empire of Japan's decision to go to war as well as its ensuing conquest of much of

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Materials on Disposal of the War Criminals’ Bodies Executed as a Result of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Possession of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration

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had been plotting to bring down the Tojo government since the spring of 1943, and their principal problem had been the support of the Emperor, who did not wish to lose his favorite prime minister.

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for resolving the situation diplomatically. On October 14, the deadline had passed with no progress. Prime Minister Konoe then held his last cabinet meeting in which Tojo did most of the talking:

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refugees in accordance with Japanese national policy and rejected the resulting Nazi German protests. Tojo was recalled to Japan in May 1938 to serve as vice-minister of the army under

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On October 16, Konoe, politically isolated and convinced that the emperor no longer trusted him, resigned. Later, he justified himself to his chief cabinet secretary, Kenji Tomita:

859: 2207:

the British Crown colonies of India and Honduras as well as the British dominions of Australia, Australian New Guinea, Ceylon, New Zealand, British Columbia and the Yukon Territory

1991:; the "China Incident" could not be resolved via diplomacy and required a military solution; and attempting to compromise with the Americans would be seen as weakness by them. 2794:

A 1997 survey of university students in China asked, "When somebody talks about Japanese people, what person do you think of?" The answer that most gave was Tojo, reflecting

1848:" was, in reality, a Japanese colony in all but name, the Kwangtung Army's duties were just as much political as they were military. During this period, Tojo became close to 2628:

Crimes committed by Imperial Japan were responsible for the deaths of millions (some estimate between 3 million and 14 million) of civilians and prisoners of war through

2669:

41 days later on December 23, 1948, a week before his 64th birthday. Before his execution, he gave his military ribbons to one of his guards; they are on display at the

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When the Americans made the expected offensive into the Marianas, the Imperial Navy's Combined Fleet would fight a decisive battle of annihilation against the

2213:

most of Latin America including Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti and the rest of the West Indies.

2465:

stayed loyal to their British officers, and the invasion of India ended in complete disaster. The Japanese were defeated by the Anglo-Indian 14th Army at the

8929: 7194: 6189: 6140: 2609:. While there, he received a new set of dentures, made by an American dentist, into which the phrase "Remember Pearl Harbor" had been secretly drilled in 6544: 8939: 8984: 8964: 7836: 6434: 4803: 2617: 1928:. Kido's appointment also favored the rise of his allies in the Control faction. On July 30, 1940, Tojo was appointed army minister in the second 1552: 1382: 854: 645: 942: 2825: 2514:

After the Battle of Saipan, it was clear to at least some of the Japanese elite that the war was lost, and Japan needed to make peace before the

6272: 6260: 8889: 8285: 8216: 6243: 6238: 4995: 2930: 1547:

After the war's tide decisively turned against Japan, Tojo resigned as prime minister on 18 July 1944. Following his nation's surrender to the

844: 5097: 8226: 8015: 2787:. Tojo's second son, Teruo Tojo, who designed fighter and passenger aircraft during and after the war, eventually served as an executive at 2335:" of the Himalayas to China passed through these provinces). Cutting off American aid to China in turn might have had the effect of forcing 8730: 5055: 2430: 2436:(modern Indonesia), which was a relief from the Japanese viewpoint; the Dutch East Indies were rich in oil while the Philippines were not. 8979: 8040: 6504: 2191:, bombing Tokyo. Some of the American planes were shot down and their pilots taken prisoner. The Army General Staff led by Field Marshal 904: 462: 239: 9014: 7966: 2783:, who was a political hopeful who claimed Japan's war was one of self-defense and that it was unfair that her grandfather was judged a 1420: 8499: 8078: 6451: 2678: 2157: 8994: 8894: 7187: 4930: 3046:(July 7, 1937; Third Class: September 29, 1928; Fourth Class: June 25, 1920; Fifth Class: May 31, 1913; Sixth Class: April 1, 1906) 1607:(lords) that they had served for generations. Tojo's father was a samurai turned Army officer and his mother was the daughter of a 1377: 5425: 5401: 8909: 8435: 2196:

other three to die for reasons that remain unclear, as the documents relating to the emperor's intervention were burned in 1945.

1965:

in July 1941. In spite of its formal recognition of the Vichy government, the United States retaliated against Japan by imposing

1750:

Tojo was appointed commander of the IJA 24th Infantry Brigade in August 1934. In September 1935, Tojo assumed top command of the

1638:, which popular opinion had demanded. The Treaty of Portsmouth was so unpopular that it set off anti-American riots known as the 1387: 2199:

As the Japanese went from victory to victory, Tojo and the rest of the Japanese elite were gripped by what the Japanese called "

6537: 5034:"Veterans Can't Forget Hangings – Three North Carolina Men Remember Vividly the Day Seven Japanese War Criminals Were Executed" 3521: 1969:

in August, including a total embargo on oil and gasoline exports. On September 6, a deadline of early October was fixed in the

1938: 1107: 8974: 8949: 8331: 7956: 2709:

trials offer the best opportunity to do that. Tojo, in particular, should be made to bear all responsibility at this trial."

2449: 2429:'s personal obsession with returning to the Philippines, Tojo expected MacArthur to head for the Philippines rather than the 2062:

reported to Hirohito that the review had been in vain. The Emperor then gave his consent to war. The next day, Fleet Admiral

1978:

demands, it will destroy the fruits of the China incident. Manchukuo will be endangered and our control of Korea undermined.

7829: 7203: 6396: 6291: 4958: 4912: 3399: 3374: 2393: 2362: 2229: 2149: 1477: 839: 364: 3148: 879: 9009: 8954: 7180: 1983:

the West, but the emperor himself was skeptical that Tojo would be able to avoid conflict. On October 13, he declared to

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from a US Army aircraft on the afternoon of 23 December 1948, along with the ashes of six other Class-A war criminals.

1587:

on December 30, 1884, as the third son of Hidenori Tojo, a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army. Under the

967: 5212: 1780:, for his reputation of having a sharp and legalistic mind capable of quick decision-making. Tojo was a member of the 1536:

and the Pacific Islands in the early years of World War II. During the course of the war, Tojo presided over numerous

8919: 8559: 6530: 3187: 3167: 3023: 3005: 2322:

At the same time as he sought a diplomatic effort to end the war with China, Tojo also approved of the planning for

8569: 8529: 8440: 6557: 3127: 2795: 2773: 2462: 1678: 4828: 2878:

as a family man who single-handedly planned the war against America, and the film deals with his war crimes trial.

8989: 8628: 8221: 7983: 7971: 7822: 3202: 6197: 3251: 2119:

On December 8, 1941 (December 7 in the Americas), Tojo went on Japanese radio to announce that Japan was now at

2033:

regarding Prince Konoe's succession, Okada argued against Tojo's appointment while the powerful Lord Privy Seal

8999: 8969: 8807: 8745: 8633: 7961: 6222: 6117: 6075: 6024: 5889: 5557: 3105: 3001: 2670: 2222:

north-east India as a reward. The Navy, for its part, demanded that Japan take New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa.

1555:

in the Tokyo Trials, sentenced to death, and hanged on 23 December 1948. To this day, Tojo's complicity in the

982: 567: 441: 1413: 8643: 8596: 8539: 8424: 8337: 6472: 5703:

Falk, Stanley (December 1961). "Organization and Military Power: The Japanese High Command in World War II".

4780: 3236: 3134: 2882: 2586:

Army had medical personnel present during the later arrests of other accused Japanese war criminals, such as

2561: 2492:

planes, in one of the Imperial Navy's most humiliating defeats. The Japanese believed that indoctrination in

1954: 2807:, Tojo was portrayed as a national hero forced into war by the West and then executed after a rigged trial. 486: 8601: 8524: 8456: 8430: 8117: 3101: 3043: 2997: 2488: 2315: 2277: 2067:

not be breached. In addition, the Japanese fleet which attacked Pearl Harbor was under orders from Admiral

472: 2444: 8750: 8591: 8544: 8509: 8478: 7887: 6892: 6287: 3256: 2788: 2401:

decided to take the strategic offensive for 1944 with his plans to win the war in 1944 being as follows:

2097: 2017: 3116: 8586: 8450: 8445: 8418: 8308: 8252: 8199: 2339:

to sue for peace. Following the 15th Army into India in the U-Go offensive were the Indian nationalist

1881: 1639: 1247: 977: 8030: 2029:

was opposed to Tojo, it would be impolitic for the Emperor to appoint him. During the meetings of the

1567:

have firmly intertwined his legacy with the Empire of Japan's warmongering brutality during the early

8755: 8554: 8504: 7875: 3268: 3217: 2648: 2637: 1837: 962: 8899: 8765: 1593:, Japanese society was divided rigidly into four castes; the merchants, artisans, peasants, and the 1406: 816: 8735: 8348: 8177: 8073: 3241: 3197: 3066: 2986: 2851: 2838: 2350: 1885: 1556: 1358: 1330: 952: 947: 777: 584: 467: 446: 377: 8494: 4999: 3209: 2487:, about 70,000 Japanese soldiers, sailors, and civilians were killed in June–July 1944 and in the 9004: 8669: 8664: 8549: 8122: 6553: 6341: 3094: 3055: 2990: 2565:

Tojo lies limp in a chair with a gaping bullet wound under his heart after his attempted suicide.

2237: 1853: 1693: 1473: 864: 131: 64: 5063: 2641: 1337: 1292: 30: 8302: 7845: 5429: 3182: 1560: 1548: 1509: 1323: 1014: 899: 698:

Chinese, Korean, Indochinese, Indonesian, Malaysian, Fillipino, Australian, and other civilians

510: 52: 6035: 5626: 5223: 3861: 3278: 2867:

as a tyrant, and in an alternate history angle, stays prime minister until the end of the war.

2717:, a former general who testified at the trial and had close connections with chief prosecutor 1957:. As the army minister, he continued to expand the war against China. After negotiations with 1634:

and was seen by the Japanese people as a betrayal, as the war did not end with Japan annexing

8858: 8770: 8705: 8473: 8268: 8241: 8231: 8210: 8138: 7940: 7915: 7408: 7397: 6897: 6789: 6368: 5306: 5289: 2145: 2101: 1824:, both opposed the rebels who were associated with the rival "Imperial Way" faction. Emperor 7475: 7382: 6744: 6698: 8884: 8879: 8827: 8800: 8775: 8725: 8514: 8258: 8204: 8143: 7882: 7445: 6847: 6731: 5935: 2854:, Tojo is portrayed by Asao Uchida at various events leading up to the Pearl Harbor attack. 2784: 2521: 2480:, the largest Japanese offensive of the entire war, with the aim of taking southern China. 2344: 1813: 1788: 1627: 1486: 1048: 972: 869: 631: 574: 354: 6857: 6801: 6759: 2587: 2319:

pro-Japanese viewpoint, but as the treaty changed nothing in practice, the gambit failed.

1806: 1504:. He began his career in the Army in 1905 and steadily rose through the ranks to become a 1217: 1112: 8: 8853: 8534: 8390: 8378: 8366: 8342: 8236: 8193: 8035: 7988: 7778: 7517: 7495: 6626: 6608: 6388: 5318: 3141: 2943: 2383: 2371: 2340: 2301: 2249: 2008: 1537: 1240: 1097: 1009: 894: 635: 60: 8320: 7617: 6482: 2749: 1900: 1207: 8700: 8648: 8467: 8404: 8384: 8360: 8165: 8068: 7998: 7910: 7870: 7746: 7735: 7419: 6812: 6726: 5878: 5843: 5783: 5720: 2952: 2674: 2656:

Tojo accepted full responsibility for his actions during the war and made this speech:

2578: 1966: 1921: 1643: 1631: 1351: 1257: 655: 68: 7814: 7752: 7708: 7597: 7572: 7485: 7392: 7349: 7263: 7252: 7224: 6990: 6950: 6703: 6636: 6514: 5443:

Kunnian ruletti: korkeimmat ulkomaalaisille 1941–1944 annetut suomalaiset kunniamerkit

3050: 2714: 1849: 1297: 284: 8720: 8371: 8182: 8111: 7798: 7793: 7773: 7758: 7725: 7662: 7642: 7577: 7562: 7551: 7523: 7511: 7360: 7309: 7084: 7062: 7057: 7047: 7008: 6708: 6218: 6174: 6146: 6113: 6106: 6071: 6041: 6020: 5992: 5971: 5945: 5904: 5885: 5862: 5856: 5790: 5767: 5737: 5682: 5658: 5632: 5611: 5572: 5553: 5527: 5503: 5497: 5446: 5330: 5264: 4866: 4836: 3790:"Tojo Hideki | Biography, Early Years, World War II, Facts, & Death | Britannica" 2913: 2846: 2803: 2582: 2477: 2433: 2426: 2323: 2176: 1701: 1670: 1608: 1598: 1454: 1282: 1227: 1172: 993: 562: 557: 7529: 7490: 7355: 7258: 6887: 6596: 5587: 4944: 2753: 2297: 1873:. In July 1937, he personally led the units of the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade in 1802: 8837: 8710: 8576: 8354: 8274: 8188: 8045: 8020: 7730: 7652: 7298: 7246: 7013: 6955: 6796: 6783: 6688: 6664: 6652: 6641: 6603: 6417: 6361: 5835: 5712: 3789: 2918: 2890: 2833: 2718: 2499: 2484: 2470: 2466: 2405: 2367: 2310: 2245: 2068: 2025:" before appointing a prime minister, and as long as former prime minister Admiral 1962: 1874: 1541: 1525: 1316: 1262: 1177: 1092: 1082: 849: 589: 72: 7803: 7480: 7465: 7440: 7366: 7315: 7286: 6522: 3522:"Japanese Hitler: Hideki Tojo – A Prime Minister Executed By The Hands Of The US!" 2875: 2210:

the American state of Washington and the American territories of Alaska and Hawaii

1817: 8461: 8326: 8171: 8025: 8003: 7976: 7894: 7714: 7692: 7672: 7607: 7545: 7534: 7460: 7414: 7387: 7269: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7042: 6945: 6902: 6867: 6806: 6619: 6590: 6566: 6497: 6324: 6283: 6247: 6064: 5988:

Hirohito and war: imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan

5986: 5761: 5676: 5521: 5326: 4886: 3038: 2864: 2859: 2769: 2629: 2545: 2397: 2336: 2327: 2293: 2200: 2192: 2172: 2055: 1946: 1619: 1505: 1252: 1062: 1037: 987: 957: 937: 320: 232: 7993: 7703: 7450: 7430: 7371: 7343: 7332: 7327: 7292: 7275: 7219: 7079: 7067: 6819: 6754: 6693: 6683: 6659: 6646: 6631: 6613: 6585: 6253: 4977: 4962: 4775: 3263: 3225: 2378:

In the central Pacific, the Americans destroyed the main Japanese naval base at

1344: 1192: 8760: 8679: 8638: 8519: 8314: 8052: 8010: 7698: 7612: 7567: 7557: 7540: 7338: 7304: 7138: 7114: 7104: 6960: 6940: 6935: 6872: 6852: 6444: 6334: 6136: 5517: 5466: 5123: 4961:. War Crimes Studies Center, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from 4829:"How the Army and the media broke up a Japanese war criminal's suicide attempt" 3062: 2821: 2702: 2693: 2534: 2457: 2418: 2411: 2355: 2272: 2188: 1937:

with the United States under which the Americans would agree to recognize the "

1929: 1889: 1866: 1857: 1533: 1529: 1518: 1482: 1222: 1202: 1197: 1187: 1152: 932: 344: 164: 7455: 7435: 6970: 6842: 6094: 4998:. Sigur Center for Asian Studies, George Washington University. Archived from 4731: 3058:(April 29, 1940; Second Class: April 29, 1934; Fourth Class: November 1, 1920) 2765: 2530: 2107: 2034: 1984: 1917: 1118: 8873: 8563: 8159: 7920: 7783: 7768: 7763: 7741: 7720: 7687: 7667: 7632: 7602: 7506: 7403: 7172: 7143: 7099: 7037: 6996: 6975: 6882: 6837: 6824: 6778: 6749: 6407: 6378: 6351: 6314: 6307: 6014: 5672: 5300: 5283: 4840: 2925: 2886: 2745: 2697: 2606: 2549: 2508: 2285: 2184: 2139: 2112: 2026: 1897: 1841: 1755: 1723: 1719: 1513: 1277: 1212: 909: 538: 336: 220: 183: 176: 22: 7677: 7657: 7032: 6830: 6674: 4802: 2908: 2761: 1925: 1762:. Politically, he was nationalist, and militarist, and was nicknamed "Razor" 8832: 8088: 8083: 7865: 7682: 7647: 7637: 7627: 7622: 7592: 7587: 7470: 7424: 7376: 7321: 7281: 7094: 7052: 7003: 6985: 6965: 6862: 6737: 6719: 6713: 4807: 3272: 3230: 2901: 2757: 2713:

immediately arranged that he be secretly coached to recant this testimony.

2504: 2388: 2379: 2289: 2233: 2218: 2076: 2063: 2059: 1958: 1950: 1903:. From December 1938 to 1940, Tojo was Inspector-General of Army Aviation. 1564: 1469: 1134: 1124: 1102: 579: 6926: 6769: 6066:

Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II

5098:"Scholar learns remains of Tojo, other war criminals scattered in Pacific" 2408:

would end the war with China, freeing up some 2 million Japanese soldiers.

2217:

Additionally, Tojo wanted all of China to be under the rule of the puppet

1580: 1568: 1528:

expansion into Asia and the Pacific, Tojo was an outspoken advocate for a

1497: 312: 112: 8812: 8740: 8674: 7214: 5382: 5367: 5349: 2935: 2897: 2741: 2705:

worked to protect the Emperor and shift ultimate responsibility to Tojo.

2265: 2168: 2120: 1970: 1961:, Japan was given permission to place its troops in the southern part of 1821: 1182: 1162: 1087: 1004: 874: 552: 5847: 5763:

Jews in the Japanese mind: the history and uses of a cultural stereotype

2721:, was used as an intermediary to persuade Tojo to revise his testimony. 1076: 914: 740: 8945:

People executed by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

8684: 7582: 7119: 7089: 7073: 7023: 6980: 5724: 5445:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 517. 3108: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2621: 2610: 2164: 2129: 2092: 1512:(IJA) by 1934. In March 1937, he was promoted to chief of staff of the 1267: 889: 625: 433: 316: 5941:

The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945

5124:"World War Two: Hideki Tojo's ashes scattered by US, documents reveal" 4863:

History's Monsters: 101 Villains from Vlad the Impaler to Adolf Hitler

1782: 884: 8715: 8279: 7788: 7129: 7109: 6576: 5928:

The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress

5839: 5826:

Kristof, Nicholas (November–December 1998). "The Problem of Memory".

5753:

Shōwa tennō no ju-go nen sensō (The Shōwa Emperor's Fifteen Year War)

3191: 2780: 2734: 2533:

spread the word that the Emperor no longer supported Tojo. After the

2081: 2080:

for lifting the oil embargo, but left the term China undefined. The "

1870: 1845: 1786:("Control Faction") in the Army that was opposed by the more radical 1759: 1751: 1742: 1615: 1272: 1167: 754: 5716: 3083: 2975: 2115:, an airfield south of Manila, for a state visit to the Philippines. 1603: 824: 8795: 5402:"There are more movies about Subhash Chandra Bose than ever before" 5388: 5355: 3245: 2779:

A number of his descendants survived, including his granddaughter,

2729: 2686: 2633: 2597: 2392:

going, on February 21, 1944, Tojo assumed the post of Chief of the

2332: 2121:

war with the United States, the British Empire, and the Netherlands

1825: 1392: 1287: 613: 152: 8935:

Japanese people convicted of the international crime of aggression

6171:

The King Whisperers: Power Behind the Throne from Rasputin to Rove

5734:

America's military adversaries: from colonial times to the present

2665:

Tojo was sentenced to death on November 12, 1948, and executed by

8397: 7935: 7930: 5371: 4736: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 3837: 3746: 2666: 2516: 2494: 2476:

In parallel with the invasion of India, in April 1944 Tojo began

2370:

in May 1943, following his assassination by American aircraft in

1706: 1686: 1635: 1594: 1493: 1069: 1055: 1042: 1032: 860:

League of Diet Members Supporting the Prosecution of the Holy War

528: 16:

Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944, convicted war criminal

5949: 2652:

Tojo before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

2544:

advised the Emperor to appoint a former prime minister, Admiral

1860:, the Deputy Minister of Industry in Manchukuo, who was the man 8822: 7860: 2594:

history. I wished to commit suicide but sometimes that fails."

2569: 2281: 2179:

measures, including the sterilization of the "mentally unfit."

2171:

indoctrination in the national education system and reaffirmed

1893: 1589: 8446:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

4550: 4363: 3825: 2772:. For this reason, it was the site of a bombing attack by the 2396:, arguing he needed to take personal charge of the Army. When 1865:

operations designed to increase Japanese penetration into the

8817: 6916: 2817: 2175:

policies in government. As home minister, he ordered various

1655: 1584: 1501: 340: 3221:

Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pillars of State, Manchukuo

1626:

In 1905, Tojo shared in the general outrage in Japan at the

5926: 3867: 2261:

felt about the issue, which led Tōgō to resign in protest.

1722:

and served as chief of the personnel department within the

726: 5323:

The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography

5194: 4472: 4470: 4468: 3770: 2613:. The dentist ground away the message three months later. 3417: 3213:

Grand Cordon of the Order of Auspicious Clouds, Manchukuo

2740:

Tojo's grave is now in the Grave of the Seven Martyrs in

2012:

Cabinet ministers of the first Tojo Cabinet, October 1941

1468:

was a Japanese politician, military leader and convicted

6037:

The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42

5056:"Tojo's ribbons go on display at Pensacola naval museum" 4157: 3375:"Putting Tojo On the Stand: The Tokyo War Crimes Trials" 1540:, including the massacre and starvation of thousands of 7844: 4682: 4494: 4482: 4465: 4438: 4232: 4186: 4184: 2144:

1941, to July 22, 1944. He also served concurrently as

1614:

Tojo had an education typical of Japanese youth in the

5170: 4744: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4641: 4639: 4626: 4624: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4540: 4538: 4455: 4453: 4249: 4247: 4222: 4220: 4218: 3715: 2605:

After recovering from his injuries, Tojo was moved to

1856:, one of Asia's largest corporations at the time, and 782: 5158: 5146: 4114: 4044: 4042: 4040: 3926: 3924: 3662: 2863:, directed by Hiromichi Horikawa, he is portrayed by 2421:, and halt the American drive in the central Pacific. 2358:, who later became a prime minister in postwar Japan. 1611:

priest, making his family very respectable but poor.

1551:

in September 1945, he was arrested, convicted by the

1466:; 30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) 6108:

War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War

4181: 4090: 4078: 2137:), which set a war poem from the classic collection 6552: 5678:

Embracing defeat: Japan in the wake of World War II

5628:

War Crimes, Genocide, and Justice: A Global History

5134: 4694: 4636: 4621: 4598: 4586: 4535: 4523: 4450: 4399: 4271: 4244: 4215: 4025: 3996: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3560: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 1892:and other targets in northern China. Tojo received 6173:. New York: Union Square Press. pp. 163–170. 6105: 6063: 5898: 5877: 5782: 5759: 5240: 5228: 5078: 4411: 4351: 4288: 4286: 4145: 4037: 3972: 3921: 3890: 3843: 3752: 3691: 3429: 3341: 3339: 3302: 3300: 3298: 2881:Professional wrestler Harold Watanabe adopted the 6142:In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines 6092: 5014: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4576: 4574: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4428: 4426: 4389: 4387: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4066: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3880: 3878: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3489: 3400:"Tojo: Japan's Razor of Fear | Evolution of Evil" 1713: 1492:Tojo was born to a relatively low-ranking former 8960:Imperial Rule Assistance Association politicians 8871: 5968:A World In Arms A Global History of World War II 5806:The Lost War: A Japanese Reporter's Inside Story 4947:. The National Archives (U.S.). August 15, 2016. 4804:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4756: 3808: 3758: 3611: 3596: 3572: 3548: 3536: 3474: 3441: 2618:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 2127:that ended with the playing of the martial song 2003: 1561:surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 1553:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1383:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 646:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 8905:Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II 6261:"Terror of Asia Gives Interview on Many Topics" 5961:. Taiseisha Kabushiki Kaisha. pp. 170–172. 5875: 5605: 5261:Japanese Aircraft Code Names & Designations 5182: 4565: 4378: 4339: 4298: 4283: 4259: 4169: 3960: 3849: 3831: 3351: 3336: 3312: 3295: 2556: 1771: 1444: 8286:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 8217:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 7202: 5880:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War 5760:Goodman, David G.; Miyazawa, Masanori (2000). 4813:. In Pritchard, John; Zaide, Sonia M. (eds.). 4663: 4651: 4571: 4506: 4423: 4384: 4310: 4196: 4126: 4102: 4054: 4008: 3984: 3948: 3902: 3875: 3727: 3703: 3674: 2931:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero 2280:in November 1943, participants left to right: 1911: 1765: 1438: 845:Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association 759: 745: 731: 8915:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 8227:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 7830: 7188: 6538: 6273:"Tojo's Death Plotted in 1944, Is Disclosure" 4975: 3324: 2456:On March 12, 1944, the Japanese launched the 2366:Tojo bows to the funeral portrait of Admiral 2100:on 2 December 1942, first anniversary of the 1414: 71:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 5903:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 5317: 4913:"Sterling and Peggy Seagrave: Gold Warriors" 2950:Hiromoto Ida portrays Tojo in the 2019 film 2573:Tojo being resuscitated by American soldiers 2537:, he was forced to resign on July 18, 1944. 2075:On November 26, 1941, US Secretary of State 1916:On June 1, 1940, Emperor Hirohito appointed 8930:Heads of government convicted of war crimes 5652: 5499:The Historical encyclopedia of World War II 3776: 3004:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2354:Tōjō meets with Vice Minister of Munitions 2096:Tojo covers Japanese magazine published by 1663: 1574: 968:Withdrawal from the Washington Naval Treaty 905:Japanese Committee on Trade and Information 463:Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun 7837: 7823: 7195: 7181: 6545: 6531: 6164:. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–63. 5858:Kempeitai: Japan's dreaded military police 5608:The Reader's Companion to Military History 4860: 3511:, Angus & Robertson, 1967, pp. 170–171 3229:Knight of the Order of the Yellow Dragon, 2448:Tōjō inspecting an airfield in Kuching in 1692:In 1924, Tojo was greatly offended by the 1421: 1407: 111: 8079:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 5970:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5876:Murray, Williamson; Millet, Alan (2000). 5653:Dear, I.C.B.; Foot, M.R.D., eds. (2001). 5606:Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (2001). 5440: 4905: 3168:Learn how and when to remove this message 3024:Learn how and when to remove this message 2733:Tōjō with wife Katsuko and granddaughter 1906: 1852:, the fiery ultra-nationalist CEO of the 8940:Japanese politicians convicted of crimes 6244:Address by Tojo Hideki, Premier of Japan 6159: 5899:Takemae, Eiji; Ricketts, Robert (2003). 5854: 5263:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. 3721: 2728: 2647: 2596: 2568: 2560: 2443: 2361: 2349: 2271: 2228: 2106: 2091: 2054:On November 2, Tojo and Chiefs of Staff 2007: 1741: 1654: 1393:Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan 1378:American cover-up of Japanese war crimes 855:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 254:21 February 1944 – 18 July 1944 8985:Ministers of the Imperial Japanese Army 8965:International response to the Holocaust 6070:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5884:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 5821:]. Tokyo: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai. 5523:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan 4879: 1388:Japanese history textbook controversies 144:18 October 1941 – 22 July 1944 8872: 6215:Who's Who in Twentieth Century Warfare 6131:. Scarborough House. pp. 195–201. 5785:Pearl Harbor: A Primary Source History 5731: 5586:Countis, Sierra (September 12, 2002). 5258: 4931:"Japanese War Criminals World War Two" 4776:"Dentist Played Prank on Tojo's Teeth" 3668: 3372: 1939:Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere 1108:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 8890:20th-century prime ministers of Japan 8332:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 7818: 7176: 6526: 6284:Newspaper clippings about Hideki Tojo 6168: 6162:Politics and culture in wartime Japan 6103: 5631:. New York: St. Martin's Press, LLC. 5567:Butow, Robert Joseph Charles (1961). 5399: 2810: 1453: 943:Withdrawal from the League of Nations 6126: 6012: 5965: 5917: 5750: 5655:The Oxford companion to World War II 4717: 4688: 4645: 4630: 4615: 4592: 4544: 4529: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4459: 4444: 4405: 4253: 4238: 4226: 4031: 4002: 3524:. HistoryCollection. August 11, 2016 3368: 3366: 3106:adding citations to reliable sources 3077: 3002:adding citations to reliable sources 2969: 2394:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff 2163:As education minister, he continued 1888:, Tojo ordered his forces to attack 1732:Essays in time of national emergency 1478:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 840:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 365:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 196:22 July 1940 – 22 July 1944 35: 8436:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 6139:(1989). "Hideki Tojo/Hideko Tojo". 6096:Tojo's Head (Bald) Slapped in Court 6061: 5984: 5825: 5585: 5246: 5234: 5062:. November 11, 2003. Archived from 4784:. Associated Press. August 17, 1995 4762: 4333: 4190: 4163: 4120: 4096: 4084: 2768:, all of whom are enshrined in the 2045: 1877:, his only real combat experience. 1792:("Imperial Way") faction. Both the 1726:. Tojo wrote a chapter in the book 468:Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd Class 240:Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army 13: 8980:Ministers of home affairs of Japan 8413:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 8264:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 8248:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 6212: 6187: 6135: 6086: 5956: 5934: 5780: 5547: 5495: 5400:Ghosh, Devarsi (August 16, 2017). 5176: 5084: 4976:Kafala, Tarik (October 21, 2009). 4959:"Pacific Theater Document Archive" 4750: 4729: 4072: 3942: 3819: 3764: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3605: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3495: 3483: 3468: 3456: 3435: 3423: 3373:Morris, Roy Jr. (April 19, 2020). 3357: 3345: 3318: 3284:Order of the White Rose of Finland 1650: 14: 9026: 9015:Government of the Empire of Japan 6452:Minister of Commerce and Industry 6232: 6196:. Sovereign Media. Archived from 6040:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 6033: 5671: 5624: 5566: 5200: 5164: 5152: 5020: 4175: 3363: 3330: 3306: 3188:Grand Order of the Orchid Blossom 2158:minister of Commerce and Industry 8570:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 8530:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 8441:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 7159: 7158: 5812: 5803: 5781:Gorman, Jacqueline Laks (2009). 5702: 5459: 5434: 5419: 5393: 5376: 5360: 5343: 5311: 5294: 5277: 5252: 5217: 5206: 5116: 5090: 5048: 5026: 4988: 4969: 4951: 4937: 4923: 4861:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2008). 4854: 4821: 4796: 4768: 4723: 4345: 4304: 4292: 4277: 4265: 3966: 3855: 3277: 3262: 3250: 3235: 3224: 3216: 3208: 3196: 3181: 3082: 3061: 3049: 3037: 2974: 2947:, Tojo is played by Shōhei Hino. 2796:anti-Japanese sentiment in China 2774:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front 1718:In 1934, Hideki was promoted to 823: 485: 55:to read and navigate comfortably 40: 8995:Imperial Japanese Army officers 8895:20th-century Japanese criminals 8222:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 6129:Warlord: Tojo Against the World 5930:. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1945. 5516: 5488: 5467:"Personal Record: Tojo, Hideki" 5188: 5140: 4933:. The National Archives (U.K.). 4676: 4657: 4580: 4517: 4432: 4417: 4393: 4357: 4321: 4209: 4151: 4139: 4108: 4060: 4048: 4019: 3990: 3978: 3954: 3930: 3915: 3896: 3884: 3869:The New International Year Book 3782: 3740: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3514: 3501: 3203:Order of the Illustrious Dragon 3093:needs additional citations for 2579:Japan's unconditional surrender 2087: 397: 8910:World War II political leaders 8808:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees 6250: (archived March 12, 2008) 6019:. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 5991:. University of Hawaii Press. 5901:The Allied Occupation of Japan 5855:Lamont-Brown, Raymond (1988). 5681:. W. W. Norton & Company. 5569:Tojo and the coming of the war 5224:東條元首相らA級戦犯7人の遺骨太平洋に”米軍公文書-NHK 3392: 2889:in reference to both Tojo and 2671:National Naval Aviation Museum 1714:Promotion to army high command 983:State General Mobilization Law 783: 688:Multiple countries across Asia 568:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 442:Imperial Japanese Army Academy 1: 8597:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest 8560:China–United States trade war 8425:Internment of Chinese-Indians 8338:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 5610:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 5588:"The message on Tojo's teeth" 5571:. Stanford University Press. 4808:"Judgment of 4 November 1948" 4781:The Christian Science Monitor 3289: 2896:There is a 1983 song titled " 2601:Tojo held in US custody, 1947 2004:Appointment as prime minister 118: 8975:Members of the Kwantung Army 8950:Education ministers of Japan 8602:Boycotts of Chinese products 8525:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 8457:1969 race riots of Singapore 8431:1964 race riots in Singapore 8118:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 5732:Fredrikson, John C. (2001). 3069:, 2nd Class (April 29, 1940) 3044:Order of the Sacred Treasure 2872:The Imperial Japanese Empire 2557:Arrest, trial, and execution 2489:Battle of the Philippine Sea 2316:Greater East Asia Conference 2278:Greater East Asia Conference 2238:puppet government in Nanjing 1579:Hideki Tojo was born in the 473:Order of the Sacred Treasure 33:when mentioning individuals. 7: 8592:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 8582:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 8479:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 6505:Chief of Army General Staff 6397:Minister of Foreign Affairs 6288:20th Century Press Archives 6188:Taylor, Blaine (May 2009). 6127:Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1993). 5918:Terasaki, Hidenari (1991). 5705:Political Science Quarterly 5657:. Oxford University Press. 4732:"The Man Who Captured Tojo" 3257:Order of the White Elephant 2965: 2911:-directed historical drama 2820:fighter plane known as the 2789:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 2540:As Tojo's replacement, the 2098:Cabinet Intelligence Bureau 2018:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 1912:Advocacy for preventive war 1772: 1557:July 1937 invasion of China 1544:and millions of civilians. 1485:perpetrated in the name of 1445: 890:National Foundation Society 63:content into sub-articles, 10: 9031: 9010:People from Chiyoda, Tokyo 8955:Foreign ministers of Japan 8587:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 8451:13 May incident (Malaysia) 8419:Chinese Confession Program 8309:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 8253:Chinese head tax in Canada 8200:San Francisco riot of 1877 7204:Foreign Ministers of Japan 6160:Shillony, Ben Ami (1981). 6093:British Movietone (2015). 6062:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2000). 5966:Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). 5944:. New York: Random House. 5259:Mikesh, Robert C. (1993). 4996:"Bibliography: War Crimes" 4815:The Tokyo War Crimes Trial 3073: 2801:In the Japanese 1998 film 2236:of the Japanese-sponsored 1882:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1746:Tōjō as Lieutenant General 1640:Hibiya incendiary incident 978:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 834:Organizations and factions 207:Fumimaro Konoe (1940–1941) 20: 8925:Executed military leaders 8846: 8788: 8693: 8657: 8621: 8614: 8555:2015 Aksu colliery attack 8505:2008 Kunming bus bombings 8487: 8295: 8152: 8131: 8104: 8097: 8061: 7949: 7903: 7876:The Unparalleled Invasion 7853: 7210: 7156: 7128: 7022: 6925: 6915: 6768: 6673: 6575: 6565: 6511: 6502: 6494: 6489: 6479: 6470: 6465: 6449: 6441: 6431: 6422: 6414: 6404: 6393: 6385: 6375: 6366: 6358: 6348: 6339: 6331: 6321: 6312: 6304: 6299: 5552:. Boston: Da Capo Press. 5548:Browne, Courtney (1998). 5441:Matikkala, Antti (2017). 4865:. New York: Metro Books. 3269:Order of the German Eagle 2960: 2917:, released in 1998, cast 2816:During World War II, the 2724: 2240:meeting with Tojo in 1942 1884:marking the start of the 1766: 1439: 1298:Use of biological weapons 963:Military Academy Incident 802: 798: 794: 776: 771: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 692: 684: 674: 666: 661: 651: 641: 623: 619: 609: 602: 545: 534: 524: 516: 506: 498: 493: 481: 455: 432: 415: 407: 384: 371: 360: 350: 326: 299: 294: 290: 278: 268: 258: 247: 238: 226: 214: 200: 189: 182: 170: 158: 148: 137: 130: 126: 110: 101: 94: 8920:Executed prime ministers 8540:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 8349:Second Sino-Japanese War 8178:Chinese massacre of 1871 8074:Asiatic Exclusion League 6554:Prime ministers of Japan 6369:Minister of Home Affairs 6265:Prescott Evening Courier 6217:. Taylor & Francis. 6213:Tucker, Spencer (2005). 5920:Shōwa tennō dokuhakuroku 5751:Fujiwara, Akira (1991). 5625:Crowe, David M. (2014). 5203:, pp. 325, 604–605. 3426:, pp. 14–15, 19–20. 3242:Order of Chula Chom Klao 3067:Order of the Golden Kite 1949:between Imperial Japan, 1886:Second Sino-Japanese War 1814:February 26 coup attempt 1664:Early service as officer 1575:Early life and education 1359:Ode of Showa Restoration 1331:Momotaro: Sacred Sailors 953:League of Blood Incident 948:Imperial Colors Incident 585:Second Sino-Japanese War 351:Cause of death 102: 29:. This article uses 21:The native form of this 8670:Ita Martadinata Haryono 8550:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 8500:Abacus Bank prosecution 8123:Sangley Massacre (1662) 6342:Prime Minister of Japan 6277:The Evening Independent 6013:Willmott, H.P. (1984). 5985:Wetzler, Peter (1998). 5592:Chico News & Review 5502:. Infobase Publishing. 5496:Baudot, Marcel (1980). 5060:The Florida Times-Union 4817:. pp. 49843–49848. 3056:Order of the Rising Sun 2837:, Tojo is portrayed by 2450:occupied British Borneo 2264:The American historian 1854:South Manchuria Railway 1820:, a noted supporter of 1694:Immigration Control Act 1689:was not second nature. 1474:prime minister of Japan 1283:Use of chemical weapons 880:Young Officers Movement 865:Great Japan Youth Party 700:Allied prisoners of war 132:Prime Minister of Japan 8990:Politicians from Tokyo 8545:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 8510:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 8303:White Australia policy 7846:Anti-Chinese sentiment 6169:Swint, Kerwin (2011). 6112:. New York: Pantheon. 5957:Toyoda, Kumao (1986). 5430:British Film Institute 4978:"What is a war crime?" 3844:Goodman & Miyazawa 3753:Takemae & Ricketts 2737: 2663: 2653: 2616:Tojo was tried by the 2602: 2581:in 1945, U.S. general 2574: 2566: 2453: 2398:Field Marshal Sugiyama 2375: 2359: 2305: 2241: 2116: 2104: 2013: 2001: 1980: 1907:Rise to prime minister 1747: 1660: 1510:Imperial Japanese Army 1455:[toːʑoːçideki] 1324:How Japan Plans to Win 900:Cherry Blossom Society 817:Statism in Shōwa Japan 511:Imperial Japanese Army 422:Hidenori Tojo (father) 9000:Genocide perpetrators 8970:Japanese nationalists 8859:Hong Kong nationalism 8495:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 8474:1997 Banjarmasin riot 8269:Hells Canyon Massacre 8242:Rock Springs massacre 8232:Issaquah riot of 1885 8211:Chinese Exclusion Act 8139:1740 Batavia massacre 7941:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 7916:Andrew Jackson Bryant 6473:Minister of Munitions 6425:Minister of Education 6267:. September 10, 1945. 6256:. September 10, 1945. 6194:WWII History Magazine 5861:. The History Press. 5813:Kido, Kōichi (1966). 5471:National Diet Library 4945:"Japanese War Crimes" 4166:, pp. 28–30, 39. 3509:Tojo: The Last Banzai 3379:The National Interest 2934:, he is portrayed by 2900:" by Australian band 2874:, he is portrayed by 2826:Allied reporting name 2732: 2658: 2651: 2634:human experimentation 2600: 2572: 2564: 2520:and perhaps even the 2447: 2365: 2353: 2275: 2232: 2110: 2102:Greater East Asia War 2095: 2011: 1996: 1975: 1836:Tojo was promoted to 1745: 1728:Hijōji kokumin zenshū 1658: 1563:and numerous acts of 1476:and president of the 1288:Human experimentation 517:Years of service 425:Chitose Tojo (mother) 264:Hideki Tojo (Himself) 8515:2011 Kashgar attacks 8259:Seattle riot of 1886 8205:New Zealand head tax 8144:1782 Saigon massacre 7883:Japanese nationalism 6315:Minister of the Army 6190:"Hirohito's Triumph" 6104:Dower, John (1986). 6099:. British Movietone. 6034:Yenne, Bill (2014). 5819:Diary of Kido Kōichi 5804:Kato, Masuo (1946). 5550:Tojo The Last Banzai 5319:Galbraith IV, Stuart 3255:Grand Cordon of the 3240:Grand Cordon of the 3201:Grand Cordon of the 3186:Grand Cordon of the 3102:improve this article 3054:Grand Cordon of the 3042:Grand Cordon of the 2998:improve this section 2885:Japanese gimmick of 2785:Class-A war criminal 2522:Chrysanthemum Throne 2345:Indian National Army 1869:border regions with 1647:Sachie, and Kimie). 1628:Treaty of Portsmouth 1487:Japanese nationalism 1338:Momotarō no Umiwashi 1310:Media and literature 973:February 26 Incident 632:Crimes against peace 575:February 26 Incident 355:Execution by hanging 184:Minister of the Army 8854:Chinese imperialism 8535:2014 Kunming attack 8391:Home Office 213/926 8379:Sook Ching massacre 8367:Japanese war crimes 8343:Wanpaoshan Incident 8237:Tacoma riot of 1885 8194:Trout Creek Outrage 6279:. October 10, 1945. 5959:Sensō saiban yoroku 5922:. Bungei Shunjūsha. 5766:. Lexington Books. 5179:, pp. 170–172. 5167:, pp. 337–338. 5155:, pp. 324–326. 5143:, pp. 583–585. 4919:. January 25, 2007. 4917:The Education Forum 4833:The Washington Post 4753:, pp. 871–872. 4691:, pp. 216–217. 4566:Murray & Millet 4503:, pp. 156–157. 4491:, pp. 155–156. 4479:, pp. 641–642. 4447:, pp. 640–641. 4420:, pp. 473–474. 4379:Murray & Millet 4360:, pp. 467–468. 4280:, pp. 511–512. 4241:, pp. 329–330. 4154:, pp. 428–431. 4051:, pp. 418–419. 3981:, pp. 417–418. 3933:, pp. 373–374. 3899:, pp. 370–371. 3832:Cowley & Parker 3700:, pp. 277–278. 3282:Grand Cross of the 3267:Grand Cross of the 2372:Operation Vengeance 2341:Subhas Chandra Bose 2302:Subhas Chandra Bose 2244:However, after the 2152:in September 1942, 2148:from 1941 to 1942, 1971:Imperial Conference 1846:Empire of Manchukuo 895:Black Ocean Society 811:Part of a series on 676:Span of crimes 604:Criminal conviction 411:3 sons, 4 daughters 210:Himself (1941–1944) 8468:Cambodian genocide 8405:Mergosono massacre 8385:Changkiao massacre 8361:Nanshitou Massacre 8166:Lambing Flat riots 8069:Anti-Chinese Union 7999:Racism in Malaysia 7911:Adriaan Valckenier 7871:Chinese emigration 6300:Political offices 6254:The Kokomo Tribune 6239:WW2DB: Hideki Tojo 5808:. Alfred A. Knopf. 5789:. Gareth Stevens. 5351:Dai Nippon teikoku 5307:TCM Movie Database 5290:TCM Movie Database 5066:on August 15, 2017 5002:on August 16, 2019 4123:, pp. 29, 35. 3794:www.britannica.com 2811:In popular culture 2738: 2675:Pensacola, Florida 2654: 2603: 2575: 2567: 2454: 2376: 2360: 2306: 2242: 2154:education minister 2117: 2105: 2014: 1967:economic sanctions 1816:of 1936, Tojo and 1748: 1661: 1644:Theodore Roosevelt 1630:, which ended the 1526:Second World War's 1524:On the eve of the 1352:The Most Beautiful 1258:Bataan Death March 31:Western name order 8867: 8866: 8801:Chinaman's chance 8784: 8783: 8751:Mi Gao Huang Chen 8721:Franklin Feng Tao 8610: 8609: 8372:Three Alls Policy 8183:Pigtail Ordinance 8112:Sangley Rebellion 7812: 7811: 7170: 7169: 7152: 7151: 6911: 6910: 6521: 6520: 6512:Succeeded by 6490:Military offices 6480:Succeeded by 6460:Office abolished 6432:Succeeded by 6405:Succeeded by 6376:Succeeded by 6349:Succeeded by 6322:Succeeded by 5815:Kido Kōichi nikki 5526:. HarperCollins. 5302:Tora! Tora! Tora! 5036:. August 28, 1998 4965:on July 18, 2009. 4193:, pp. 81–83. 4099:, pp. 47–50. 4087:, pp. 51–52. 3659:, pp. 47–48. 3647:, pp. 40–41. 3635:, pp. 33–34. 3593:, pp. 29–30. 3569:, pp. 28–29. 3507:Courtney Browne, 3471:, pp. 23–24. 3438:, pp. 19–20. 3178: 3177: 3170: 3152: 3034: 3033: 3026: 2847:Tora! Tora! Tora! 2844:In the 1970 film 2831:In the 1945 film 2776:in October 1971. 2588:Shigetarō Shimada 2583:Douglas MacArthur 2467:Battles of Imphal 2434:Dutch East Indies 2431:Japanese-occupied 2427:General MacArthur 2414:would take India. 2324:Operation Ichi-Go 2125:imperial rescript 1922:reform bureaucrat 1844:in 1937. As the " 1807:Shōwa Restoration 1702:ero guro nansensu 1671:Russian Civil War 1659:Young Hideki Tojo 1599:Meiji Restoration 1530:preemptive attack 1431: 1430: 1228:Kingoro Hashimoto 1218:Hiranuma Kiichirō 1113:Shōwa Restoration 994:Taisei Yokusankai 992:Formation of the 806: 805: 790: 789: 563:Chinese Civil War 558:Russian Civil War 90: 89: 9022: 8838:Sick man of Asia 8828:Locust/Wongchung 8746:Leung Chi-cheung 8619: 8618: 8577:China Initiative 8355:Nanking Massacre 8321:Torreón massacre 8275:Scott Act (1888) 8189:Page Act of 1875 8102: 8101: 8046:China Initiative 7839: 7832: 7825: 7816: 7815: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7174: 7173: 7162: 7161: 6923: 6922: 6573: 6572: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6495:Preceded by 6483:Ginjirō Fujiwara 6442:Preceded by 6418:Kunihiko Hashida 6415:Preceded by 6399: 6386:Preceded by 6362:Harumichi Tanabe 6359:Preceded by 6332:Preceded by 6305:Preceded by 6297: 6296: 6280: 6268: 6228: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6200:on March 5, 2012 6184: 6165: 6156: 6145:. Random House. 6132: 6123: 6111: 6100: 6081: 6069: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6030: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5981: 5962: 5953: 5931: 5923: 5914: 5895: 5883: 5872: 5851: 5840:10.2307/20049129 5822: 5809: 5800: 5788: 5777: 5756: 5747: 5728: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5668: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5621: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5582: 5563: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5513: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5438: 5432: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5397: 5391: 5380: 5374: 5364: 5358: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5315: 5309: 5298: 5292: 5285:Blood on the Sun 5281: 5275: 5274: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5130:. June 15, 2021. 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4569: 4563: 4548: 4542: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4463: 4457: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4382: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4188: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3913: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3370: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3281: 3266: 3254: 3239: 3228: 3220: 3212: 3200: 3185: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3110: 3086: 3078: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3009: 2978: 2970: 2919:Masahiko Tsugawa 2891:Isoroku Yamamoto 2839:Robert Armstrong 2834:Blood on the Sun 2750:Seishirō Itagaki 2719:Joseph B. Keenan 2500:Prince Takamatsu 2485:Battle of Saipan 2478:Operation Ichigo 2406:Operation Ichigo 2368:Isoroku Yamamoto 2311:Battle of Tarawa 2309:reaction to the 2246:Battle of Midway 2150:foreign minister 2123:and read out an 2069:Isoroku Yamamoto 2046:Decision for war 1963:French Indochina 1901:Seishirō Itagaki 1875:Operation Chahar 1779: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1423: 1416: 1409: 1317:Shinmin no Michi 1263:Nanjing Massacre 1208:Jinzaburō Masaki 1178:Uesugi Shinkichi 1093:State capitalism 1083:Ultranationalism 850:Yokusan Sonendan 827: 808: 807: 786: 785: 769: 768: 763: 762: 749: 748: 735: 734: 695: 652:Criminal penalty 628: 590:Operation Chahar 494:Military service 489: 447:Army War College 401: 399: 333: 330:23 December 1948 310:30 December 1884 309: 307: 295:Personal details 281: 271: 261: 252: 229: 217: 208: 203: 194: 173: 161: 142: 120: 115: 105: 92: 91: 85: 82: 76: 44: 43: 36: 9030: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9019: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8842: 8780: 8689: 8653: 8606: 8483: 8462:Malari incident 8327:1918 Kudus riot 8291: 8172:Anti-Coolie Act 8148: 8127: 8093: 8057: 8004:Ketuanan Melayu 7977:Racism in Japan 7945: 7899: 7895:De-Sinicization 7849: 7843: 7813: 7808: 7206: 7201: 7171: 7166: 7148: 7124: 7018: 6907: 6764: 6669: 6567:Empire of Japan 6561: 6551: 6517: 6515:Yoshijirō Umezu 6508: 6500: 6498:Hajime Sugiyama 6485: 6476: 6455: 6447: 6437: 6428: 6420: 6410: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6372: 6364: 6354: 6345: 6337: 6327: 6325:Hajime Sugiyama 6318: 6310: 6271: 6259: 6248:Wayback Machine 6235: 6225: 6203: 6201: 6181: 6153: 6137:Karnow, Stanley 6120: 6089: 6087:Further reading 6084: 6078: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6027: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5978: 5911: 5892: 5869: 5828:Foreign Affairs 5797: 5774: 5744: 5717:10.2307/2146538 5693: 5691: 5689: 5665: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5618: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5560: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5518:Bix, Herbert P. 5510: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5439: 5435: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5398: 5394: 5381: 5377: 5365: 5361: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5329:. p. 269. 5327:Scarecrow Press 5316: 5312: 5299: 5295: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4974: 4970: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4810: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4730:Carola, Chris. 4728: 4724: 4716: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4551: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4466: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4216: 4208: 4197: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3796:. June 21, 2023 3788: 3787: 3783: 3777:Dear & Foot 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3111: 3109: 3099: 3087: 3076: 3030: 3019: 3013: 3010: 2995: 2979: 2968: 2963: 2865:Keiju Kobayashi 2860:The Militarists 2813: 2770:Yasukuni Shrine 2727: 2715:Ryūkichi Tanaka 2679:atomic bombings 2559: 2546:Mitsumasa Yonai 2337:Chiang Kai-shek 2328:Masakazu Kawabe 2294:Wan Waithayakon 2292:, Hideki Tojo, 2201:victory disease 2193:Hajime Sugiyama 2090: 2056:Hajime Sugiyama 2048: 2006: 1947:Tripartite Pact 1914: 1909: 1850:Yōsuke Matsuoka 1776: 1763: 1716: 1666: 1653: 1651:Military career 1632:war with Russia 1620:Tokugawa Ieyasu 1577: 1459: 1458: 1450: 1436: 1427: 1398: 1397: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1253:Manila massacre 1243: 1233: 1232: 1148: 1140: 1139: 1063:Yamato-damashii 1038:Totalitarianism 1028: 1020: 1019: 998:Appointment of 988:Tripartite Pact 958:May 15 Incident 938:Mukden Incident 928: 920: 919: 870:Shōwa Kenkyūkai 835: 699: 693: 677: 634: 624: 610:Criminal status 598: 502:Empire of Japan 477: 451: 428: 403: 400: 1909) 395: 391: 373: 372:Other political 361:Political party 335: 331: 321:Empire of Japan 311: 305: 303: 285:Yoshijirō Umezu 279: 274:Hajime Sugiyama 269: 259: 253: 248: 241: 233:Hajime Sugiyama 227: 215: 209: 206: 201: 195: 190: 171: 159: 143: 138: 122: 106: 103: 97: 86: 80: 77: 58: 45: 41: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9028: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9005:Burials at sea 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8761:Teoh Beng Hock 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8736:Jiansheng Chen 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8682: 8680:Velma Demerson 8677: 8672: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8629:Chae Chan Ping 8625: 8623: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8520:Wolf Amendment 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8454: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8358: 8346: 8340: 8335: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8315:Beipu uprising 8312: 8306: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8272: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8250: 8245: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8186: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8108: 8106: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8063: 8062:By institution 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7842: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7819: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7538: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7401: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7336: 7330: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7200: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7168: 7167: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7132:, 2019–present 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6920: 6919:, 1947–present 6917:State of Japan 6913: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6570: 6563: 6562: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6448: 6445:Nobusuke Kishi 6443: 6439: 6438: 6435:Nagakage Okabe 6433: 6430: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6403: 6392: 6389:Shigenori Tōgō 6387: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6347: 6338: 6335:Fumimaro Konoe 6333: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6251: 6241: 6234: 6233:External links 6231: 6230: 6229: 6223: 6210: 6185: 6180:978-1402772016 6179: 6166: 6157: 6152:978-0394549750 6151: 6133: 6124: 6118: 6101: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6076: 6059: 6047:978-1782009320 6046: 6031: 6025: 6010: 5998:978-0824819255 5997: 5982: 5977:978-0521618267 5976: 5963: 5954: 5932: 5924: 5915: 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Aoki Shoten. 5748: 5743:978-1576076033 5742: 5729: 5711:(4): 503–518. 5700: 5688:978-0393320275 5687: 5673:Dower, John W. 5669: 5664:978-0198604464 5663: 5650: 5638:978-0230622241 5637: 5622: 5617:978-0618127429 5616: 5603: 5583: 5578:978-0804706902 5577: 5564: 5558: 5545: 5533:978-0060931308 5532: 5514: 5509:978-0871964014 5508: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5458: 5452:978-9522228475 5451: 5433: 5418: 5392: 5375: 5359: 5342: 5336:978-1461673743 5335: 5310: 5293: 5276: 5270:978-0887404474 5269: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5216: 5205: 5193: 5191:, p. 584. 5181: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5115: 5104:. June 8, 2021 5089: 5087:, p. 873. 5077: 5047: 5025: 5023:, p. 217. 5013: 4987: 4968: 4950: 4936: 4922: 4904: 4878: 4872:978-1435109377 4871: 4853: 4820: 4795: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4722: 4720:, p. 217. 4693: 4681: 4679:, p. 478. 4662: 4660:, p. 477. 4650: 4648:, p. 213. 4635: 4633:, p. 208. 4620: 4618:, p. 216. 4597: 4595:, p. 642. 4585: 4583:, p. 475. 4570: 4568:, p. 349. 4549: 4547:, p. 651. 4534: 4532:, p. 649. 4522: 4520:, p. 472. 4505: 4493: 4481: 4464: 4462:, p. 641. 4449: 4437: 4435:, p. 474. 4422: 4410: 4408:, p. 498. 4398: 4396:, p. 473. 4383: 4381:, p. 348. 4362: 4350: 4348:, p. 510. 4338: 4326: 4324:, p. 457. 4309: 4307:, p. 518. 4297: 4295:, p. 512. 4282: 4270: 4268:, p. 511. 4258: 4256:, p. 330. 4243: 4231: 4229:, p. 329. 4214: 4212:, p. 448. 4195: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4142:, p. 428. 4125: 4113: 4111:, p. 421. 4101: 4089: 4077: 4075:, p. 107. 4065: 4063:, p. 419. 4053: 4036: 4034:, p. 118. 4024: 4022:, p. 418. 4007: 4005:, p. 126. 3995: 3993:, p. 416. 3983: 3971: 3969:, p. 914. 3959: 3957:, p. 417. 3947: 3935: 3920: 3918:, p. 373. 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 370. 3874: 3872:, p. 320. 3860: 3858:, p. 127. 3848: 3846:, p. 113. 3836: 3834:, p. 473. 3824: 3807: 3781: 3779:, p. 872. 3769: 3757: 3755:, p. 221. 3745: 3743:, p. 244. 3726: 3714: 3712:, p. 278. 3702: 3690: 3688:, p. 277. 3673: 3671:, p. 507. 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3610: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3513: 3500: 3498:, p. 455. 3488: 3473: 3461: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3391: 3362: 3350: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3309:, p. 337. 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3275: 3260: 3248: 3233: 3222: 3214: 3206: 3194: 3176: 3175: 3090: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3059: 3047: 3032: 3031: 2982: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2922: 2905: 2894: 2879: 2868: 2855: 2850:, directed by 2842: 2829: 2822:Nakajima Ki-44 2812: 2809: 2754:Heitarō Kimura 2726: 2723: 2703:Bonner Fellers 2694:Herbert P. Bix 2558: 2555: 2535:fall of Saipan 2458:U-Go offensive 2438: 2437: 2422: 2419:U.S. 5th Fleet 2415: 2412:Operation U-Go 2409: 2356:Nobusuke Kishi 2298:José P. Laurel 2250:Shigenori Tōgō 2215: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2189:Doolittle Raid 2135:Across the Sea 2111:Tojo lands in 2089: 2086: 2047: 2044: 2005: 2002: 1930:Fumimaro Konoe 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1890:Hebei Province 1867:Inner Mongolia 1858:Nobusuke Kishi 1838:chief of staff 1715: 1712: 1665: 1662: 1652: 1649: 1576: 1573: 1534:Southeast Asia 1519:Fumimaro Konoe 1496:family in the 1483:state violence 1472:who served as 1429: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1411: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278:Sexual slavery 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1223:Kanji Ishiwara 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1203:Masanobu Tsuji 1200: 1198:Tanaka Chigaku 1195: 1190: 1188:Nobusuke Kishi 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1153:Fumimaro Konoe 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1010:Kyūjō incident 1007: 1002: 996: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 933:March Incident 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 820: 819: 813: 812: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 780: 774: 773: 772:Transcriptions 765: 764: 757: 751: 750: 743: 737: 736: 729: 723: 722: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 696: 690: 689: 686: 682: 681: 678: 675: 672: 671: 668: 664: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 648: 643: 639: 638: 629: 621: 620: 617: 616: 611: 607: 606: 600: 599: 597: 596: 595: 594: 593: 592: 577: 572: 571: 570: 560: 555: 549: 547: 543: 542: 536: 532: 531: 526: 522: 521: 518: 514: 513: 508: 507:Branch/service 504: 503: 500: 496: 495: 491: 490: 483: 479: 478: 476: 475: 470: 465: 459: 457: 453: 452: 450: 449: 444: 438: 436: 430: 429: 427: 426: 423: 419: 417: 413: 412: 409: 405: 404: 393: 389: 388: 386: 382: 381: 375: 369: 368: 362: 358: 357: 352: 348: 347: 345:Occupied Japan 334:(aged 63) 328: 324: 323: 313:Kōjimachi Ward 301: 297: 296: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 276: 275: 272: 266: 265: 262: 260:Prime Minister 256: 255: 245: 244: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 218: 212: 211: 204: 202:Prime Minister 198: 197: 187: 186: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 165:Fumimaro Konoe 162: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 135: 134: 128: 127: 124: 123: 116: 108: 107: 99: 98: 95: 88: 87: 81:September 2024 67:it, or adding 48: 46: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9027: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8900:Shōwa Statism 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8634:Fong Yue Ting 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8564:Trump tariffs 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334:(1920s–1930s) 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8160:Buckland Riot 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8041:United States 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7921:Denis Kearney 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904:By persecutor 7902: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7835: 7833: 7828: 7826: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7165: 7155: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6543: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6427: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6408:Masayuki Tani 6400: 6398: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6379:Michio Yuzawa 6371: 6370: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6352:Kuniaki Koiso 6344: 6343: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6308:Shunroku Hata 6303: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6079: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6011: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5249:, p. 40. 5248: 5243: 5237:, p. 43. 5236: 5231: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5035: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4336:, p. 83. 4335: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4178:, p. 25. 4177: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3828: 3822:, p. 60. 3821: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3767:, p. 59. 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3724:, p. 65. 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3623:, p. 40. 3622: 3617: 3615: 3608:, p. 30. 3607: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3587: 3581:, p. 29. 3580: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3557:, p. 28. 3556: 3551: 3545:, p. 27. 3544: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3486:, p. 24. 3485: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3459:, p. 20. 3458: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3360:, p. 11. 3359: 3354: 3348:, p. 19. 3347: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3321:, p. 43. 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3161: 3158:November 2022 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119: – 3118: 3117:"Hideki Tojo" 3114: 3113:Find sources: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3091:This section 3089: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3028: 3025: 3017: 3014:November 2022 3007: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2983:This section 2981: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2926:Shyam Benegal 2923: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2887:Tojo Yamamoto 2884: 2880: 2877: 2876:Tetsurō Tamba 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2852:Toshio Masuda 2849: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2824:received the 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746:Kenji Doihara 2743: 2736: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2698:John W. Dower 2695: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607:Sugamo Prison 2599: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2563: 2554: 2551: 2550:Kuniaki Koiso 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2509:Admiral Okada 2506: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286:Zhang Jinghui 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185:comfort women 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2156:in 1943, and 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146:home minister 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2113:Nichols Field 2109: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:Keisuke Okada 2024: 2019: 2016:At the time, 2010: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:Fascist Italy 1952: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1935:modus vivendi 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920:, a leading " 1919: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898:Army Minister 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842:Kwantung Army 1839: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Shigeru Honjō 1815: 1810: 1808: 1805:to achieve a 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1774: 1761: 1757: 1756:Kwantung Army 1753: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:Army Ministry 1721: 1720:major general 1711: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1657: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:Allied powers 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1514:Kwantung Army 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1462: 1456: 1447: 1435: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1248:Mass killings 1246: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1213:Kuniaki Koiso 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 924: 923: 916: 913: 911: 910:Fleet faction 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 837: 831: 830: 826: 822: 821: 818: 815: 814: 810: 809: 801: 797: 793: 781: 779: 775: 770: 766: 758: 756: 752: 744: 742: 738: 730: 728: 724: 721:Japanese name 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 697: 691: 687: 683: 679: 673: 669: 665: 660: 657: 654: 650: 647: 644: 640: 637: 633: 630: 627: 626:Conviction(s) 622: 618: 615: 612: 608: 605: 601: 591: 588: 587: 586: 583: 582: 581: 578: 576: 573: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 548: 544: 540: 539:Kwantung Army 537: 533: 530: 527: 523: 519: 515: 512: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 488: 484: 480: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 458: 454: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 437: 435: 431: 424: 421: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 387: 383: 380:(before 1940) 379: 376: 370: 366: 363: 359: 356: 353: 349: 346: 342: 338: 337:Sugamo Prison 329: 325: 322: 318: 314: 302: 298: 293: 289: 286: 283: 277: 273: 267: 263: 257: 251: 246: 243: 242:General Staff 237: 234: 231: 225: 222: 221:Shunroku Hata 219: 213: 205: 199: 193: 188: 185: 181: 178: 177:Kuniaki Koiso 175: 169: 166: 163: 157: 154: 151: 147: 141: 136: 133: 129: 125: 114: 109: 100: 93: 84: 74: 70: 66: 62: 56: 54: 49:This article 47: 38: 37: 32: 28: 24: 23:personal name 19: 8694:21st century 8665:Vincent Chin 8658:20th century 8644:Wong Kim Ark 8622:19th century 8488:21st century 8401:(1945–1947) 8396: 8351:(1937-1945) 8296:20th century 8153:19th century 8132:18th century 8105:17th century 8089:Uyoku dantai 8084:Tsagaan Khas 8016:Nazi Germany 7925: 7866:Yellow Peril 7848:(Sinophobia) 7501: 7072: 6995: 6877: 6829: 6811: 6788: 6736: 6718: 6651: 6618: 6595: 6503: 6471: 6467:New creation 6466: 6459: 6450: 6423: 6394: 6367: 6340: 6313: 6276: 6264: 6214: 6204:November 11, 6202:. 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Retrieved 3378: 3353: 3333:, p. 4. 3326: 3314: 3164: 3155: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3112: 3100:Please help 3095:verification 3092: 3020: 3011: 2996:Please help 2984: 2951: 2942: 2929: 2924:In the 2004 2912: 2902:Hoodoo Gurus 2871: 2858: 2845: 2832: 2802: 2800: 2793: 2778: 2758:Iwane Matsui 2739: 2711: 2707: 2691: 2683: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2642:forced labor 2627: 2615: 2604: 2592: 2576: 2541: 2539: 2526: 2515: 2513: 2505:Prince Konoe 2493: 2482: 2475: 2455: 2439: 2389:Osami Nagano 2377: 2321: 2307: 2290:Wang Jingwei 2263: 2258: 2254: 2243: 2234:Wang Jingwei 2224: 2219:Wang Jingwei 2216: 2198: 2181: 2173:totalitarian 2165:militaristic 2162: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2118: 2088:World War II 2077:Cordell Hull 2074: 2064:Osami Nagano 2060:Osami Nagano 2053: 2049: 2040: 2030: 2022: 2015: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1959:Vichy France 1951:Nazi Germany 1943: 1934: 1915: 1879: 1861: 1835: 1830: 1811: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1749: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1683: 1681:) drinking. 1674: 1667: 1625: 1613: 1602: 1597:. After the 1588: 1583:district of 1578: 1546: 1523: 1500:district of 1491: 1470:war criminal 1433: 1432: 1350: 1345:Moyuru ōzora 1343: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1193:Nisshō Inoue 1173:Shūmei Ōkawa 1157: 1135:Pan-Asianism 1125:Expansionism 1117: 1103:State Shinto 1075: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1047: 999: 778:Romanization 603: 580:World War II 546:Battles/wars 374:affiliations 332:(1948-12-23) 280:Succeeded by 249: 228:Succeeded by 191: 172:Succeeded by 139: 78: 50: 26: 18: 8885:1948 deaths 8880:1884 births 8833:Shina/Zhina 8813:Ching chong 8776:Michelle Go 8766:Xiaoxing Xi 8756:Sherry Chen 8741:Jiayang Fan 8675:Qian Xuesen 8470:(1975–1979) 8421:(1956–1965) 8393:(1945–1946) 8363:(1942-1945) 8357:(1937–1938) 8305:(1901–1973) 8282:(1892–1943) 8255:(1885–1923) 8213:(1882–1943) 8207:(1881–1944) 8168:(1860–1861) 8098:By incident 8021:Philippines 7926:Hideki Tojo 7105:Y. Hatoyama 7026:, 1989–2019 6951:I. Hatoyama 6893:Higashikuni 6599:(caretaker) 6579:, 1868–1912 6569:, 1868–1947 5426:Shohei Hino 5102:Japan Today 3945:, p. . 3205:, Manchukuo 2936:Kelly Dorji 2766:Kōki Hirota 2742:Hazu, Aichi 2692:Historians 2531:Kōichi Kido 2452:, July 1943 2266:Herbert Bix 2169:nationalist 2035:Kōichi Kido 1985:Kōichi Kido 1918:Kōichi Kido 1822:Sadao Araki 1812:During the 1803:coup d'état 1679:Prohibition 1565:mass murder 1446:Tōjō Hideki 1434:Hideki Tojo 1183:Koki Hirota 1163:Sadao Araki 1158:Hideki Tojo 1119:Hakkō ichiu 1088:Corporatism 1005:Pacific War 1000:Hideki Tojo 784:Tōjō Hideki 553:World War I 541:(1932–1934) 390:Katsuko Ito 378:Independent 367:(1940–1945) 270:Preceded by 216:Preceded by 160:Preceded by 96:Hideki Tojo 69:subheadings 27:Tōjō Hideki 8874:Categories 8771:Yao Pan Ma 8731:Haoyang Yu 8706:Danny Chen 8685:Wen Ho Lee 7950:By country 7854:Background 7643:Sakurauchi 7552:Shigemitsu 7524:Shigemitsu 7512:Shigemitsu 7446:S. Hayashi 7305:T. Hayashi 7024:Heisei era 6675:Taishō era 6477:1943–1944 6373:1941–1942 6346:1941–1944 6319:1940–1944 6224:0415234972 6119:0075416522 6077:0231120338 6026:0713714468 5891:0674006801 5559:0306808447 4889:Statistics 4887:"Rummell, 4846:August 26, 3669:Fredrikson 3409:August 26, 3384:August 26, 3290:References 3259:, Thailand 3128:newspapers 2941:In 2012's 2909:Shunya Itō 2883:villainous 2870:In 1981's 2857:In 1970's 2828:of "Tojo". 2762:Akira Mutō 2638:starvation 2622:war crimes 2611:Morse code 2130:Umi Yukaba 1926:Mutō Akira 1880:After the 1538:war crimes 1451:pronounced 1268:Sook Ching 1241:Atrocities 1130:Propaganda 1098:Militarism 1049:Shintaisei 1027:Ideologies 636:War crimes 499:Allegiance 434:Alma mater 306:1884-12-30 65:condensing 8726:Gang Chen 8716:Eileen Gu 8701:Anming Hu 8639:Mary Tape 8615:By victim 8280:Geary Act 8026:Singapore 7967:Indonesia 7957:Hong Kong 7774:Matsumoto 7747:Machimura 7736:Machimura 7731:Kawaguchi 7721:M. Tanaka 7663:Mitsuzuka 7530:K. Suzuki 7476:K. Nomura 7420:Yoshizawa 7409:Shidehara 7404:G. Tanaka 7398:Shidehara 7130:Reiwa era 7095:Y. Fukuda 7063:Hashimoto 7014:Takeshita 7004:Z. Suzuki 6986:T. Fukuda 6976:K. Tanaka 6956:Ishibashi 6929:, 1947–89 6927:Shōwa era 6898:Shidehara 6888:K. Suzuki 6813:Takahashi 6802:Wakatsuki 6797:Hamaguchi 6790:Shidehara 6784:Hamaguchi 6779:G. Tanaka 6772:, 1926–47 6770:Shōwa era 6760:Wakatsuki 6727:Takahashi 6677:, 1912–26 6627:Matsukata 6609:Matsukata 6577:Meiji era 6016:June 1944 5406:Scroll.in 4841:0190-8286 3192:Manchukuo 2985:does not 2781:Yūko Tojo 2735:Yūko Tojo 2463:14th Army 2160:in 1943. 2082:Hull note 1871:Manchukuo 1831:Kempeitai 1760:Manchuria 1752:Kempeitai 1675:Wehrstaat 1616:Meiji era 1581:Kōjimachi 1569:Shōwa era 1498:Kōjimachi 1273:Hell ship 1168:Ikki Kita 755:Shinjitai 733:とうじょうひでき 694:Target(s) 680:1937–1945 520:1905–1945 482:Signature 250:In office 192:In office 140:In office 73:talk page 61:splitting 59:Consider 8796:Chinaman 8415:(1950s-) 8036:Thailand 7994:Malaysia 7804:Kamikawa 7759:Nakasone 7688:Kakizawa 7673:Watanabe 7668:Nakayama 7653:Kuranari 7618:Hatoyama 7608:Miyazawa 7563:Fujiyama 7486:Matsuoka 7383:Yamamoto 7361:Terauchi 7310:Terauchi 7164:Category 7058:Murayama 7048:Hosokawa 7043:Miyazawa 7009:Nakasone 6999:(acting) 6936:Katayama 6858:Hiranuma 6833:(acting) 6815:(acting) 6792:(acting) 6755:Ta. Katō 6745:Yamamoto 6740:(acting) 6732:To. Katō 6722:(acting) 6709:Terauchi 6699:Yamamoto 6655:(acting) 6642:Yamagata 6622:(acting) 6604:Yamagata 5950:77117669 5938:(1970). 5848:20049129 5675:(2000). 5520:(2001). 5389:AllMovie 5356:AllMovie 5321:(2008). 5108:June 14, 5070:June 24, 4982:BBC News 4897:July 21, 4718:Willmott 4689:Willmott 4646:Willmott 4631:Willmott 4616:Willmott 4593:Weinberg 4545:Weinberg 4530:Weinberg 4501:Willmott 4489:Willmott 4477:Weinberg 4460:Weinberg 4445:Weinberg 4406:Weinberg 4254:Weinberg 4239:Weinberg 4227:Weinberg 4032:Terasaki 4003:Fujiwara 3800:July 21, 3246:Thailand 2966:Japanese 2928:biopic, 2921:as Tojo. 2687:Yokohama 2630:massacre 2384:air raid 2343:and his 2333:the Hump 2259:Gaimusho 2255:Gaimusho 2177:eugenics 2140:Manyōshū 1862:de facto 1826:Hirohito 1796:and the 1773:Kamisori 1623:School. 1609:Buddhist 1077:Gekokujō 915:Yūzonsha 741:Kyūjitai 670:Millions 614:Executed 535:Commands 408:Children 153:Hirohito 53:too long 8847:Related 8649:Yick Wo 8398:Bersiap 8053:Vietnam 8011:Myanmar 7936:Pol Pot 7931:Suharto 7888:Minzoku 7799:Hayashi 7789:T. Kono 7784:Kishida 7769:Maehara 7726:Koizumi 7715:Y. Kōno 7693:Y. Kōno 7546:Yoshida 7535:Yoshida 7518:S. Tōgō 7496:S. Tōgō 7451:N. Satō 7328:Katsura 7299:Saionji 7247:Saionji 7237:Enomoto 7144:Kishida 7085:Koizumi 6946:Yoshida 6903:Yoshida 6848:Hayashi 6750:Kiyoura 6694:Katsura 6689:Saionji 6684:Katsura 6665:Saionji 6660:Katsura 6653:Saionji 6290:of the 6286:in the 6246:at the 5725:2146538 5428:at the 5372:Discogs 5305:at the 5288:at the 5247:Kristof 5235:Kristof 5006:May 29, 4763:Countis 4737:YouTube 4334:Yoshimi 4191:Yoshimi 4164:Wetzler 4121:Wetzler 4097:Wetzler 4085:Wetzler 3528:May 22, 3273:Germany 3142:scholar 3074:Foreign 3006:removed 2991:sources 2944:Emperor 2667:hanging 2517:kokutai 2495:bushido 2483:In the 1989:kokutai 1840:of the 1794:Tōseiha 1783:Tōseiha 1754:of the 1736:bushidō 1707:kokutai 1687:bushido 1636:Siberia 1595:samurai 1508:of the 1506:general 1494:samurai 1372:Related 1293:Slavery 1070:Bushido 1056:Kokutai 1043:Statism 1033:Fascism 885:Tōseiha 685:Country 667:Victims 662:Details 529:General 416:Parents 402: 394: 149:Monarch 51:may be 8823:Chinky 8711:Ee Lee 8464:(1974) 8453:(1969) 8427:(1962) 8407:(1947) 8387:(1943) 8381:(1942) 8345:(1931) 8323:(1911) 8317:(1907) 8311:(1907) 8288:(1899) 8271:(1887) 8244:(1885) 8196:(1876) 8185:(1873) 8174:(1862) 8162:(1857) 8114:(1603) 8031:Taiwan 7861:Coolie 7794:Motegi 7753:Kōmura 7709:Kōmura 7704:Obuchi 7648:S. Abe 7638:Sonoda 7633:M. Ito 7623:Sonoda 7613:Kosaka 7603:Kimura 7593:Fukuda 7578:Shiina 7568:Kosaka 7541:Ashida 7491:Toyoda 7471:N. Abe 7456:Hirota 7436:Hiroda 7425:Uchida 7415:Inukai 7393:Matsui 7377:Uchida 7367:Motono 7339:Makino 7322:Uchida 7316:Komura 7287:Komura 7120:S. Abe 7090:S. Abe 7068:Obuchi 6997:M. Itō 6941:Ashida 6863:N. Abe 6843:Hirota 6807:Inukai 6738:Uchida 6720:Uchida 6647:H. Itō 6632:H. Itō 6620:Kuroda 6614:H. Itō 6591:Kuroda 6586:H. 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