118:
442:
2056:
1868:
5309:
1583:
2420:
5316:
5329:
2122:
1554:
2277:
5336:
659:
1344:
1223:
5322:
2003:
142:
1404:
1382:
1322:
1286:
1201:
577:
1890:
1815:
711:. As opposed to hadrosaurs, which had hundreds of teeth constantly being replaced, tooth replacement in heterodontosaurids occurred far more slowly and several specimens have been found without a single replacement tooth in waiting. Characteristically, heterodontosaurids lacked the small openings (foramina) on the inside of the jaw bones which are thought to have aided in tooth development in most other ornithischians. Heterodontosaurids also boasted a unique
1245:
2100:
2078:
2515:, and the prominent olecranon process and hyperextendable digits of the forelimb are found in many quadrupeds. However, the manus is clearly designed for grasping, not weight support. Many features of the hindlimb, including the long tibia and foot, as well as the fusion of the tibiofibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, indicate that heterodontosaurids were adapted to run quickly on the hindlegs, so it is unlikely that
1097:
2497:
5716:
1525:
1699:
1663:
725:
450:
850:
2322:(2007) tentatively agreed that this fossil material represents a heterodontosaurid, but stated that additional material is needed to confirm this assignment because the specimen is poorly preserved, while Sereno (2012) only stated that this material may represent an ornithischian or even specifically a heterodontosaurid.
744:
is generally considered the most derived of the Early
Jurassic heterodontosaurids, so it is impossible to know how many of its features were shared with other species. The forelimbs were long for a dinosaur, over 70% of the length of the hindlimbs. The well-developed deltopectoral crest (a ridge for
715:
joint between the dentaries and the predentary, allowing the lower jaws to rotate outwards as the mouth was closed, grinding the cheek teeth against each other. Because of the slow replacement rate, this grinding produced extreme tooth wear that commonly obliterated most of the denticles in older
670:
heterodontosaurids were also unique among early ornithischians. Small ridges, or denticles, lined the edges of ornithischian cheek teeth in order to crop vegetation. These denticles extend only a third of the way down the tooth crown from the tip in all heterodontosaurids; in other ornithischians,
2476:
While the cheek teeth of heterodontosaurids are clearly adapted for grinding tough plant material, their diet may have been omnivorous. The pointed premaxillary teeth and sharp, curved claws on the forelimbs suggest some degree of predatory behavior. It has been suggested that the long, powerful
2456:
during the driest times of year. Due to the lack of replacement teeth in most heterodontosaurids, it was proposed that the entire set of teeth was replaced during this dormant period, as it seemed that continual and sporadic replacement of teeth would interrupt the function of the tooth row as a
627:
and is often called the caniniform or 'tusk'. A lower caniniform, larger than the upper, took the first position in the dentary and was accommodated by the arched diastema of the upper jaw when the mouth was closed. These caniniforms were serrated on both the anterior and posterior edges in
1458:
by
Dieudonné and colleagues recovered the animals traditionally considered 'heterodontosaurids' as a basal grouping within Pachycephalosauria, paraphyletic with respect to the traditional, dome-headed pachycephalosaurs. This result was based on numerous skull characteristics including the
496:
from China appears to preserve filamentous integument which has been interpreted to be a variant of the proto-feathers found in some theropods. These filaments include a crest along its tail. The presence of this filamentous integument has been used to suggest that both ornithischians and
2326:, Kent & Whiteside (2010) noted that the age of the Laguna Colorada Formation itself is poorly constrained, and thus it wasn't conclusively determined whether the putative heterodontosaurid from this formation is of Triassic or Jurassic age. The most diverse heterodontosaurid
695:
These derived cheek teeth were overlapping, so that their crowns formed a continuous surface on which food could be chewed. The tooth rows were slightly inset from the side of the mouth, leaving a space outside the teeth that may have been bounded by a muscular
4200:
Paul E. Olsen; Dennis V. Kent; Jessica H. Whiteside (2010). "Implications of the Newark
Supergroup-based astrochronology and geomagnetic polarity time scale (Newark-APTS) for the tempo and mode of the early diversification of the Dinosauria".
1113:
position. Several early studies suggested that heterodontosaurids were very primitive ornithischians. Due to supposed similarities in the morphology of the forelimbs, Robert Bakker proposed a relationship between heterodontosaurids and early
4270:
Clark, James; Montellano, Marisol; Hopson, James A.; Hernandez, Rene; Fastovsky, David A. (1994). "An Early or Middle
Jurassic tetrapod assemblage from the La Boca Formation, northeastern Mexico". In Fraser, N.C.; Sues, H.-D. (eds.).
777:
called it the 'twist-thumb'. The second digit was the longest, slightly longer than the third. Both of these digits bore claws, while the clawless fourth and fifth digits were very small and simple in comparison. In the hindlimb, the
1156:, a result that echoes some of the very earliest work on the family. However, a study by Bonaparte found the Pisanosauridae to be synonymous with the Heterodontosauridae and not a separate family in its own right, thereby including
2457:
single chewing surface. However, this was based on a misunderstanding of heterodontosaurid jaw mechanics. It was thought that heterodontosaurids actually did replace their teeth continually, though more slowly than in other
675:
had cheek teeth in both maxilla and dentary that were generally similar to other ornithischians: widely spaced, each having a low crown and a strongly-developed ridge (cingulum) separating the crown from the root. In more
4344:"A comparison of Barremian–early Aptian vertebrate assemblages from the Jehol Group, north-east China and the Wealden Group, southern Britain: the value of microvertebrate studies in adverse preservational settings"
4244:
Sues, Hans-Dieter; Clark, James M.; Jenkins, Farish A. (1994). "A review of the Early
Jurassic tetrapods from the Glen Canyon Group of the American Southwest". In Fraser, Nicholas C.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (eds.).
4015:
R. J. Butler. 2010. The anatomy of the basal ornithischian dinosaur
Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic) of South Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160:648-684
1132:. The dominant hypothesis over the last several decades has placed heterodontosaurids as basal ornithopods. However, others have suggested that heterodontosaurids instead share a common ancestor with
4488:
1475:
have been found, yet no such pachycephalosaurs have been confidently identified. This analysis was done to elaborate on the findings of Baron and colleagues (2017), which found
3047:(2007). "Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs (mostly Ornithopoda) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the western United States.". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
2880:
Zheng, Xiao-Ting; You, Hai-Lu; Xu, Xing; Dong, Zhi-Ming (19 March 2009). "An Early
Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures".
474:
are known but have not been fully described, while most other heterodontosaurids are known only from jaw fragments and teeth. Consequently, most heterodontosaurid
5562:
2581:. Other proposed functions for the tusks include defense and use in an occasionally omnivorous diet. However, this specimen was alternatively reassigned to
117:
413:-sized dinosaurs less than 2 metres (6.6 feet) in length, including a long tail. They are known mainly for their characteristic teeth, including enlarged
1144:), a hypothesis that has found support in some early 21st century studies. The clade containing heterodontosaurids and marginocephalians has been named
3746:; Wang Xiaolin (2003). "A new genus of Psittacosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) and the origin and early evolution of marginocephalian dinosaurs".
3007:; Barrett, Paul M. (2002). "Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England". In Milner, Andrew; Batten, David J. (eds.).
700:, which would have been necessary for chewing. The hadrosaurs and ceratopsians of the Cretaceous Period, as well as many herbivorous mammals, would
5660:
2318:, including a caniniform with serrations on both anterior and posterior edges, as well as high-crowned maxillary teeth lacking a cingulum. Irmis
1039:
because the type specimen is missing all its teeth, making it indistinguishable from any other genus in the family. More recently, the genus
4484:
1162:
as a heterodontosaur. Butler et al. (2010) found the
Heterodontosauridae to be the most basal known significant ornithischian radiation.
3998:
Bonaparte, J.F. (1976). "Pisanosaurus mertii
Casamiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia". Journal of Paleontology. 50 (5): 808–820.
3905:"A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia"
1471:
period. Modern understanding of ornithischian phylogeny implies that
Jurassic pachycephalosaurs must exist, because numerous Jurassic
914:. Kuhn independently proposed Heterodontosauridae in the same year and is sometimes cited as its principal author. It was defined as a
3206:
Thulborn, Richard A. (1974). "A new heterodontosaurid dinosaur (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Upper Triassic Red Beds of Lesotho".
3524:
Yang, 1982a, an enigmatic reptile from the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China".
3472:
Gow, Christopher E. (1975). "A new heterodontosaurid from the Redbeds of South Africa showing clear evidence of tooth replacement".
2561:
and short face indicate that this specimen represents a juvenile animal. A second, larger specimen originally proposed to belong to
822:(hindfoot), with only the second, third, and fourth contacting the ground. The tail, unlike many other ornithischians, did not have
5647:
4397:
Hopson, James A. (1980). "Tooth function and replacement in early Mesozoic ornithischian dinosaurs: implications for aestivation".
2397:
from the Early Jurassic of China is no longer considered a heterodontosaurid; though one Middle-Late Jurassic Asian form is known (
4128:
Báez, Ana Maria; Marsicano, Claudia A. (2001). "A heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of Patagonia".
2674:
Madzia, Daniel; Arbour, Victoria M.; Boyd, Clint A.; Farke, Andrew A.; Cruzado-Caballero, Penélope; Evans, David C. (2021-12-09).
2599:
4147:
Randall B. Irmis; William G. Parker; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Jun Liu (2007). "Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record".
5756:
4526:
5746:
4280:
4254:
3617:
3342:
3183:
3144:
3056:
3023:
2805:
2766:
557:(the main upper jaw bone) in many ornithischians, but this diastema was characteristically arched in heterodontosaurids. The
2375:. Heterodontosaurid teeth lacking a cingulum have also been described from Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous formations in
4547:
2357:, respectively. In addition, beginning in the 1970s, a great deal of fossil material was discovered from the Late Jurassic
3447:
3077:"Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America"
2287:
While originally known only from the Early Jurassic of southern Africa, heterodontosaurid remains are now known from four
5751:
2577:
could also be another characteristic separating it from other heterodontosaurids as well, as tusks are known in juvenile
4437:
Butler, Richard J.; Porro, Laura B.; Norman, David B. (2008). "A juvenile skull of the primitive ornithischian dinosaur
3075:
Butler, Richard J.; Galton, Peter M.; Porro, Laura B.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Henderson, D. M.; Erickson, Gregory M. (2010).
2757:; Witmer, Lawrence M. (1990). "Heterodontosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.).
3865:"The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho"
3131:. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology. Vol. 87. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–109.
620:, the first two premaxillary teeth were small and conical, while the much larger third tooth resembled the canines of
5741:
5308:
2565:
clearly possesses tusks, which was used to support the idea that tusks are found only in adults, rather than being a
5328:
2594:
In 2005 a small complete fossilized heterodontosaurid skeleton more than 200 million years old was discovered in
3416:(1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria".
938:
5315:
4302:"Dinosaurs and other fossil vertebrates from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of the Galve area, NE Spain"
3537:
141:
4454:
5625:
5335:
2566:
546:
530:
5321:
5736:
5279:
1169:
below shows the interrelationships within Heterodontosauridae, and follows the analysis by Sereno, 2012:
878:
in 1911 for dinosaur jaw bones missing all of the teeth and some partial associated limb bones. In 1924,
1148:. Heterodontosaurids have also been seen as basal to both ornithopods and marginocephalians. In 2007, a
773:('hand'). The first was large, tipped with a sharply curved claw, and would rotate inwards when flexed;
5706:
4519:
647:, there may have been two upper caniniforms, which were on the maxilla rather than the premaxilla, and
2303:
2302:. The oldest known possible heterodontosaurid remains are a jaw fragment and isolated teeth from the
950:
4169:
2387:
were redescribed in 2002, showing that it may represent a late-surviving heterodontosaurid from the
394:
are relatively rare and their group small in numbers, they have been found on all continents except
4614:
3789:
3743:
3704:
3517:
1093:
as a heterodontosaurid at one time, but this animal is now known to be a more basal ornithischian.
565:, a bone unique to ornithischians. This bone also supported a beak similar to the one found on the
441:
2587:
by Sereno in 2012, which is already known to have possessed tusks and therefore their absence in
968:
932:
746:
127:
3334:
3328:
5691:
5587:
4710:
4164:
3176:
The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking The Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction
2796:(2004). "Basal Ornithopoda". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.).
2554:
lacks tusks and was originally described as a female. While this remains possible, the unfused
2437:
1145:
1072:
762:
2522:
The short tusks found in all known heterodontosaurids strongly resemble tusks found in modern
2403:). Indeterminate cheek teeth possibly representing heterodontosaurids are also known from the
1049:
was named for an upper jaw in 1975, but more recent discoveries have shown that it belongs to
386:
placement is uncertain but they are most commonly found to be primitive, outside of the group
5686:
5678:
5665:
4956:
4512:
3794:"A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China"
3324:
2936:
Thulborn, Richard A. (1970). "The systematic position of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur
980:
974:
662:
Evolution of key masticatory specializations in heterodontosaurids, according to Sereno, 2012
395:
379:
1867:
5634:
5224:
4979:
4406:
4355:
4316:
4210:
4156:
4146:
3965:
3755:
3716:
3290:
2891:
2473:
of aestivation in heterodontosaurids, but it cannot be rejected, based on the skull scans.
2055:
944:
701:
692:
and no cingula, so that there was no difference in width between the crowns and the roots.
550:
240:
2411:
of southern England, which if confirmed would represent the youngest record of the group.
829:
to maintain a rigid posture and was probably flexible. The fragmentary skeleton known for
482:
measured just over 1 meter (3.3 ft) in length, while the fragmentary remains of
8:
5256:
3593:
3360:"Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs"
3124:
2754:
2629:"Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs"
2573:
with members of the same species or with other species. The absence of tusks in juvenile
2462:
1266:
1109:
The membership of Heterodontosauridae is well-established in comparison to its uncertain
986:
4410:
4359:
4320:
4214:
4160:
3969:
3841:
3759:
3720:
3294:
2895:
2369:
in the United States. Described in print in 2009, this material was placed in the genus
1152:
analysis suggested that heterodontosaurids are basal to all known ornithischians except
5541:
5268:
4466:
4418:
4379:
4226:
4182:
4072:
4035:
3999:
3981:
3929:
3904:
3818:
3793:
3771:
3767:
3549:
3485:
3390:
3306:
3219:
3101:
3076:
2953:
2915:
2710:
2675:
2651:
2628:
2433:
2358:
2116:
1788:
136:
4301:
2448:
of southern England. It has been suggested that heterodontosaurids underwent seasonal
1582:
5673:
5509:
4861:
4458:
4383:
4371:
4343:
4297:
4276:
4250:
4077:
4059:
3934:
3896:
3881:
3864:
3823:
3788:
3613:
3541:
3395:
3377:
3338:
3179:
3150:
3140:
3106:
3074:
3052:
3019:
2907:
2801:
2762:
2715:
2697:
2656:
2570:
2543:
2419:
1924:
1862:
1398:
833:
has never been fully described, although the forelimb and manus were smaller than in
807:
464:
418:
321:
4470:
4230:
4186:
3985:
3775:
3707:(1999). "The earliest ceratopsian from the Tuchengzi Formation of Liaoning, China".
3553:
3429:
2121:
1553:
1084:
5720:
5088:
4450:
4414:
4363:
4324:
4218:
4174:
4108:
4067:
4051:
3973:
3924:
3916:
3876:
3813:
3805:
3763:
3728:
3724:
3533:
3481:
3425:
3385:
3367:
3310:
3298:
3215:
3171:
3132:
3096:
3088:
2970:
Hopson, James A. (1975). "On the generic separation of the ornithischian dinosaurs
2949:
2919:
2899:
2882:
2705:
2687:
2646:
2636:
2408:
2393:
2362:
2276:
1464:
1141:
1080:
1063:
1006:
955:
906:
named Heterodontosauridae in 1966 as a family of ornithischian dinosaurs including
708:
641:
403:
368:
218:
34:
4113:
4096:
3255:
Haughton, Sidney H. (1924). "The fauna and stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series".
1496:
The cladogram below is an abridged version of Dieudonne and colleagues' findings:
5531:
5236:
5104:
4599:
4574:
4328:
3953:
3900:
3004:
2789:
1761:
1133:
887:
815:
770:
3136:
2602:; the scan of the dentition revealed palate bones less than a millimeter thick.
2002:
716:
teeth, although the increased height of the crowns gave each tooth a long life.
658:
5546:
5526:
5477:
5402:
5187:
5097:
5035:
5000:
4927:
4199:
3567:
3499:
3451:
3278:
2800:(Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 393–412.
2598:. In July 2016 it was scanned by a team of South African researchers using the
2539:
2292:
1343:
1222:
1115:
1058:
866:
769:
indicate that the forelimb was powerful as well. There were five digits on the
750:
606:
414:
30:
4367:
4222:
4203:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
4178:
3977:
3612:(First ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 416–425.
5730:
5610:
5494:
5444:
5202:
5173:
5159:
5143:
5028:
5021:
4920:
4840:
4764:
4757:
4725:
4462:
4375:
4063:
3545:
3381:
3372:
2793:
2701:
2641:
2547:
2469:
shows no replacement teeth. There is currently no evidence that supports the
2350:
2323:
2311:
2280:
2072:
1997:
1884:
1715:
1576:
1547:
1482:
1376:
1102:
838:
819:
774:
652:
586:
470:
311:
72:
3359:
1489:
coded as an ornithischian, which also had implications for the phylogeny of
537:(a bone at the tip of the upper jaw) was toothless and probably supported a
5536:
5487:
5430:
5416:
5409:
5364:
5180:
5135:
5063:
5042:
4945:
4819:
4811:
4787:
4741:
4676:
4663:
4626:
4535:
4095:
Dieudonné, P.E.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Godefroit, P.; Tortosa, T. (2020).
4081:
4055:
3938:
3920:
3827:
3809:
3399:
3233:
3110:
3092:
3044:
2911:
2719:
2660:
2595:
2445:
2441:
2299:
2050:
1504:
1158:
1137:
1129:
1089:
1035:
1013:, all other authors consider the three genera distinct. Within the family,
903:
874:
869:
858:
823:
677:
667:
542:
475:
383:
372:
280:
236:
202:
4094:
3154:
2298:
was still largely intact, allowing the family to achieve a near-worldwide
468:
itself is known from a complete skeleton. Fragmentary skeletal remains of
5619:
5465:
5437:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5213:
5112:
5077:
5014:
4968:
4900:
4779:
4749:
4702:
4694:
3633:
3443:
3413:
2485:. These forelimbs may have also functioned as digging tools, perhaps for
2453:
2026:
1889:
1814:
1748:
1693:
1626:
1519:
1477:
1472:
1120:
1076:
1022:
959:
919:
799:
576:
422:
47:
2903:
2692:
2481:
may have been useful for tearing into insect nests, similarly to modern
1403:
1381:
1321:
1285:
1200:
837:. Also, the fourth and fifth digits of the forelimb each bear one fewer
5652:
5458:
5451:
5245:
5194:
5166:
5151:
5127:
5070:
5049:
4934:
4913:
4889:
4882:
4868:
4854:
4803:
4795:
4771:
4003:
3700:
3655:
3281:(1962). "A new ornithischian from the Upper Triassic of South Africa".
2583:
2470:
2449:
2425:
2399:
2388:
2371:
2094:
1949:
1838:
1809:
1775:
1612:
1490:
1316:
1280:
1239:
1217:
1125:
1045:
811:
791:
786:, which is generally considered an adaptation for speed. The tibia and
599:
566:
562:
534:
526:
492:
484:
455:
399:
387:
351:
331:
290:
270:
92:
57:
3302:
2879:
2349:
Undescribed Early Jurassic heterodontosaurids are also known from the
1244:
478:(defining features) have been described from the teeth and jaw bones.
5423:
5056:
4847:
4733:
4436:
4243:
3677:
Cooper, Michael A. (1985). "A revision of the ornithischian dinosaur
3608:". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.).
2523:
2512:
2404:
2307:
2288:
2099:
2077:
1973:
1195:
1166:
1149:
1110:
795:
758:
704:
689:
671:
the denticles extend further down towards the root. Basal forms like
621:
602:
498:
426:
260:
153:
97:
41:
5581:
3951:
5604:
5374:
4875:
4718:
4583:
4559:
2558:
2482:
2380:
2366:
2330:
comes from the Early Jurassic of southern Africa, where fossils of
1657:
1468:
1455:
1338:
883:
853:
558:
430:
375:
341:
186:
173:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2854:
Gow, Christopher E. (1990). "A tooth-bearing maxilla referable to
2507:
The length of the forelimb compared to the hindlimb suggests that
5502:
4565:
2527:
2458:
2295:
754:
570:
554:
538:
102:
77:
5639:
3333:(Third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
2496:
1524:
1096:
4553:
4504:
2555:
2535:
2531:
2354:
1698:
849:
826:
787:
712:
624:
391:
163:
4269:
3699:
2832:(Reptilia, Ornithischia) from the Stormberg of South Africa".
2761:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 486–497.
1662:
3792:; Forster, Catherine A.; Clark, James M.; Mo Jinyou. (2006).
3592:
2978:
from the Stormberg Series (Upper Triassic) of South Africa".
2753:
2490:
2436:
that represent arid to semi-arid environments, including the
2376:
2327:
1460:
963:
922:
and redefined by him in 2005 as the stem clade consisting of
915:
783:
779:
724:
697:
522:
449:
4295:
3741:
1043:
has been considered a heterodontosaurid in several studies.
902:
were recognized as closely related ornithischian dinosaurs.
5120:
4275:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 295–302.
4249:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–294.
3844:; Osmólska, Halszka. (1985). "On ornithischian phylogeny".
3840:
3658:(1983). "Phylogeny and evolutionary stages of Dinosauria".
3538:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0981:ARODLY]2.0.CO;2
3418:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
3236:(1911). "On the dinosaurs of the Stormberg, South Africa".
2828:
Santa Luca, Albert P. (1980). "The postcranial skeleton of
2486:
1068:
803:
766:
518:
4485:"Dinosaur fossil found in SA finally gives up its secrets"
3018:. London: Palaeontological Association. pp. 161–189.
2676:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs"
4455:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[702:AJSOTP]2.0.CO;2
4127:
3051:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 17–47.
2569:
of males. These tusks could have been used for combat or
2534:. In many of these animals (as well as the longer-tusked
1033:
is also a heterodontosaurid, but is usually considered a
410:
4273:
In The Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods
4247:
In The Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods
3956:(2008). "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs".
3505:(in Chinese). Beijing: Academica Sinica. pp. 38–42.
3909:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3798:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
553:, separated these premaxillary teeth from those of the
3681:
Haughton, with a classification of the Ornithischia".
3003:
1071:, but it has since been shown that the remains were a
5704:
5563:
List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks
3049:
Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs
2788:
2673:
2519:
moved on all four limbs except perhaps when feeding.
2314:. These remains have a derived morphology similar to
545:), although heterodontosaurids did have teeth in the
3276:
655:
may have had two lower caniniforms on each dentary.
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
296:
286:
276:
266:
256:
3129:
Evolution of Jaw Mechanisms in Ornithopod Dinosaurs
2391:stage of the Early Cretaceous in southern England.
569:. All the teeth in the lower jaw were found on the
131:, University of California Museum of Palaeontology
4034:Baron, Matthew G.; Barrett, Paul M. (2018-03-01).
4018:
3636:(1986). "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs".
666:Like the characteristic tusks, the cheek teeth of
640:bore serrations only on the anterior edge. In the
402:, with a range spanning the Early Jurassic to the
4309:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3895:
3574:Casamiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia".
549:section of the premaxilla. A large gap, called a
417:-like tusks and cheek teeth adapted for chewing,
5728:
1485:. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted with
598:Heterodontosaurids are named for their strongly
958:defined phylogenetically for the first time by
4598:
3515:
605:. There were three premaxillary teeth. In the
525:projected sideways, a feature also present in
4520:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4088:
4040:within Ornithischia: a reply to Müller et al"
1067:was once considered a heterodontosaurid from
529:. As in the jaws of most ornithischians, the
4033:
3070:
3068:
2858:Haughton, 1924 (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)".
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2432:Most heterodontosaurid fossils are found in
4674:
3178:. New York: William Morrow. p. 453pp.
2875:
2873:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2546:trait, with tusks only found in males. The
732:, muzzle, hand, feet and tail framed in red
4527:
4513:
4441:from the 'Stormberg' of southern Africa".
4425:
3654:
3123:
2827:
2792:; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Witmer, Lawrence M.;
2291:. Early in heterodontosaurid history, the
2283:distribution of heterodontosaurids in time
688:, the teeth were chisel-shaped, with much
445:Size comparison of many heterodontosaurids
116:
4348:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
4289:
4263:
4237:
4168:
4112:
4071:
3928:
3880:
3869:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3817:
3566:
3474:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3389:
3371:
3208:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3100:
3065:
2942:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2709:
2691:
2650:
2640:
2611:
4341:
4097:"A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs"
3782:
3254:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3166:
3164:
3039:
3037:
3035:
2935:
2870:
2775:
2495:
2418:
2275:
1467:fossils are completely unknown from the
1463:, and also to account for the fact that
1095:
993:Heterodontosauridae includes the genera
926:and all species more closely related to
848:
723:
657:
575:
448:
440:
382:(primitive) members of the group. Their
3748:Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)
3272:
3270:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2965:
2963:
2931:
2929:
2849:
2847:
2749:
2600:European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
5729:
4396:
4027:
3862:
3676:
3632:
3442:
3412:
3357:
3170:
3043:
3009:Life and Environments in Purbeck Times
2969:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2626:
5586:
5585:
5351:
4661:
4546:
4508:
4390:
3945:
3889:
3856:
3735:
3693:
3670:
3626:
3586:
3560:
3498:
3492:
3465:
3436:
3406:
3323:
3317:
3248:
3232:
3192:
3161:
3117:
3032:
806:. Also similarly to birds, the lower
4121:
3952:Butler, Richard J.; Upchurch, Paul;
3834:
3648:
3509:
3267:
3226:
2990:
2960:
2926:
2844:
3958:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3471:
2853:
2814:
2726:
2591:may not have been a result of age.
2465:of skulls from juvenile and mature
1087:also classified the South American
790:of the lower leg were fused to the
13:
4443:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4419:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1980.tb01035.x
4342:Sweetman, Steven C. (March 2016).
3768:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00105.x
3709:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3683:Annals of the South African Museum
3486:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1975.tb01895.x
3257:Annals of the South African Museum
3238:Annals of the South African Museum
3220:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1974.tb01591.x
3081:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2954:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1970.tb00739.x
2860:Annals of the South African Museum
2834:Annals of the South African Museum
740:has been well-described, although
504:
488:may indicate a larger individual.
14:
5768:
4024:Sereno, P.C. (2012). pp. 193-206.
844:
125:Cast of specimen SAM-PK-K1332 of
5714:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5314:
5307:
4662:
4534:
3882:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00182.x
2980:South African Journal of Science
2120:
2098:
2076:
2054:
2001:
1888:
1866:
1813:
1697:
1661:
1581:
1552:
1523:
1402:
1380:
1342:
1320:
1284:
1243:
1221:
1199:
818:.' There are four digits in the
378:that were likely among the most
140:
45:
4491:from the original on 2016-07-28
4477:
4335:
4193:
4140:
4009:
3992:
3596:; Witmer, Lawrence M. (1990). "
3351:
3013:Special Papers in Palaeontology
2567:secondary sexual characteristic
2414:
2271:
1005:, all from South Africa. While
962:in 2012 as "the most inclusive
939:Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis
882:was named, and classified as a
763:muscles that extend the forearm
462:Among heterodontosaurids, only
4036:"Support for the placement of
3729:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011181
3502:(1982). "". In Zhou M. (ed.).
3448:"Stem Archosauria—TaxonSearch"
2667:
561:(lower jaw) was tipped by the
436:
1:
5757:Prehistoric dinosaur families
4114:10.1080/08912963.2020.1793979
3846:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3660:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2605:
1009:once reassigned all three to
109:Possible Late Triassic record
5747:Early Cretaceous extinctions
5352:
4329:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.01.009
4296:Sánchez-Hernández, Barbara;
3915:(published online): 2041–6.
3638:National Geographic Research
3522:Dianchungosaurus lufengensis
7:
3863:Butler, Richard J. (2005).
3520:(2005). "A reassessment of
3358:Sereno, Paul (2012-03-10).
3137:10.1007/978-3-642-69533-9_1
954:. Heterodontosaurinae is a
802:' convergently with modern
736:The postcranial anatomy of
719:
521:. Underneath the eyes, the
18:Extinct family of dinosaurs
10:
5773:
5752:Taxa named by Alfred Romer
2511:might have been partially
2310:, which dates back to the
1602:" (conventional position)
1176:Heterodontosauridae
894:was named in 1962 and it,
5594:
5555:
5519:
5475:
5362:
5358:
5347:
5304:
5267:
5244:
5235:
5212:
5087:
5009:
4998:
4967:
4944:
4908:
4899:
4830:
4689:
4685:
4670:
4657:
4625:
4607:
4594:
4542:
4368:10.1007/s12549-015-0217-9
4223:10.1017/S1755691011020032
4179:10.1080/08912960600719988
3978:10.1017/S1477201907002271
3430:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
2304:Laguna Colorada Formation
2113:
2091:
2069:
2047:
2040:
2023:
2016:
1994:
1987:
1970:
1963:
1946:
1939:
1922:
1881:
1859:
1852:
1835:
1828:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1772:
1765:
1745:
1738:
1712:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1623:
1616:
1596:
1574:
1567:
1545:
1538:
1516:
1509:
1395:
1373:
1366:
1335:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1277:
1270:
1236:
1214:
1192:
1185:
1178:
951:Ankylosaurus magniventris
798:of the ankle, forming a '
253:
248:
137:Scientific classification
135:
124:
115:
25:
5742:Norian first appearances
4300:; Naish, Darren (2007).
3373:10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
3127:(1984). "Introduction".
2642:10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
2627:Sereno, Paul C. (2012).
782:was 30% longer than the
409:Heterodontosaurids were
4439:Heterodontosaurus tucki
3576:Journal of Paleontology
3526:Journal of Paleontology
3330:Vertebrate Paleontology
2830:Heterodontosaurus tucki
969:Heterodontosaurus tucki
933:Parasaurolophus walkeri
924:Heterodontosaurus tucki
738:Heterodontosaurus tucki
421:to those of Cretaceous
128:Heterodontosaurus tucki
4056:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0002
3921:10.1098/rspb.2007.0367
3810:10.1098/rspb.2006.3566
3093:10.1098/rspb.2009.1494
2938:Lycorhinus angustidens
2856:Lycorhinus angustidens
2504:
2438:Upper Elliot Formation
2429:
2284:
1146:Heterodontosauriformes
1124:, bridging the orders
1106:
862:
814:were fused to form a '
765:were attached) of the
733:
663:
595:
459:
446:
5687:Paleobiology Database
3899:; Smith, Roger M.H.;
3679:Kangnasaurus coetzeei
2499:
2422:
2279:
1099:
981:Fruitadens haagarorum
975:Tianyulong confuciusi
852:
727:
661:
579:
452:
444:
3594:Weishampel, David B.
3125:Weishampel, David B.
2755:Weishampel, David B.
1454:A 2020 reworking of
945:Triceratops horridus
453:Life restoration of
5626:Heterodontosauridae
5596:Heterodontosauridae
4832:Heterodontosauridae
4411:1980Letha..13...93H
4360:2016PdPe...96..149S
4321:2007PPP...249..180S
4215:2010EESTR.101..201O
4161:2007HBio...19....3I
3970:2008JSPal...6....1B
3804:(1598): 2135–2140.
3760:2003AcGlS..77...15Y
3721:1999JVPal..19..681X
3572:Pisanosaurus mertii
3295:1962Natur.196.1074C
3289:(4859): 1074–1077.
2904:10.1038/nature07856
2896:2009Natur.458..333Z
2693:10.7717/peerj.12362
2434:geologic formations
1600:Heterodontosauridae
1267:Heterodontosaurinae
1029:as a basal member.
987:Echinodon becklesii
707:somewhat analogous
365:Heterodontosauridae
300:Heterodontosaurinae
232:Heterodontosauridae
5737:Heterodontosaurids
5542:Hypsilophodontidae
5280:Pachycephalosauria
5269:Pachycephalosauria
4298:Benton, Michael J.
4149:Historical Biology
4101:Historical Biology
3897:Butler, Richard J.
3568:Bonaparte, Jose F.
3516:Barrett, Paul M.;
2544:sexually dimorphic
2505:
2430:
2359:Morrison Formation
2342:, and the dubious
2285:
2117:Pachycephalosaurus
1925:Heterodontosaurids
1789:Pachycephalosauria
1107:
863:
810:(ankle) bones and
745:the attachment of
734:
664:
596:
497:saurischians were
460:
447:
26:Heterodontosaurids
5702:
5701:
5674:Open Tree of Life
5588:Taxon identifiers
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5510:Serendipaceratops
5343:
5342:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4862:Heterodontosaurus
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4282:978-0-521-45899-3
4256:978-0-521-45899-3
4107:(10): 2335–2355.
3842:Maryanska, Teresa
3703:; Cheng Zhengwu;
3619:978-0-520-06727-1
3344:978-0-7167-1822-2
3303:10.1038/1961074a0
3185:978-0-14-010055-6
3172:Bakker, Robert T.
3146:978-0-387-13114-6
3087:(1680): 375–381.
3058:978-0-253-34817-3
3025:978-0-901702-73-9
2976:Heterodontosaurus
2890:(7236): 333–336.
2807:978-0-520-24209-8
2794:Coria, Rodolfo A.
2768:978-0-520-06727-1
2579:Heterodontosaurus
2517:Heterodontosaurus
2509:Heterodontosaurus
2479:Heterodontosaurus
2467:Heterodontosaurus
2383:. The remains of
2332:Heterodontosaurus
2316:Heterodontosaurus
2268:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2132:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1863:Heterodontosaurus
1727:
1726:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1399:Heterodontosaurus
1355:
1354:
1256:
1255:
1142:pachycephalosaurs
1081:mesoeucrocodylian
1015:Heterodontosaurus
1003:Heterodontosaurus
928:Heterodontosaurus
908:Heterodontosaurus
892:Heterodontosaurus
872:created the name
835:Heterodontosaurus
759:olecranon process
686:Heterodontosaurus
636:, while those of
630:Heterodontosaurus
614:Heterodontosaurus
582:Heterodontosaurus
515:Heterodontosaurus
480:Heterodontosaurus
465:Heterodontosaurus
425:. Their diet was
390:. Although their
362:
361:
322:Heterodontosaurus
304:
244:
110:
5764:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5710:
5695:
5694:
5682:
5681:
5669:
5668:
5656:
5655:
5643:
5642:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5583:
5582:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5242:
5241:
5089:Thescelosauridae
5007:
5006:
4906:
4905:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4659:
4658:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4544:
4543:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4434:
4423:
4422:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4315:(1–2): 180–215.
4306:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4209:(3–4): 201–229.
4197:
4191:
4190:
4172:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4007:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3954:Norman, David B.
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3901:Norman, David B.
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3450:. Archived from
3440:
3434:
3433:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3375:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3325:Romer, Alfred S.
3321:
3315:
3314:
3277:Crompton, A.W.;
3274:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3045:Galton, Peter M.
3041:
3030:
3029:
3005:Norman, David B.
3001:
2988:
2987:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2790:Norman, David B.
2786:
2773:
2772:
2751:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2695:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2624:
2409:Wessex Formation
2394:Dianchungosaurus
2124:
2102:
2080:
2058:
2043:
2042:
2019:
2018:
2005:
1990:
1989:
1966:
1965:
1942:
1941:
1892:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1831:
1830:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1768:
1767:
1741:
1740:
1701:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1619:
1618:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1465:pachycephalosaur
1406:
1384:
1369:
1368:
1346:
1324:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1288:
1273:
1272:
1247:
1225:
1203:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1064:Dianchungosaurus
1053:instead, making
1007:Richard Thulborn
956:stem-based taxon
800:tibiofibiotarsus
753:muscles) of the
709:dental batteries
642:Early Cretaceous
404:Early Cretaceous
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
302:
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
235:
230:
219:Saphornithischia
217:
201:
145:
144:
120:
108:
107:
44:
35:Early Cretaceous
29:Temporal range:
23:
22:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5705:
5703:
5698:
5690:
5685:
5677:
5672:
5664:
5659:
5651:
5646:
5638:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5590:
5580:
5567:
5551:
5532:Phytodinosauria
5515:
5471:
5354:
5339:
5326:
5319:
5306:
5286:
5263:
5237:Marginocephalia
5231:
5208:
5105:Changchunsaurus
5083:
5003:
4986:
4963:
4940:
4895:
4826:
4679:
4666:
4641:
4621:
4615:Avemetatarsalia
4600:Avemetatarsalia
4590:
4575:Avemetatarsalia
4549:
4548:
4538:
4533:
4503:
4494:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4435:
4426:
4395:
4391:
4340:
4336:
4304:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4242:
4238:
4198:
4194:
4170:10.1.1.539.8311
4145:
4141:
4126:
4122:
4093:
4089:
4050:(3): 20180002.
4044:Biology Letters
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
3997:
3993:
3950:
3946:
3894:
3890:
3861:
3857:
3839:
3835:
3787:
3783:
3740:
3736:
3698:
3694:
3675:
3671:
3666:(1–2): 295–306.
3653:
3649:
3634:Sereno, Paul C.
3631:
3627:
3620:
3591:
3587:
3565:
3561:
3514:
3510:
3497:
3493:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3444:Sereno, Paul C.
3441:
3437:
3414:Sereno, Paul C.
3411:
3407:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3322:
3318:
3275:
3268:
3253:
3249:
3231:
3227:
3204:
3193:
3186:
3169:
3162:
3147:
3122:
3118:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3042:
3033:
3026:
3002:
2991:
2968:
2961:
2934:
2927:
2878:
2871:
2852:
2845:
2826:
2815:
2808:
2787:
2776:
2769:
2752:
2727:
2672:
2668:
2625:
2612:
2608:
2540:Asian elephants
2423:Restoration of
2417:
2274:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
1929:(paraphyletic)
1928:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1762:Marginocephalia
1728:
1586:
1557:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1356:
1257:
1134:Marginocephalia
1116:sauropodomorphs
1061:of that genus.
1021:are considered
888:Sidney Haughton
847:
816:tarsometatarsus
722:
517:had very large
507:
505:Skull and teeth
439:
234:
228:
215:
199:
139:
111:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5770:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5724:
5723:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5683:
5670:
5657:
5644:
5631:
5616:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5556:Other articles
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5547:Jeholosauridae
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5527:Ornithoscelida
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5483:
5481:
5478:Incertae sedis
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5403:Ferganocephale
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5250:
5248:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5188:Thescelosaurus
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5098:Albertadromeus
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5036:Kulindadromeus
5032:
5025:
5018:
5010:
5004:
5001:Neornithischia
4999:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4928:Scutellosaurus
4924:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4608:
4602:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4577:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4502:
4501:
4487:. 2016-07-27.
4476:
4449:(3): 702–711.
4424:
4389:
4354:(1): 149–167.
4334:
4288:
4281:
4262:
4255:
4236:
4192:
4139:
4120:
4087:
4026:
4017:
4008:
3991:
3944:
3888:
3875:(2): 175–218.
3855:
3833:
3781:
3734:
3715:(4): 681–691.
3692:
3669:
3647:
3625:
3618:
3610:The Dinosauria
3585:
3559:
3532:(5): 981–986.
3508:
3491:
3480:(4): 335–339.
3464:
3446:(2005-11-07).
3435:
3405:
3366:(226): 1–225.
3350:
3343:
3316:
3266:
3247:
3234:Broom, Robert.
3225:
3214:(2): 151–175.
3191:
3184:
3160:
3145:
3116:
3064:
3057:
3031:
3024:
2989:
2959:
2948:(3): 235–245.
2925:
2869:
2866:(10): 367–380.
2843:
2813:
2806:
2798:The Dinosauria
2774:
2767:
2759:The Dinosauria
2725:
2666:
2635:(226): 1–225.
2609:
2607:
2604:
2416:
2413:
2293:supercontinent
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1481:to be a basal
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1085:José Bonaparte
1059:junior synonym
867:paleontologist
865:South African
846:
845:Classification
843:
757:and prominent
721:
718:
607:Early Jurassic
506:
503:
476:synapomorphies
438:
435:
360:
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:
345:
335:
325:
315:
294:
284:
274:
264:
251:
250:
246:
245:
239:, 1966 (Kuhn,
226:
222:
221:
213:
206:
205:
197:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
122:
121:
113:
112:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
31:Early Jurassic
28:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5769:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5495:Dravidosaurus
5492:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5445:Syngonosaurus
5442:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5310:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5203:Zephyrosaurus
5200:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5174:Oryctodromeus
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5160:Nevadadromeus
5157:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:Koreanosaurus
5141:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5029:Hypsilophodon
5026:
5024:
5023:
5022:Hexinlusaurus
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4921:Scelidosaurus
4918:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:Abrictosaurus
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4765:Lesothosaurus
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:Laquintasaura
4755:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:Eucoelophysis
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4405:(1): 93–105.
4404:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4136:(3): 271–279.
4135:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4030:
4021:
4012:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3644:(2): 234–256.
3643:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:Lesothosaurus
3595:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3454:on 2007-02-19
3453:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2840:(7): 159–211.
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2589:Abrictosaurus
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2575:Abrictosaurus
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:Abrictosaurus
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:Abrictosaurus
2549:
2548:type specimen
2545:
2542:), this is a
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:forelimbs of
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:United States
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:Abrictosaurus
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:Late Triassic
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2281:Biogeographic
2278:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:Homalocephale
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:Wannanosaurus
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1885:Abrictosaurus
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:Hexinlusaurus
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1577:Lesothosaurus
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:Laquintasaura
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:ornithischian
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:Abrictosaurus
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1103:Abrictosaurus
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1027:Abrictosaurus
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Abrictosaurus
991:
989:
988:
983:
982:
977:
976:
971:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
946:
941:
940:
935:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
871:
868:
861:
860:
855:
851:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:Abrictosaurus
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
775:Robert Bakker
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
731:
726:
717:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
693:
691:
690:higher crowns
687:
683:
679:
674:
673:Abrictosaurus
669:
660:
656:
654:
653:Late Jurassic
650:
646:
643:
639:
638:Abrictosaurus
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:Abrictosaurus
608:
604:
601:
593:
589:
588:
587:Abrictosaurus
583:
578:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:Abrictosaurus
502:
500:
495:
494:
489:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
472:
471:Abrictosaurus
467:
466:
458:
457:
451:
443:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
373:ornithischian
370:
366:
354:
353:
346:
344:
343:
336:
334:
333:
326:
324:
323:
316:
314:
313:
312:Abrictosaurus
306:
305:
301:
295:
293:
292:
285:
283:
282:
275:
273:
272:
265:
263:
262:
255:
254:
252:
247:
242:
238:
233:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
130:
129:
123:
119:
114:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
40:200–140
36:
32:
24:
21:
16:
5595:
5537:Silesauridae
5508:
5501:
5493:
5488:Ajkaceratops
5486:
5476:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5431:Notoceratops
5429:
5422:
5417:Gongbusaurus
5415:
5410:Geranosaurus
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5365:Nomina dubia
5363:
5313:
5201:
5193:
5186:
5181:Parksosaurus
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5136:Jeholosaurus
5134:
5126:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5096:
5076:
5069:
5064:Sanxiasaurus
5062:
5055:
5048:
5043:Minimocursor
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
4957:Ankylosauria
4946:Ankylosauria
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4820:Technosaurus
4818:
4812:Soumyasaurus
4810:
4802:
4794:
4788:Pisanosaurus
4786:
4778:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4742:Ignotosaurus
4740:
4732:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4677:Ornithischia
4664:Ornithischia
4627:Ornithischia
4579:
4570:
4536:Ornithischia
4493:. Retrieved
4479:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4312:
4308:
4291:
4272:
4265:
4246:
4239:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4011:
3994:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3912:
3908:
3891:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3836:
3801:
3797:
3784:
3754:(1): 15–20.
3751:
3747:
3737:
3712:
3708:
3695:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3637:
3628:
3609:
3606:Technosaurus
3605:
3602:Pisanosaurus
3601:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3494:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3456:. Retrieved
3452:the original
3438:
3424:(1): 41–83.
3421:
3417:
3408:
3363:
3353:
3329:
3319:
3286:
3282:
3279:Charig, Alan
3260:
3256:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3211:
3207:
3175:
3128:
3119:
3084:
3080:
3048:
3015:
3012:
3008:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2887:
2881:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2797:
2758:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2632:
2596:South Africa
2593:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2562:
2551:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2478:
2475:
2466:
2446:Purbeck Beds
2442:South Africa
2431:
2424:
2415:Paleobiology
2398:
2392:
2384:
2370:
2348:
2344:Geranosaurus
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2300:distribution
2286:
2272:Distribution
2115:
2114:
2093:
2092:
2071:
2070:
2051:Prenocephale
2049:
2048:
2025:
2024:
1996:
1995:
1972:
1971:
1948:
1947:
1883:
1882:
1861:
1860:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1807:
1774:
1773:
1747:
1746:
1714:
1713:
1692:
1691:
1656:
1655:
1625:
1624:
1599:
1597:
1575:
1546:
1518:
1517:
1505:Ornithischia
1503:
1495:
1486:
1476:
1473:ceratopsians
1453:
1397:
1396:
1375:
1374:
1337:
1336:
1315:
1314:
1279:
1278:
1238:
1237:
1216:
1215:
1194:
1193:
1164:
1159:Pisanosaurus
1157:
1154:Pisanosaurus
1153:
1138:ceratopsians
1130:Ornithischia
1119:
1111:phylogenetic
1108:
1101:
1090:Pisanosaurus
1088:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:nomen dubium
1034:
1031:Geranosaurus
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
985:
979:
973:
967:
949:
943:
937:
931:
927:
923:
911:
907:
904:Alfred Romer
900:Geranosaurus
899:
895:
891:
879:
875:Geranosaurus
873:
870:Robert Broom
864:
859:Geranosaurus
857:
839:phalanx bone
834:
830:
741:
737:
735:
729:
702:convergently
694:
685:
681:
672:
665:
648:
644:
637:
633:
629:
617:
613:
609:
597:
591:
585:
581:
543:rhamphotheca
533:edge of the
527:ceratopsians
514:
510:
508:
491:
490:
483:
479:
469:
463:
461:
454:
429:or possibly
423:hadrosaurids
408:
384:phylogenetic
364:
363:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
303:Sereno, 2012
299:
289:
281:Geranosaurus
279:
269:
259:
231:
209:
203:Ornithischia
193:
180:
126:
20:
15:
5620:Wikispecies
5466:Trimucrodon
5438:Siluosaurus
5396:Fabrosaurus
5389:Craspedodon
5382:Bienosaurus
5225:Ornithopoda
5214:Ornithopoda
5113:Changmiania
5078:Yandusaurus
5015:Agilisaurus
4980:Stegosauria
4969:Stegosauria
4901:Thyreophora
4780:Lutungutali
4750:Kwanasaurus
4703:Asilisaurus
4695:Amanasaurus
4155:(1): 3–22.
4130:Ameghiniana
4038:Chilesaurus
3964:(1): 1–40.
3742:You Hailu;
3500:Young, C.C.
2513:quadrupedal
2503:restoration
2463:CT scanning
2454:hibernation
2450:aestivation
2346:are found.
2027:Goyocephale
1749:Ornithopoda
1694:Agilisaurus
1627:Thyreophora
1520:Chilesaurus
1491:ornithopods
1487:Chilesaurus
1478:Chilesaurus
1121:Anchisaurus
1077:prosauropod
1023:sister taxa
966:containing
960:Paul Sereno
920:Paul Sereno
918:in 1998 by
856:jawbone of
812:metatarsals
680:forms like
499:endothermic
437:Description
427:herbivorous
5731:Categories
5520:Other taxa
5459:Tichosteus
5452:Tatisaurus
5257:Ceratopsia
5246:Ceratopsia
5195:Yueosaurus
5167:Orodromeus
5152:Nanosaurus
5071:Xiaosaurus
5050:Nanosaurus
4935:Yuxisaurus
4914:Emausaurus
4890:Tianyulong
4883:Pegomastax
4869:Lycorhinus
4855:Fruitadens
4804:Silesaurus
4796:Sacisaurus
4772:Lewisuchus
4636:see below↓
4584:Dinosauria
4566:Sauropsida
4495:2016-07-27
3852:: 137–150.
3790:Xu Xing, X
3701:Zhao Xijin
3689:: 281–317.
3656:Zhao Xijin
3582:: 808–820.
3458:2007-02-24
3263:: 323–497.
3244:: 291–308.
2986:: 302–305.
2972:Lycorhinus
2686:: e12362.
2606:References
2584:Lycorhinus
2501:Tianyulong
2471:hypothesis
2426:Pegomastax
2400:Tianyulong
2389:Berriasian
2372:Fruitadens
2340:Lycorhinus
2289:continents
2095:Stegoceras
1950:Tianyulong
1839:Lycorhinus
1810:Fruitadens
1776:Ceratopsia
1613:Genasauria
1317:Pegomastax
1281:Lycorhinus
1240:Tianyulong
1218:Fruitadens
1126:Saurischia
1055:Lanasaurus
1051:Lycorhinus
1046:Lanasaurus
1019:Lycorhinus
1011:Lycorhinus
999:Lycorhinus
912:Lycorhinus
896:Lycorhinus
880:Lycorhinus
792:astragalus
730:Tianyulong
728:Fossil of
713:spheroidal
682:Lycorhinus
649:Fruitadens
634:Lycorhinus
622:carnivoran
618:Lycorhinus
600:heterodont
592:Tianyulong
580:Snouts of
567:premaxilla
563:predentary
539:keratinous
535:premaxilla
523:jugal bone
493:Tianyulong
485:Lycorhinus
456:Fruitadens
431:omnivorous
400:Antarctica
388:Genasauria
352:Pegomastax
332:Lycorhinus
291:Tianyulong
271:Fruitadens
249:Subgroups
187:Dinosauria
5721:Dinosaurs
5424:Laosaurus
5057:Phyllodon
4848:Echinodon
4734:Gamatavus
4552:Kingdom:
4463:0272-4634
4384:129956539
4376:1867-1594
4165:CiteSeerX
4064:1744-9561
3570:(1976). "
3546:0022-3360
3382:1313-2970
2702:2167-8359
2559:vertebrae
2528:peccaries
2524:musk deer
2483:anteaters
2405:Barremian
2385:Echinodon
2308:Argentina
1974:Echinodon
1461:dentition
1196:Echinodon
1167:cladogram
1150:cladistic
1100:Skull of
1083:remains.
1041:Echinodon
796:calcaneum
651:from the
645:Echinodon
603:dentition
590:(B), and
547:posterior
419:analogous
396:Australia
376:dinosaurs
261:Echinodon
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
5605:Wikidata
5375:Alocodon
5353:See also
4876:Manidens
4719:Eocursor
4711:Diodorus
4560:Chordata
4558:Phylum:
4554:Animalia
4489:Archived
4471:86739244
4231:16123732
4187:11006994
4082:29593075
3986:86728076
3939:17567562
3903:(2007).
3828:16901832
3776:89051352
3554:89542580
3400:23166462
3327:(1966).
3174:(1986).
3111:19846460
2912:19295609
2720:34966571
2661:23166462
2459:reptiles
2444:and the
2381:Portugal
2367:Colorado
1658:Eocursor
1469:Jurassic
1456:Cerapoda
1339:Manidens
972:but not
930:than to
884:cynodont
854:Holotype
824:ossified
751:shoulder
742:H. tucki
720:Skeleton
559:mandible
551:diastema
531:anterior
342:Manidens
225:Family:
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
5679:4126665
5653:4823095
5640:4531891
5611:Q131388
5503:Jakapil
4564:Class:
4407:Bibcode
4399:Lethaia
4356:Bibcode
4317:Bibcode
4211:Bibcode
4157:Bibcode
4073:5897612
4004:1303575
3966:Bibcode
3930:2275175
3819:1635516
3756:Bibcode
3744:Xu Xing
3717:Bibcode
3705:Xu Xing
3518:Xu Xing
3391:3491919
3364:ZooKeys
3311:4198113
3291:Bibcode
3155:6464809
3102:2842649
2920:4423110
2892:Bibcode
2711:8667728
2652:3491919
2633:ZooKeys
2571:display
2296:Pangaea
1073:chimera
1025:, with
827:tendons
761:(where
755:humerus
678:derived
668:derived
625:mammals
571:dentary
555:maxilla
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2491:tubers
2461:, but
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2320:et al.
1001:, and
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788:fibula
705:evolve
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573:bone.
541:beak (
415:canine
369:family
5692:38722
5661:IRMNG
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4571:Clade
4467:S2CID
4380:S2CID
4305:(PDF)
4227:S2CID
4183:S2CID
4000:JSTOR
3982:S2CID
3772:S2CID
3550:S2CID
3307:S2CID
2916:S2CID
2680:PeerJ
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2377:Spain
2361:near
2328:fauna
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948:, or
916:clade
886:, by
804:birds
784:femur
780:tibia
771:manus
747:chest
698:cheek
584:(A),
509:Both
380:basal
367:is a
237:Romer
210:Clade
194:Clade
181:Clade
5648:GBIF
5278:see
5255:see
5223:see
5128:Haya
5121:Fona
4978:see
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4613:see
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4372:ISSN
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3053:ISBN
3020:ISBN
2974:and
2908:PMID
2802:ISBN
2763:ISBN
2716:PMID
2698:ISSN
2657:PMID
2538:and
2532:pigs
2530:and
2489:and
2379:and
2353:and
1165:The
1140:and
1128:and
1079:and
1069:Asia
1017:and
910:and
898:and
794:and
767:ulna
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632:and
519:eyes
513:and
398:and
241:1966
48:PreꞒ
5635:EoL
4451:doi
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4364:doi
4325:doi
4313:249
4219:doi
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3917:doi
3913:274
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