382:
prompted by other legal and political problems regarding the sovereignty of
American Indian nations. The Poarch Band had no land in trust besides the lands at Hickory Ground. Stinson also notes that the Poarch Band purchased the lands in 1980 to avoid them being sold to a "big box retailer," further mentioning that before the Tribe purchased the lands, "the property had been flooded by the Coosa River and farmed for more than a century, and decades of commercial development surrounded the tract," including a housing subdivision, a Winn-Dixie, multiple restaurants, Alabama State Roads, Elmore County buildings, and various businesses. Stinson emphasized that tribes have to build an economy to exercise sovereignty, and responded that the Tribe will continue "to preserve our tribal history and culture while undertaking projects that assure the financial stability of our tribal government and economic security for our people."
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honor history and preserve the past while ensuring the future for our tribe," he responded by email to the
Advertiser. "It is unfortunate that neither the issue nor our response to it was portrayed accurately, but we understand that these centuries-old wounds are deep and the hurt that resulted from tribes being forcibly removed from the Southeast still remains."
369:
The
Montgomery Advertiser's article of August 21, 2012, stated: Robert McGhee, a member of the Poarch Band tribal council gave no indication that the group planned to halt construction and disagreed with Tiger's charge that the group lacked respect for cultural values. "We have taken great care to
357:
called construction at the site "deplorable" and claimed that many burials were disturbed during the initial building phase. This commercial development of the site for a bingo hall was also opposed by other tribes, from both inside and outside the state; the
Alabama Historical Commission; Alabama's
365:
The July 2012 announcement of a $ 246 million expansion to create a 20-story hotel and casino at the site caused further outcry from the
Muscogee Creek Nation and the threat of legal action. The Poarch denied that the historic site itself was affected by their development, stating in a news release
377:
On
December 12, 2012, the Muscogee Creek Nation and the Hickory Ground Tribal Town filed a federal lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama to stop the casino development. The lawsuit alleges that the excavation of Muscogee Creek human remains and funerary objects from
381:
On May 14, 2015, Poarch Creek Chief Legal
Officer Lori Stinson testified before the Subcommittee on Indian and Insular Affairs and responded to misleading allegations on the issue of Hickory Ground. Stinson commented that the decisions to develop Hickory Ground for tribal economic endeavors were
366:
that it was "protected land that is not part of a casino expansion." The dispute over the development of
Hickory Ground is part of a wider disagreement between the Poarch Band and the Oklahoma Muscogee about cultural identity, tradition, and authenticity.
373:
On
October 12, 2012, the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes, including the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek) and Seminole Nations, unanimously adopted a resolution supporting efforts to halt the desecration of Hickory Ground.
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Hickory Ground, or
Otciapofa, was established by Muscogee Creeks (which at the time included those who would later form as the Poarch Band of Creek Indians) from Little Tulsa, located on the
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In August 1980, the property was granted to the Poarch Band. It was placed under a 20-year easement that limited development of the property. The site became part of the Poarch Band's
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The members of Otciapofa tribal town, which included ancestors of current Poarch Creeks, formed part of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy in Alabama, prior to their
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incentives for the previous owner. Excavations in 1988 and 1991 found evidence of occupation at the site during five distinct cultural periods, ranging from the
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who is an ancestor of Poarch Band members, and served as the last capital of the National Council of the Creek Nation from 1802 until 1814. During the
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362:, which introduced legislation in a failed attempt to stop it; and roughly 50 Poarch members, who wrote letters to the Alabama Historical Commission.
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at the site from 2001 to 2002, which required the excavation of the bingo hall site and exhumation of Muscogee graves found there. The
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during the 1830s. After resettling in Indian Territory, the members of Hickory Ground established another town of that name near
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Hickory Ground violated the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and other federal laws.
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683:"Constructions of Place, Culture, and Identity in Historic Preservation: A Case Study of Hickory Ground, Alabama"
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716:"When moral economies and capitalism meet: Creek factionalism and the colonial southeastern frontier"
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https://docs.house.gov/meetings/II/II24/20150514/103445/HHRG-114-II24-Wstate-StinsonL-20150514.pdf
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846:"Cultural Landmark Unaffected by Poarch Band of Creek Indians Economic Development Initiative"
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Across a Great Divide: Continuity and Change in Native North American Societies, 1400-1900
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Households and Hegemony: Early Creek Prestige Goods, Symbolic Capital, and Social Power
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Odshiapofa (historical)
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591:"Creek Indians regain site of headquarters". Associated Press. August 18, 1980.
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722:. Amerind Studies in Archaeology. Vol. 4. University of Arizona Press.
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
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Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
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271:, the inhabitants who were not fighting in the war were confined at nearby
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Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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in 1799. The town was home to several thousand Muscogee, including
718:. In K. G Tregonning; Laura L. Scheiber; Mark D. Mitchell (eds.).
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The site was rediscovered in 1968 by archaeologist David Chase of
423:
345:. Following the expiration of the easement, the Poarch built a
191:(or Odshiapofa, Ocheopofau, and Ocheubofau) is an historic Upper
935:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 242–243
608:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 242–243
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National Register of Historic Places in Elmore County, Alabama
996:
794:"Creek Indians Fight Over Sacred Site Where Casino Located"
449:
Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World, 1796-1816
932:
Early history of the Creek Indians and their neighbors
605:
Early history of the Creek Indians and their neighbors
306:(8000–6000 B.C.) to the historic Muscogee occupation.
1027:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
533:"Muscogee Creeks try to halt Poarch casino project"
255:. The site was documented during historic times by
1058:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
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791:
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636:"Oklahoma tribe opposes Creek casino in Alabama"
1450:National Register of Historic Places portal
385:The multi-story hotel is now open on the site.
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956:Back to Nature: The Battle for Hickory Ground
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16:Archaeological site in Alabama, United States
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485:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 99.
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688:. Florida State University. Archived from
325:belonged to new Hickory Ground, where the
195:tribal town and an archaeological site in
998:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
963:with members of Hickory Ceremonial Ground
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40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
714:Wesson, Cameron B. (February 15, 2010).
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296:United States Department of the Interior
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451:. University of North Carolina Press.
424:"National Register Information System"
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222:
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884:Sebastian Kitchen (August 21, 2012).
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792:Sebastian Kitchen (August 26, 2012).
634:Sebastian Kitchen (August 13, 2012).
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429:National Register of Historic Places
243:, burial grounds, and refuse sites.
231:), is outside Wetumpka on the lower
217:National Register of Historic Places
886:"Wetumpka casino plan under attack"
508:
447:Etheridge, Robbie Franklyn (2004).
411:
215:in the 1830s. It was added to the
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1506:Native American history of Alabama
1496:Former populated places in Alabama
1413:National Historic Preservation Act
477:Wesson, Cameron B. (May 1, 2008).
227:The 33-acre archaeological site, (
14:
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852:. August 16, 2012. Archived from
748:Alabama Indian Affairs Commission
531:David Goodwin (August 16, 2012).
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239:. It is a former village with a
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1366:Federated States of Micronesia
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235:, north of where it joins the
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284:Alabama Historical Commission
97:Show map of the United States
341:in 1984, when they became a
288:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
21:United States historic place
7:
929:Swanson, John Reed (1922).
602:Swanson, John Reed (1922).
479:"Changing Creek Households"
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1418:Historic Preservation Fund
1397:American Legation, Morocco
347:Native American bingo hall
343:federally recognized tribe
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1359:Lists by associated state
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782:Retrieved 22 August 2012.
775:November 3, 2012, at the
681:Samantha Earnest (2009).
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162:NRHP reference
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157:33.1 acres (13.4 ha)
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1340:Northern Mariana Islands
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360:House of Representatives
770:"Crazy Snake Uprising."
351:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
1511:Elmore County, Alabama
1335:Minor Outlying Islands
1318:Lists by insular areas
1032:Keeper of the Register
329:of 1901 was launched.
294:of $ 165,000 from the
197:Elmore County, Alabama
1481:Muscogee tribal towns
1037:National Park Service
1017:Contributing property
890:Montgomery Advertiser
798:Montgomery Advertiser
768:McIntosh, Kenneth W.
640:Montgomery Advertiser
563:"Tallapoosa: History"
434:National Park Service
138:32.52667°N 86.20917°W
1392:District of Columbia
896:on September 2, 2013
395:Four Mothers Society
327:Crazy Snake Uprising
856:on February 9, 2013
537:The Wetumpka Herald
319:Henryetta, Oklahoma
223:Archaeological site
219:on March 10, 1980.
143:32.52667; -86.20917
134: /
72:Show map of Alabama
824:"H.R. 240 (107th)"
804:on August 28, 2012
750:. State of Alabama
646:on August 18, 2012
543:on August 18, 2012
358:delegation in the
203:. It is known as
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1022:Historic district
339:reservation lands
280:Auburn University
265:Billy Weatherford
259:in the 1770s and
241:ceremonial ground
209:Muscogee language
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175:Added to NRHP
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84:
59:
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36:
29:
25:
19:
1264:South Dakota
1254:Rhode Island
1249:Pennsylvania
1229:North Dakota
955:
937:. Retrieved
931:
910:
900:September 2,
898:. Retrieved
894:the original
889:
879:
870:
858:. Retrieved
854:the original
849:
840:
828:. Retrieved
818:
806:. Retrieved
802:the original
797:
787:
779:
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752:. Retrieved
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738:
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690:the original
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567:the original
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541:the original
536:
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336:
323:Chitto Harjo
308:
277:
273:Fort Jackson
250:
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204:
188:
184:
183:
107:Nearest city
18:
1385:Other areas
1345:Puerto Rico
1179:Mississippi
1094:Connecticut
959:, video by
874:"casestudy"
664:Swanton 242
505:Swanton 200
400:Stomp dance
333:Controversy
253:Coosa River
233:Coosa River
141: /
117:Coordinates
1475:Categories
1294:Washington
1214:New Mexico
1209:New Jersey
1084:California
939:August 19,
923:References
860:August 19,
830:August 19,
808:August 26,
754:August 19,
699:August 19,
650:August 19,
612:August 19,
573:August 19,
547:August 19,
458:0807861553
129:86°12′33″W
126:32°31′36″N
1304:Wisconsin
1269:Tennessee
1174:Minnesota
1149:Louisiana
300:tax break
269:Creek War
205:Oce Vpofa
189:Otciapofa
1460:Category
1289:Virginia
1239:Oklahoma
1219:New York
1194:Nebraska
1184:Missouri
1169:Michigan
1159:Maryland
1144:Kentucky
1124:Illinois
1099:Delaware
1089:Colorado
1079:Arkansas
773:Archived
389:See also
355:Oklahoma
286:and the
201:Wetumpka
169:80000685
1406:Related
1309:Wyoming
1284:Vermont
1189:Montana
1129:Indiana
1109:Georgia
1104:Florida
1074:Arizona
1064:Alabama
247:History
207:in the
1244:Oregon
1199:Nevada
1139:Kansas
1114:Hawaii
1069:Alaska
1005:Topics
726:
489:
455:
1376:Palau
1274:Texas
1154:Maine
1119:Idaho
693:(PDF)
686:(PDF)
406:Notes
229:1EE89
199:near
1330:Guam
1279:Utah
1234:Ohio
1134:Iowa
941:2012
902:2012
862:2012
832:2012
810:2012
756:2012
724:ISBN
701:2012
652:2012
614:2012
575:2012
549:2012
487:ISBN
453:ISBN
298:and
154:Area
353:of
313:to
164:No.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
